Radial symmetry Contain organisms such as jellyfish, hydroids,
corals, and sea anemones Cnidocytes- stinging cells in their
tentacles that are used for protection and killing prey.
Slide 11
1. Polyp- mostly benthic, cylindrical, mouth is at one end and
is surrounded by a ring of tentacles. Ex- corals and sea anemones
2. Medusa- free floating stage that is commonly known as a
jellyfish.
Slide 12
Slide 13
Both stages have the following: Epidermis= outer layer of cells
Gastrovascular cavity that is rather large and is lined by cells
called the gastrodermis. Mesoglea- between the epidermis and
gastrodermis and its a gelatinous material where jellies get their
names from.
Slide 14
Stinging organelle-> called cnida and some function in
locomotion while others function in capturing prey and defense.
Most are of the spearing type called nematocycts= which is hidden
away in a tiny capsule inside the cell and when activated it shoots
out like a harpoon. When the cnidocil, a short bristle like
structure, comes into contact with prey or another object, it gets
activates and shoots out the nematocyst. Some nematocysts have a
thread like structure that wraps around the prey and strangles
them.
Box Jellyfish- kills a person in minutes (3- 20)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIf0kRpkQ_0 Portuguese Man of War
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lem0RAVzVC M
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lem0RAVzVC M
Slide 18
Leatherbacks use them as a toy to play with and to eat!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rap3mnq0_l o
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rap3mnq0_l o
Slide 19
Feed on them and somehow store the nematocysts in their body
and use them for their own defense.
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/inve
rtebrates-animals/other-invertebrates/nudibranch/
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/animals/inve
rtebrates-animals/other-invertebrates/nudibranch/
Slide 20
Hydroids Colonial and share food Very small and usually
inconspicuous Some are sessile and some are motile.
Slide 21
Class Scyphozoan or true jellies Swim by pulsating their bodies
or floating in the currents (making them plankton). Sense organs=
photoreceptors allow them to determine if it is dark or light. Many
species do not like bright sunlight so they only come to the
surface when its cloudy or near dusk.
Polyps Compartmentalized gastrovascular cavity Deepwater /
shallow Sessile- some bury themselves in the mud like tube
anemones
Slide 25
Expand tentacles to feed Contract their bodies when they are
disturbed Change locations by gliding on their base, by crawling on
their side, or walking on their tentacles. Some species can detach
and swim with brief contractions.
Slide 26
Digest their prey in the central gastrovascular cavity Two way
digestive tract- food goes in and comes out the same way. Digestion
and excretion are through the same crevice. Sessile- suspension
feeders / filter feeders (plankton and organic matter) such as
corals and anemones. Carnivorous- feed mostly on fish and larger
invertebrates. Prey is paralyzed by the toxin in the nematocyst.
Upside down jelly-> Cassiopeia, feeds on plankton that gets
stuck in mucus produced by modified tentacles.
Slide 27
Slide 28
Provide habitats like corals Key predators of the ocean Coral
polyps: extremely important. They provide habitat for thousands of
other organisms. The reefs provide a solid surface for sessile
marine animals to attach to, place of refuge for fish, and they act
as a buffer to protect coastal organisms from waves and
storms.
Slide 29
Slide 30
Slide 31
Slide 32
Portuguese Man of War and the Nomeus (man of war fish). Fish
just swims amongst the tentacles without getting stung while
gaining protection from the jelly, but it also lures other fish
into the tentacles.
Slide 33
Slide 34
Slide 35
Slide 36
Zoozanthellae lives in corals and provides food to the coral as
well as other reef fish. Parrotfishes- eat large amounts of coral
polyps.
Slide 37
Clownfishes Cleaner Shrimp Snapping Shrimp Arrow Crabs Brittle
Stars Young anemones will attach to crabs as a form of
camouflage.
Slide 38
Slide 39
Slide 40
Slide 41
Slide 42
No stinging cells Hermaphroditic- release sperm and eggs into
the water. Planktonic, iridescent during the day and bioluminescent
at night. Eight rows of cilia plates for locomotion, the plates
beat allowing the animal to move. Carnivorous-> eats
zooplankton, larval fish, and fish eggs. Ecological Role->
managing zooplankton size, regulation of fish species, and they
channel nutrients to other species that eat them.
