Jenny Dooley Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooleystorage1.expresspublishingapps.co.uk/teachercorner/...Wishes B2_2 Dict Mod 1_Wishes B2_2 Dict Mod 1 27/08/2014 4:39 ΜΜ Page 27 1 Complete

ISBN 978-960-361-920-8

Virginia Evans – Jenny Dooley

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Wishes B2_2 Mini Dict_REV_Wishes B2_2 Mini Dict 8/27/14 4:33 PM Page 1

Virginia Evans - Jenny Dooley

Wishes B2_2 Dict Mod 1_Wishes B2_2 Dict Mod 1 27/08/2014 4:39 ΜΜ Page 1

Published by Express Publishing

9 Mac Millan Street, 111 44, Athens, GreeceTel.: 210-2120800 Fax: 210-2015444email: [email protected]

© Jenny Dooley – Virginia Evans, 2014

© Express Publishing, 2014

First published in this edition 2014Second impression 2016

Made in EU

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means, electronic, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers.

This book is not meant to be changed in any way.

ISBN 978-960-361-920-8

Contents

Module 1 Communication .............................................................................................................................................. p. 3

Module 2 Challenges ..................................................................................................................................................... p. 31

Module 3 Rights .............................................................................................................................................................. p. 60

Module 4 Survival .................................................................................................................................................. p. 85

Module 5 Spoilt for choice ............................................................................................................................................. p. 104

Appendix I – Phrasal Verbs .............................................................................................................................................. p. 130

Appendix II – Verbs/Adjectives/Nouns with Prepositions ............................................................................................. p. 133

Appendix III – Prepositional Phrases .............................................................................................................................. p. 138

Further Practice Section ................................................................................................................................................... p. 143

Index to the Vocabulary ................................................................................................................................................... p. 160


claim \kleIm\ (v) = to state that sth is truewithout proof / ÈÛ¯˘Ú›˙ÔÌ·Èe.g. He claimed that he owned the lostmoney but couldn’t say how much it was.

lecture \"lektS´\ (C n) = a class at universitywhere a specialist in a subject gives a talkto students in order to teach them / ‰È¿ÏÂÍËe.g. I usually find it difficult to concentrateduring lectures but Professor Broom’s arevery interesting.Der.: lecturer (n)

rush \røS\ (v) = to move very quickly / ÔÚÌÒ,ÛÂ‡‰ê.g. Everyone rushed to help the old ladywhen she fell over.

itchy \"ItSi\ (adj) = (of a feeling on your skin)uncomfortable, annoying and making youwant to scratch / Ô˘ ÚÔÎ·ÏÂ› Ê·ÁÔ‡Ú·e.g. My mosquito bite is very itchy and Ican’t stop scratching it.

honest \"Ån´st\ (adj) = truthful and able to betrusted / Ù›ÌÈÔ˜, ÂÈÏÈÎÚÈÓ‹˜e.g. Josie is so honest that she could neverlie to anyone.Der.: honesty (n)Opp.: dishonest

scratch \skrœtS\ (v) = to rub sth with yourfingernails / ÁÚ·Ù˙Ô˘Ó›˙ˆ, Í‡Óê.g. Gary scratched his head while he wasthinking of the correct answer.Der.: scratchy (adj)

non-verbal \ÆnÅn "v‰…b´l\ (adj) = not usingspoken words / ÌË ÏÂÎÙÈÎfi˜e.g. In a foreign country, you may have touse non-verbal communication if you don’tknow the language.

inspire \In"spaI´\ (v) = to make sb feel that theywant to do sth and that they are able to doit / ÂÌÓ¤ê.g. Tamara was a very good teacher andinspired all of her students to study atuniversity.Der.: inspiration (n), inspirational (adj)

earn a living (phr) = to do a job in order tomake enough money to live / ÎÂÚ‰›˙ˆ Ù·ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ˙ËÓe.g. Pamela earns a living by designingand selling shoes.

convince (sb) \kń"vIns\ (v) = to make sbcertain of sth that they were initially unsureabout / Â›ıê.g. I convinced Freddy to come to thepark with us even though he had said hewould prefer to stay home.

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body language \"bÅdi ÆlœNgwIdZ\ (U n) = visualcommunication through the movements orposture of the body / ÁÏÒÛÛ· ÙÔ˘ ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜e.g. Sue didn’t say anything, but her bodylanguage showed how angry she was.

quality \"kwÅl´ti\ (C n) = a characteristic of sb’spersonality / ¯·Ú·ÎÙËÚÈÛÙÈÎfi, ÚÔÛfiÓe.g. Tom has the right qualities to be ateacher – he is patient, kind and inspiring.

preference \"pref´rńs\ (C n) = sb/sth that youlike more than sb/sth else / ÚÔÙ›ÌËÛËe.g. I have a preference for salty popcornover sweet.

gesture \"dZestS´\ (C n) = a movement of thehands, arms or head to express a feeling oremphasise an idea / ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌ›·, ÓÂ‡Ì·e.g. Nodding your head is a gesture whichshows you agree with something.

cockney \"kÅkni\ (adj) = characterised by theunofficial dialect used in the east end ofLondon / ÎfiÎÓ˘ (‰È¿ÏÂÎÙÔ˜ ÙÔ˘ ∞Ó·ÙÔÏÈÎÔ‡§ÔÓ‰›ÓÔ˘)e.g. You could tell Eliza was from East Londonbecause she spoke with a cockney accent.

rhyme \raIm\ (v) = to produce a number ofwords with a similar sound / Î¿vˆ Ú›Ì·,ÔÌÔÈÔÎ·Ù·ÏËÍ›·e.g. The poet decided to rhyme the finalwords of the last two sentences in hispoem.

slang \slœN\ (U n) = informal language whichis usually spoken rather than written /·ÚÁÎfie.g. “Loo” is a slang English term for“toilet”.

portray \pO…"treI\ (v) = to represent sb/sth in afilm, play or piece of art in a particular way /·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ê.g. The film portrays life in a small villagein Italy.Der.: portrayal (n)

syndrome \"sIndrÚm\ (C n) = a pattern ofrecognisable symptoms which are commonto a particular disease / Û‡Ó‰ÚÔÌÔe.g. Weight gain, tiredness and thinning ofthe skin are symptoms of Cushing’sSyndrome.

Unit 1.1 (pp. 6-7)

Module 1 – CommunicationModule 1 – Communication

Module 1

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reputation \ÆrepjU"teISń\ (C n) = respect oradmiration people have for sb/sth based ontheir actions in the past / ˘fiÏË„Ë, Ê‹ÌËe.g. The company had a good reputationfor their staff always being polite to theircustomers.

deductive \dI"døktIv\ (adj) = thinking logicallyabout the facts in order to drawconclusions about sth / Û˘ÌÂÚ·ÛÌ·ÙÈÎfi˜e.g. The detective used his deductive skillsto work out who had committed the crime.

cross-examine \ÆkrÅs Ig"zœmIn\ (v) = to asksomeone detailed questions in order to seeif they are telling the truth, especially awitness in court / ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ˆ Ì¿ÚÙ˘Ú· ÁÈ· Ó·‰È·ÈÛÙÒÛˆ ·Ó Ï¤ÂÈ ÙËÓ ·Ï‹ıÂÈ·e.g. The lawyer who cross-examined thewitness concluded that she really was at thescene of the crime.

court \kO…t\ (C n) = the place where legal trialstake place in front of a judge and jury /‰ÈÎ·ÛÙ‹ÚÈÔe.g. The suspect protested his innocence tothe judge in court this morning.

persuasion \p´"sweIZń\ (U n) = the act ofmaking sb do or believe sth by giving themgood reasons to do so / ÂÈıÒe.g. It took a lot of persuasion to get Annato come to the concert instead of going tothe cinema.Opp.: dissuasion

dedicate (to) \"dedIkeIt\ (v) = to give all of yourenergy and time to sth / ·ÊÈÂÚÒÓê.g. Poppy dedicated herself to her studiesand therefore passed all her exams.Der.: dedication (n)

reliable \rI"laI´b´l\ (adj) = able to be trusted orbelieved / ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜, ¤ÁÎ˘ÚÔ˜ e.g. My watch is not very reliable and it’smaking me late for appointments.Der.: reliability (n), reliably (adv)Opp.: unreliable

basics \"beIsIks\ (pl n) = the simplest and mostessential facts about sth / Ù· ‚·ÛÈÎ¿e.g. My mum doesn’t know much aboutcomputers, just the basics like sending anemail.

defensive \dI"fensIv\ (adj) = protecting yourselffrom attack or criticism / ·Ì˘ÓÙÈÎfi˜e.g. Parents become very defensive whenpeople talk negatively about their children.Der.: defensiveness (n)

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posture \"pÅstS´\ (U n) = the position in whichsb has their body / ÛÙ¿ÛË ÛÒÌ·ÙÔ˜e.g. Sam looks tall because he has suchgood posture and stands with his backstraight.Der.: postural (adj)

speak volumes (phr) = to give a lot ofinformation about sb/sth without usingwords / Ï¤ˆ/ÛËÌ·›Óˆ ÔÏÏ¿e.g. I didn’t ask Sally how her exams wentas her face spoke volumes.

look away \ÆlUk ´"weI\ (phr v) = to turn yourhead rather than look directly at sth/sb /·ÔÛÙÚ¤Êˆ ÙÔ ‚Ï¤ÌÌ· ÌÔ˘e.g. Richard always looks away when hesees blood on TV.

reflexive \rI"fleksIv\ (adj) = happening as anatural reaction to sth else /·ÓÙ·Ó·ÎÏ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜e.g. The policeman didn’t mean to shoot theburglar but it was a reflexive action for himto take out his gun in moments of danger.

movement \"mu…vmńt\ (C n) = a change ofposition of the body / Î›ÓËÛËe.g. He could see the movement of herhead, back and forward, while she waslistening to rock music.

glance (away) \glA…ns\ (v) = to stop looking atsb/sth for a short time / ·ÔÛÙÚ¤ÊˆÛÙÈÁÌÈ·›· ÙÔ ‚Ï¤ÌÌ· ÌÔ˘e.g. The two children stared at each otheruntil one finally glanced away.

interpret \In"t‰…prIt\ (v) = to decide on themeaning or significance of sth / ÂÚÌËÓÂ‡ˆ,ÂÍËÁÒe.g. I found it difficult to interpret if my bosswas happy or not when I told him I found anew job.Der.: interpretation (n), interpretive (adj),interpretively (adv)Opp.: misinterpret

convincing \kń"vInsIN\ (adj) = causing sb tobelieve that sth is true / ÂÈÛÙÈÎfi˜e.g. The detective found very convincingevidence linking the suspect to the crime.Opp.: unconvincing

tip \tIp\ (C n) = a short, useful piece of advice /Û˘Ì‚Ô˘Ï‹e.g. Tom gave us a few tips about where togo in Venice from his own experiences.

pupil \"pju…p´l\ (C n) = the round, black circle in thecentre of your eye / ÎfiÚË (Ì·ÙÈÔ‡)e.g. Your pupils get bigger in the dark andsmaller in the light.


