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ARTICLES FROM NORTH KOREAN POLITICAL, LEGAL, AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERIODICALS

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ARTICLES FROM NORTH KOREAN POLITICAL. LEGAL. AND SOCIOLOGICAL PERIODICALS

Table of Contents

I. Experiences We Have Had in Training Executives 1

II, Operational Experiences of the Center for Research in the History of the Korean Workers Party 7

III. What are the General Leadership and Individual Leadership and in What Banner May They be Correctly Combined 14

IV. Implementing Comrade Premier Kim Il-song's Instructions in the Pyongyang Prosecutor's Office 30

V, Per accurate Disposition of Cases Involving Persons of unknown Origin and Identification 37

VI. Rules on Identification and Fingerprinting of Offenders 41

VII. Seventh World Students1 Festival 50

VIII. Familyism Cannot Be Conquered Without A Positive System 52

IX. Good Political Tasks are the Main Responsibility of the Judiciary and Police Organizations 59

X. Why is he Drifting Away From the Life of Min Ch'ong 63

XI. Questions and Answers on the Life of Min Ch'ong 66

XII. Problems in Methods of Teaching Communism Through Russian Language Training 69

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I. EXPERIENCES NB HAVE BAt) IN TRAINING EXECUTIVES

Tang Karibudulege Chunun Ch'amgo Charyo Id. Kwangrsil /Reference Materials for Party Cadres/ Chairman, Hung-nam No 2, February 1959, Pyongyang City Party committee Pages 39-43 North Korean, per

Recently, comrade Kim Il-song, in one of his speeches at the extension courses offered to the members of the propaganda units of Party committees on national, city, and county levels, pointed out the need for concrete steps in further strengthening communist culture among all workers, keeping pace with socio-political and economic developments ~ especially at a time when we are in the midst of making a rapid stride toward the bright future of communism by achieving a socialist state. This must be the true reflection of our need which is viewed very objectively— the need for a revolutionary development, and it must be'the-central'guiding policy on which the policies of our party should be based.

The Hung-nam City party committee, under the close direction of the Central Committee (Chung-ang Wiwonhyo) of the Party, completed its plans for implementing the many tasks called for by comrade Kim Il-sohg, and party members and workers began to pay more serious attention to communist culture.

In attempting to foster a keener awareness toward communist culture on the part of party members, we ihave come to a realization, as our past ex- periences have revealed to us, that it becomes extremely important for us cadres who occupy leading positions in the party, state and economic organ- izations, to display to others exemplary deeds and the proper attitudes in so far as our awareness toward communist culture is concerned.

As was criticized and brought up under the collective leadership meet- ings of the Central Committee of the Party, which were held from April to June of last year,' some irresponsible staff members of some of the enter- prises in the city did not even attend the conferences and training courses sponsored by.the party despite the fact that the attendance at such meetings is required of them as a primary duty as party members. What is more, these people are still found tenaciously clinging to: their mistaken- notions con- cerning the party.

The committee of the party on the city level must strengthen its ideo- logical battle against such anti-party ideology. At the same time, we must channel our efforts heavily toward the achievement of the task which calls for training staff members in a spirit of patriotic and revolutionary tradi- tion by those staunch communists headed by comrade Kim Il-song. Subsequently, for the purpose of instilling a thorough-going: awareness on the part of the staff members concerning the fighting history of our party and the great

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achievements attained by thePeople's Republic of Korea under the direction of the party, there we're conducted brief seminars during the early part of •.;.; 1958. At these seminars we took up systematically the history of•the; fight ' by the Korean Workers' Party. During these seminars, we also covered-Six other supplementary topics, including the fight of those staunch "ccmBmijists .;. who were determined to carry out various plans formulated by comrade...K|m ■ .-A.•.:/ Il-song, who strove to establish the Marx-Leninist Party in Korea*. "Further- more, on the basis of these seminar studies, the staff members were made to study the history of the fight of our party with increased seriousness.

• At the same time, the city party committee established some 29 Research' centers known as "the research center for the study of revolutionary ac- tivities of comrade Kim" il-song?1 in various important educational institu- tions in the city. By way of conducting research work on the revolutionary tradition of our party, it is hoped that the party members and workers are inculcated in the belief that capitalism is doomed to. perish and that so- cialism will triumph., In this way, it was made possible for us to direct' noble communist virtues as were demonstrated by comrade Kim Il-song and .'■■ other devoted coimminists.

A committee of the,par^ at a fertilizer jplant organized' the Research:' ''; Center for the study of .the revolutionary activities of comrade Kim Ili-söhg; '■ and through" this'research center-, the: committee'was .able to, have the par%;;V" members and workers '[undertake a.rprob^ tradi- tions'of the;par%"with'some degree of success. : s .; . ..,.,--, •:■'. ••,.::-' : • :'■'" •

The cbimnittee'haX'aisp;-sought'to exterminate bureaucratic tendencies and lax attitudes which.are known to. exist among soirie, executives, in: connec- ' tion with effecting party policies»-. •For-this purpose';, these staff ■members' •; were directed by thevRes"e1arch: Center in

1their -study, p;f. the .re,v©lutionary^ •'-■•' activities Of: comrade ,rKim. Il^song to.Ieörri öf'his ahd'his followers» noble service to the people! Furthermore, a few lectures were offered.;tosthem ■ ■* under the title of "Ifte Korean tyorkers'- Party,; the Foijhtainhead of thfe • Korean People •'sXeadership, as Well as the' Source' of Moral; Strength,", in the hope of attempting to.strengthen- the:^^ideblogicidl battle. : ; -

As a result, there was attained a considerable amount of.improvement in the attitudes of these staff members toward the party.", Qa the basis of these fruitful experiences, the city.party committee is prepared to channel the task of studying the revolutionary tradition into a higher plateau of po- litical significance. , , . :.* '•■ '''',.'■■.

