Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and Jefferson, Lewis & Clark, and the Purposes of Commercethe Purposes of CommerceMark Spence Mark Spence February 4, 2006 February 4, 2006

Teaching American HistoryTeaching American History Portland State UniversityPortland State University

OverviewOverview

Defining the Purposes Defining the Purposes of Commerceof Commerce Class ActivityClass Activity Small Group workshopSmall Group workshop

Jefferson and the Jefferson and the Course of EmpireCourse of Empire LectureLecture Primary documents on Primary documents on

Indian AffairsIndian Affairs

Exploring Lewis and Exploring Lewis and ClarkClark Time Travel ProjectTime Travel Project

• Primary documentPrimary document LectureLecture AssessmentAssessment

Exploring Us TodayExploring Us Today LectureLecture DiscussionDiscussion In-Class applicationsIn-Class applications

Quick WriteQuick Write

Define the purposes of commerceDefine the purposes of commerce Try to think in terms of their highest social Try to think in terms of their highest social

idealsideals What rhetoric or philosophy is used to What rhetoric or philosophy is used to

describe these purposes?describe these purposes? What govt. policy should, or does, support What govt. policy should, or does, support

these purposes of commerce?these purposes of commerce?

Small Group ActivitySmall Group Activity

Design a large vehicle Design a large vehicle that could travel that could travel around to showcase around to showcase the purposes of the purposes of commerce.commerce.

Your design should Your design should address the followingaddress the following What would it carry What would it carry

and displayand display Where would it goWhere would it go

Thomas Jefferson and the Thomas Jefferson and the Course of American Course of American

EmpireEmpire

View from Monticello Looking View from Monticello Looking WestWest

OutlineOutline The View from MonticelloThe View from Monticello

Jefferson’s Consuming Jefferson’s Consuming InterestsInterests AgricultureAgriculture SpeculationSpeculation Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy

Root ConcernsRoot Concerns• Monticello GardensMonticello Gardens• Agricultural ScienceAgricultural Science• Cultivating VirtueCultivating Virtue

Basic Principles of TJ’s Basic Principles of TJ’s Agrarian VisionAgrarian Vision

Gov. VirtueGov. Virtue• Yeoman CitizenryYeoman Citizenry

Basic Principles (cont.)Basic Principles (cont.) Territorial ExpansionTerritorial Expansion

• For Expansion of YeomanryFor Expansion of Yeomanry Liberal MarketsLiberal Markets

• Ag. ExportsAg. Exports An Empire for PropertyAn Empire for Property

Jefferson’s Greatest FearJefferson’s Greatest Fear Europe as Antithesis of U.S. Europe as Antithesis of U.S. Europe and the Contest for Europe and the Contest for

Empire in North AmericaEmpire in North America The Course of EmpireThe Course of Empire Significance of LouisianaSignificance of Louisiana

River AccessRiver Access New OrleansNew Orleans ““Long life to our cause”Long life to our cause”

The View from MonticelloThe View from Monticello Jefferson’s Consuming Jefferson’s Consuming

InterestsInterests AgricultureAgriculture SpeculationSpeculation Internal ImprovementsInternal Improvements Political PhilosophyPolitical Philosophy

Root ConcernsRoot Concerns Monticello GardensMonticello Gardens Agricultural ScienceAgricultural Science Cultivating VirtueCultivating VirtueThe Pavilion and experimental The Pavilion and experimental

gardens, Monticellogardens, Monticello

Basic Principles of TJ’s Basic Principles of TJ’s Agrarian VisionAgrarian Vision

Government VirtueGovernment Virtue Yeoman CitizenryYeoman Citizenry

Territorial Territorial ExpansionExpansion For Expansion of For Expansion of

YeomanryYeomanry

Liberal MarketsLiberal Markets Ag. ExportsAg. Exports

Jefferson’s Great Fear: EuropeJefferson’s Great Fear: Europe Europe as Europe as

Antithesis of Antithesis of America America

Europe and Europe and the Imperial the Imperial Contest for Contest for Empire in Empire in North North AmericaAmerica

North America, ca. 1800North America, ca. 1800

Thomas Cole, Thomas Cole, The Course of The Course of EmpireEmpire (1836) (1836)

The Savage StateThe Savage State

The Pastoral StateThe Pastoral State

ConsummationConsummation

DestructionDestruction

DesolationDesolation

Significance of LouisianaSignificance of Louisiana River AccessRiver Access

New OrleansNew Orleans

““Long life to our Long life to our cause”cause”