Module 1

involuntary \In"vÅlńt´ri\ (adj) = done withoutthe decision or intention of the personinvolved / ·ÎÔ‡ÛÈÔ˜, ·ı¤ÏËÙÔ˜e.g. Fred gave an involuntary laugh whenhe saw Susan’s new haircut.Der.: involuntarily (adv)Opp.: voluntary

concentrate (on) \"kÅnsńtreIt\ (v) = to give allyour attention to a particular activity,subject or problem / Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÌ·È ÛÂe.g. The driver was so tired that he had toconcentrate on staying awake in order toavoid an accident.Der.: concentration (n)

steady \"stedi\ (adj) = unchanging and undercontrol / ÛÙ·ıÂÚfi˜e.g. You need steady hands to be asurgeon.Der.: steadiness (n), steadily (adv)Opp.: unsteady

forehead \"fÅrId, "fO…hed\ (C n) = the part of theface above the eyebrows / Ì¤ÙˆÔe.g. Tim hit his forehead with his handwhen he realised he had been so stupid.

handshake \"hœndSeIk\ (C n) = grasping andshaking a person's hand to acknowledge agreeting or to agree on a contract /¯ÂÈÚ·„›·e.g. My new boss gave me a friendlyhandshake when we met for the first time.

key \ki…\ (C n) = the most crucial way toachieve sth / «ÎÏÂÈ‰›», ·ÔÊ·ÛÈÛÙÈÎfi˜·Ú¿ÁÔÓÙ·˜e.g. The key to better employment isproviding more effective education.

break a business deal (phr) = to preventcompletion of an agreement in business /·ıÂÙÒ ÌÈ· ÔÈÎÔÓÔÌÈÎ‹ Û˘ÌÊˆÓ›·e.g. The two banks were about to mergeuntil one of them broke the business deal.

provide (sb with sth) \pr´"vaId\ (v) = to give sbsth that they need / ·Ú¤¯ˆ, ÂÊÔ‰È¿˙ê.g. The teacher provided the class withpens and paper.

downside \"daUnsaId\ (C n) = the negativeaspect of a situation which is generallypositive / ÌÂÈÔÓ¤ÎÙËÌ·, ·ÚÓËÙÈÎ‹ ÏÂ˘Ú¿e.g. The downside of getting up late onSaturdays is that I don’t have enough timefor shopping.

put one’s guard up (phr) = to act defensivelybecause you feel threatened by sb / Â›Ì·ÈÛÂ ÂÈÊ˘Ï·Î‹e.g. Vicky has a tendency to be mean, so Ialways put my guard up around her.

literally \"lIt´r´li\ (adv) = actually; really /Î˘ÚÈÔÏÂÎÙÈÎ¿e.g. I was literally horrified when I heardthe bad news.

attempt \´"tempt\ (C n) = the act of trying toaccomplish sth / ÚÔÛ¿ıÂÈ·e.g. Rosalin broke her leg during herattempt to climb a mountain.

a small price to pay (phr) = sth is worthhaving or doing despite its disadvantages /ÙÔ Ù›ÌËÌ· Â›Ó·È ÌÈÎÚfie.g. The lack of Internet access is a smallprice to pay for the peacefulness of thecountry cottage.

unique \ju…"ni…k\ (adj) = distinctive and withoutan equal / ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi˜e.g. Beth has a unique singing voice thatI’ve never heard the likes of before.Der.: uniqueness (n)

rapidly \"rœpIdli\ (adv) = speedily; quickly /Ú·Á‰·›·, ÔÏ‡ ÁÚ‹ÁÔÚ·e.g. My life changed suddenly and rapidlyafter my first child.

self-confident \Æself "kÅnfIdńt\ (adj) = beingsure of yourself and your abilities / Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛËe.g. I am not sufficiently self-confident toperform on stage.Der.: self-confidence (n)

fingernail \"fIngńeIl\ (C n) = the small, hardprotective area on the outer surface of thefinger / Ó‡¯È ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡e.g. Sophie painted her fingernails red forthe party.

apology \´"pÅl´dZi\ (C n) = an expression ofregret for having inconvenienced sb /ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎ‹ ‹ ÁÚ·Ù‹ ¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Û˘ÁÁÓÒÌË˜e.g. The shop sent me a written apology forforgetting to deliver the washing machine.Der.: apologise (v), apologetic (adj),apologetically (adv)

illustrate \"Il´streIt\ (v) = to put photographs,pictures or diagrams into a book,magazine, etc / ÂÈÎÔÓÔÁÚ·ÊÒ, ·ÂÈÎÔÓ›˙ê.g. The Maths teacher drew a diagram toillustrate how to solve the problem.Der.: illustration (n), illustrative (adj)

wrinkled \"rINk´ld\ (adj) = marked by slightlines on the skin / Ú˘ÙÈ‰È·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. My grandmother’s skin is soft andwrinkled.

Unit 1.2 (pp. 8-9)

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narrowed eyes (phr) = half-closed eyes /ÌÈÛfiÎÏÂÈÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ·e.g. You could tell from his narrowed eyesand flaring nostrils that he was about toexplode with anger.

clenched \klentSt\ (adj) = closed or squeezedtogether tightly / ÛÊÈÁÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. He raised his clenched fist in anger atthe decision.

hip \hIp\ (C n) = either side of the body belowthe waist and above the thigh / ÁÔÊfi˜e.g. Pam went on a diet to lose weightaround her hips and waist.

tap \tœp\ (v) = to hit sb/sth lightly andrepeatedly / ¯Ù˘Ò ÂÏ·ÊÚ¿e.g. Jenny tapped me on the back and Iturned around.

cast down \ÆkA…st "daUn\ (pp) = (of eyes) facingdownwards to show sadness / ¯·ÌËÏˆÌ¤Ó·(Ì¿ÙÈ·)e.g. With cast down eyes, he expressed hismisery for losing his job.

eyelid \"aIlId\ (C n) = either of two folds of skinwhich can open and close the eye /‚Ï¤Ê·ÚÔe.g. The only make-up Jean uses is a littlelipstick and some eyeliner on her eyelids.

downturned \"daUnt‰…nd\ (adj) = (of the mouth)turned downwards to show sadness /ÛÙÚ·ÌÌ¤ÓÔ˜ ÚÔ˜ Ù· Î¿Ùê.g. Lydia’s downturned mouth changed toa smile when I gave her the ice-cream.

blush \bløS\ (v) = to turn red in the cheeks, asif from embarrassment or shame /ÎÔÎÎÈÓ›˙ê.g. Tina blushed when she couldn’tanswer the teacher’s question.

giggle \"gIg´l\ (v) = to laugh in a childish way /¯·¯·Ó›˙ê.g. The children were giggling over afunny story they had been told.Der.: giggly (adj)

clasp \klA…sp\ (v) = to hold sth firmly and tightly /ÛÊ›ÁÁê.g. Tony clasped his daughter’s handsecurely as they crossed the busy road.

clench my teeth (phr) = to squeeze both thelower and upper teeth together tightly /ÛÊ›ÁÁˆ Ù· ‰fiÓÙÈ· ÌÔ˘e.g. I had to clench my teeth to prevent myselffrom saying something rude to my boss.

bow \baU\ (v) = to bend your body or loweryour head to show respect / Á¤ÚÓˆ,¯·ÌËÏÒÓˆ (ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ)e.g. We bowed our heads in silence toremember those who died at war.

squint \skwInt\ (v) = to partly close your eyesto focus on reading sth / ÌÈÛÔÎÏÂ›Óˆ Ù·Ì¿ÙÈ· ÌÔ˘ ÁÈ· Ó· ‰ˆ Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚ· (fiÙ·ÓÎ¿ÔÈÔ˜ ¤¯ÂÈ Úfi‚ÏËÌ· fiÚ·ÛË˜)e.g. Julian had to squint in order to readsince he had forgotten his glasses.

shrug \Srøg\ (v) = to raise your shoulders toindicate a lack of interest or knowledge /ÛËÎÒÓˆ (ÙÔ˘˜ ÒÌÔ˘˜ ÌÔ˘)e.g. Sandra shrugged her shoulders andsaid she didn’t remember where she hadleft her keys.

snap my fingers (phr) = to make a sharpsound by clicking a finger against thethumb / ·›˙ˆ, ¯Ù˘Ò Ù· ‰¿ÎÙ˘Ï¿ ÌÔ˘e.g. John snapped his fingers to get thewaiter’s attention.

drum \drøm\ (v) = to make a rhythmic soundby striking a surface / ¯Ù˘Ò (Ù· ‰¿¯Ù˘Ï¿ÌÔ˘) Ú˘ıÌÈÎ¿ ÛÂ ÌÈ· ÂÈÊ¿ÓÂÈ·e.g. She drummed her fingers on the tablewaiting eagerly for the phone to ring.Der.: drummer (n)

lick \lIk\ (v) = to pass your tongue over asurface / ÁÏÂ›Êê.g. The dog jumped up and licked my face.

in shame (phr) = with an uncomfortablefeeling of embarrassment for having donesth wrong / vÙÚÔÈ·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. Fiona looked away in shame when sheadmitted to having cheated in the exam.

impatiently \Im"peISńtli\ (adv) = in an annoyedmanner because of not wanting to wait /·Ó˘fiÌÔÓ·e.g. The taxi driver blew his hornimpatiently in the middle of the traffic jam.Opp.: patiently

counter \"kaUnt´\ (C n) = a horizontal surface ina shop, café, etc / ¿ÁÎÔ˜e.g. Paul went to the counter to order acup of tea and a muffin.

in disgust (phr) = with a strong feeling ofdislike / ·Ë‰È·ÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. Gerry turned away in disgust at thesight of his wrecked car.

in disbelief (phr) = with strong doubts aboutsth being true / ÌÂ ‰˘ÛÈÛÙ›·e.g. Brian screamed in disbelief when hefound out how well he did in the exams.

trust \trøst\ (v) = to have confidence or faith insb/sth / ÂÌÈÛÙÂ‡ÔÌ·Èe.g. I trust Hannah to look after my money.Der.: trustful (adj)Opp.: distrust/mistrust

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recall \rI"kO…l\ (v) = to call to mind a memoryfrom the past / Ê¤ÚÓˆ ÛÙÔ ÓÔ˘ ÌÔ˘, ı˘Ì¿Ì·Èe.g. Jim recalled having met the Queen inhis schooldays.

consider \kń"sId´\ (v) = to think of sb/sth as /ıÂˆÚÒe.g. The teacher considers Meredith to behis most talented student.Der.: consideration (n)

think \TINk\ (v) = to consider / ÓÔÌ›˙ê.g. I think Joseph is very kind.

hurt \h‰…t\ (v) = to cause physical pain / ÚÔÎ·ÏÒfiÓÔ, ÏËÁÒÓê.g. Tanya fell to the ground and hurt her knee.

suffer (from) \"søf´\ (v) = to feel unwell oruncomfortable due to illness or injury /¿Û¯ˆ, ˘ÔÊ¤Úˆ ·fie.g. Evie has suffered from asthma for anumber of years.

ache \eIk\ (v) = to feel a strong, continuousphysical pain / ÔÓ¿ê.g. Terry went to the dentist because histooth had been aching for days.

pain \peIn\ (v) = to cause emotional anguish tosb / ÚÔÍÂÓÒ fiÓÔ, ÌÂÁ¿ÏË ÛÙÂÓÔ¯ÒÚÈ·e.g. It pains me to know that there arechildren dying from hunger every day. Der.: painful (adj), painfully (adv)

be familiar (with) (phr) = to have a goodknowledge or understanding of sth /ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ, Î¿ÙÈ ÌÔ˘ Â›Ó·È ÔÈÎÂ›Ôe.g. I am familiar with most ofShakespeare’s work.

be aware (of/that) (phr) = to have or showunderstanding or realisation that sth exists /ÁÓˆÚ›˙ˆ, ¤¯ˆ Â›ÁÓˆÛËe.g. Most people are aware that smokingcan cause lung cancer.

known \nÚn\ (adj) = recognised; familiar topeople / ÁÓˆÛÙfi˜e.g. Tom Cruise is a known actor in mostparts of the world.Opp.: unknown

recognise \"rek´gnaIz\ (v) = to be aware of whoor what sb or sth is / ·Ó·ÁÓˆÚ›˙ê.g. I recognise that man from being atSarah’s party last week.Der.: recognition (n), recognisable (adj),recognisably (adv)

income \"INk´m\ (C n) = the amount of moneysomeone gains from their work, investments,etc over a period of time / ÂÈÛfi‰ËÌ·e.g. The government hands out financialassistance to families with low incomes.

earn \‰…n\ (v) = to receive money from working /ÎÂÚ‰›˙ˆ ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù·e.g. Alex earns í8 per hour working at thelibrary.Der.: earnings (n)

wage \weIdZ\ (C n) = regular weekly or monthlymoney that is earned from working / ÌÈÛıfi˜(Û˘Ó‹ıˆ˜ Â‚‰ÔÌ·‰È·›Ô˜)e.g. Nurses receive a low monthly wagecompared to doctors.

make a living (phr) = to earn enough moneyto be able to live / ‚Á¿˙ˆ Ù· ÚÔ˜ ÙÔ ˙ËÓe.g. Sam doesn’t make much as a musicianbut he earns enough to make a living.