Next, the city par^.^committee. found out that;some staff members were ■ '^ seriouslyvlacking facilities with which to observe phenomena objectively and ' accurately; and this .resulted in the faulty implementation of party.policies' and silly mistakes" in solving, certain problems by not being able to abide «gr the partyrä creed. Stimulated by. these past lessons," we.crganized various lecture courses during the period-.between January and November, and through

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these lecture courses and training sessions planned for the staff members» we t*ere sole'to indoctrinate them systematically by relating dialectical materialism and historical materialism to-our party policies. In addition to this, we organized seminars and discussion' meetings so that the staff , members could meet once every other month. And as a result of this, an ability to exercise better judgment on various real-life problems On the part of the staff members improved remarkably.

Parallel with these endeavors, the city party committee sought to eradicate remnants of the superannuated ideology; and at the same time» the committee did render a great deal of significance in achieving what was called the communist personality.

For this purpose, the city party committee also sought to preserve purity on the part of the rank and file of the staff members. Extension lectures and various civic organizations were organized and are being con- ducted once every three months to achieve further ideological training and . to strengthen communist culture. The extension lectures which were con- ducted touched on various aspects of class consciousness that stemmed from the rank and file of the staff members. For instance, whenever some staff members did not resolutely carry out party-policies, their attention was called to the fact that the "democratic centralized system is the cardinal..-,. and supreme principle governing the activities of our party.". Also, when- ever there were spotted some staff members who were known to have failed to abide by the principles laid down by our party, thus bringing about short- . comings on account of their blinded favoritism for their schoolmates, towns people, relatives, pals, and former teachers as well as.students"and their own family members, we made ita'rule to. organize-and conduct a Series of. lectures under the title of ''Obstinacy of .the Family System and Its"Evils,"

Especially, for those staff members who were found to possess too many shortcomings, assignments.on researchtopics that would give them-informa- tion on how to minimize their weaknesses were made. The staff members were made to do research work on the assigned topics and were to appear before the public to conduct a self-appraisal, of their own drawbacks; and this proved to be one of the very effective methods. For an example, the manager of the fertilizer plant, comrade Chang Kwang~ik, who was known to be replete with bureaucratic inclinations, was given a topic "The Ways in Which Bureau- cracy Is Manifested and Its Evils." He was to make a study on the assigned . topic and after having convinced himself of Ms shortcomings through a . ■'. series of study programs, he was made to appear before the public audience . with his research materials. Thus, he could not help but undertake self- criticism over his own shortcomings before the public. As a matter of fapt, he is known to be making much improvement as a result of having gone through this type of correctional method.

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Experiences seep.'.to tell ua that ordinary lecture series and study pro- grams fall. Short in bringing- about any change or modification, of the old and superannuated ideology. What are needed here are lecture series and study programs coupled with more'concrete and patient training and! ideological battles in order to attain the desired goal without x*hich no''objectives may be attained. On the basis of these experiences, the city party committee handled some twenty comrades by making use of this method during the past year alone.. In this way, it was possible for us to bring about considerable improvement in the.ideological behavior of/some of the staff.members are concerned. .

There is another lesson which we acquired from the task of attempting . to do away with some remnants of the old ideology and that is that only by bringing about a right combination of the. two,'v.is., proper cultural train- ing and proper ideological campaigning^ vail one attain the. anticipated goals. In many instances in the ..past,- the city party committee would go no further than hold an all-member iieeting or an enthusiast meeting, in order to;criti- cize sqme.of the wrong doings pf some of; the staff members; .and■there was made no<effort whatsoever by them to conduct a prolonged! ideological combat with more patience. In this respect* we strove to wage a'sijarply''focused

- ideological campaign against class-consciousness at just. the...right time at our party's all-member'feting in an attempt to resolve difficulties. Especially, for those comrades whtfhave committed grave errors,,the executive committee of. the party would either 'extend help or the,, members .of'the cadres wouldcontinue trai-n^g them through an individualized procedure; and this method, reveals."affirmative results -steadily.. . ... iS'Z '.".

Parailel.witnwhat^a'sjtöntiohed in the foregoing, the. city party com- mittee directed staff members tojoin the rank of laborers for more than two ■hours per week.to bring about an ideological unity of the 'laboring class and the staff members through actual Work. -In. this way, a great number of staff members, including comrade ShiiiKe^chong, the head technician at the plant where- comrade. Byü Il-ypng is working, is acquiring first-hand experience in the revolutionary tradition of the laboring class; furthermore, they are en- deavoring ,tp..utilize these'first-hand experiences•as guiding.principles in leadership..

It must be stated here thatwe are steadily and continuously strengthen- ing our task on the basis of these results and experiences.

- At the same time, the city party committee also organized a short-term extension service' center from December -to March for those staff members whose training in political1 theory and actual-work were .found to be relatively shallow. Through this extension service center they are being taught the fundamentals of Warx-Leninism and-the history.of the fight.of our'party to- gether with some important policies of our party. In this respect, a great many comrades including Kim %ong-sok, the director of the planning section of the Byong-song machine factory, are currently trained through this center.

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On the basis of these experiences,, the city party committee is determined to bring about a normal operation of this extension service center.

There must-be achieved a meeting point between communist culture-and • ;'' the party, activities'and leadership of the staff members. Not long, ago* the' ;_. city party committee-" has come to study and learn more." about the field, of::

management of factory enterprises and the cooperative task, of the party in- cluding the City People's'Committee for the purpose of strengthening'the party life among;the staff members. . . n. • . .,■" >;:.'

