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Jeff Conn Webpage with lecture slide info: web.pdx.edu/~connjc. Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics. acoustic characteristics of speech sounds (not articulatory) – how sounds sound rather than how they ’ re made - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 1
Jeff Conn
Webpage with lecture slide info: web.pdx.edu/~connjc
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 2
acoustic characteristics of speech sounds (not articulatory) – how sounds sound rather than how they’re made
Sound is waves (complex waves) = composed of a fundamental wave which repeats itself at the frequency of the opening and closing of vocal folds and a set of harmonic waves which repeat at frequencies which are multiples of the fundamental.
Make Sound by small variations in air pressure caused by vocal organs superimposed on airflow
For Voiced Consonants & Vowels - Vocal folds chop up airstream, high and low pressure
Fricatives - Narrow Constriction of blowing air with varying peaks of air pressure
Sounds cause air particles to move, which makes tympanic membrane move (auditory)
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 3
Waveforms plot air pressure variation over time – Peaks indicate vocal fold vibrations (see sample waveform)
Very difficult to get much information from waveforms, but can tell where the loudest segments are (usually vowels) and can see fricative energy, as well as stops and release, and some info about nasal, glide and liquids (can’t see place of articulation really, only voicing and manner)
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 4
Pitch - A subjective measure of low to high with regard to acoustic properties.
Dependent on how fast/slow vocal folds vibrate. Increase pitch with an increase in rate of vibration.
Measure objectively by frequency = how many cycles per second of vibration.
If vocal folds vibrate 200 times per second - 200 cps - 200 Hertz
Pitch = Fundamental Frequency or F0 (for our purposes)
Male voice - 80-200 Hz
Female Voice - 400+Hz
Child Voice - 800+ Hz
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 5
Loudness & Intensity
Loudness depends on size of air pressure variations; subjective judgment.
Intensity is objective measure, in decibels (dB), the amplitude of air pressure variations.
More intensity-------------------------Less intensity
Vowels --Nasals, Liquids & Glides -- Sibilants
Actual Intensity of a Segment dependent on Factors, to include:
its position in the sentence
degree of stress on each word
speaker characteristics
*Some vowels seem to show an overall lower intensity – commonly, higher vowels have less intensity than lower vowels (although this can change depending on above factors)
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 6
In the production of vowels, the filtering effect of vocal tract produces amplitude peaks at certain frequencies by enhancing the harmonics (which are the component waves of a complex wave form) at those frequencies while dampening harmonics at other frequencies.
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 7
The peaks in the filter function are called formants (resonant frequencies of the vocal tract).
You can change the pitch of a vowel without changing the vowel quality (the rate of vibration of the air in the vocal tract [vowel] is independent of the rate of vibration of the vocal folds [pitch])
Listen to different parts of speech on website
So - have vocal folds that open and close. Causes fundamental frequency, or F0. Then have this air that resonates differently according to the position of the vocal organs (different vowels)
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 8
Acoustic analysis of consonantsStops show burst - Fricatives show chaotic noise – Different fricatives show different energy (sibilants versus not)Notice the difference between [f] and [s] is above 3000 Hz so phones cut this off which is why I have restaurant reservations for Jess!
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 9
Acoustic analysis of consonants
Liquids look like vowels, and glides even more so[] show lowering of F3 with F2
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 10
Acoustic analysis of consonants
Liquids look like vowels, and glides even more so[] show lowering of F3 with F2
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
From Rob Hagiwara’s webpage: http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~robh/howto.html#
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 11
Acoustic analysis of consonantsBilabial show F1 and F2 together at low frequenciesAlveolar F2 locus around 1700 HzVelar F2 and F3 merge - velar pinch
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 12
Acoustic analysis of consonantsBilabial show F1 and F2 together at low frequenciesAlveolar F2 locus around 1700 HzVelar F2 and F3 merge - velar pinch
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Figure 4. Spectrograms of "bab" "dad" and "gag".
From Rob Hagiwara’s webpage: http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~robh/howto.html#
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 13
Acoustic analysis of consonantsVoicing shows voice bar across bottom of spectrogramNasal has nasal formants (sonorant) What can you tell about vowels from below spectrograms?
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 14
Acoustic analysis of consonantsChapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Table 8.1 Acoustic correlates of consonant features
Voiced Vertical striations corresponding to the vibrations of vocal folds
Bilabial Locus of both 2nd and 3rd formants comparatively low
Alveolar Locus of 2nd formant about 1700-1800 Hz
Velar Usually high locus of 2nd formant. Common origin of 2nd and 3rd formant transitions (velar pinch where 2nd and 3rd formants meet)
Retroflex General lowering of 3rd and 4th formants
Stop Gap in pattern, followed by burst of noise for voiceless stops or sharp beginning of formant structure for voiced stops.
Fricative Random noise pattern, especially in higher frequency regions, but dependent on place of articulation
Nasal Formant structure similar to the of vowels but with nasal formants at about 250, 2500 and 3250 Hz.
Lateral Formant structure similar to the of vowels but with formants at about 250, 1200 and 2400 Hz. The higher formants are considerably reduced in intensity.
Approximant Formant structure similar to that in vowels, usually changing.