make sense (of sth) (phr) = to understandsth / ‚Á¿˙ˆ ÓfiËÌ·e.g. I can’t make sense of the Mathsquestions, so I can’t answer them.

logic \"lÅdZIk\ (U n) = reasoned or sensiblejudgement / ÏÔÁÈÎ‹e.g. I don’t understand the logic of drivingto the shop when you can walk there in fiveminutes.Der.: logical (adj), logically (adv)

reason \"ri…zń\ (C n) = an explanation for thecause of sth / ÏfiÁÔ˜, ·ÈÙ›·e.g. One of the reasons I love London is forall the interesting museums.

explanation \Æekspl´"neISń\ (C n) = a statementwhich makes sth understandable / ÂÍ‹ÁËÛËe.g. The teacher demanded an explanationas to why I arrived so late.

curious \"kjU´ri´s\ (adj) = eager to learn moreabout sth / ÂÚ›ÂÚÁÔ˜e.g. My cat is very curious and is alwaysexploring new places.Der.: curiosity (n)

fascinated \"fœsńeItId\ (adj) = extremelyinterested in sth / ÁÔËÙÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜e.g. The child was fascinated for hours bythe fish swimming around the tank.

interested (in) \"Intr´stId\ (adj) = concernedwith learning more about sth / Ô˘ÂÓ‰È·Ê¤ÚÂÙ·È e.g. Gemma is interested in politics and isalways reading books about it.

attracted (to) \´"trœktId\ (adj) = drawn towardssth because of its exceptional features /Ô˘ ÂÏÎ‡ÂÙ·È ·fi Î¿ÙÈe.g. Paul was attracted to the idea of goingto Greece for a summer holiday.

turn \t‰…n\ (v) = to change orientation or thedirection you are facing / ÛÙÚ›‚ˆ, Á˘Ú›˙ê.g. Helen turned around after hearing avoice behind her.

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8

bend \bend\ (v) = to curve yourself forwardfrom the waist / ÛÎ‡‚ê.g. The shopkeeper bent down to hearwhat the child was saying.

nod \nÅd\ (v) = to lower and raise the head toshow agreement or understanding / ÁÓ¤ÊˆÎ·Ù·Ê·ÙÈÎ¿e.g. Joe nodded when I asked if he wascold, so I put the heating on.

lower \"lÚ´\ (v) = to move sth slowlydownwards / ¯·ÌËÏÒÓê.g. Amy gently lowered herself into therelaxing bath.Opp.: raise

nose \nÚz\ (C n) = the organ on the faceused to smell / Ì‡ÙËe.g. Harriet was blowing her nose all daydue to her cold.

finger \"fINg´\ (C n) = any of the five long, thinparts at the end of the hand / ‰¿¯Ù˘ÏÔ¯ÂÚÈÔ‡e.g. Martin wears a ring on his finger toshow he is married.

eye \aI\ (C n) = one of the two organs for sight /Ì¿ÙÈe.g. Julia had tears in her eyes after the sadfilm.

teeth \ti…T\ (sing. tooth) (pl n) = the hard whiteobjects in the mouth used for biting andchewing / ‰fiÓÙÈ·e.g. Irene’s teeth were bright white aftervisiting the dentist.Der.: toothless (adj), toothy (adj)

punch \pøntS\ (v) = to hit sb/sth using your fist /ÁÚÔÓıÔÎÔÒe.g. The boxer punched his opponent withhis right fist.

clap \klœp\ (v) = to strike your hands together toshow admiration or approval / ¯ÂÈÚÔÎÚÔÙÒe.g. Emily clapped her hands and cheeredas her dad took the lead in the race.

tap \tœp\ (v) = to strike sb/sth lightly andrepeatedly / ¯Ù˘Ò ÂÏ·ÊÚ¿e.g. Jenny tapped me on the back and Iturned around.

smack \smœk\ (v) = to strike sth very hard withthe palm of your hand / ¯Ù˘Ò, ¯·ÛÙÔ˘Î›˙ê.g. Psychologists insist that parents shouldavoid smacking their children to punish them.

look (at) \lUk\ (v) = to direct your eyestowards sb/sth / ÎÔÈÙ¿˙ê.g. You only had to look at Ally to knowshe was angry.[not look sb in the eye (phr) = to be tooashamed to look directly at sb = ‰ÂÓÎÔÈÙ¿˙ˆ ÛÙ· Ì¿ÙÈ· Î¿ÔÈÔÓ (ÏfiÁˆ ÓÙÚÔ‹˜)]

stare (at) \ste´\ (v) = to fix your eyes on sb/sth /ÎÔÈÙ¿˙ˆ Â›ÌÔÓ·e.g. Everyone stared at the handsome manwalking down the road.

glance (at) \glA…ns\ (v) = to look at sth for ashort time / Ú›¯Óˆ ÌÈ· ‚È·ÛÙÈÎ‹ Ì·ÙÈ¿e.g. The student glanced at his watch tosee if the lecture was due to finish.

gaze (at) \geIz\ (v) = to fix your eyes on sth for along time / ÎÔÈÙ¿˙ˆ ·Ú·ÙÂÙ·Ì¤Ó·, ·ÙÂÓ›˙ê.g. Danny gazed at the stunning landscapesthroughout the whole train journey.

glare (at) \gle´\ (v) = to stare at sb angrily /·ÁÚÈÔÎÔÈÙ¿˙ê.g. John glared across the room at Marywhen he was told she had another boyfriend.

wink (at) \wINk\ (v) = to briefly shut one eye /ÎÏÂ›Óˆ ÙÔ Ì¿ÙÈe.g. Robin winked at me to show me thathe wasn’t serious.

peer \pI´\ (v) = to look searchingly at sth /ÂÚÈÂÚÁ¿˙ÔÌ·È, ÚÔÛ·ıÒ Ó· ‰È·ÎÚ›Óê.g. The old man peered out of the windowto see who knocked his door.

keyhole \"ki…hÚl\ (C n) = the hole into which akey is inserted / ÎÏÂÈ‰·ÚfiÙÚ˘·e.g. I turned the key quietly in the keyholeso no one would hear me arrive.

baffle \"bœf´l\ (v) = to cause sb not tounderstand sth / ÌÂÚ‰Â‡ê.g. The bank manager was baffled by howthe thief managed to get into the bankwithout setting off the alarm.

unravel \øn"rœv´l\ (v) = to cause sth to becomeclear and understandable / ‰È·ÏÂ˘Î·›Óˆ,ÍÂ‰È·Ï‡Óê.g. The police are trying to unravel themystery of the missing painting.

rub out \Ærøb "aUt\ (phr v) = to erase / Û‚‹Óê.g. Alice rubbed out the mistake shemade in the Maths exercise.

neutral \"nju…tr´l\ (adj) = expressing no emotions /Ô˘‰¤ÙÂÚÔ˜e.g. John had a neutral expressionthroughout the comedy film while the rest ofthe audience laughed heartily.

scan \skœn\ (v) = to examine minute details ofsth using a machine / ÂÍÂÙ¿˙ˆ,·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒ (ÌÂ fiÚÁ·Ó·)e.g. The doctor scanned the pregnantwoman to check on the health of her baby.Der.: scanner (n)

instinctively \In"stINktIvli\ (adv) = responsively;(reacting) without prior thought / ÂÓÛÙÈÎÙˆ‰Ò˜e.g. Without thinking about it, the firemaninstinctively saved the old lady from theburning house.

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evolution \Æi…v´"lu…Sń\ (U n) = the process ofliving beings developing to a moreadvanced existence over time / ÂÍ¤ÏÈÍËe.g. During human evolution, the brain hasbecome more advanced and sophisticated.Der.: evolutionary (adj)

be filled (with) (phr) = to be full of / Â›Ì·ÈÁÂÌ¿ÙÔ˜ ·fie.g. Our classroom is filled with old-fashioned wooden desks.

jammed \dZœmd\ (adj) = filled to the maximumcapacity; leaving no free space /ÊÚ·Î·ÚÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. Clare’s suitcase is so jammed withclothes that she has no room for her books.

packed \pœkt\ (adj) = filled to the maximumcapacity / ·ÛÊ˘ÎÙÈÎ¿ ÁÂÌ¿ÙÔ˜e.g. This bus is always packed with peoplein the morning.

public \"pøblIk\ (adj) = open to or concerningall people / ‰ËÌfiÛÈÔ˜e.g. Harry goes swimming at the publicpool every weekend.Opp.: private

irritable \"IrIt´b´l\ (adj) = easily annoyed /Â˘ÂÚ¤ıÈÛÙÔ˜, ÔÍ‡ı˘ÌÔ˜e.g. Poppy was rude to the customersbecause she was tired and irritable.Der.: irritability (n)

nervous \"n‰…v´s\ (adj) = filled with or showinganxiety / Ù·Ú·ÁÌ¤ÓÔ˜, ·Á¯ˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. Fred was so nervous about the examthat he couldn’t sleep.Der.: nervousness (n)

impatient \Im"peISńt\ (adj) = being restless orannoyed by delay / ·Ó˘fiÌÔÓÔ˜e.g. The customer was very impatient andtold the cashier that he was too slow.Opp.: patient

doubtful \"daUtf´l\ (adj) = feeling uncertainty /·‚¤‚·ÈÔ˜e.g. I’m doubtful that Peter will come to theparty as he has an exam tomorrow.

reply \rI"plaI\ (C n) = a spoken or writtenstatement to respond to a question,invitation, accusation, etc / ·¿ÓÙËÛËe.g. I wrote to the newspaper last month butI haven’t received a reply yet.

explanation \Æekspl´"neISń\ (C n) = a statementwhich makes sth understandable / ÂÍ‹ÁËÛËe.g. The teacher demanded an explanationas to why I arrived so late.

answer \"A…ns´\ (C n) = a statement made to replyto a question / ·¿ÓÙËÛËe.g. The teacher waited for one of the studentsto come up with an answer to her question.

response \rI"spÅns\ (C n) = a reaction to sththat has happened or been said /·fiÎÚÈÛË, ·ÓÙ›‰Ú·ÛËe.g. The government has been criticised overits poor response to the economic crisis.Der.: responsive (adj), responsively (adv)

proceed (with) \pr´"si…d\ (v) = to continue acertain activity / ÚÔ¯ˆÚÒ, Û˘ÓÂ¯›˙ê.g. Emily proceeded with the dinner partydespite many of her friends not being ableto attend.

go \gÚ\ (v) = to change location / ËÁ·›Óê.g. Georgia will go to the cinema thisafternoon.

come \køm\ (v) = to move towards sb/sth or toreach a destination / ¤Ú¯ÔÌ·Èe.g. We made it to the bus stop secondsbefore the bus came.Opp.: go

follow \"fÅlÚ\ (v) = to travel behind and goafter sb or sth / ·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒe.g. The police followed the suspect forseveral miles before arresting him.

same \seIm\ (adj) = not different / ›‰ÈÔ˜e.g. Penny and Jackie were born fifteenminutes apart on the same day.Opp.: different

equal \"i…kw´l\ (adj) = having the same quality,value, size, etc as another / ›ÛÔ˜e.g. Men and women should have equalopportunities at work.Der.: equality (n), equally (adv)Opp.: unequal

like \laIk\ (adj) = similar / ·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˜, fiÌÔÈÔ˜e.g. Jack and I have like minds and enjoyreading the same books.

similar \"sIm´l´\ (adj) = alike; almost the same /·ÚfiÌÔÈÔ˜e.g. My sister and I look similar but she istaller and has darker hair.Der.: similarity (n)Opp.: dissimilar

spread \spred\ (v) = to become widespread /ÂÍ·ÏÒÓÔÌ·Èe.g. The illness quickly spread through theschool making most of the children sick.

expand \Ik"spœnd\ (v) = to become larger insize, volume or quantity / ÂÂÎÙÂ›ÓÔÌ·Èe.g. My business started with one office inLondon but has expanded to have fivemore offices in Europe.Der.: expansion (n)

widen \"waIdn\ (v) = to broaden; to extend thewidth of sth / ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‡Óê.g. The road will be widened in order tocreate parking spaces for cars.Opp.: narrow