According to this study, it was learned that's certain nuabet'öf workers ■ who occupied leading positions in the field of management., at. "the ß^ong-song ■''■'[ machine shop not only objected to -attending: partyConferences '"but they were also out of reach of party1 discipline, thus displaying laxity and bureaucracy of an extreme.nature. In spite.-of all this,, the:primary party group, at the . shop did hot ..even bother ;'to challenge -these people; according to'what our v • findings revealed,.. *".. ' •... ■ '-' / v. ■ • : • \. -...;<:■;■■■•

Consequently, the situation called. Tor. the city"party, .committee to dis- patch a -few1 responsible* staff members- of the party'members within' thi3 ad-. y ministrätive organization. ,'. In this^way^ we were able "to understand arid train the Staff.'inembers •'further end were able to render direct guidance^ in "••' ' organizing their: party life by assisting the primary party organization»,., ..:; •

As a result of this, the. city .party cqmmitt.ee was "hot only able" to gain • a better and co.rrect: underst^di.agvo'f the'' staff members, but'in addition, the primary party organisation-,was. able to speed up its own activities,, which led the party Ii£e ;of :the staff members toward the right, direction. '.'..'

The primary party organization of 'the.'City People's ConmitteehaS been' v

discussing at various ;^pa#ty meetings the ■important aspects., of-party- life, of the staff medbers,"; such as'staff members'-study,progranis and lecture series before a public audience.'' Ih>o doing, 'the "primary party organization of the City People's Committee is'disciplining the staff members' devotion to the party by waging a sharply focused ideological campaign without overlook- ing even the minutest shortcoming that comes to our attention.

The purpose of the disciplinary measures of the city party committee is to train the staff membars i:a communist ideology. In the past, the city party committee has in many iny;;?nces limited its duty in just seeing the staff members attend these study programs and lecture series and did nothing beyond that; and in some instances even this kind of supervisory work was not satisfactorily performed. In order to overcome this kind of shortcoming and to strengthen the study programs for the staff members into a more sys- tematic and normal one, we organized a one-month study program at the outset of last year, a three-month study program following the first one, and a six- month seminar program presently; and we are doing our very best to put the above-mentioned into effect.

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However, during its early stage, there were quite a few staff members who did not follow the study program as had been scheduled or some complacent members who would follow the company style. The party's library in the city rounded up all these complacent members and rendered them some assistance in their study program by giving them a lecture course under the title of "How to Conduct Study Programs," The party's library in the city succeeded in enhancing enthusiasm on the part of the staff members to study by conducting study programs once every other month (staff members were divided into four groups and the sessions usually ran two to three days).

Comrade Byu Il-yong, the manager, who used to' skip attending the study program previously, has now come to regard the study program as an integral part of his activities and he has been carrying on a profound research on newspapers and the party policies during the past one-year period, together with conducting a conspectus on the subjects. Furthermore, he has studied six volumes on the theory and history of the fight of the Korean Workers» Party, including various theoretical problems concerning the state and revo- lution, very systematically. At the same time, he prepared lectures on some seven different subjects, including one which is entitled "Raising the Ef- ficiency of Productive Labor Is the Sure Guarantee for Achieving Production Growth," and it should be mentioned that he even made a public appearance to give a lecture.

Nevertheless, it should be noted that what was described in the fore- going is nothing more than some rudimentary experiences which we acquired concerning the task of imparting communist culture and ideology to the staff members.

It behooved the Hung-nam City, party committee to try to train constantly the staff members, party members, and the workers to be.devoted communists by further strengthening Our fighting spirits toward the carrying out of comrade Kim Il-song's instructions concerning the intensification of the spread of communist culture.

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II. OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCES OP THE CENTER K)R RESEARCH IN THE HISTORY "■*" OP THE KOREAN WORKER PARTY

Tang Itanbudulege Chunun Ch'amgo Chaiyo ■ ""'"" '■ Kim Cbsn^yon /Reference Materials for Party Cadres/ Chairman, Wi-yon Plant No 6, June 1959, Pyongyang .' • -..'•.,.v.. ; •;:/•:. • .'. j?arty .committee Pages 19-21 >:■■■: ,\y'■■. v'../'-; •■ ■','■'■, '•.".'.'"'''' '•• *■■;■..:■.: North Korean,, per ■■.,,•••.. ., /V " ■'■■■..? ■--.■' ■'■'•-^

foheri the fcenter^To.r research in the:Mstory,of the Korean ttorkers1

Party was founded at our 'plant for the first.'^e/'ii seldom, did more than show, its physical' facilities ,• to' .the: public. In shorty th* .operation of the center always •.remaüied in avery uhsatiefaotory'state'.':0.ur knowledge was inadequate for operatingf-tfie center^for researchin the history of our party, to an adequate degree. •••. ;;;.v...;"'' ''■■''-. ,- ...

"'. It w&s some time before the. party committee at our. plant beganto get guidance services,from-thercity party committee,and was able to establish

' • • - various' policies with regard.-to, strengthening, the 'operation of the center .for research in the historyvof &e Korean.'Workers' Party,. At that time,

.,,we placed ^special, emphasis on twp. problems, and One of •then1 .was to-lay a ground xrork for establishing, a systematized.operation of^.the center; and our Second'problem "dVali tilth collecting systematically various data and materials with whicV to expand"anf'enrich,our center as a repository of

■ i\ information-.;...;. ■-•■"•'~V'.. ,.:;i ;;J.:•;■■' '■ /'." •:'••'

■...-■■. '"[.' Thus, the party 'committee;;h&s,'for.>the .first time,.-drjawn.up-a prospec- tive plan and monthly operational plans for, the purpose of'realizing a

, systematie'operation of the .center for research in'the: histpry of the party. At the "'same time,,: we had staff 'inekbers,. lecturers', propaganda'teams, a pro- fessional league',' reporters-.and.commentators, and directors of the Office

: of Democratic Prediction (liinrchu Sbu-kyon^ $hil) attend the periodic meet- .-.-■■ ■'. ings and other activities in'whicb the results of research projects were .,'given and which were organised, by this center. ■ And itv-wasthrbugh these

people that, we were able■■■'toi strengthen .further the propaganda on the revo- .'. lutionary.traditipii'of ^thecparty among the ,"püb'lib.'i ■ v.

'*A ''Inah:^ center for research in the history of:the^party, the party committee'has adopted a

,. system by which it will conduct a monthly evaluation of .'its' business conduct,

' The operation of the-center at our plant for; research in the history of the. Korean.'.Workers'' •■Party hös'been nprmalLzed.