Map of Louisiana, 1805 =>Map of Louisiana, 1805 =>

Exploring Lewis and ClarkExploring Lewis and Clark

OutlineOutline Geographic OverviewGeographic Overview

Route, 1804-1806Route, 1804-1806 Exchange NetworksExchange Networks

TJ’s Instructions to LewisTJ’s Instructions to Lewis Primary DocumentPrimary Document

Vehicles of CommerceVehicles of Commerce Lewis Encounters the Lewis Encounters the

ShoshoneShoshone Primary documentPrimary document

The Shoshone Encounter The Shoshone Encounter LewisLewis

Legacies of Lewis & ClarkLegacies of Lewis & Clark

“A Map Exhibiting all the New Discoveries in the Interior Parts of North America.” (1795)

To the Pacific, 1804-1805To the Pacific, 1804-1805

Return to St. Louis, 1805-1806Return to St. Louis, 1805-1806

Native Peoples Along Expedition Native Peoples Along Expedition RouteRoute

Upper Missouri River Trade NetworksUpper Missouri River Trade Networks

Northwest Trade Northwest Trade NetworksNetworks

Paul Kane, 1830sPaul Kane, 1830s

““The Rock of the Nesperses Girl “The Rock of the Nesperses Girl “

Jefferson’s Instructions to LewisJefferson’s Instructions to Lewis

Questions/Four GroupsQuestions/Four Groups Primary Motive/Purpose(s) Primary Motive/Purpose(s)

for sending out expeditionfor sending out expedition How does geography serve How does geography serve

this purpose?this purpose? How does ethnology serve How does ethnology serve

this purpose?this purpose? How does geology serve How does geology serve

this purpose?this purpose? How does Biology serve How does Biology serve

this purpose?this purpose?

Vehicles of CommerceVehicles of Commerce

Vessels and Vessels and ContentsContents

Keel BoatKeel Boat Two PiroguesTwo Pirogues Trade SamplesTrade Samples

JournalsJournals Flora, Fauna, Flora, Fauna,

and the Empire and the Empire of Propertyof Property

Epic, schmepicEpic, schmepic

Lewis Encounters the ShoshoneLewis Encounters the Shoshone

Portrait of M. Lewis Lemhi PassPortrait of M. Lewis Lemhi Pass

The Shoshone Encounter LewisThe Shoshone Encounter Lewis

Motives and Motives and WorriesWorries

Their Purposes of Their Purposes of CommerceCommerce

Legacies of Lewis and ClarkLegacies of Lewis and Clark

Fur Trade and Fur Trade and SovereigntySovereignty

Indian RemovalIndian Removal Free Soil, Slavery, Free Soil, Slavery,

and Civil Warand Civil War ForgottenForgotten

The Unnatural History of the The Unnatural History of the Lewis & Clark BicentennialLewis & Clark Bicentennial

Mark Spence Mark Spence April 8, 2005 April 8, 2005 Museum of Natural and Cultural History, University of OregonMuseum of Natural and Cultural History, University of Oregon

Vision QuestVision Quest

The Arikara The Arikara EncounterEncounter October 1804October 1804

National Geographic ©

Lewis and Clark Centennial:Lewis and Clark Centennial:Prophets of Industrial EmpireProphets of Industrial Empire

Vice-President Charles FairbanksVice-President Charles Fairbanks

"The Exposition logically follows the great Exposition "The Exposition logically follows the great Exposition which commemorated the Louisiana Purchase. Both took which commemorated the Louisiana Purchase. Both took their inspiration from Thomas Jefferson's Expansionist their inspiration from Thomas Jefferson's Expansionist vision for America. And now the future has much in store vision for America. And now the future has much in store for us. Yonder is Hawaii, acquired for strategic purposes for us. Yonder is Hawaii, acquired for strategic purposes and demanded in the interest of expanding commerce. and demanded in the interest of expanding commerce. Lying in the waters of the Orient are the Philippines which Lying in the waters of the Orient are the Philippines which fell to us by the inexorable logic of a humane and fell to us by the inexorable logic of a humane and righteous war. We must not underrate the commercial righteous war. We must not underrate the commercial opportunities which invite us to the Orient."opportunities which invite us to the Orient."