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10

open \"Úpń\ (v) = (of a window, door, etc) tobe moved so that it is no longer closed /·ÓÔ›Áê.g. The crowd rushed into the shop assoon as the doors opened.Opp.: close

naturally \"nœtS´r´li\ (adv) = as might beexpected / Ê˘ÛÈÎ¿e.g. Naturally, all the students were lookingforward to the exams finishing.

clearly \"klI´li\ (adv) = without a doubt;obviously / ÂÌÊ·ÓÒ˜, ÚÔÊ·ÓÒ˜e.g. Clearly, Paul was lying about studyingsince he has all those shopping bags.

simply \"sImpli\ (adv) = merely; just; only / ·Ï¿e.g. You can freshen up your house simplyby painting the walls.

plainly \"pleInli\ (adv) = clearly; apparently;evidently / Û·ÊÒ˜, ÍÂÎ¿ı·Ú·e.g. Kim refused to admit it, but we hadplainly got lost.

found \faUnd\ (v) = to set up; to establish /È‰Ú‡ê.g. The World Health Organisation wasfounded in 1948.

realise \"rI´laIz\ (v) = to know and understandsth / Û˘ÓÂÈ‰ËÙÔÔÈÒe.g. I didn’t realise that I had forgotten myticket until I arrived at the station.Der.: realisation (n)

expose \Ik"spÚz\ (v) = to make visible; to showsth that was hidden / ÂÎı¤Ùˆ, ·ÔÎ·Ï‡Ùê.g. The excavation exposed two thousand-year-old Roman ruins under the city.

discover \dIs"køv´\ (v) = to make a new finding;to become aware of sth which waspreviously unknown / ·Ó·Î·Ï‡Ùê.g. Christopher Columbus discoveredAmerica in 1492.Der.: discovery (n), discoverer (n)

form \fO…m\ (v) = to give shape to sth /Û¯ËÌ·Ù›˙ê.g. The shop assistant asked thecustomers to form a queue.

have \hœv\ (v) = to own; to possess / ¤¯ê.g. Peter has two cats and a dog at home.

stand \stœnd\ (v) = to be in an upright position /ÛÙ¤ÎÔÌ·Èe.g. My feet are aching because I’ve beenstanding all day.

take \teIk\ (v) = to obtain; to receive / ·›ÚÓê.g. Ronald took a picture of us standingnext to the Eiffel Tower.Opp.: give

notice \"nÚtIs\ (v) = to become aware of thepresence or existence of sth / ·Ú·ÙËÚÒe.g. Rita was annoyed that no one hadnoticed her new haircut.Der.: noticeable (adj), noticeably (adv)

watch \wÅtS\ (v) = to look or observe attentively /·Ú·ÎÔÏÔ˘ıÒ, ·Ú·ÙËÚÒe.g. I watched TV all day long on Saturday.

hard \hA…d\ (adj) = firm and resistant / ÛÎÏËÚfi˜e.g. Builders wear hard hats to protect theirheads.Opp.: soft

strong \strÅN\ (adj) = powerful; potent / ‰˘Ó·Ùfi˜e.g. My teacher had a strong influence on medeciding to study Chemistry at university.

tough \tøf\ (adj) = very difficult / ‰‡ÛÎÔÏÔ˜e.g. I wasn’t feeling well after the tough dayat work.Der.: toughen (v), toughness (n)

strict \strIkt\ (adj) = expecting rules andauthority to be completely followed /·˘ÛÙËÚfi˜e.g. Our teacher is so strict that she makesus stay silent throughout class time.

effect \I"fekt\ (C n) = the change that followsand is caused by sth else / Â›ÙˆÛË,·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·, Û˘Ó¤ÂÈ·e.g. One effect of global warming is risingsea levels.

development \dI"vel´pmńt\ (C n) = growth; apresent situation that has followed on froma previous situation / ·Ó¿Ù˘ÍËe.g. A child’s early years are crucial for itslanguage development.

result \rI"zølt\ (C n) = outcome; sth whichcomes about due to sth else happening /·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·e.g. As a result of not studying much,Brenda has failed her exams.

conclusion \kń"klu…Zń\ (C n) = an opinion orjudgement reached after consideration /Û˘Ì¤Ú·ÛÌ·, fiÚÈÛÌ·e.g. After considering the evidence againstthe suspect, the jury came to theconclusion that he was guilty.

remain \rI"meIn\ (v) = to stay in a certain state /·Ú·Ì¤Óê.g. Sue remained in bed with the flu forthe rest of the week.

keep \ki…p\ (v) = to stay or cause sth to stay ina certain state / ÎÚ·Ù¿ˆ, ‰È·ÙËÚÒe.g. The neighbour’s party kept me awakeall night.

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survive \s´"vaIv\ (v) = to continue to be inexistence after a hardship or an adversity /ÂÈ˙Ò, ‰È·ÛÒ˙ÔÌ·Èe.g. The train crash looked awful but,thankfully, everyone on board survived.Der.: survivor (n), survival (n)

live \lIv\ (v) = to be alive / ˙ê.g. With advances in modern medicine,people can expect to live longer thanprevious generations.Opp.: die

folk \fÚk\ (adj) = traditional and expressive ofa particular way of life of the people of acommunity / ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Îfi˜, ‰ËÌÔÙÈÎfi˜e.g. Folk songs often tell stories of famouspeople from the past.

country music \"køntri Æmju…zIk\ (U n) = traditionalmusic from the southern states of the USA /ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎ‹ Î¿ÓÙÚÈ (Â›‰Ô˜ ·Ú·‰ÔÛÈ·Î‹˜ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎ‹˜ ÙˆÓ ÓÔÙ›ˆÓ ÔÏÈÙÂÈÒÓ ÙˆÓ ∏¶∞)e.g. Dolly Parton is one of the most famouscountry music singers of all time.

blues \blu…z\ (U n) = traditional music originatingfrom African Americans in the early 20thcentury, particularly in the southern states ofthe USA / ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎ‹ ÌÏÔ˘˙e.g. Many performers of the blues wereborn in an area called the Mississippi Delta.

quotation \kwÚ"teISń\ (C n) = a passage orexpression from a text or speech repeatedby sb else / ÁÓˆÌÈÎfi, ·fiÛ·ÛÌ·e.g. “To be, or not to be: that is thequestion” is a famous Shakespeareanquotation.

shorthand \"SO…thœnd\ (U n) = a method ofwriting quickly / ÛÙÂÓÔÁÚ·Ê›·e.g. The journalist wrote in shorthandduring the interview and wrote everythingdown properly afterwards.

swap \swÅp\ (v) = to exchange; to switch /·ÓÙ·ÏÏ¿ÛÛê.g. Charlie and Tony swapped phonenumbers after the party.

broaden \"brO…dn\ (v) = to widen; to becomewider / Ï·Ù·›Óˆ, ·ÓÔ›Áê.g. Andy’s smile broadened when theybegan to sing Happy Birthday to him.

barrier \"bœri´\ (C n) = a condition that makesit difficult to progress or to achieve sth /ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ, ÊÚ¿ÁÌ·e.g. Eleanor’s arrogance was a barrier toher making new friends.

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pour \pO…\ (v) = (of liquids) to flow; to run /Ú¤ˆ, ¯‡ÓÔÌ·Èe.g. Tears poured down the young boy’sface when he fell off his bike.

beneath \bI"ni…T\ (prep) = underneath; below /Î¿Ùˆ ·fie.g. Brian took shade from the sun beneaththe chestnut tree.Opp.: above

broaden my horizons (phr) = to experienceor gain knowledge of sth new and different /‰ÈÂ˘Ú‡Óˆ ÙÔ˘˜ ÔÚ›˙ÔÓÙ¤˜ ÌÔ˘e.g. Reading literature really broadened myhorizons and motivated me to write myself.

unique \ju…"ni…k\ (adj) = distinctive and withoutequal / ÌÔÓ·‰ÈÎfi˜, ÍÂ¯ˆÚÈÛÙfi˜e.g. Nina has a unique voice that cannot becompared to anyone else’s.

talented \"tœlńtId\ (adj) = gifted; having anatural ability / Ù·Ï·ÓÙÔ‡¯Ô˜e.g. Phil was encouraged to go to ArtSchool as he was such a talented sculptor.

motivation \ÆmÚtI"veISń\ (C n) = the reasonwhy you do sth / Î›ÓËÙÚÔe.g. Financial security is the mainmotivation for Richard to work hard.Der.: motivational (adj)

delight \dI"laIt\ (C n) = sth that provides asource of pleasure and satisfaction /·fiÏ·˘ÛËe.g. It was a delight to see the famousmovie stars in person.Der.: delightful (adj)

stall \stO…l\ (C n) = a stand; a table to sellthings in a market, etc or to provideinformation to people / ¿ÁÎÔ˜e.g. My favourite stall at the market was theone selling old vinyl records.

hand-crafted \Æhœnd "krA…ftId\ (adj) = handmade /¯ÂÈÚÔÔ›ËÙÔ˜e.g. These plates are each full of minutedetails since they are hand-crafted.

backstage \Æbœk"steIdZ\ (adv) = in an areabehind the stage, out of the view of thepublic / ÛÙ· ·Ú·ÛÎ‹ÓÈ·e.g. The actor stood backstage while hewaited for the director to give him his cue.

brotherhood \"brøD´hUd\ (U n) = the feeling thatpeople with common interests should treatone another like brothers / ·‰ÂÏÊÔÛ‡ÓËe.g. Research suggests that rather thanisolate us, the Internet will reinforce oursense of brotherhood.

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sisterhood \"sIst´hUd\ (U n) = the feeling thatwomen with common interests should treatone another like sisters / ·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡ËÌÂÙ·Í‡ Á˘Ó·ÈÎÒÓe.g. Feminists around the world feel acommon sense of sisterhood.

improve \Im"pru…v\ (v) = to make better; toamend / ‚ÂÏÙÈÒÓê.g. Mary took an intensive course toimprove her Italian.Der.: improvement (n)

dampen \"dœmpń\ (v) = to lessen or weakenstrong feelings or emotions / ÌÂÈÒÓˆ,·Ì‚Ï‡Óê.g. The rain didn’t dampen our goodmood at my sister’s wedding.

multitude \"møltItju…d\ (C n) = a large number /Ï‹ıÔ˜e.g. Looking over the skyline of the city, Icould see a multitude of TV antennas.Der.: multitudinous (adj)

unmistakably \ÆønmI"steIk´bli\ (adv) = without thepossibility of being wrong / ¯ˆÚ›˜ ·ÌÊÈ‚ÔÏ›·e.g. That painting is unmistakably the workof Van Gogh.

drift away \ÆdrIft ´"weI\ (phr v) = to move in anunhurried fashion away from sth /·ÔÌ·ÎÚ‡ÓÔÌ·Èe.g. The football fans drifted away from thestadium after the match.

echo \"ekÚ\ (C n) = the repetition of a soundresulting from the reflection of sound wavesoff a surface / Ë¯Ò, ·ÓÙ›Ï·ÏÔ˜e.g. After shouting in the cave, we couldhear our echoes.

mud-splattered \"mød Æsplœt´d\ (adj) = coveredwith patches of wet earth / Ï·ÛˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. My clothes were mud-splattered fromcycling over the boggy fields.

come down \Ækøm "daUn\ (phr v) = to fall to theground / ¤ÊÙê.g. The plane came down in a field butfortunately there were no casualties.

take apart \ÆteIk ´"pA…t\ (phr v) = to divide intoseparate pieces / ·ÔÛ˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏÔÁÒ,‰È·Ï‡ê.g. The mechanic first took apart theengine in order to fix it.

fond \fÅnd\ (adj) = having warmth or affection /·Á·ËÌ¤ÓÔ˜, ÙÚ˘ÊÂÚfi˜e.g. Much of the artist’s work is of the fondmemories of his childhood.

togetherness \t´"geDń´s\ (U n) = the feeling ofbeing intimate and belonging together /·ÏÏËÏÂÁÁ‡Ë, ÔÌ·‰ÈÎfi ÓÂ‡Ì·e.g. Country towns normally have a strongersense of togetherness than big cities.

dawn \dO…n\ (v) = to become daylight /ÍËÌÂÚÒÓê.g. Every morning, when the day dawns,Jack slowly gets up out of his bed.