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In the following, we wish to introduce a few experiences which we have acquired in the course of our operation of the center.

The center for research on the history of the party located in our; plant is currently being operated in accordance with the monthly work schedules, and one of the many important features which we wish to state here is the fact that we hold regularly soheduled meetings in which re- search results are publicly reported.

This meeting for publishing research results is held once or twice per month; and at these meetings m decide for discussion essential problems and party policies that are regarded important in conducting research in the'revolutionary tradition and history of our party. As to its operational procedure, after one or two comrades report on their research findings, there is usually a discussion period that follows in which an exchange of opinions and viewpoints takes place.

Some of the discussion topics which have been used by our research center at the time of reporting research results in the past are noted in the following: "Establishment of the Meeting for the Rehabilitation of our Mother Country and Her Historical Significance," "The Historical Significance of the victory at Poch'on-po Battle," "The Shining Revolutionary Tradition of our Party," "Concerning the February All-Member meeting," etc. As far as the topics for study of the revolutionary tradition are concerned, we try our best to impart realistic feelings by relating the topics to the spe- cific historical data available at the time when comrade Kim Il-song was waging an armed campaign against the Japanese authority, «fe make a special effort to relate the topics to those specific facts available within our province; and we try our very best to leave a profound understanding with outf audience in this regard. Insofar as the problems evolving from party policies are concerned, we. are striving to follow a line which closely ad- heres toc comrade. Kim Il-song's on-the-spot instructions, which have enabled us to achieve considerable results.

The topics that were discussed in the public at the meetings for re- porting research data, without fail, were circulated among all party mem- bers and employees (after having been adapted to the prevailing situation within the plant) by staff members, propaganda teams, and professional re- porters and commentators through the medium of lectures and propaganda. Lecturers also attempted to adapt the content of their lectures to the pub- lic accordingly.

The research center can also furnish supplementary lectures' concerning various problems of the history and policies of the party. Under such cir- cumstances, the staff members, lecturers of the propaganda service network of all ranks, and the team members of the center for research in the history of the fight of the party are all invited to participate in unison.

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•:. These supplementary 1'ecturea are inT general: 'conducted by vi&tihg lecturera from outside and not long ago, a supplementary lecture,oh "Con*; cerning; Communist, (^turei1 was givenbyaprincipal of a'" school for the cadres. .-There-was also given.a lectureentitled »'Ifeterials Cctocernihg the Activities/of. the: Members of the "League for the Fight -Ho Liberate the '•;;_•• Nation»." the director of He-san .<Hlstoftc&r'I&&eiuu "This sort of' supple-' mentary lecture, together.with the reports of the":research1'results, were of special help in arming staff members with an awareness of the revolutionary tradition of.the.party asiWell-as its'impendirig polieites; ;; '

: .The. center for research- in the- history;: of the party also often- plans

a few informal sessions-and panel-discussions*''•In -these- discussion'meet- ings,, the main subjects center on-the störy cöhcenkrig^e'activitiesöf ■' the guerilla 'warfare against the' Japanese1, -Which"had;for its objeötivö .to; draw interest from the ranks of those young men and women. There were also stories dealing with meetings between revolutionary fighters against the •lapaneseand the surviving' members of 'the 'deceased "patriots' .families.

.What was-stated' in the 4-ofegoing' is only 'one 'operational .aspect;;of-the discussion procedure which is -most frequently" used and most'- effactive one at-the center for research in-'the history of the part£ located at' ourplahit.

- 'The party, committee', at ourplant "di'd; its utmost to incorporate'this.'':

special manner of -handling discussion meetings * and it strived tbex^ahd '•; production as much as possible, which is' &< integral part of carrying out party policies.

;.; .The party committee is^cürrently harvesting considerably high' results'* in carrying out comrade Kim'Il-songvs oh-the**spot instructions by assiduously solving .various problems' -that>:ärlse aoiong the workers and' some of -the diffi- culties that emerge in the production processes; furthermore, it has called upon all workers for a higher and continued devotion.

• ; Shortly after comrade Kim •Il-song gave' his oni-the-spot instructions ;; last May^ there were erected «*-:-few:-more -workshops for turning but by- ' products; parallel" viith' this,-'4here was hö'tedV;ä rapid increase -in the' nüm* ber of female workers at our plant. As a result, 30$of the total labor force -at our plant was occupied 1# female workers♦-!*However^ 'there1 were some female workers who werev not:: disciplined- in work arid- who lacked ciass consciousness-, and these were-the ones- that did hotabide by the;'wofk regu- lations, 'These were the-ones who' took nO;-pride in what :tbey. Were doing arid wished to be transferred to-feome"'shops-where therewaS' 'not^ required^manual- work by'saying that manual-:work imposed at the- sawmill fciant was too hard' for them to perform. ■ '"'" "

••- cj *

At this juncture,"the committee of the party insisted on having as many informal sessions and panel discussions on an extensive scale for women through the center for research in the history of the party, The research center provided quite a few discussion sessions covering such accounts as that of comrade Kim Ke-sun, the female member of the guerilla resistance force against the Japanese, mother Kim En-pok, the member of the Women's Association, and a meeting with mother Yom Po-pe.

And through the women staff members and propaganda teams, much effort was made to introduce on an extensive scale the noble character of patriotic women revolutionists and the achievements through their fight. We also tried to point out bow shameful it is for some women in the plant to have nothing in common with the women revolutionists of noble character and who do not possess attitudes of respectable women in performing their assigned tasks.

At. the same time, the Women's League (%o-meng) teams planned and .con- ducted a panel discussion on "Let Us Inherit the Patriotic Spirit of Revo- lutionary Fight Against the Japanese „»' At this panel discussion comrade Chon Ch'un-kil and a considerable number of other female workers who were about to quit their jobs came to realize their folly; what'is more, they resolved to endeavor to bring about a greater achievement than what the premier comrade called for in his on-the-spot instruction "by keeping our jobs till death," armed with an invincible fighting spirit comparable to that of those patriots who fought against the Japanese.