Snails, slugs, oysters, clams, octopuses, squid, cuttlefish
Four Main Body Parts: 1. Head- foot= head, mouth, sensory organs,
and foot used for locomotion. 2. Visceral mass= circulatory,
digestive, respiratory, excretory, and reproductive systems. 3.
Radula- ribbon of tissue that contains teeth (bivalves dont have
these). Unique to mollusks and helps in scraping, piercing,
tearing, or cutting food. 4. Mantle- protective tissue that covers
all of the soft parts. Also responsible for forming the animals
shell by excreting calcium. Also used for gas exchange in some
species.
Slide 48
Slide 49
Slide 50
Slide 51
Soft body enclosed in a calcium carbonate shell that is
secreted by the mantle. Shell can be modified-> squid= internal,
octopus = none, snails = coiled. Hemolymph- bathes / floods the
organs, no vessels. Complicated digestive system with a mouth in
the head and the anus emptying into the mantle cavity.
Slide 52
Complex nervous system (Cephalopoda has the most) Gas exchange=
gills, lungs, or through the body via diffusion. Hermaphroditic and
internal fertilization (separate sexes). Shell is comprised of
three layers: 1. Periostracum= outermost layer /proteins 2.
Prismatic layer= middle layer / bulk of the shell and is made of
calcium carbonate and protein 3. Nacreous layer= innermost layer /
thin, crystal prismatic sheets of calcium carbonate.
Slide 53
As the animal grows, new periostracum and prismatic layers form
in the mantle. The nacreous layer is secreted continuously and is
responsible for the thickness of the shell and cause the shell to
have a prism look to it. Pearls are formed in oysters when the
nacreous material is layered over sand grains and other
particles.
Slide 54
Flattened bodies with eight shell plates Have a large flat foot
that allows them to attach to rocks. When removed they roll into a
ball for protection. Feed on algae with their radula
Slide 55
Shell resembles an elephants tusk Shell is open at both ends,
and the animals foot protrudes from the larger end. Water enters
and exits at the small end. Special tentacles on their head for
feeding.
Slide 56
Means Stomach Foot Snails, slugs, abalone, nudibranchs, etc
Asymmetrical Coiled mass or organs is enclosed by the dorsal shell
which rests on the central foot. Some retract back into their
shells by closing the opening or aperture with a hard covering
called the operculum.
Slide 57
Some are carnivores and feed on clams, oysters, worms, and
small fish (whelks and cone snails). Whelks can locate a food
source as far as 30 meters ( 99 feet) away, but it takes days to
get there. Deposit feeders feed on bottom sediment(mud snails)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYh2 zeAsRXY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FYh2 zeAsRXY
Slide 58
Nudibranchs -> no shell, but they have colorful branches
that represent the gut and exposed gills. They eat sponges and
other inverts (cnidarians). Protect themselves by toxins. (add in
at bottom) Nudibranchs have projections all over their bodies that
serve as areas of gas exchange called cerata (since they lack
gills). When they feed on Cnidarians they dont digest the stinging
cells, instead they leave the cells intact and move them along
ciliated tracts in the digestive system that are then transferred
to the cerata. Remember bright colors = dont mess with me
Internal fertilization-> most males have a long flexible
penis that allows them to deposit sperm into or near the females
genital opening. Egg cases of the female are usually surrounded by
a jelly-like sac or a hard case (like a whelk egg case). Some do
shed their eggs into the sea = trochophore (free swimming
larva).
Slide 61
Clams, mussels, oysters, scallops Two valve shell Umbo = oldest
part of the shell near the hinge. Inhalant and exhalant openings /
siphons -> obtain oxygen and also filter and sort food and waste
particles. Adductor muscles= large muscles that close the valves.
Foot function= burrowing and locomotion Inhalant = carries food and
oxygen, Exhalant= removes waste.
Slide 62
Clams use their foot to burrow into the sand and then use a
siphon to draw water in and out which allows them to breath and eat
while under the sand.
Slide 63
Palps-> after the food is filtered through the gills, it
forms a mass of paired structures that move the food to the
bivalves mouth where it enters the digestive system.