do-it-yourself (DIY) (phr) = sth you assembleat home rather than buy it ready-made /ÊÙÈ¿Í’ ÙÔ ÌfiÓÔ˜ ÛÔ˘ (Û˘Ó·ÚÌÔÏÔÁÔ‡ÌÂÓ·Â›‰Ë)e.g. Peter couldn’t afford new furniture forhis flat, so all of it is do-it-yourself.

wearer \"we´r´\ (C n) = sb who wears sth /·˘Ùfi˜ Ô˘ ÊÔÚ¿ÂÈ Î¿ÙÈe.g. Sports clothing is designed to becomfortable and practical for the wearer.

orchestra \"O…kIstr´\ (C n) = a classical musicgroup consisting of a number of differentinstruments / ÔÚ¯‹ÛÙÚ·e.g. Before becoming a famous soloviolinist, Steve played with an orchestra formany years.Der.: orchestral (adj)

band \bœnd\ (C n) = a group of musicians thatperform popular music / ÌÔ˘ÛÈÎfiÛ˘ÁÎÚfiÙËÌ·e.g. At my brother’s wedding, we danced tomusic played by a local folk band.

go into \"gÚ Int´\ (phr v) = to enter / Ì·›Óˆ,ÂÈÛ¤Ú¯ÔÌ·Èe.g. The event went into history for beingthe first time that a black man becamepresident of the USA.

top ten \ÆtÅp "ten\ (sing. n) = the ten mostpurchased songs in the music charts in anygiven week / ÔÈ ‰¤Î· Î·Ï‡ÙÂÚÔÈ ÛÂˆÏ‹ÛÂÈ˜ ‰›ÛÎÔÈe.g. Kylie’s song entered the charts in thetop ten in its first week on sale.

on stage (phr) = on a raised platform to beseen by an audience / ÛÙË ÛÎËÓ‹e.g. When the singer appeared on stage,the crowd went wild.

scene \si…n\ (C n) = one setting of a play orfilm in which a series of events occur /ÛÎËÓ‹ Ù·ÈÓ›·˜ ‹ ıÂ·ÙÚÈÎÔ‡ ¤ÚÁÔ˘ e.g. The opening scene set a thrilling pacefor the rest of the film to follow.

spectator \spek"teIt´\ (C n) = sb who attendsand views an event, usually a sports event /ıÂ·Ù‹˜e.g. There were over two thousandspectators watching the tennis match.

Unit 1.4 (pp. 12-13)

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Module 1

audience \"O…dińs\ (C n) = a gathering ofspectators or listeners at a publicperformance / ÙÔ ·ÎÚÔ·Ù‹ÚÈÔ, ÙÔ ÎÔÈÓfie.g. The audience sat impatiently in thetheatre waiting for the play to begin.

live \laIv\ (adj) = being performed at the actualtime of hearing or viewing / ˙ˆÓÙ·Ófi˜, ÛÂ·Â˘ıÂ›·˜ ÌÂÙ¿‰ÔÛËe.g. I would rather go to a live music concertthan listen to CDs at home.

living \"lIvIN\ (adj) = still alive / ÂÓ ˙ˆ‹,˙ˆÓÙ·Ófi˜e.g. J.K. Rowling is the most famous livingchildren’s author.Opp.: dead

surroundings \s´"raUndINz\ (pl n) = the areaswithin and around which sth is located /ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏˆÓ ¯ÒÚÔ˜, ÂÚÈ‚¿ÏÏÔÓe.g. When I went to my parents’ hometownfor the first time since childhood, thesurroundings still felt familiar to me.

affect \´"fekt\ (v) = to have a consequence uponsb/sth / ÂËÚÂ¿˙ê.g. The town was badly affected by thestorm, with many buildings severely damaged.

effect \I"fekt\ (v) = to act so as to produce sth /Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÔÔÈÒ, ˘ÏÔÔÈÒe.g. The government effected severalchanges in the law to provide homelesspeople with more opportunities.

lyrics \"lIrIks\ (pl n) = the words of a song /ÛÙ›¯ÔÈ ÙÚ·ÁÔ˘‰ÈÔ‡e.g. Chris writes the music for our songs,while I write the lyrics to go with it.

tap my foot (phr) = to hit my foot gently andrhythmically on a surface / ¯Ù˘Ò ÂÏ·ÊÚ¿Î·È Ú˘ıÌÈÎ¿ ÙÔ fi‰È ÌÔ˘e.g. When I listen to blues or rock music, Ican’t help tapping my foot to the beat.

rhythm \"rID´m\ (C n) = a pattern of soundsrecurring at regular intervals / Ú˘ıÌfi˜e.g. The percussion section of an orchestraprovides the rhythm of the music.Der.: rhythmic (adj), rhythmical (adj),rhythmically (adv)

rhyme \raIm\ (U n) = a number of words in apoem, song, etc with a similar sound /Ú›Ì·, ÔÌÔÈÔÎ·Ù·ÏËÍ›·e.g. The poet decided to include rhymewithin his poem.

mind \maInd\ (C n) = the part of your brainresponsible for thought and feelings /Ì˘·Ïfi, ÛÎ¤„Ëe.g. Jill didn’t sleep well last night as shecouldn’t get today’s exam out of her mind.

memory \"mem´ri\ (U n) = the ability toremember past experiences / ÌÓ‹ÌËe.g. My memory is really bad as I alwaysforget people’s names.Der.: memorise (v), memorable (adj),memorably (adv)

transmit \trœnz"mIt\ (v) = to send out electronicsignals using wires, radio waves, etc /ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ê.g. The concert will be transmitted bysatellite to over 100 million viewers worldwide.Der.: transmission (n), transmitter (n)

broadcast \"brO…dkA…st\ (v) = to send out aprogramme to be received by radio,television, etc / ÂÎ¤Ìˆ, ÌÂÙ·‰›‰ê.g. The documentary will be broadcastedon TV at 9 pm on Saturday.Der.: broadcaster (n)

amateur \"œm´t´\ (adj) = doing sth as a pastimeonly / ÂÚ·ÛÈÙÂ¯ÓÈÎfi˜e.g. Peter is an amateur actor who worksas a bus driver for a living.Der.: amateurism (n), amateurish (adj) Opp.: professional

private \"praIv´t\ (adj) = limited to a particularperson or group / È‰ÈˆÙÈÎfi˜, È‰È·›ÙÂÚÔ˜,ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi˜e.g. Mr Shields has his own private office atwork, so that he is not disturbed.Der.: privacy (n)Opp.: public

personal \"p‰…sń´l\ (adj) = concerning oneparticular person or his/her private affairs /ÚÔÛˆÈÎfi˜e.g. Laura felt comfortable talking aboutpersonal matters only with her mum.Der.: personally (adv)Opp.: impersonal

bump into (sb) \"bømp Int´\ (phr v) = to meetsb you know unexpectedly / Û˘Ó·ÓÙÒÙ˘¯·›·, ·ÓÙ·ÌÒÓê.g. I hadn’t seen Jake for years until Ibumped into him at the post officeyesterday.

go our separate ways (phr) = to end contactor a relationship / ·›ÚÓÂÈ Ô Î·ı¤Ó·˜ ÙÔ‰ÚfiÌÔ ÙÔ˘e.g. We travelled together on the train untilwe went our separate ways atBirmingham.

operator \"Åp´reIt´\ (C n) = sb who controlstelephone connections / ¯ÂÈÚÈÛÙ‹˜ÙËÏÂÊˆÓÈÎÔ‡ Î¤ÓÙÚÔ˘e.g. The operator told me I had misdialledand connected me to the correct number.

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Module 1

14

coincidence \kÚ"InsIdńs\ (C n) = an unlikelymoment in time when two similar thingshappen simultaneously / Û‡ÌÙˆÛËe.g. Isn’t it a coincidence that we allbooked a holiday in Rome this Christmas!Der.: coincidental (adj), coincidentally (adv)

register (with sb) \"redZIst´\ (v) = to cause sthto be realised / Á›ÓÔÌ·È ·ÓÙÈÏËÙfi˜e.g. When I first heard the song, it didn’tregister with me that you were singing.

indication \ÆIndI"keISń\ (C n) = a sign thatsuggests sth is true / ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍËe.g. There was no indication on his face toshow that he was angry.Der.: indicator (n), indicative (adj)

gesture \"dZestS´\ (C n) = a motion of part ofthe body to emphasise or express athought or feeling / ¯ÂÈÚÔÓÔÌ›·e.g. Ian made a funny gesture to show thathe didn’t like the comment.Der.: gestural (adj)

signal \"sIgn´l\ (C n) = a nonverbal action orgesture which conveys a message / Û‹Ì·,ÛÈÓÈ¿ÏÔe.g. The conductor gave the musicians thesignal to start playing.

sign \saIn\ (C n) = a gesture which expresses amessage or an instruction / ¤Ó‰ÂÈÍË, ÛËÌ¿‰Èe.g. The fact that Sonia raised her eyebrowsis a sign that she was surprised by thetelephone call.

revolutionise \Ærev´"lu…SńaIz\ (v) = to changesth thoroughly / ·ÏÏ¿˙ˆ ÚÈ˙ÈÎ¿, ÂÈÊ¤Úˆ(ÙÂ¯ÓÔÏÔÁÈÎ‹) Â·Ó¿ÛÙ·ÛË ÛÂ Î¿ÙÈe.g. Email has completely revolutionisedthe way people communicate.

gain \geIn\ (v) = to obtain sth through yourefforts / ÎÂÚ‰›˙ˆ, ·ÔÎÙÒe.g. Working in various shops helped megain experience for running my ownbusiness.

earn \‰…n\ (v) = to receive money from working /ÎÂÚ‰›˙ˆ ¯Ú‹Ì·Ù·e.g. Alex earns í8 per hour working at thelibrary.Der.: earnings (n)

get \get\ (v) = to come into possession of sth /·ÔÎÙÒe.g. Hannah got lots of presents from herfamily on her birthday.

find \faInd\ (v) = to come upon or meet withsth / ‚Ú›ÛÎê.g. Paul eventually found his car keys inthe jeans he was wearing yesterday.Opp.: lose

emerge \I"m‰…dZ\ (v) = to come out of sth; (of afact) to become known after being hiddenor secret / ÂÌÊ·Ó›˙ÔÌ·È, ÍÂÚÔ‚¿ÏÏˆ,·Ó·‰‡ÔÌ·Èe.g. It emerged from the sports star’sinterview that he would retire fromcompetition at the end of the year.Der.: emergence (n)

out of work (phr) = unemployed / ¿ÓÂÚÁÔ˜e.g. Tony has been out of work for sixmonths but hopes to find a job soon.

out of a job (phr) = jobless / ·ÔÏ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜,¯ˆÚ›˜ ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿e.g. Kelly found herself out of a job whenthe factory she worked for closed down.

out of favour (with sb) (phr) = having lostsb’s admiration or popularity / ¯ˆÚ›˜ ÙËÓÂ‡ÓÔÈ· Î¿ÔÈÔ˘e.g. When it emerged the politician had lied,he fell out of favour with his party’ssupporters.Opp.: in favour

do sth out of duty (to sb) (phr) = to do sthfrom a sense of responsibility to sb else /Î¿Óˆ Î¿ÙÈ ·fi ˘Ô¯Ú¤ˆÛË, Î·ı‹ÎÔÓe.g. Peter took care of the garden out ofduty to his ill father.

test \test\ (C n) = sth to measure the quality ofsb/sth / ÂÍ¤Ù·ÛË, ‰È·ÁÒÓÈÛÌ·, ‰ÔÎÈÌ·Û›·e.g. In order to get your driving licence, youmust first pass a test to show you can drivewell.

style \staIl\ (C n) = a way of expressing sththat is typical of a particular person, groupof people or period / ÛÙ˘Ï, ‡ÊÔ˜e.g. Fiona is a big fan of the fashion stylesof the 1960s.

sample \"sA…mp´l\ (C n) = a small part of sththat is representative of the whole / ‰Â›ÁÌ·e.g. The doctor took a sample of thepatient’s blood to test.

taste \teIst\ (C n) = a brief experience of sth /ÁÂ‡ÛË, ÂÌÂÈÚ›·e.g. My holiday in Paris gave me a smalltaste of life in the French capital.

gather \"gœD´\ (v) = to come together in oneplace / Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓÔÌ·Èe.g. The students gathered around thenoticeboard to see their exam results.Der.: gathering (n)

flock \flÅk\ (v) = to go together to a place inlarge numbers / Û˘ÚÚ¤ê.g. Thousands of people flocked toLondon to see Madonna in concert.