Henceforth, some women laborers developed a new awareness and attitude toward labor regulations and there were a feW who volunteered to do even harder jobs. The outcome of this was that a greater number of women workers poured directly into this field of work and some of them were trained to be skilled craftswomen.

This sort of operation has been going on among young men, too. We planned and held discussion meetings for -these young men to tell the story of the guerilla fight against the Japanese and of Ho San-msn, the young boy guerilla fighter, and the story concerning the' fight of comrade Ma-Tong-hi.

By so doing, we hope to draw more and more young men to do reform work and to heighten the role played by young men as members of the corps of vanguards in executing what comrade Kim Il-song stated in his instruc- tions. This sort of discussion meeting served to bring about a new reform in the field of production by helping arm the young men with a socialist and patriotic spirit with a revolutionary fighting determination which is indomitable and immovable.

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• After having: heard' comrade Kim Ili-song's-ory-the-spot instructions which called for .a thrifty use of lumber, comrade Lim Kbrn-chu, a kwan-ko crafts- man, introduced >&.-. motion in'Which he. proposed: to: remove1 comrade Kim- Se-wur' a pan-to. craftsman,- by. developing; a new method for milling lumber* All ■■>'-■ these emerged, from the discussion meetings which helped to create circum- stances in which the: public, morale, was heightened, by- their determination to carry, out .comrade Kim il-song*s instructions without fail by projecting themselves into the. position of • those guerilla ..fighters' against theVJapanese.

The patriotic suggestions brought forth by these young men enabled us to save a vast' quantity of. lumber; and to: obtain gratifying results which were -put on-.record. '-•■ ■" ■•- '■ ■ :..u^^ ■(■"/.: '••• •;'--';'/- '-■'•■ ';■

Through discussions and brief meetings we trained the skilled craftsmen to think boldly and carry out what they must do even when conservatism and complacency make'headway^.--Also, they were trained to 'think boldly*arid im- plement their plans Courageously, as did-the guerilla fighters .against the - Japanese'».; ••-;." ^v-: .-x •.-.' ?r.-^ '■■■ "'-': r- ■'■'':::'i ':< •'' ■ .'•"/';"'•

•As we. have, noted.in'-the. foregoing,, the informal^sessions and panel.:'. discussion'meetings that were, organized and: held.at the center for.research in the history of our. party.did make a vast coritributioh-toward'achieving - substantial results. In the light, of the valuable experiences WeObtairied, this sort .of meeting is being;conducted-even, at the present time.-

.. The center for research in the -history of: the party.at o\xr plant'is-» maintaining a close affiliation with-literary circles and various, dramatic, circles and organized book study meetings, poetry reading, and meetings for reading works that exalt the revolutionary tradition. These meetings that are being held in -connection with literary as well as artistic purposes do also, have avast influence on the public. ■ ■• '• . -:.?

The book "study meeting is composed mostly of the. members of the-literary circle and one of the methods used.is to introduce and have them appreciate some literary works that touch upon the theme of premier Kim Il-song's guerilla warfare:against the. Japanesei For-, this purpose, the following literary works have.been.read'and appreciated:' -History;, by.Han Sol-ya; Mt. Pek-tu.js Seen Everywhere, by Song Yong; -and; poetry entitled Mt..,. Pek-tu, written by Cho Ki-ch'on. - ^.

■ '. This, sort of. appreciation meeting:not. only cultivates the youths in terms-of.the.sublimejand revolutionary.spirit:of socialist patriotism but. also fosters a keen desire .to read more books. In this way,' there is being waged a campaign among the youths of the. sawmill brigade.at No. 3 plant.for each person.'to. finish more, thänone book every month.;- .'....'-

... 11—

The research center is engaged in encouraging the literary members and at the same time culturally training the public by having meetings in which they can sing such choruses as "Songs of Mt. Pek-tu," which exalts revolu- tionary passion, or by publishing such a comedy or "Vacation Right," etc. Some of these literary works have either been performed for the public al- ready by the dramatic circles or are currently being prepared for public performance. Poetry readings were held on numerous occasions and this is regarded as one of the activities in which we obtain rather high results in a relatively short time.

In the foregoing, we attempted to describe some of the important tasks — in terms of procedures and content — that are being conducted at the center for research in the history of the Korean Workers' Party at our plant.

Once these literary as well as dramatic meetings which were mentioned earlier take place through the research center, then the committee of the. . party at our plant will see to it that there is an organized political ef- fort for these ideas to be carried down among the general public on an ex- tensive scale by making use of various cultural networks, speeches, and propaganda media, and at the same time these ideas are incorporated into really fruitful activities for greater production. Only by doing so do we believe that we can turn our center for research in the history of the Korean Workers * Party into a cultural center through which we can help the people to develop proper understanding of the. history of our party; and at the same time, we hope that it will become an ideological as well as cul- tural center through which we can defend and implement various policies of our party.

It should be noted here that we were able to acquire some specific ex- periences in the operation of the center for research in the history of the Korean Workers' Party. However, it would be only fair for us to admit that the experiences we gained so far are nothing more than a prefatory achieve- ment j there are many more things heeded to be.done.

Por that matter, the center for research^ in the history of the party recently took an inventory of its work and established a series of policies in order to reinforce some of the points that they felt were rather un- satisfactorily carried out.

Just to mention a few examples of importance, first of all, it should be mentioned the fact that our center for research in the history of our party was unable to attract the public constantly. In order to remedy this shortcoming, the research center adopted a weekly schedule along with the monthly schedule-which had already been in existence. We scheduled public- centered proeraras of all kinds for almost everyday and they included such programs as informal sessions, panel discussions, questions and answers,

- 12 -

book recitations, etc.; At the same time, we called our attention to such problems — problems that were oftenjoverlöoked in the past — as furnishing

■study: program instructors and propaganda team., members /with lecture materials; and furthermore, we organized a schedule whereby we could plan o'uir' supple- mentary lectures on a more systematic: basis., .

