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Jews, Spain, the U.S., Israel, & Europe
Melanie Rockoff
When & Why did Jews leave Spain?
• Year: 1492• King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella expel Jews (about 200,000) from Spain– Some Jews fled– Some forced to convert– Tens of thousands killed
• Country unified behind Christianity
Ladino -איספאנייול גודיאו
• Ladino, or Judeo-Spanish, is the spoken and written Hispanic language of Jews of Spanish origin.
Ladino -איספאנייול גודיאו
• It is derived from medieval Castilian Spanish and spoken by the descendents of the Sephardim.
Ladino -איספאנייול גודיאו
• Ladino did not become a specifically Jewish language until after the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492.
Ladino -איספאנייול גודיאו
• Ladino has traditionally been written using the Hebrew alphabet; during the 20th century, Ladino was additionally written using the Latin alphabet.
Current Jewish population by country:– Israel: 6,042,000– United States: 5,425,000• Illinois: 297,935• New York: 1,761,020• California: 1,223,640• New Jersey: 504,450
– Spain: 12,000• Madrid: 3,500• Barcelona: 3,500
Sephardic vs. Ashkenazi Jews
• Ashkenazi: descendants of Jews from France, Germany and Eastern Europe
• Sephardic: descendants of Jews from Spain, Portugal, North Africa and the Middle East
Jews in the United States pre-WWI
– 1860: European Jews begin to immigrate to U.S.• 1882-1914: 2 million
European Jews enter U.S.
– Reasons:• Anti-Semitism & pogroms• Desire for better life/fresh
start
– Majority shift: SephardimAshkenazi
– Jews flock to larger cities (NYC, Chicago, etc.)
Jews in Europe during WWII
• 1938: Nazi-organized pogroms begin
• Many Jews sought refuge in the U.S. (some in Spain, too)
• 1941more and more European countries systematically deport Jews to concentration camps
• Total number of Jews killed in the Holocaust:• 6 million
Israel
• According to the Torah, God promised the land of Israel to the Jewish people
• 11th century BCEKingdom of Israel
• Roman Empire invadesJewish-Roman Wars
• Mass Jewish genocide
• 635 C.E. Muslims take over the land and rule for 1300 years
• Jewish DiasporaJews look back to Israel to reclaim a homeland
• 19th century Eastern European pogromsmore exiled Jews
• Palestine holds increasing number of Jews
The U.S. & Israel
• 1948Israel becomes sovereign nation recognized and supported by U.S.
• Religious & political ties– Shared religious heritage– Democratic ideology– Jewish population in U.S.– Etc.
Temple Jeremiah
Temple Jeremiah