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Dynamic Crust

Earth’s History

Astronomy Meteorology

Earth’s Dimensions

and WeatheringErosion

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Rocks andMinerals

Approximately how long does an earthquake P-wave take to travel the first 6500 kilometers after the

earthquake occurs?

1. 6.5 min 

 2. 8.0 min 

 3. 10.0 min 

 4. 18.5 min 

3. 10.0 min 

Base your answer to this question on the map below. The map shows the locations of deep-sea core drilling sites numbered 1 through 4. The approximate location of the East Pacific Ridge is shown by a dashed

line. Point A is located on the East Pacific Ridge.

At point A, the East Pacific Ridge is the boundary between the

1. Cocos Plate and the North American Plate 

 2. South American Plate and the Nazca Plate 

 3. Pacific Plate and the South American Plate 

 4. Pacific Plate and the Nazca Plate 

4. Pacific Plate and the Nazca Plate 

Base your answer to this question on the map below. The map shows the locations of deep-sea core drilling sites numbered 1 through 4. The approximate location of the East Pacific Ridge is shown by a dashed

line. Point A is located on the East Pacific Ridge.

At which drilling site would the oldest igneous bedrock most likely be found?

 1. 1 

 2. 2 

 3. 3 

 4. 4 

1. 1

The arrows shown in the asthenosphere represent the inferred slow circulation of the plastic mantle

by a process called…

1. insolation 

 2. convection 

 3. conduction 

 4. radiation 

 2. convection 

Compared to the thickness and density of the continental crust,

oceanic crust is…

1. thinner and less dense 

 2. thinner and more dense 

 3. thicker and less dense 

 4. thicker and more dense 

2. thinner and more dense 

The Devonian-aged siltstone shown in the photograph below occurs as surface bedrock near Hamilton, New York.

What does the presence of the fossils suggest about the Hamilton area during the Devonian?

1. It had a terrestrial environment sometime between 443 and 418 million years ago. 

 2. It had a terrestrial environment sometime between 418 and 362 million years ago. 

 3. It had a marine environment sometime between 443 and 418 million years ago. 

 4. It had a marine environment sometime between 418 and 362 million years ago. 

4. It had a marine environment sometime between 418 and 362

million years ago. 

Which feature is represented by the symbol   along the edges of the dike

and sills?

1. contact metamorphic rock 

 2. an unconformity 

 3. a glacial moraine 

 4. index fossils 

 2. an unconformity 

In which type of environment were the sediments that formed these sedimentary rock layers most likely deposited? 

1. glacial 

 2. mountainous 

 3. marine 

 4. terrestrial plateau 

3. marine 

The sedimentary rock layers at the three locations can be most accurately

correlated by comparing the1. thickness of the

sedimentary rock layers 

 2. foliation bands in the metamorphic basement

rocks 

 3. fossils in the sedimentary rocks 

 4. minerals in the igneous rocks 

 3. fossils in the sedimentary rocks 

Base your answer to this question on the geologic cross section below. Overturning has not occurred. The dike and sills shown

in the cross section are igneous intrusions.

Which rock type is the oldest?

                             

 .

                            

                             

                             

Which sample best shows the physical properties normally associated with

regional metamorphism?

1. A  2. B 3. C  4. D 

1. A 

Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness of 2.5, and splits with

cubic cleavage?

1. calcite 

 2. halite 

 3. pyrite 

 4. mica 

2. halite

Compared to dull and rough rock surfaces, shiny and smooth rock surfaces are most likely to cause

sunlight to be … 1. reflected 

 2. refracted 

 3. scattered 

 4. absorbed 

1. reflected

Which sedimentary rock is most likely to be changed to slate

during regional metamorphism? 

1. breccia 

 2. conglomerate 

 3. dolostone 

 4. shale 

4. shale 

What do all four rock samples have in common?

1. They show cleavage. 

 2. They contain minerals. 

 3. They are organically formed. 

 4. They formed on Earth’s surface. 

2. They contain minerals.

To an observer in Buffalo, New York, the North Star, Polaris, is always

located above the northern horizon at an altitude of approximately

1. 23½° 

 2. 43° 

 3. 66½° 

 4. 90° 

2. 43° 

The apparent daily path of the Sun changes with the seasons

because 1. Earth's axis is tilted 

 2. Earth's distance from the Sun changes 

 3. the Sun revolves 

 4. the Sun rotates 

1. Earth's axis is tilted

The diagram below shows the Moon orbiting Earth as viewed from space above the North Pole. The Moon is shown at eight different

positions in its orbit.