In order to furnish the study program instructors"with more..concrete and realistic lecture materials in connection! with•.streng^heni'ng-cultural training programs on the revolutionary tradition of our party, we.have been preparing some study on whatever theme each cultural propagation network wishes'-to choose; and;at 'the same, time, we are endeavoring-to give'.an. as- signed study program to each lectüte^'"at least a,month prior to the time the study program is to be held.' 5his new'syetfmlJill-come ,.in; effect start- ing next academic, year. We also decided to furnish' S6me^us.efu£ and essen- tial 'materials^ wi.ih: our"- propaganda team members which will bej. of help to them in .carrying on"'their^-fruitful campaign-,well.adapted to the actual situ- ation prevailing itt'each plant.!V:itfe pledge to.render'*url.s.teady effort to

.'keep--everything in good order and'to strengtheji as well as to ..improve the operation.of-. pur, research:center., for .the years to'come. ■ . . . , :;

..•-. ••rt

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III. WHAT ARE THE GENERAL LEADERSHIP AND INDIVIDUAL LEADERSHIP AND . IN WHAT MANNER MAY THEY BE CORRECTLY COMBINED . • .

Tang Kanbudulege Chunun Ch'amgo Charyo Pak Chöhg-sun /Reference Materials fon Party Cadres/ No 6, June 1959f P'yongyang Pages 26-33 North Korean, per

Each party organization must increase its role of leadership and steadily improve business transaction methods of the party to meet real- istic demands.

The culmination of construction of a socialist society, is causing many new changes every hour of the day and these new and.great changes are pre- senting before each party organization a task which is uncompleted.

In order to execute smoothly these complicated task3 of the party, an extraordinary degree of creative power and organization and executive ability is needed.

At the concluding part of the February all-member meeting of the Cen- tral Committee of the party, comrade Kim Il-song presented before us a series of tasks in connection with our effort to have party organizations and leading workers combine closely the economic and political problems and to foster people-centered leadership by surmounting the administrative barriers.

In executing revolutionary tasks, it becomes extremely difficult for the party organizations to carry out its assigned role of leadership in a precise manner; and also in attempting to bring about people-centered leader- ship, the problem of attempting to combine the general leadership and the individual leadership in a right proportion bears great significance. Con- cerning this point, comrade Kim Il-song gave the following instructions: "Only by combining individual leadership and general leadership can we dis- cover various concrete conditions and challenging realities that are suited for the public. Also, only by doing so will we be able to grasp the main course of action taken by the party and put them into execution by dis- criminating the important ones from the minor ones in the course of attempt- ing to implement decisions and instructions made by the party."

The task of combining very closely the general leadership and in- dividual leadership is important in handling the party*s affairs and finds its originating' point in following a popular line on the part of the party.

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: -By populär1 linens meant for a party to devote itself to the interest of the people'''dM- to he able to assume a full responsibility Before the ■ public. It also means to have trust in.'tKe capabilities of the people and to conduct their business by relying on these capabilities;- it means to "teach the populace and at. the same time to learn from them with angpen ^

' mind. ■• ::■ -'.' ,-'. ... . ■ iv',-; ... .

Our party'owes .its initial starting point to .this very popular line ■ and, therefore, all the policies born out.-of ourvparty-stem-from a-close ' combination of the people's real life and aspirations;, and •furthermore,iw-

^' • pieinentation of fell tasks is'"dependent ,uppn the initiative«,wisdom of our people, " " ■'■^'■••.•.-. . : •*•"'.•;•:...-• "";" ■.■■:■.;■?■■■■ ■.■■■< ,.. .

Then, it follows "that all' policies that -are,foxmulated by fl«. party must, come from'the ^peqple and in turn must gb .back to the people; and there must be devised'such policies and:procedures for the right kind-ofleader-

• ship jJhioh will' promote the procedure, by which;the. policies from the peo- ; pie go back, V.them,and are"preserved among: them... ;.-..'../''"' ' ■ ■

To put this in.another wayi the execution of a popular party line calls for every party organization tob.ring.the'leadership, of the. people close

'•together. This should be the starting; point for.all party activities and -there is ä great need .to pombine the general leadership and individual

■■•' leadership to a thorough extent insofar as the leadership1 method.of the '-■ party is concerned.,;.. .'..: '•'■■' >;■;■ ■

Let us then observe a'few things pertaining- to general leadership:

At the Aoril» 1955 all-member meeting of the Öentral Coigmittee of the party., Comrade'Kim Il-song instructed the members concerning the meaning of

■ general leadership as:may be rioted„in the following: «By general leader- ship is meant to pass through*he political objectives of'the party among the people in its given work and. it also refers to both the general appeal

■ ' and.leadership of-the party in an attempt to execute; such objectives.

As'we have noted in comrade,läm Il-song's instructions, general leadership means to spread«the .objectives,- content, and' significance of any

•■ optional task which the party desirea to implement amongvthe people on a very extensive scale; and it also means the general appeal and general leadership for the purpose Of attempting to mobilize a vast majority of the

••• '.'people in the hope of realizing goals. -•' .. ^

'This; "sort of leadership method bears a considerably, important signifi- cance in implementing the party'B' revolutionary task.

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As was spirited out earlier, policies that are being carried out by our party stem from the people and wholly reflect the interests of the people.

It should be mentioned, however, that in our effort to implement these policies, we, the members of the party, alone cannot assure the implementa- tion thereof; a successful implementation of: the policies becomes possible only by bringing about the participation of the vast majority of the people.

In order to bring about the participation of the people, we must, first of all, tell thera what our objectives are as well as what we propose to do and through what means. We must also tell our people about how much they can profit from carrying out the policies laid down by the party.