Slide 64
Different habitats but most are infauna = living beneath the
sand. Mussels byssal threads allow them to attach to rocks. Pearls
form when oysters secrete shiny layers of calcium carbonate to coat
irritating particles that are loaded in the mantle and inner
surface of the shell= nacreous layer. Scallops-> swim by rapidly
ejecting water (jet propulsion) from the mantle cavity and clapping
the valves together using its adductor muscles. Largest = geoduck
(3 feet in length)
Slide 65
Slide 66
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iZhQL oYIbJ4
Slide 67
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QzT2L 5CsiA8
Slide 68
Octopuses, Squid, Cuttlefish, and Nautilus (only one covered in
a shell) Reduction or loss of external shell Head-footed-> head
pushes down toward the foot Complex Nervous system Foot= modified
into arms and tentacles and equipped with suckers for catching
prey. Large eyes-> set on the sides of their head and can see
shaped and colors Thick muscular mantle = protection Mantle forms a
mantle cavity behind the head where 2-4 gills are located Water
enters at the free end of the mantle and leaves through the siphon.
Swim by forcing water out of the mantle cavity through the siphon=
jet propulsion. Siphon can move in any direction.
Slide 69
Separate sexes Sperm and eggs are shed into the water and
fertilization takes place in the water column. Some are
hermaphroditic like scallops and oysters. Some oyster species brood
the eggs in their gills and then suck in the sperm for
fertilization.
Slide 70
Slide 71
Slide 72
Slide 73
Slide 74
Slide 75
Slide 76
Slide 77
Slide 78
Slide 79
Slide 80
Slide 81
Slide 82
Slide 83
Slide 84
Not octopi! Eight arms No shell Crabs, lobsters, and shrimp=
favs!!! Yummy Bite prey using beak like jaws and the radula helps
clean away the flesh. Then they secrete a paralyzing substance,
most are harmless Live in crevices, bottles, rocks, corals Distract
predators with their ink sac, which produces a dark cloud of fluid.
Highly developed tactile sense and can discriminate objects in the
basis of touch.
Slide 85
2 inches long!!!
Slide 86
Slide 87
Elongated body and covered by mantle with two triangular fins
Can change directions because they have a siphon Eight arms, two
tentacles, which all have suckers that circle the mouth Shell= pen
= embedded in the mantle
Slide 88
Resemble squids in having eight arms and two tentacles
Flattened body Fins run along the sides of the body Have a
calcified inner shell that allows them to be buoyant- the shell is
the cuttlebone and is sold as a calcium source for birds in pet
shops. Swim over the bottom and feed on invertebrates such as crabs
and shrimp https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x-8v1mxpR0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2x-8v1mxpR0
Slide 89
Coiled external shell Series of gas filled chambers that allows
it to maintain buoyancy Has 60-90 short sucker like tentacles that
are used to capture prey. Scavenger and feeds on benthic organisms
such as hermit crabs https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcyz r3zJol4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hcyz r3zJol4
Slide 90
All swim by jet propulsion via their siphon Communicate by
moving their arms, bodies, and changing color. Specialized pigment
cells called chromatophores Pigment cells are dispersed = darker
Pigment cells are concentrated = lighter
Slide 91
Changes shape and color to mimic other organisms.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8o QBYw6xxc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8o QBYw6xxc
Slide 92
Carnivores Locate prey with their eyes and tentacles The beak
bites and tears prey
Slide 93
Separate sexes Mating involves courtship displays. Male squids
have a modified arm that takes their sperm (spermatophore) and
places it into the mantle cavity of the female (oviduct). Some
species lay eggs in shells, while others attach their eggs to rocks
or objects. Octopuses- lay eggs and incubate them until they hatch,
while pumping water over them continuously so that they stay
oxygenated. The mothers die afterwards because she eats little to
nothing the whole time. She invests everything into her
offspring.
Slide 94
Phylum Arthropoda- crabs, sea spiders, lobsters, horseshoe
crabs, hermit crabs, etc. Most successful group of animals, 75% of
all animal species. Hard exoskeleton, jointed appendages, and
sophisticated sense organs make it successful!
Slide 95
Made of thin chitin (proteins and sugars) Calcium salts provide
strength Flexible- easy movement Muscles attach to it- efficient
movement Drawbacks-> exoskeleton does not grow with animal, they
molt, make them soft and susceptible to predators.
Slide 96
Segmented with jointed appendages Function in locomotion
Efficient feeding Sensory structures for monitoring the environment
Body ornamentation -> to attract a mate or for camouflage.
Slide 97
Highly developed Sense organs allow them to move quickly when
environment changes Capable of learning
Slide 98
Six pairs of appendages Chelicerae- one pair, and is modified
for the purpose of feeding and takes the place of mouthparts.