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 15
Dialect regions according to some dialectologists/sociolinguists
O’Grady, et al., 2010
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 16
Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 17
Linguistic variation and changeRegional difference by vowel production shifts (language change) over timeNorthern Cities Shift (play Chicago sample - 3mins)
O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 18
Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 19
Linguistic variation and changeThe Southern Shift (Play Arkansas 2mins; play Eng 3mins;
O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 20
Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 21
Linguistic variation and changeThe California/Canada Shift (Play Cali - 1:45; Ontario 2:15)
O'Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., Rees-Miller, J. (2010). Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction (6th edition)
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 22
Based on lexical variation: O’Grady, et al., 2010
?
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 23
California different from Canada – Is Seattle/Portland different from Vancouver BC?
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 24
Linguistic variation and change – cot vs. caughtFrom Linguistic Atlas of N American English
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 25
Melissa, 28
‘caught’
‘cot’
Cot/Caught Merger
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 26
Cot/Caught Merger
‘off’
Dorothy, 89
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 27
The Fronting of /ow/
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 28
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80090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000210022002300
eyF
eyC
e
ow
ow-N
owN
owL
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80090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000210022002300
eyF
eyC
e
ow
ow-N
owN
owL
The Fronting of /ow/ in Pdx
Stacy, 14 ???
Jan, 53
Daisy, 56
Kenneth, 53
Sabrina, 28
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80090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000210022002300
eyF
eyC
e
ow
ow-N
owN
owL
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80090010001100120013001400150016001700180019002000210022002300
eyF
eyC
e
ow
ow-N
owN
owL
Jan, 53
Kenneth, 53
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 29
The Canadian Shift
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 30
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110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200230024002500
short-o F2 <
1275 Hz.
short-a F2 < 1750 Hz.
short-e F1 > 650 Hz.
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110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200230024002500
The Canadian Shift
Robbie, 14
Melissa, 28
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 31
Acoustic analysis of vowels
Whisper vowel corners to hear F2
Thump throat to hear F1
First formant (F1) represents vowel height (inversely) (dark band near bottom)- measure from middle of dark band vertically
Second formant (F2) represents vowel front/back with the higher the F2, the fronter the vowel (2nd dark band) – measure from middle of dark band
Sound spectrograph - an instrument that translates a sound into a visual representation - called a spectrogram.
Waveforms and spectrograms - see Praat for vowel measurement and representation
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 32
Acoustic analysis of vowels
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 33
Acoustic properties of vowels (from Mike Ward, 2003, master’s thesis at PSU)
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 34
Acoustic properties of vowels (from Mike Ward, 2003, master’s thesis at PSU)
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 35
Acoustic analysis of vowels – from Plotnik
Chapter 8 – Acoustic Phonetics
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 36
Different Vowel Systems - Philadelphia
C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 37
Different Vowel Systems – Philly Bonnie
C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 38
Different Vowel Systems - Portland
C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 39
Different Vowel Systems - Portland
C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 40
Different Vowel Systems - Portland
C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 41
Cardinal vowels = not real language - the extreme positions of the vowel space - use IPA vowel symbols to representA language uses these symbols for the closest vowel like articulation in that language (English [i] is not cardinal [i] but cardinal [i] is closest)
Cardinal vowel (1) = [i] – any further front/high would be
(voiced palatal fricative)Cardinal vowel (5) = - any further lower/back would be
(voiced pharyngeal fric)
Vowel quality in different languages and varieties of the same language differ - not always phonetically accurate
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 42
Cardinal vowels pretend equal distance between each vowel, but the front vowels have much further space from high to low than the back vowels (See Figure 9.3, p. 215)
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 43
Tongue height not really valid – there is an auditory quality that is more appropriately captured by “vowel height” and can be measured acoustically (F1, F2, etc).
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 44
Secondary cardinal vowels are identical to primary, but have opposite lip rounding (plus a couple extra) See Figure 9.5, p. 217
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 45
Acoustic analysis of vowels – from Plotnik – Portland speaker (contrast with Figures 9.6-9.8, pp 219-220)Chapter 9
C = syllable closed by Cons; F = free – vowel final; V = closed by voiced Cons or final; 0 = closed by voiceless Cons
IPA
iy
ey
i
e
uw
u
ow
o
oh
oy
aw
ay
ah
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 46
Vowels - vowel space broken down even more than in English
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 47
Vowel Chart Modified
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
HIGH
MID
LOW
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 48
Summary of vowel quality (see Table 9.2, p. 226)
HeightBacknessRhotaciziationRoundingATRNaasalization
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 49
Advanced tongue root = ATR - pharyngeal constrictionNot the same as tense/lax but kinda sorta
[ ] = retracted tongue root (-ATR)[ ] = advanced tongue root (+ATR)
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 50
Rhotacized vowels - different ways to produce r-coloring (shown in acoustic signal by lowering of F3)
Nasalization - Vowels are nasalized = air is allowed to escape the nasal passage AS WELL AS the oral passage
Approximants can also be nasalized
Vowel quality - Height, backness, rounding, rhotacization, ATR, nasalization
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 51
Secondary articulations (See p.231 – Table 9.5)
Palatalization - as in Russian = added [j] after consonantPalatalized = above; a sound made closer to palatal region (English [k] in word ‘key’ is palatalized); historical process that turns sounds into alveopalatal consonants
Velarization - secondary raising of back of tongue (dark [l] in English)
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 52
Secondary articulations (See p.231 – Table 9.5)
Pharyngealization - narrowing of pharynx (Hebrew, Arabic)
Labialization - additional lip rounding ([w] after/at the same time as consonant)
Labialization + palatalization
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations
Jeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acousticsJeff Conn guest lecture on Pdx Dialect/Vowel acoustics
Slide 53
Chapter 9 - Vowels and vowel-like articulations