In this way, the people must come to the realization of the fact that the party policies really do coincide with their interests and so they should be the path that they should follow willingly and truthfully. Sub- sequently, only when the people become conscientiously mobilized with the determination that they should be ready to make an all-out effort to help carry out the policies is there assured a sure way to implement them in the proper manner.

Nevertheless, the task of trying to instill the intention of the party among such a vast majority of people and,of trying to call for their aware- ness and initiative can by no means be compared to that of the handicraft method, in that, we cannot possibly reach everyone in carrying out the party policies.

Therefore, it becomes necessary for us to be sure to have some way to make a general appeal and a general approach in order to let the intention of our party permeate among the vast majority of people on a large scale as well as to execute these activities promptly.

Let us suppose that if this sort of general appeal and leadership are not available at all, then it would mean that our effort loses its con- scientious objective; and it would naturally be impossible, for us to have a unified leadership of our party.

Here then lies the significance as well as the importance of general leadership.

It then follows that the party organization'must not neglect the general leadership in connection with' the execution of the affairs of the party.

In what specific manner and method is the general leadership to be Carried out?

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The general leadership finds its starting point in the task of; organiz- ing and mobilizing party organizations and enlisting the support of party • members, for the cause of. pushing ihrough the policies and'intentions of the party among the people.

Were it not for this, the objective of general leadership would hardly be realized to a thorough extent.

Let us imagine that a committee of the party in a certain province is confronted with a problem of implementing its assigned task within a. given - time. How could it be possible for them to transmit the, objective,.its significance, and the method of execution of the task among the people thoroughly without organizing and mobilizing"the entire party organizations and party members?

To hold meetings within party organizations, adopt decisions, and let the decisions permeate among the members of the entire.party organizations, and mobilize, these party, organizations and party members in the direction••■;■•■ of executing the decisions are some of the important parts of general ,, leadership.

To say.;that holding a meeting is an important part of general leader- ship is not synonymous with saying that some leader workers of a certain.,, party organization should, without adequate preparations,' gather around tens of hundreds of workers to give nothing more than empty and abstract words by saying that "this must be promoted . . ."or "that must be em- phasized . « ••.,'' etc;"" . , ,..',... ..:.."

The reason for such a warning is' that this "sort of meeting can never . be regarded as possessing any merit as general-leadership does. It should be remembered by the party.organizations that they should summon a meeting only after having made a sufficient preparation; and it should-be the,aim . of the party organizations to strive to tackle only such problems of sub- stantial importance which are of:practical value; ,;,:

In this way, the participating members in such meetings as well as. ,: the workers and party members who are entrusted with party, decisions must • • understand the plans of the party; its objectives, and.its significance. At the same time, they must be made to become, fully aware of the ways and \ means through which they hope to execute these decisions.

Only by doing so, can the party decisions be made to.permeate1 in the hearts of the people and this will result in the assurance of a unified leadership on the part of the party* . ;.,-.• '*"'.". \\ :•

One thing should be made clear at this stage and that is that the leadership should not be substituted only by a frequent number of meetings.

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Frequent meetings are a bit too business like as well as bureaucratic * Let us suppose in another example that party organizations, in connection with attempting to formulate policies whereby they hope to intensify the sanitary services, schedule an Executive Committee meeting of the party on a provincial level for today, a People's Committee meeting on a provincial level for tomorrow, a Sanitary Committee meeting for the day after tomorrow, a Labor Organization meeting for the following day, etc. If there were held so r.any meetings without really attempting to have the intention of the party permeate among the people, then it becomes clear that there would be invited further complications.

It is because of this that the party organizations are required to com- bine general leadership with practical organizational services and put them into execution.

In other words, there.must be held seminars to be given to those lead-» ing workers and party members who are to culturally train, organize, and mobilize that public. Furthermore, the members of the leading group who are called upon to render assistance in this regard must be taught to de- velop awareness toward the intention of the party and its methods of imple- mentation; and all the tasks that are to be transmitted to all levels of the party organizations and the people must also be organized. This is an important part of general leadership. This task of trying to awaken the leading workers and the party members and of attempting to carry out a skillful mass planning by letting them penetrate the vast majority of the people is one of the fundamental methods of the party.

It should be stated here that we do have other important methods through which we could train the public culturally and to organize them with a mobilizing purpose; but the important question is how to use them in a right manner.

Speeches of varied kinds, the use of propaganda network, and the use of the media of publication and report — all these make up an important part of the general leadership.

Let us suppose that someone were to mobilize lecture-propaganda media and cultural network systems or to use the media of publication and report which are controlled by the party and other political agencies including labor organizations. He is then capable of spreading the intention of the party very swiftly among a vast majority of the public. .

It is from this that the party organizations are confronted with the problem of intensifying partisan leadership toward various publishing and reporting agencies by enhancing the essence of the party and politics in propaganda services of varied kinds.

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Just how well leeding :articles, editorial: articles; and 'broadcasts ful- fill their assigned roles as organizers in propaganda* "with such'a Vast "reach and influence can be learned only after-actual operation;'" .-•...<,>■,*.

A warning should be issued here to the effect that general leadership must not become too formalistic, abstract, and mechanical;^irrespective of its manners and methods.

The general leadership should «mbrace Cultural as%ell as scientific .content at all timesrand furthermore» <it should-be ag^gfessive* •,-~K-' ■'■■''

:'In order for. the ^general: leadership to attain "this posture,'-the party .organizations must be able to comprehend 'the public at all 'times and should be thoroughly versed in the situation of the people at this low level.