Lewis & Clark Lewis & Clark Centennial ExpositionCentennial Exposition

Official Description of the Centennial LogoOfficial Description of the Centennial Logo"The striking figures compose the spirited group in the "The striking figures compose the spirited group in the foreground of the picture, facing the blazing sun as it sets in foreground of the picture, facing the blazing sun as it sets in glory in the Pacific Ocean. The to buckskin-clad explorers, glory in the Pacific Ocean. The to buckskin-clad explorers, each with a powder horn and gun, have raised their hands in each with a powder horn and gun, have raised their hands in salutation. Between them, with a hand on the shoulder of each, salutation. Between them, with a hand on the shoulder of each, moves Progress, a woman draped in the Stars and Stripes. moves Progress, a woman draped in the Stars and Stripes. The whole symbolizes confidence, energy, trust, and solemn The whole symbolizes confidence, energy, trust, and solemn wonder, and well illustrates the well-known and appropriate wonder, and well illustrates the well-known and appropriate sentiment on the stately colonnade at the main entrance of the sentiment on the stately colonnade at the main entrance of the exposition grounds: Westward the Course of Empire takes its exposition grounds: Westward the Course of Empire takes its Way."Way."

Lewis & Clark Lewis & Clark Centennial ExpositionCentennial Exposition

Movie Trailer NarrationMovie Trailer Narration““It has been called one of the greatest expeditions in history. It It has been called one of the greatest expeditions in history. It may also have been the most dangerous. More than 150 years may also have been the most dangerous. More than 150 years before man journeyed to the moon, there was another before man journeyed to the moon, there was another expedition to a new frontier. An odyssey that took over 2 years, expedition to a new frontier. An odyssey that took over 2 years, crossing more than 8,000 miles of terrain, to the pacific and crossing more than 8,000 miles of terrain, to the pacific and back. They faced unimaginable hardships, and unpredictable back. They faced unimaginable hardships, and unpredictable dangers, with incredible courage and determination. They dangers, with incredible courage and determination. They encountered an extraordinary land, and remarkable humanity. encountered an extraordinary land, and remarkable humanity. A true life adventure that defined a continent and changed the A true life adventure that defined a continent and changed the course of a nation’s history forever. National Geographic course of a nation’s history forever. National Geographic presents, Lewis & Clark: Great Journey West.”presents, Lewis & Clark: Great Journey West.”

Lewis & Clark: Lewis & Clark: Great Journey WestGreat Journey West

Innocent Encounters in the Innocent Encounters in the WildernessWilderness

Lewis & Clark at the Lewis & Clark at the BicentennialBicentennial

Multicultural Tree HuggersMulticultural Tree Huggers Millennial HeroesMillennial Heroes

“… “… for the purposes of for the purposes of commerce.”commerce.”

Fur Trade DiplomacyFur Trade Diplomacy Eastern Trade IssuesEastern Trade Issues Imperial Rivalries & Imperial Rivalries &

Territorial ClaimsTerritorial Claims

Land Acquisition and Land Acquisition and RelocationRelocation

Agrarian ExpansionAgrarian Expansion Empire of PropertyEmpire of Property Continental Trade and Continental Trade and

MarketsMarketsfrom Patrick Gass, A Journal of the Voyages and Travels of a Corps of Discovery… (1810)

Remembering Remembering Lewis and ClarkLewis and Clark

< 1807 (Patrick Gass Journal)< 1807 (Patrick Gass Journal)

1905 (C.M. Russell) ^1905 (C.M. Russell) ^ Reenactors, 2006>Reenactors, 2006>

Let’s Play Lewis and Clark!Let’s Play Lewis and Clark!

““Re-Live the adventure!Re-Live the adventure!Living HistoryLiving HistoryNature and HistoryNature and History

Recreational ContextsRecreational Contexts

Contemporary Landscapes:Contemporary Landscapes:Expedition LegaciesExpedition Legacies

ImagesImages: Recent satellite image of lands : Recent satellite image of lands ceded by Blackfeet in 1887. Obelisk ceded by Blackfeet in 1887. Obelisk on Blackfeet Reservation, erected by on Blackfeet Reservation, erected by Great Northern Railway in 1927 to Great Northern Railway in 1927 to commemorate Lewis & Clarkcommemorate Lewis & Clark

Millennial Millennial HeroesHeroes

Escaping HistoryEscaping History

Escaping NatureEscaping Nature

Poster by Roy Reynolds, designated “An Official product of the Lewis and Clark Bicentennial”

The Business of The Business of Remembering and Remembering and

Forgetting Lewis & ClarkForgetting Lewis & Clark