Slide 99
Class- Xiphosura Live in shallow waters, bays, estuaries Living
fossils and have not changed much 3 basic body regions = entire
body is carapace Cephalothorax- largest, obvious appendages
Abdomen- gills are located Telson- long spike, used for steering
and defense Carapace- hard outer covering
Slide 100
Movement-> walking and swimming Feeding-> worms,
mollusks, algae Pick up food with chelicerae and pass it to the
walking legs which crush the food before passing it to the
mouth.
Slide 101
Males are smaller Mating season-> one male or many males
will attach to the carapace of a female and then they come to shore
during high tide to mate and the female digs up the sand with the
front of her carapace, depositing eggs in the depression. The male
rides on the females back, shed his sperm onto the eggs before they
are covered. Pedipalp-> large set of claws on the males that
help the males attach / grab onto the females shell.
Slide 102
Slide 103
Decapods, mantis shrimp, krill, copepods, amphipods, and
barnacles Mandibulates-> paired appendages on the head called
mandibles (modified for feeding). 3 Main body regions: Head,
thorax, and abdomen
Slide 104
Sensory antennae Walking legs that are modified for swimming-
also known as swimmerets. Chelipeds are used for reproduction and
defense Small ones exchange gas through the body and large ones
have gills. The gills are feathery structures beneath the carapace.
Molting-> hide away because they are vulnerable. They hide until
a new exoskeleton has hardened initiated by hormones in the head
caused by changes in environmental conditions (temperature and
photoperiod). Mandible and maxillae are used for feeding
Crabs, lobsters, true shrimp 10 feet (five pairs of walking
legs) First pair= chelipeds= pincers used for capturing prey and
for defense. Largest is the giant spider crab (4 m and 40
pounds)
Slide 108
Slide 109
Hermit Crabs- jump from shell to shell to accommodate body size
Decorator Crabs- attach bits of sponges and anemones to carapace
for camouflage Blue Crabs- most powerful and agile swimmers, last
pair of legs are like paddles= propellers.
Slide 110
Slide 111
Slide 112
Slide 113
Chelipeds= capture prey Mandibles= crush food Plates in
stomachs = grind food further Alaskan King Crab-> sea stars and
bivalves Snowcrabs-> polycheates, crustaceans, bivalves Hermit
Crabs-> shrimp-> scavengers, detritus Fiddler Crabs->
deposit feeders (scoop up mud) filter out organic matter and spit
out mineral residue into round pellets. Filter feeders-> mole
crabs, porcelain crabs, pea crabs, burrowing shrimp
Slide 114
Usually separate sexes / internal fertilization Males have
special appendages for clasping the female and sperm delivery They
transmit sperm in packets= spermatophores Brood their eggs into
chambers Shrimp-> shed their eggs into the water
Slide 115
The second pair of thoracic appendages is enlarged and has a
moveable finger that can be extended rapidly to capture prey /
defense-> smash or smear prey (blows can break an aquarium)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i- ahuZEvWH8
Slide 116
Pelagic Shrimp Filter Feeders Bioluminescent photophores
attract mates in swarms. Main diet of whales, seals, penguins, fish
(blue whales eat a ton of krill in one feeding) Literally jump out
of their skins to molt https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yMx
Y4c5SeIs
Slide 117
Bodies to resemble shrimp Burrowers live in tubes that they
build Appendages are used for jumping, burrowing, or swimming.
Beach flea
Slide 118
Largest group of small crustaceans The most abundant
zooplankton Feed on phytoplankton and detritus (filter
feeders)
Slide 119
Sessile- only crustacean to be Class- Cirripedia Attach to
animals, rocks, boats, shells, corals, and any other solid object
in the ocean
Slide 120
Echinodermata-> means spiny skinned animals Sea stars, sea
urchins, sea cucumbers, Radial symmetry Benthic- lives on the
bottom
Slide 121
Endoskeleton- spiny covering, internal structure. Below
epidermis is composed of calcium carbonate plates (ossicles) that
project up = spiny skin Pedicellarie- tiny, pincers at the base of
the spines that project up= spiny skin (clean body and free of
parasites) Water vascular system hydraulic system that functions in
locomotion, feeding, gas exchange, and excretion.
Slide 122
Madreporite= water enters Tube feet= hollow with ampulla
(saclike structure) Ambulacral groove- the sucker at the end of the
ampulla
Slide 123
Central disk with five arms Mouth= underside From each mouth
radiates the ambulacral groove with tiny tube feet. Aboral surface
is rough / spiny and is on the opposite the mouth.
