PROJECT TITLE

Wireless Transmission Line Fault Detection Using RF

Project Supervisor

Engr. Musawwar Hussain

Group Members

Abdul Rehman Samad 211-19345

Nawaf Muhammad Tahir 211-19337

Muhammad Osman Nazir 311-20372

Introduction

Wireless Transmission Line Fault Detection

Using Radio Frequency For Communication

Multiple sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions

One of the Emerging Technology

Idea Of Our Project

Functionality Of Nodes

Hardware Design

Block Diagram(Node Unit)

Block Diagram(Base Unit)

Node UnitNode Unit consists of:

Voltage Sensor

Current Sensor

Temperature Sensor

Humidity Sensor

PIC Microcontroller (PIC 16F877)

Transceivers

Operation of Node Unit

Taking analog data of Temperature, Humidity, voltage and

current through sensors.

Converting analog data into digital through ADC.

Programming using micro-controller.

Encode data

Transmission of digital data through RF to Base Node.

Perform actions as told by the user

Base Unit

Base Unit consists of:

PIC Microcontroller (PIC 16F877)

Transceivers

RS 232 Port (Serial Port)

Encoder/Decoder

Operation of Base Unit

Receive data transmitted by Sensor Node.

Decode Data

Programming using micro-controller.

Send data to PC through RS 232 ( Serial Port)

Take actions told by user

SensorSensor is a device that measure physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument.

There are four types of sensors, we are using in our project to get analogue data.

Voltage Sensor

Current Sensor

Temperature Sensor

Temperature SensorSensor UsedLM35

FeaturesCalibrated directly in ° Celsius (Centigrade)Linear + 10.0 mV/°C scale factor

SpecificationRated for full −55° to +150°C rangeOperating Voltage 5 voltsLess than 60 A current drainμ

Design

WorkingLM35 gives the output voltage that is proportional to the Celsius temperature. The scale factor is .01V/oC .

Conversion Factor The general equation used to convert output voltage to temperature is:

Temperature ( oC) = Vout * (100 oC/V) So if  Vout  is  1V , then, Temperature = 100 oC . The output voltage varies linearly with temperature.

Voltage sensor

Voltage sensor is the one which detects the input voltage in the line and generates the corresponding stepped down DC output voltage which can easily be measured.

SpecificationRated for 0 to 250 voltsCurrent draining 4-5 mAFrequency 50 hertz

Design

Input Output

220 AC 2.20 DC215 AC 2.15 DC210 AC 2.10 DC

Working

The main function of voltage sensor is to convert 220V AC to desired DC volts.

The A.C voltage is step down

The step down voltage is converted to D.C voltage

Filtration

Variable Resister for adjusting output

Current sensorA current sensor is a device that detects electrical current in a wire, and generates a signal proportional to it.

Specification:

Rated at 0-250 volts

Current rating 1 A

Frequency 50-60 Hz

Design

Working

Current is Step downed

Amplification

Rectification

MicrocontrollerMost of the engineering projects are done with the help of Micro controller. In this project, we are going to use MICROCONTROLLER PIC 16F877

PIC 16F877: High-performance RISC CPU. Up to 8K x 14 words of Flash Program Memory. Up to 256 x 8 bytes of EEPROM data memory. Selectable oscillator options Low-power, high-speed CMOS EPROM/EEPROM technology Only single 5V source needed for programming capability Processor read/write access to program memory Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA

Pin Description

Display on LCD

Store values in array and

then

Process Each Parameter

Call LCD and Process function

Define Functions

Initializes Variables and

function

Define Libraries

Flow Chart

Serial Communication

Serial communication?

Cheaper way of communication.

Time sequence

Usually all the Digital ICs work on TTL or CMOS voltage levels which cannot be used to communicate over RS-232 protocol.

So a voltage or level converter is needed which can convert TTL to RS232 and RS232 to TTL voltage levels.

The most commonly used RS-232 level converter is MAX232.

RS232

MAX 232

This IC includes charge pump which can generate RS232 voltage levels from 5V power supply.