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Module 1

collect \k´"lekt\ (v) = to get or bring thingstogether / Û˘ÁÎÂÓÙÚÒÓê.g. The charity workers collecteddonations for sick children.Der.: collection (n)

group \gru…p\ (v) = to form or put together inone unit / ÔÌ·‰ÔÔÈÒe.g. We were grouped into pairs for aspeaking exercise in our English lesson.

move \mu…v\ (v) = to change position orlocation / ÎÈÓÔ‡Ì·Èe.g. The demonstrators moved towards theparliament so the government would heartheir complaints.

come (to) \køm\ (v) = to reach a level of sth /¤Ú¯ÔÌ·È, Êı¿Óê.g. The actor first came to prominenceafter his role in a Western.

arrive (at) \´"raIv\ (v) = to reach a place or anevent / Êı¿Óê.g. We arrived at Suzy’s party just as thecelebrations were beginning.Der.: arrival (n)Opp.: leave

reach \ri…tS\ (v) = to arrive at a destination /Êı¿Óˆ Î¿Ô˘e.g. I reached the office an hour late due tothe heavy traffic.

remain \rI"meIn\ (v) = to continue to be in acondition or situation / ·Ú·Ì¤Óê.g. I quickly went into the shop while Sueremained in the car.

stand \stœnd\ (v) = to occupy a place or location /Û˘ÓÂ¯›˙ˆ Ó· ‚Ú›ÛÎÔÌ·È, ·Ú·Ì¤Óê.g. The castle has stood here for almostfour hundred years.

keep \ki…p\ (v) = to continue a certain state oractivity / ‰È·ÙËÚÒ, Û˘ÓÂ¯›˙ê.g. I will need to replace my car if it keepsbreaking down.

hold \hÚld\ (v) = to remain in a certainposition or state / ÎÚ·Ù¿ˆ, ‚·ÛÙÒe.g. It’s sunny now, but I just hope theweather holds for the wedding tomorrow.

split \splIt\ (v) = to divide sth into different partsor groups / ‰È·ÛÒ, ÚÔÎ·ÏÒ ‰È¯·ÛÌfie.g. It was predicted that voting for the newpresident would be split down the middle.

separate \"sep´reIt\ (v) = to divide sth into twoor more different parts / ¯ˆÚ›˙ˆ, ‰È·¯ˆÚ›˙ê.g. The teacher separated the class intoboys and girls to play a game.Der.: separation (n)

tear \te´\ (v) = (of clothes, material, etc) to rip; tocut a piece of material by pulling it hard orletting it touch sth sharp / ÛÎ›˙ê.g. The boy tore his jeans when he got themcaught in fence wire.

divide \dI"vaId\ (v) = to group sth whole intosmaller parts or factors / ‰È·ÈÚÒe.g. The friends were divided on which ofthe two films they should watch.Der.: division (n)Opp.: unite

mutter \"møt´\ (v) = to speak in a low unclearvoice, usually being annoyed /ÌÔ˘ÚÌÔ˘Ú›˙ê.g. The teacher didn’t hear the boy muttersomething rude under his breath.

mumble \"mømb´l\ (v) = to talk in an unclear andquiet voice / „ÂÏÏ›˙ˆ, ÌÔ˘ÚÌÔ˘Ú›˙ê.g. Kevin always mumbles and no one canunderstand what he says.

whisper \"wIsp´\ (C n) = a soft quiet way oftalking made using your breath / „›ı˘ÚÔ˜e.g. The two girls were talking in whispersso no one could hear their secrets.

murmur (of) \"m‰…m´\ (C n) = a low continuoussound of people’s talk coming from adistance / ÌÔ˘ÚÌÔ˘ÚËÙfie.g. A murmur of disapproval was heardfrom the class after they received morehomework than usual.

shout \SaUt\ (v) = to talk in a loud voice /ÊˆÓ¿˙ê.g. Phil was so far in front of me that I hadto shout to him to wait for me.

scream \skri…m\ (v) = to utter a loud cry fromfright or excitement / Ô˘ÚÏÈ¿˙ê.g. Nina screamed loudly when she saw amouse in her room.

yell \jel\ (sing. n) = a shout expressing aparticular emotion / ÎÚ·˘Á‹e.g. We heard a yell from the next streetand ran to see what had happened.

cry \kraI\ (sing. n) = a loud high sound madenormally to express fear or pain / ÁÔÂÚ‹ÎÚ·˘Á‹, ÎÏ¿Ì·e.g. Robert let out a cry of despair when herealised he had missed his flight.

sigh \saI\ (v) = to breathe out slowly andheavily, producing a sound / ·Ó·ÛÙÂÓ¿˙ê.g. When Amy saw how much houseworkshe had to do, she sighed wearily.

breathe \bri…D\ (v) = to draw air into your lungsand then release it / ·Ó·Ó¤ê.g. Kim often goes to the countrysidewhere she can breathe some fresh air.Der.: breathing (n), breath (n)

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Module 1

16

land \lœnd\ (v) = (of sth flying) to reach theground and come to rest / ÚÔÛÁÂÈÒÓÔÌ·Èe.g. The plane landed at the airport onehour after it was due to arrive.Der.: landing (n)

drop sb a line (phr) = to communicate withsb in writing / ÁÚ¿Êˆ ‰˘Ô ÏfiÁÈ· ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÔÓe.g. When you have free time, drop me aline to tell me about your new life in Spain.

give sb a call (phr) = to communicate with sbby telephone / ÙËÏÂÊˆÓÒ ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÔÓe.g. The doctor said he’d give me a callwhen my test results came back.

hang up \ÆhœN "øp\ (phr v) = to end a telephoneconversation / ÎÏÂ›Óˆ ÙÔ ÙËÏ¤ÊˆÓÔe.g. I answered the phone but no onespoke, so I hung up.

confirm \kń"f‰…m\ (v) = to make certain of sthpreviously arranged / ÂÈ‚Â‚·ÈÒÓê.g. I have to call the dentist’s office toconfirm my appointment for tomorrow.Der.: confirmation (n)

leisure centre \"leZ´ Æsent´\ (C n) = a building toenjoy sports and pastimes in / ·ıÏËÙÈÎfiÎ¤ÓÙÚÔe.g. When I go swimming at the leisurecentre, my cousin plays badminton theretoo.

amusement arcade \´"mju…zmńt A…ÆkeId\ (C n) =a place to play games on coin-operatedmachines / ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ÌÂ ËÏÂÎÙÚÔÓÈÎ¿ ·È¯Ó›‰È·e.g. Sam played games at the amusementarcade until he had run out of coins.

youth club \"ju…T kløb\ (C n) = a place whereyoung people can engage in fun activities /Î¤ÓÙÚÔ ÓÂfiÙËÙ·˜e.g. Joe and I go to the youth club everyFriday to meet our friends.

roller-coaster \"rÚl´ ÆkÚst´\ (C n) = an elevatedrailway in an amusement park with sharpcurves and steep falls / ÙÚÂÓ¿ÎÈ ÙÔ˘ ÏÔ‡Ó··ÚÎe.g. All my friends are dizzy after the roller-coaster ride but I want to go on it again.

trapeze artist \tr´"pi…z ÆA…tIst\ (C n) = a circusacrobat who performs on a short barhanging from two ropes / ·ÎÚÔ‚¿ÙË˜e.g. I watched in amazement as the trapezeartist leapt off his bar to the ground far below.

squash \skwÅS\ (U n) = a game played in awalled court by two or four players who hita ball with racquets / ÛÎÔ˘fi˜ (¿ıÏËÌ·)e.g. Eileen was exhausted and her right armached after playing squash all morning.

originate \´"rIdZIneIt\ (v) = to have come intoexistence / ÚÔ¤Ú¯ÔÌ·È, Î·Ù¿ÁÔÌ·Èe.g. Most of the relics in this museumoriginate from Roman times.

fraction \"frœkSń\ (C n) = a small part of sththat is whole / ÙÌ‹Ì·, ÌÈÎÚfi Ì¤ÚÔ˜e.g. Cooking your own food at home costsa fraction of what you would spend eatingout every night.Der.: fractional (adj), fractionally (adv)

steer \stI´\ (v) = to control the direction that avehicle moves / Ô‰ËÁÒ, Î·ÙÂ˘ı‡Óê.g. Becky steered the car to the side ofthe road to avoid a cat.

speed limit \"spi…d ÆlImIt\ (C n) = the top speedallowed on a particular road / fiÚÈÔÙ·¯‡ÙËÙ·˜e.g. This road is patrolled by the police toensure that no one is breaking the speedlimit.

overtake \ÆÚv´"teIk\ (v) = to travel past anothervehicle / ÚÔÛÂÚÓÒe.g. I had to wait for the road to widen beforeI could overtake the slow moving truck.

weave \wi…v\ (v) = to move from side to side toavoid things in the way / ÂÏ›ÛÛÔÌ·Èe.g. The cyclist was able to weave his bikethrough the cars during the traffic jam.

jump a red light (phr) = to drive through atraffic light when it signals you to bestopped / ÂÚÓ¿ˆ ÌÂ ÎfiÎÎÈÓÔe.g. There was almost a car crash when adriver jumped a red light.

double parking (phr) = parking a vehiclealongside another parked vehicle /‰ÈÏÔ·ÚÎ¿ÚÈÛÌ·e.g. Double parking has become commonin the city and cars are often blocked in.

self-assurance \Æself ´"SU´rńs\ (U n) = thebelief in yourself and your abilities /·˘ÙÔÂÔ›ıËÛËe.g. John had a great amount of self-assurance to sing so well in public for hisfirst time.

accessory \´k"ses´ri\ (C n) = a non-essentialitem which can be used with particularequipment / ÂÍ¿ÚÙËÌ·, ·ÍÂÛÔ˘¿Úe.g. The handsfree accessory for mymobile phone allows me to listen to musicwherever I go.

put sb at risk (phr) = to be responsible forplacing sb into a dangerous situation /ı¤Ùˆ ÛÂ Î›Ó‰˘ÓÔ e.g. Talking on your mobile phone whilstdriving puts yourself and others at risk.

Unit 1.5 (pp. 14-15)

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Module 1

skilled \skIld\ (adj) = having the requiredspecial abilities to do sth / ÈÎ·Ófi˜,ÂÈ‰ÈÎÂ˘Ì¤ÓÔ˜, ÂÈ‰¤ÍÈÔ˜e.g. Dr Jones is regarded as one of themost skilled surgeons in the world.

considerate \kń"sId´r´t\ (adj) = showingconcern for the needs and feelings of others /Â˘ÁÂÓÈÎfi˜, Ô˘ ÓÔÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜ ¿ÏÏÔ˘˜e.g. It was considerate of my boss to giveme time off to study for my exams.Der.: consideration (n)Opp.: inconsiderate

experience \Ik"spI´rińs\ (U n) = the knowledgeor skill gained from doing sth / Â›Ú·e.g. The experience I got from teachingEnglish in Japan was very helpful when Itaught in a public school back in England.

crawl \krO…l\ (v) = to move along slowly /ÎÈÓÔ‡Ì·È ÌÂ ·ÚÁfi Ú˘ıÌfi, Û¤ÚÓÔÌ·Èe.g. Due to the roadworks, the trafficcrawled along slowly.

at a snail’s pace (phr) = at a very slow speed /Û·Ó ¯ÂÏÒÓ·e.g. We arrived at school late because thebus was moving at a snail’s pace on theicy roads.

distract \dI"strœkt\ (v) = to take sb’s attentionaway from what they are doing / ·ÔÛÒÙËÓ ÚÔÛÔ¯‹e.g. The neighbours playing the guitardistracted me from my homework.

think nothing of sth (phr) = to ignore orregard sth as unimportant / ‰Â ıÂˆÚÒ Î¿ÙÈÛÔ‚·Úfie.g. Hannah thought nothing of spendingso much money on clothes while I wasmore careful with my spending.

rules do not apply to sb (phr) = there is noconsequence to sb breaking the lawbecause of their position / Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ Â›Ó·È˘ÂÚ¿Óˆ ÙˆÓ ÓfiÌˆÓe.g. You would have thought that the rulesdon’t apply to the millionaire by the look ofconfidence on his face.

adjust \´"dZøst\ (v) = to change sth to make itbetter / ÚÔÛ·ÚÌfi˙ˆ, ‰ÈÔÚıÒÓˆ, Ú˘ıÌ›˙ê.g. Tamara adjusted the volume of theradio to hear the news bulletin.Der.: adjustment (n), adjustable (adj)

satellite navigation system (phr) = (alsoGPS) a device which guides the user to adestination using satellite information /‰ÔÚ˘ÊÔÚÈÎfi Û‡ÛÙËÌ· ÏÔ‹ÁËÛË˜e.g. I bought a satellite navigation systemfor the car so that I won’t get lost on theroads anymore.