At which two positions of the Moon is an eclipse of the Sun or Moon possible?

1. 1 and 5 

 2. 2 and 6 

 3. 3 and 7 

 4. 4 and 8 

1. 1 and 5

Summer days in New York State are likely to be hotter than winter days because in summer

1. Earth is closer to the Sun 

 2. the number of sunspots increases 

 3. Earth’s northern axis is tilted toward the Sun 

 4. the Sun gives off more energy 

3. Earth’s northern axis is tilted toward the Sun

A cycle of Moon phases can be seen from Earth because the

1. Moon’s distance from Earth changes at a predictable rate 

 2. Moon’s axis is tilted 

 3. Moon spins on its axis 

 4. Moon revolves around Earth 

4. Moon revolves around Earth 

What is the dewpoint when the dry-bulb temperature is 24°C

and the wet-bulb temperature is 15°C? 

1. 8°C 

 2. -18°C 

 3. 36°C 

 4. 4°C 

1. 8°C 

In New York State, dry, cool air masses (cP) often interact with moist, warm air masses (mT). Which statement

correctly matches each air mass with its usual geographic

source region? 1. cP is from the North Atlantic Ocean and mT is from the deserts of the southwestern United States. 

 2. cP is from northern Canada and mT is from the deserts of the southwestern United States. 

 3. cP is from northern Canada and mT is from the Gulf of Mexico. 

 4. cP is from the North Atlantic Ocean and mT is from the Gulf of Mexico. 

3. cP is from northern Canada and mT is from the Gulf of Mexico. 

A map view of surface air movement in a low-pressure system is shown below.

The air near the center of this low-pressure system usually will

1. evaporate into a liquid 

 2. reverse direction 

 3. rise and form clouds 

 4. squeeze together to form a high-pressure system 

3. rise and form clouds

Clouds usually form when…

1. air temperature reaches the dew point 

 2. evaporation has warmed the surrounding air 

 3. relative humidity is 0% 

 4. condensation nuclei have been removed from the air 

1. air temperature reaches the dew point 

The graph below shows the average monthly temperatures for two cities, A and B, which are both located at 41° north latitude.

Which statement best explains the difference in the average yearly temperature range for the two cities?

 1. City B is located in a different planetary wind belt. 

 2. City B receives less yearly precipitation. 

 3. City B has a greater yearly duration of insolation. 

 4. City B is located near a large body of water.

4. City B is located near a large body of water. 

The true shape of the Earth is best described as a 

1. perfect sphere 

 2. perfect ellipse 

 3. slightly oblate sphere 

 4. highly eccentric ellipse

3. slightly oblate sphere 

At which location would an observer find the greatest force due

to the Earth's gravity?

1. North Pole 

 2. New York State 

 3. Tropic of Cancer (23.5N) 

 4. Equator 

1. North Pole

Compared to Earth’s crust, Earth’s core is believed to be

1. less dense, cooler, and composed of more iron 

 2. less dense, hotter, and composed of less iron 

 3. more dense, hotter, and composed of more iron 

 4. more dense, cooler, and composed of less iron 

3. more dense, hotter, and composed of more iron

Which statement provides the best evidence that the Earth has a nearly

spherical shape?1. The sun has a spherical shape. 

 2. The altitude of Polaris(N. Star) changes with the observer's latitude in the Northern Hemisphere. 

 3. Star trails photographed over a period of time show a circular path. 

 4. The length of noontime shadows change throughout the year. 

 2. The altitude of Polaris(N. Star) changes with the observer's latitude

in the Northern Hemisphere. 

An observer in NYS measures the altitude of Polaris to be 44o. Where is the location closest to the observer?

1. Watertown 

 2. Elmira 

 3. Buffalo 

 4. Kingston 

1. Watertown

Make your wager

A seismic station located at point A is 5400 kilometers away from the epicenter of the earthquake. If the arrival

time for the P-wave at point A was 2:00 p.m., the arrival time for the S-wave at

point A was approximately…

2:07 p.m.