Converts from RS232 voltage levels to TTL voltage levelsMAX232 has two sets of line drivers for transferring and

receiving dataLine drivers used for TxD are called T1 and T2Line drivers for RxD are designated as R1 and R2T1 and R1 are used together for TxD and RxD of the PIC

16f877A

MAX 232 Pin Description

MAX232 Interfacing with Serial port

Baud Rate

Baud rate is a measure of how fast data are moving between instruments that use serial communication.

Baud can be abbreviated using the shortened form “Bd” when being used for technical purposes.

Must make sure that the baud rate of the PIC system matches the baud rate of the PC's COM port

Working of Microcontroller

PIC 16F877A microcontroller can be set to transfer and receive serial data at different baud rates using software instructions.

In this project baud rate 9600bps is used.

RxD and TxD pins in the 16F877A

16F877A has two pins used for Transferring and

Receiving Data Serially

TxD and RxD are part of the port c group

Pin 25 (Port c) is assigned to TxD

Pin 26 (Port c) is designated as RxD

Pins are TTL compatible

Require a line driver to make them RS232 compatible

Driver is the MAX232 chip

Start and stop bits

A synchronous method, each character is placed between

start and stop bits called framing

Start bit is always one bit

Stop bit can be one or two bits

Start bit is always a 0 (low)

Stop bit(s) is 1 (high)

LSB is sent out first

In modern PCs one stop bit is standard

When transferring a text file of ASCII characters using 1

stop bit there is total of 10 bits for each character

8 bits for the ASCII code ,1 bit each for the start and stop

bits

For each 8-bit character there are an extra 2 bits, which

gives 20% overhead

RF Transceivers We have used car alarm security system modules for our

wireless communication.

RF Transmitter Specification: Nominal Voltage: DC 12V

Operating Current: 15mA

Operating Frequency: 433MHz

Modulation: FSK

Radiated Power: 20mW

Characteristics: Small size, low power, medial distance

RF Transceivers

RF Receiver Specification:Some specification of RF

receiver which we are using is given below:

Nominal Voltage: DC 5V

Operating Current: 15mA

Operating Frequency: 433MHz

Modulation: FSK

Working of Transceiver

Communication unit basically transmits data from control

unit part I to control unit part II .

RF Module which transmits data at 315/433 MHz is used.

there are two basic parts in communication unit called as

transmitter and receiver.

Hardware coding is done while sending data.

PT2262In our project we have use a RF Encoder PT2262 and PT2272 RF Decoder. RF Transmitter is connected to the different components through RF Encoder. This encoder converts the 4-bit data into a single bit and sends it to the transmitter which will be transmitting. The data which is in the air is an analog value. Features

CMOS TechnologyLow Power ConsumptionUp to 6 Data PinsOperating Voltage: Vcc = 12 Volts

Pin Configuration

PT 2272PT 2272 is a remote control decoder utilizing CMOS Technology. At the receiving end, the receiver receives this analog value on a single data line and passes this data to the decoder. The decoder does the opposite functioning of the encoder i.e., it converts the single bit data into four bit data and gives it to the microcontroller which does the further processing.

Features CMOS Technology Low Power Consumption Very High Noise Immunity Wide range of Operating Voltage: Vcc = 4 ~ 15 Volts

Pin Configuration

Modulation

It is an addition of information to an electronic signal.

There are two types of Modulation

Analogue Modulation

Digital Modulation

Use of Modulation Scheme

In our Project we are using Digital Modulation Scheme.

Fundamental digital modulation techniques are based on keying:

In the case of PSK (phase-shift keying), a finite number of phases are used.

In the case of FSK (frequency-shift keying), a finite number of frequencies are used.

In the case of ASK (amplitude-shift keying), a finite number of amplitudes are used.

FSK

In our project FSK is used as Modulation scheme.

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK).

Flow Chart

Modifications

Long Range of communication

Multiple Nodes

Networking Topologies

Addition of other Parameters

Thank you

Any Questions ??