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needless to say (phr) = said for sth soobvious that it is not necessary to explain itin detail / ÂÚÈÙÙfi Ó· Ô‡ÌÂe.g. Needless to say, all the students arelooking forward to finishing their exams.

road hog \"rÚd hÅg\ (C n) = a driver who drivesbadly and is a danger to others /ÂÈÎ›Ó‰˘ÓÔ˜ Ô‰ËÁfi˜e.g. A road hog was driving too fast andmoving in and out of lanes on the motorway.

bully \"bUli\ (C n) = a person who deliberatelyhurts, mentally or physically, people theysee as weaker / Î¿ÔÈÔ˜ Ô˘ ÂÎÊÔ‚›˙ÂÈÛ˘ÛÙËÌ·ÙÈÎ¿, ÓÙ·‹˜e.g. The school bully was always forcingother children to give him their lunch money.

solely \"s´ Ulli\ (adv) = only / ·ÔÎÏÂÈÛÙÈÎ¿e.g. Mobile phones are no longer usedsolely for calling people; now they havecameras and games too.

in sb’s eyes (phr) = in sb’s opinion / Î·Ù¿ ÙËÁÓÒÌË Î¿ÔÈÔ˘e.g. Even though I hated the movie, inFiona’s eyes, it was the best movie of theyear.

flash my lights repeatedly (phr) = to turn mycar headlights on and off over and overagain / ·Ó·‚ÔÛ‚‹Óˆ Ù· ÊÒÙ· ÙÔ˘·˘ÙÔÎÈÓ‹ÙÔ˘ ÌÔ˘ Û˘ÓÂ¯Ò˜e.g. The driver behind me flashed hislights repeatedly until I moved lanes to lethim pass.

obstacle \"Åbst´k´l\ (C n) = sth that stands inthe way of sth else / ÂÌfi‰ÈÔe.g. A tree had fallen on the road, becominga dangerous obstacle to passing vehicles.

competent \"kÅmp´tńt\ (adj) = capable ofdoing sth well / ÈÎ·Ófi˜, ¿ÍÈÔ˜e.g. We were told that only competentswimmers would be allowed to register forthe scuba diving lessons.Der.: competence (n)Opp.: incompetent

can’t see the point of sth (phr) = to beunable to see the reason for or purpose ofdoing sth / ‰Â ‚Ï¤ˆ ÙÔ ÏfiÁÔe.g. Steve can’t see the point of learningGerman when English is so widely spokenthroughout the world.

timid \"tImId\ (adj) = shy; showing a lack ofconfidence and bravery / ‰ÂÈÏfi˜,Û˘ÓÂÛÙ·ÏÌ¤ÓÔ˜, ÓÙÚÔ·Ïfi˜e.g. He is said to be too timid to bepresident in a time of crisis, when thecountry needs a strong and self-confidentleader.Der.: timidity (n)


Module 1

18

aware \´"we´\ (adj) = realising that sth exists /Ô˘ ¤¯ÂÈ Â›ÁÓˆÛËe.g. When Frank became aware of the healthrisks of smoking, he decided to quit it.

dangerous weapon (phr) = an instrumentwhich is capable of badly hurting sb /ÂÈÎ›Ó‰˘ÓÔ fiÏÔe.g. Nuclear bombs are by far the mostdeadly and dangerous weapons created.

non-existent \ÆnÅn Ig"zIstńt\ (adj) = not existingor not present at a particular time or place /·Ó‡·ÚÎÙÔ˜e.g. Crime on the Internet is difficult todetect since international laws are oftennon-existent.

obstruction \´b"strøkSń\ (C n) = an object that isblocking progress / ÂÌfi‰ÈÔ, ·ÚÂÌfi‰ÈÛËe.g. The traffic jam was due to a fallen treecausing an obstruction on the road.

be conscious of sth (phr) = to be aware thatsth exists / ¤¯ˆ Â›ÁÓˆÛËe.g. Barry was conscious of the fact thathe was the only person at the party dressedcasually.

arrogant \"œr´gńt\ (adj) = behaving in a proud,self-important way / ·Ï·˙ÔÓÈÎfi˜,˘ÂÚÔÙÈÎfi˜e.g. He is clever and popular, but sadly thathas made him quite arrogant.Der.: arrogance (n)

sensitive \"sens´tIv\ (adj) = being easilyoffended / Â˘·›ÛıËÙÔ˜e.g. Be careful what you say to Peter abouthis mistake because he is sensitive andgets easily upset.Der.: sensitivity (n)Opp.: insensitive

impatient \Im"peISńt\ (adj) = being restless orannoyed by delay / ·Ó˘fiÌÔÓÔ˜e.g. The customer was very impatient andtold the cashier that he was too slow.Der.: impatience (n)Opp.: patient

stubborn \"støbń\ (adj) = unwilling to changeopinion or beliefs / ÍÂÚÔÎ¤Ê·ÏÔ˜,ÂÈÛÌ·Ù¿ÚË˜e.g. John is very stubborn and never listensto anyone’s advice.Der.: stubbornness (n)

Unit 1.6 (pp. 16-17)

aggressive \´"gresIv\ (adj) = often actingangrily and violently / ÂÈıÂÙÈÎfi˜e.g. After being insulted, Jane became veryaggressive and started shouting.Der.: aggressiveness (n)

unhelpful \øn"helpf´l\ (adj) = giving noassistance to others / ÌË ÂÍ˘ËÚÂÙÈÎfi˜,Ô˘ ‰Â ‚ÔËı¿ÂÈ Î·ıfiÏÔ˘e.g. The lady tried to get the police officer’sattention but he was unhelpful and walkedpast her.Der.: unhelpfulness (n), unhelpfully (adv)Opp.: helpful

lazy \"leIzi\ (adj) = often unwilling to work ormake an effort / ÙÂÌ¤ÏË˜e.g. My brother is so lazy that he doesn’teven tie his own shoelaces.Der.: laziness (n), lazily (adv)

bad-tempered \Æbœd "temp´d\ (adj) = easilyannoyed / ÔÍ‡ı˘ÌÔ˜e.g. Cynthia is often bad-tempered in themorning when she hasn’t slept enough.

jealous \"dZel´s\ (adj) = wanting another'spossessions very much / ˙ËÏÈ¿ÚË˜e.g. Marion was jealous of Steve’s sportscar and wished it was hers.Der.: jealousy (n)

outgoing \ÆaUt"gÚIN\ (adj) = confident andsociable / ÂÍˆÛÙÚÂÊ‹˜, ÎÔÈÓˆÓÈÎfi˜e.g. The Sullivans are very outgoing andenjoy socialising with other couples.

broadminded \ÆbrO…d"maIndId\ (adj) = respectfulof views and beliefs that differ from yourown / ·ÓÔÈ¯ÙfiÌ˘·ÏÔ˜e.g. Gerry is broadminded and alwayslistens to other people’s point of view.Der.: broadmindedness (n)Opp.: narrow-minded

easy-going \Æi…zi "gÚIN\ (adj) = having a relaxedand stress-free attitude / (ÁÈ· ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú·)¯·Ï·Úfi˜, Â‡ÎÔÏÔ˜, ¿ÓÂÙÔ˜ e.g. Simon is so easy-going that it seemshe goes through life without any worries.

inconsiderate \ÆInkń"sId´r´t\ (adj) = ignoringthe needs or feelings of others /·‰È¿ÊÔÚÔ˜, Ô˘ ‰Â ÓÔÈ¿˙ÂÙ·È ÁÈ· ÙÔ˘˜¿ÏÏÔ˘˜e.g. It was inconsiderate of the boy not tooffer the old lady his seat on the bus.Opp.: considerate

take time off (phr) = to stop working or goingto school for a short time / ·›ÚÓˆ ¿‰ÂÈ··fi ÙË ‰Ô˘ÏÂÈ¿, Â›Ì·È ÛÂ ‰È·ÎÔ¤˜ ÁÈ· ÌÈ·Û˘ÁÎÂÎÚÈÌ¤ÓË ÂÚ›Ô‰Ôe.g. Jenny will take some time off school togo to her brother’s wedding in France.

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Module 1

bossy \"bÅsi\ (adj) = behaving like sb in poweror authority / ·˘Ù·Ú¯ÈÎfi˜e.g. My sister is very bossy and always tellsher friends what they should do.

arrogant \"œr´g´nt\ (adj) = behaving in a proud,self-important way / ·Ï·˙ÔÓÈÎfi˜,˘ÂÚÔÙÈÎfi˜e.g. He is clever and popular, but sadly thathas made him arrogant.Der.: arrogance (n)

reliable \rI"laI´b´l\ (adj) = able to be trusted orbelieved / ·ÍÈfiÈÛÙÔ˜e.g. My watch is not reliable and it’smaking me late for appointments.Der.: reliability (n), reliably (adv)Opp.: unreliable

loyal \"lOI´l\ (adj) = always supporting sb or sth /ÈÛÙfi˜e.g. I can always trust Peter whenever Ineed support – he is a truly loyal friend.Der.: loyalty (n), loyally (adv)

optimistic \ÆÅpt´"mIstIk\ (adj) = expecting thebest in all situations / ·ÈÛÈfi‰ÔÍÔ˜e.g. The government is optimistic thatraising taxes will help the economy recover.Der.: optimistically (adv)Opp.: pessimistic

pessimistic \Æpes´"mIstIk\ (adj) = expecting theworst in all situations / ··ÈÛÈfi‰ÔÍÔ˜e.g. As unemployment is so high, Joanna ispessimistic about her chances of finding ajob.Der.: pessimistically (adv)Opp.: optimistic

mean \mi…n\ (adj) = not wanting to spendmoney / ÙÛÈÁÁÔ‡ÓË˜e.g. He’s so mean that he has never boughthis wife a present.

be on cloud nine (phr) = to feel extremehappiness / Â›Ì·È ÛÙÔÓ ¤‚‰ÔÌÔ Ô˘Ú·Ófi,ÔÏ‡ Â˘Ù˘¯ÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. After her engagement to Jack, Marywas on cloud nine for weeks.

be in high spirits (phr) = to be happy andexcited / Â›Ì·È Â˘‰È¿ıÂÙÔ˜, ¤¯ˆ ÔÏ‡ Î·Ï‹‰È¿ıÂÛËe.g. All the guests were in high spirits afterthe wedding celebrations got underway.

keep my chin up (phr) = to remain positive indifficult times / ÎÚ·ÙÒ ÙÔ ÎÂÊ¿ÏÈ „ËÏ¿, ‰ÂÓÙÔÔ‡Ì·Èe.g. Susan wasn’t doing well at school butkept her chin up and studied hard to passher exams.

jump out of my skin (phr) = to be veryshocked or scared / ÙÈÓ¿˙ÔÌ·È, ÂÙ¿ÁÔÌ·È(·fi ÙÔ Êfi‚Ô ÌÔ˘)e.g. Simon made Alice jump out of herskin when he suddenly appeared frombehind the door.

fed up (with) \Æfed "øp\ (adj) = bored or tired ofsb/sth / ÌÔ˘¯ÙÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. Kevin was fed up with his neighboursplaying loud music and went to speak tothem.