Slide 124
Slide 125
Water is pumped into the tube feet from the ampullae which
cause them to protect the ambulacral groove. The suckers then hold
firmly to solid surfaces while the muscles in the tube feet
contract which forces water back in the ampullae and causing the
tube feet to shorten. Very slow process.
Slide 126
Carnivores or scavengers Eat fish and invertebrates Locates
prey chemically by kind of smelling the substances released by the
prey Mussels and bivalves- wrap around prey and pries the valves
open Sea Star- spits out a portion of its stomach out of its mouth
and inserts it into the bivalves mouth and digests the prey. Also
releases enzymes to breakdown the food and then retracts back.
Slide 127
Fragmentation- a piece breaks off as long as the gonads are in
tact it can produce another Some can produce a whole new species as
long as part of the central disc is present. Some species are
capable of sexual reproduction
Slide 128
Brittle Stars, basket stars, serpent stars Benthic organisms
Five arms-> slender / distinct Lack pedicellarie (pincers)
Ambulacral grooves are closed Tube feet are used to feeding and
locomotion, no suckers Avoid light Burrowers
Slide 129
Brittle stars -> get their name because they detach one or
more arms when disturbed-> arm undulates wildly distracting
predators, while the brittle stars move away-> regenerate
Slide 130
Carnivores, scavengers, deposit feeders, suspension feeders,
filter feeders Brittle-> filter feeders and deposit feeders (eat
organic matter on the bottom) Filter- lift arm in the air and wave
it -> releases strands of mucus that form around all of the
arms= net= traps plankton Basket stars= suspension feeders=
zooplankton -> climb up corals at night and fan their arms
toward the current -> coil the arms around it.
Slide 131
Cast off or automize (predators) Divide in half Hermaphrodites
External / Internal fertilization
Slide 132
Means like a hedgehog Sea urchins, heart urchins, sand dollars
Enclosed body by a hard endoskeleton called a test Benthic Rocks /
bury Regular Echinoids-> sea urchins with long removable spines.
Bilateral irregular Echinoids-> heart urchins and sand dollars.
They bury in the sand and the test is small spined (locomotion /
cleaning)
Slide 133
Slide 134
Slide 135
Tube feet project from five pairs of ambulacral areas that are
derived from the same embryonic structures as the arms of sea
stars, spines from test Spines function in protection Sexes are
separate, external fertilization
Slide 136
Most are grazers scraping the surface with their teeth Sea
urchin-> five teeth called Aristotle's lantern Sand dollars and
heart urchins -> tube feet to pick up food Lift posterior half
of its body projecting above the sand.
Slide 137
Sea cucumbers Elongated bodies Body wall is leathery Move
slowly using ventral tube feet and muscle contractions Gas
exchange- tubules called respiratory trees Sexes are separate Some
brood their eggs in body cavity and larvae leaves via the anus
Slide 138
Slide 139
Deposit or suspension feeders Around the mouth they have 10-30
tentacles that they trap food with. The tentacles are coated with a
sticky mucus, so the organisms just get stuck on them and they
retract their tentacles back into their mouth.
Slide 140
When disturbed some species release Cuverian tubules from their
anus that looks like spaghetti. When it touches sea water it
becomes sticky. Eviscerate, which means they release some of their
internal organs through either the mouth or anus.
Slide 141
Sea lilies, feather stars Most primitive of Echinoderms, they
are aged back to the Paleozoic era (80 species) Free moving ->
swim and crawl for short distances / escape Cling to the bottom
using a cirri Nocturnal (shallow water) Crawl out of tight spaces
its time to feed Suspension feeders-> filter small organisms
with tube feet and by mucous nets of the ambulacral grooves
(zooplankton / detritus) Regeneration, external fertilization
Separate sexes
Slide 142
Slide 143
Provide food for humans -> we eat the gonads of sea urchins
/ sea cucumbers They are predators of molluscs, other echinoderms,
cnidarians, crustaceans, and kelp. Sea cucumbers= medicinal. They
produce a poison called holothurin which suppresses tumor growth
and can aid in muscle and nerve problems. Sea urchin roe (ovaries
with eggs) sells to Japan for 100-150 per pound= sushi Sea urchins
destroy kelp beds and lobster pots Control algae growth, especially
on coral reefs.