Jenney’s First Year LatinLesson 12

1. Lesson 12 Vocabulary2. The Pluperfect Tense

3. The Future Perfect Tense

Lesson 12 Vocabulary

audācia, audāciae, f.

daring, boldness

carrus, carrī, m.

wagon

cūra, cūrae, f.

care, anxiety

dominus, dominī, m.

master, lord

inopia, inopiae, f.

lack, want

īra, īrae, f.

anger

liber, librī, m.

book

locus, locī, m.loca, locōrum, n. (pl.)

place

magister, magistrī, m.

master, teacher

poena, poenae, f.

punishment, penalty

populus, populī, m.

people, nation

socius, sociī, m.

ally, comrade

The Perfect System: Pluperfect & Future Perfect Tenses

The Perfect System

• There are 2 other tenses in the perfect system

• Perfect System = verbs formed from the perfect stem (3rd PP – -ī)

• These are the pluperfect and future perfect

The Pluperfect Tense

Pluperfect Tense• Pluperfect tense (plūs quam perfectum)

indicates action happening in the past before another past action/event

• Translate: “had ________ed”• To form:– Find the perfect stem (3rd PP and drop the –ī)

– Add the plupf. tense infix/marker –era–– Add personal endings (–m, –s, –t, –mus, –tis, –nt)

Pluperfect Tense• So…

perfect stem + plupf. infix. + personal endings

3rd PP – -ī + –era–SG PL

1st m mus2n

ds tis

3rd t nt

Pluperfect TenseOR…

perfect stem + impf. of sum, esse

3rd PP – -ī +SG PL

1st eram erāmus2nd erās eratis3rd erat erant

Pluperfect TenseOR…

perfect stem + plupf. endings

3rd PP – -ī +SG PL

1st eram erāmus2nd erās eratis3rd erat erant

Pluperfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Pluperfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Pluperfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st ambulāv ambulāv

2nd ambulāv ambulāv

3rd ambulāv ambulāv

Pluperfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st ambulāvera ambulāvera

2nd ambulāvera ambulāvera

3rd ambulāvera ambulāvera

Pluperfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st ambulāveram ambulāverāmus

2nd ambulāverās ambulāverātis

3rd ambulāverat ambulāverant

Pluperfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Pluperfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Pluperfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fu fu

2nd fu fu

3rd fu fu

Pluperfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fuera fuerā

2nd fuerā fuerā

3rd fuera fuera

Pluperfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fueram fuerāmus

2nd fuerās fuerātis

3rd fuerat fuerant

Pluperfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fueramI had been

fuerāmuswe had been

2nd fuerāsyou had been

fuerātisyou (pl.) had been

3rd fuerathe/she/it had been

fuerantthey had been

The Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense• Future perfect indicates an action that will have been

completed in the future before another action takes place (but it’s not done yet)

• Translate: “will have ________ed”

• To form:

– Find the perfect stem (3rd PP and drop the –ī)

– Add the fut. pf. tense infix/marker –eri–

– Add personal endings (–ō, –s, –t, –mus, –tis, –nt)

– N.B.: drop the –i– in the infix for 1st SG (= –erō)

Future Perfect Tense• So…

perfect stem + fut. pf. infix + personal endings

3rd PP – -ī + –eri–SG PL

1st ō* mus2nd s tis3rd t nt

*drop the –i– from the infix before the –ō

Future Perfect TenseOR…

perfect stem + fut. of sum, esse (almost)

3rd PP – -ī +SG PL

1st erō erimus2nd eris eritis3rd erit erint*

*different than fut. of sum, esse (erunt)

Future Perfect TenseOR…

perfect stem + fut. pf. endings

3rd PP – -ī +SG PL

1st erō erimus2nd eris eritis3rd erit erint

Future Perfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Future Perfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Future Perfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st ambulāveri ambulāveri

2nd ambulāveri ambulāveri

3rd ambulāveri ambulāveri

Future Perfect Tense

ambulō, ambulāre, ambulāvī, ambulātus: to walk

SG PL

1st ambulāverō ambulāverimus

2nd ambulāveris ambulāveritis

3rd ambulāverit ambulāverint

Future Perfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Future Perfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st

2nd

3rd

Future Perfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fu fu

2nd fu fu

3rd fu fu

Future Perfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fuer fueri

2nd fueri fueri

3rd fueri fueri

Future Perfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fuerō fuerimus

2nd fueris fueritis

3rd fuerit fuerint

Future Perfect of Sum, Esse• formed regularly• sum, esse, fuī, futūrus: to be

SG PL

1st fuerōI shall have been

fuerimuswe shall have been

2nd fuerisyou will have been

fueritisyou (pl.) will have been

3rd fuerithe/she/it will have been

fuerintthey will have been