blame (sb for sth) \bleIm\ (v) = to claim thatsb is responsible for doing sth bad /Î·ÙËÁÔÚÒ Î¿ÔÈÔÓ ÁÈ· Î¿ÙÈe.g. The driver said that ice on the road hadcaused the crash but the police blamedhim for not driving carefully enough.

put the blame (for sth) on sb (phr) = to claimthat sb is responsible for doing sth bad /Ú›¯Óˆ ÙËÓ Â˘ı‡ÓË ÛÂ Î¿ÔÈÔÓe.g. The teachers put the blame on Harryfor breaking the classroom window sincehe was always throwing balls around.

deal with \"di…l wID\ (phr v) = to manage orcontrol a situation / ¯ÂÈÚ›˙ÔÌ·È,·ÓÙÈÌÂÙˆ›˙ˆ (ÌÈ· Î·Ù¿ÛÙ·ÛË, ¤Ó·ÁÂÁÔÓfi˜)e.g. The bank manager dealt with thecustomer’s complaint.

the key to success (phr) = the mostimportant way to achieve sth / ÙÔ ÎÏÂÈ‰› ÙË˜ÂÈÙ˘¯›·˜e.g. Good customer service is the key tosuccess in retail business.

result (in sth) \rI"zølt\ (v) = to come about as aconsequence of sth / ¤¯ˆ ˆ˜ ·ÔÙ¤ÏÂÛÌ·e.g. James’ hard work resulted in himgetting the highest marks in the exams.

run (sb/sth) down \Ærøn "daUn\ (phr v) = to critiisesb/sth unfairly / ÂÈÎÚ›Óˆ, Î·ÎÔÏÔÁÒe.g. It’s cruel and unfair to run people downjust because they don’t share your politicalviews.

run off \Ærøn "Åf\ (phr v) = to leave suddenly orin a hurry / ÙÚ¤¯ˆ, ÙÚ¤ÔÌ·È ÛÂ Ê˘Á‹e.g. The children playing in theirneighbour’s garden ran off when theyheard his door opening.

see (sb) off \Æsi… "Åf\ (phr v) = to go with sb toan airport, train station, etc and wish themgoodbye / ÍÂÚÔ‚Ô‰›˙ˆe.g. The whole family was at the airport tosee off my brother who was leaving forAmerica.

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20

see through (sb/sth) \"si… Tru…\ (phr v) = to realisethe true nature of sb/sth / ·ÓÙÈÏ·Ì‚¿ÓÔÌ·ÈÙÔÓ Ú·ÁÌ·ÙÈÎfi ¯·Ú·ÎÙ‹Ú· Î¿ÔÈÔ˘, ‰ÂÓÍÂÁÂÏÈ¤Ì·È ·fi Î¿ÙÈe.g. I could see through Sarah’s apparentcalmness and realised that she was actuallyvery nervous about the exam.

stand up for \Æstœnd "øp f´\ (phr v) = to defendyourself, sb or an idea against attack orcriticism / ˘ÔÛÙËÚ›˙ˆ, ˘ÂÚ·Û›˙ê.g. Eve stood up for her brother when hewas accused of stealing from the shop.

stand in for \Æstœnd "In f´\ (phr v) = tosubstitute; to replace sb temporarily /·ÓÙÈÎ·ıÈÛÙÒe.g. The leading actress was sick so herunderstudy stood in for her on the lastnight of the play.

put out \ÆpUt "aUt\ (adj) = very annoyed or upset /ÂÓÔ¯ÏËÌ¤ÓÔ˜, ·Ó·ÛÙ·ÙˆÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. Darren was put out by his fiancée’sbehaviour towards his parents.

put (sb) off \ÆpUt "Åf\ (phr v) = to cause sb tofeel dislike for sth / ÚÔÎ·ÏÒ ·¤¯ıÂÈ·e.g. His snobbish manner put her offtalking to him.

take (sb) in \ÆteIk "In\ (phr v) = to deceive, trickor cheat sb or sth / ÍÂÁÂÏ¿ê.g. Simon was taken in when I told himschool was closed, so I had to tell him Iwas only joking.

take up \ÆteIk "øp\ (phr v) = to start an activity /·Ú¯›˙ˆ (Ó· ·Û¯ÔÏÔ‡Ì·È)e.g. Helen wanted to get more exercise soshe took up tennis.

cut up (about) \Ækøt "øp\ (adj) = very sad aboutsth that happened / ÛÙÂÓÔ¯ˆÚËÌ¤ÓÔ˜˘ÂÚ‚ÔÏÈÎ¿ (ÁÈ· Î¿ÙÈ)e.g. Rachel was cut up about not gettingthe job at the bank.

cut out for (sth) \Ækøt "aUt f´\ (adj) = naturallygifted at sth or suited for sth / ÊÙÈ·ÁÌ¤ÓÔ˜ÁÈ· Î¿ÙÈe.g. Neil isn’t cut out for singing but hemight make a good actor.

slippery \"slIp´ri\ (adj) = making things slide /ÔÏÈÛıËÚfi˜e.g. After it snowed, people kept falling overon the slippery streets.

decline \dI"klaIn\ (v) = to refuse to accept or todo sth / ·ÚÓÔ‡Ì·È, ·ÔÚÚ›Ùê.g. Liam’s application for a loan wasdeclined by the bank manager.Opp.: accept

genuine \"dZenjuIn\ (adj) = (of a feeling, etc)sincere, real / ÁÓ‹ÛÈÔ˜, ·ÏËıÈÓfi˜e.g. Frank claimed that he had genuinefeelings for Mary though she thought hedidn’t really love her.

tend (to do sth) \tend\ (v) = to be likely to dosth / ¤¯ˆ ÙËÓ Ù¿ÛË Ó· Î¿Óˆ Î¿ÙÈe.g. He tends to become irritable when hehasn’t eaten.

fellow student (phr) = a person who is amember of your educational institution; aclassmate / Û˘ÌÊÔÈÙËÙ‹˜e.g. I had to do a group project with twofellow students from my course atuniversity.

facility \f´"sIl´ti\ (C n) = a building or place thatexists for a particular activity / ¯ÒÚÔ˜ ‹ÎÙ›ÚÈÔ ÁÈ· Î¿ÔÈ· ˘ËÚÂÛ›·e.g. The new indoor sports centre is thebest sports facility in town.

praise \preIz\ (v) = to express admiration for orapproval of sth / Â·ÈÓÒe.g. Daniel’s parents praised his excellentperformance at school this year.

in advance (phr) = beforehand; ahead of acertain time / ÚÔÎ·Ù·‚ÔÏÈÎ¿e.g. To ensure we had accommodation, webooked a hotel room a week in advance ofour trip.

co-host \ÆkÚ "hÚst\ (v) = to present sth orentertain guests together with sb else /ÊÈÏÔÍÂÓÒ ·fi ÎÔÈÓÔ‡e.g. Linda and George are co-hosting aparty on Saturday night.

sit-down meal (phr) = a meal where peopleare seated at a table / ÁÂ‡Ì· (ÛÂÂÛÙÈ·ÙfiÚÈÔ, Ù·‚¤ÚÓ·)e.g. On Sundays, our whole family meets fora sit-down meal at a restaurant.

opt (for sth/to do sth) \Åpt\ (v) = to chooseone thing over another / ÂÈÏ¤Áê.g. I opted to study maths instead ofphysics at university.Der.: option (n)

alternative lifestyle \O…lÆt‰…n´tIv "laIfstaIl\ (C n) =a way of living by making different choicesthan usual / ÂÓ·ÏÏ·ÎÙÈÎfi˜ ÙÚfiÔ˜ ˙ˆ‹˜e.g. Fiona is leading an alternative lifestylenow and is living in an eco-friendlycommune in the countryside.

withdrawn \wID"drO…n\ (adj) = shy and quiet /ÂÛˆÛÙÚÂÊ‹˜, Û˘ÓÂÛÙ·ÏÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. Tom became withdrawn after theaccident and didn’t even communicate withhis friends.

handful \"hœndf´l\ (sing. n) = a small amount ornumber / ÌÈÎÚfi˜ ·ÚÈıÌfi˜ ‹ ÔÛfiÙËÙ·e.g. The snow blocked most of the roadsand only a handful of children made it toschool.

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conduct \kń"døkt\ (v) = to organise andmanage an activity / ‰ÈÂÍ¿Áê.g. The manager has been busyconducting job interviews all day.

inmate \"InmeIt\ (C n) = a person kept in aprison / Ê˘Ï·ÎÈÛÌ¤ÓÔ˜e.g. The film is about the lives of inmates ofthe most dangerous prison in the country.

justify \"dZøstIfaI\ (v) = to provide proof orreasons that sth is right / ‰ÈÎ·ÈÔÏÔÁÒe.g. Δhe teacher asked the student to justifythe fact that he’s always late for class.Der.: justification (n), justifiable (adj)

parade \p´"reId\ (v) = to walk as an organisedgroup in a large outdoor celebration /·ÚÂÏ·‡Óê.g. Thousands of people paraded throughNew York on St Patrick’s Day.

festive \"festIv\ (adj) = feeling happy and joyful;celebratory / ÂÔÚÙ·ÛÙÈÎfi˜e.g. Tim’s wedding to Gail was a festiveoccasion for both families.Der.: festival (n), festivity (n)

application \ÆœplI"keISń\ (C n) = a formalwritten request for sth / ·›ÙËÛËe.g. She made an application for the joband got a reply asking her to come back ina week for an interview.

complaint \k´m"pleInt\ (C n) = a statement orexpression of annoyance or dissatisfactionwith sb or sth / ·Ú¿ÔÓÔe.g. The TV company had lots ofcomplaints about the large number ofadvertisements they aired during the movie.

apology \´"pÅl´dZi\ (C n) = a statement sayingsb is sorry for sth / ÚÔÊÔÚÈÎ‹ ‹ ÁÚ·Ù‹¤ÎÊÚ·ÛË Û˘ÁÁÓÒÌË˜e.g. The shop sent me a written apology forforgetting to deliver the washing machine.Der.: apologise (v), apologetic (adj),apologetically (adv)

regret \rI"gret\ (C n) = a feeling of sadnessfrom a disappointment, mistake, missedopportunity, etc / Ï‡Ë, ıÏ›„Ëe.g. The minister said that he had no regretsfor leaving the government.Der.: regretful (adj), regrettable (adj)

Unit 1.9 (pp. 22-23)

Unit 1.8 (pp. 20-21)

congratulations \kńÆgrœtS´"leISńz\ (pl n) =words expressing sb’s happiness for sbelse’s success / Û˘Á¯·ÚËÙ‹ÚÈ·e.g. I sent Sue my congratulations on thebirth of her daughter.

intimate \"Int´m´t\ (adj) = being emotionallyvery close and familiar / ÔÈÎÂ›Ô˜, ÛÙÂÓfi˜e.g. Liz and I have an intimate friendshipand can talk to each other about anything.Der.: intimacy (n)

distant relative (phr) = a remotely relatedfamily member / Ì·ÎÚÈÓfi˜ Û˘ÁÁÂÓ‹˜e.g. It is hard enough getting to know myfirst cousins, let alone getting to knowdistant relatives like my third cousins.

respectful \rI"spektf´l\ (adj) = being full of orshowing respect or consideration for others /Ô˘ ‰Â›¯ÓÂÈ ÛÂ‚·ÛÌfie.g. Children should be respectful of theelderly.Der.: respectfulness (n), respectfully (adv)

sign off \ÆsaIn "Åf\ (phr v) = to end acommunication with a short message /ÙÂÏÂÈÒÓˆ (ÂÈÛÙÔÏ‹), ÎÏÂ›Óˆ (ÂÎÔÌ‹)e.g. Mary signed off her radio show with herusual phrase ‘Good night and sweet dreams!’

colloquial \k´"lÚkwi´l\ (adj) = characteristic ofinformal spoken language / ÎÔÈÓfi˜,Î·ıÔÌÈÏÔ‡ÌÂÓÔ˜e.g. Carlos speaks English very well but hedoesn’t understand colloquial expressions.Der.: colloquialism (n), colloquially (adv)

hook up (

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