-Therefore,''.it becomes' neoessary' for the leading worker's of "the party' to haVe.'access tothe-people of lesser rank at" all -timesand to'penetrate-*-

..the public;, this is where, individual- fe'adersMp'is'necessaryv '• -; '.'/'...,

. It should be noted' here that without the individual leädershipj the •■: qualitative standard of the general leadership can never be'raised»' '' y

•■. What, :then,vis individual- leadership?; ■:■■■ :; :■>■■- ^P^ 'W-■: '■'':

-;.- Individual- leadership, äa. ^comrade Kim Il-söng instructed: us'/ means'' to • study very «carefully the .spe'cific-^öndit'iöns of-a certain task,' ther' degree- of awareness possessed by the public, and the affairs of thfe party;: ahd •:

after having studied all these, to adopt the specific policy of implementa- tion which is.suited best under" that particular circumstance. <

•...'.-. All actions taken by: our piarty reflect'the* keen ihterests and concrete opinions of the public," and this iö, of course', 6> Well-known fact. '" ■ -

However, it should be understood that those'pöM'eies do hot reflect the specific condition of each and every field, geographical region, and in- dividual; and furthermore/ such con never bfrthe case/ •"

What really matters here isfor oil party organizations and leading '-'■■ workers: to try to combine the task'that. is; assigned'by the party under particular conditions-within their: own fields in:their geographical regions, •and only when these policies are executed with; a ^degreie Of 'ereativeness-do they have vitality, . ,-.,..•..; . -.. ,■;•■

.-■, ' Let us take a hypothetical example in which we'are" supposedly concerned with developing- crops', -including cattle /fruits', -silkworm'-industry-, and many other agricultural by-products in connection with'developing agricultural" policies of our party.

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Looking at this agricultural policy from the standpoint of our nation as a whole, the policy appears to he one which is just ana wise as it re- flects the interests of the people,,

This policy, however, cannot suit the particular conditions prevailing everywhere equally well.

If the level-landed P'yong-nam and Hwang-nam provinces and mountainous Ham-puk and Kyong-kang provinces were to all place sole emphasis on the production of grain crops, this would adversely affect output of other crops.

The party organization in Ham-puk Province experienced a rather bitter blow in the past in connection with the carrying put of its party business.

In that locality, the people were nonchalant about the dairy industry, fishery, and production of vegetables under the pretext that their primary concern was the production of grain crops. Without taking the climatic as well as soil factors into consideration, they encouraged the careless plant- ing of multi-harvest crops, ignoring the party principle which called for planting the best crops in the best suited soil. As a result of this, there was a considerable loss.

If the party organizations were to carry out the party policy blindly without due consideration given to the particular conditions- and keen de- sires of the people in each different geographical localities, as were ob- served in the foregoing, there would be incurred much loss on the part of the revolution and the people.

It is from this that we advocate that the policy of the party as well' as its decisions and instructions should be based on a firm grasp concern- ing what is specifically demanded. There should be made available particu- larized leadership which is patterned after the particular conditions of preparedness on the part of the people in a certain geographical locality in certain fields of service.

It becomes necessary for the party organizations to get a correct un- derstanding of the real-life situations prevailing among the people on the whole, the degree of preparedness on the part of the people, and their sentiments and demands at all times; at the same time, the party organiza- tions must penetrate deeply among the crowds of people for their sake. In other words, the party organizations must be deeply concerned with strength- ening the individual leadership at all times.

Individual leadership must choose various means and methods depending on the kind of task assigned and on the particular sort of circumstances that.one is confronted with.

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In connection with attempting to implement certain tasks, it becomes advisable •that there should be,-, first of all, a preUminary .leadership. survey work with the aim of developing understanding and to. do some research work on the situation which will.enable the© to formulate their"leadership.. policy prior to their attempt to implement the policies laid out by the party* At the same time, there can-also be. leadership .services aimed-..for tasks that are already in full swing,in the hope of.Attempting to promote effectively the progression of these works and to ensure-better .results.-.;,

In this regard, it can safely be said that there is desired a rendering of concrete and individual targetS;:Snd individual fields irrespective of the circumstances i..: -:- ;.;■■.. ..... ,..-.•.•■.-.'. ;-•;...... ■ ,/•- .•.:•',:■.-"•' ;.;v .••':-,•;■■.•'::■•.

However, in the.case of the former» by developing correct understand- . ing-of „the problems and circumstances-.that surround'.;the people, there must ■-.- be made a greater amount of effort to study.and f opoulete r.more effective . . and more creative policies which have a universal validity that can reach out.-to many other-areas, thus going, beyond ^e -individual circumstances.

In the-case of :the latter^ ,;one.must try tojadopt.a universal as-well:. .■ as general policies which have already been made available to certain covr.'. crete situations with some creative initiative.. T$ydoingisa,: one can coach, the party members and the public with much effectiveness in his given field; and by assisting.the party.organizations,and.the leading workers, rone.has to: strive even harder to study and devise new .policies in .«a effort to,put,-: these policies into execution* ... •■"■-.•:■::■';.■ •-. .-.-■ :/.=.--. •■■.:':■

.. .The ;party organizations,, nonetheless*, must.istrive to -formulate goals ,.;.:. of individual leadership which can be suited to all sorts of:concrete situar tions regardless of the circumstances that may be presented. The party organizations must-also see to:.it that the party'members and the people, understand precisely, what the .key .points of,: leadership are*, the party or-:,.,. ganizations,.should,, at all times,.be able-to train them so that they imay. be,able to execute the party.policies. . . ; •. .■: .:.<:-.;■-.■

.. In connection with developing this.sort of-individual leadership,. ;

choosing a precise goal becomes one.of the .important problems *

• •undoubtedly, .choosing a goal varies .according to. the-kind of-leader-: ship aim one has in mind. In other words, in connection with trying to execute party tasks that are assigned, there emerges individual leadership in-the hope of attempting to. devise policies and.-methods,pf implementation which suit the.prevailing, situations.■:.In such circumstances» it becomes -,-. advisable that one .decides on picking :a goal in which surrounding .circum- ;:

stances have much in common vdth other typical goals in other, fields..: .:

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In agricultural development, it would be unreasonable.to choose a mountainous region for developing field crops, of to choose regions for field crops if the situation calls for developing staple crop Regions,

Furthermore, it would be equally unreasonable to choose only thoöe areas that are prosperous, or only those areas that are especially backward in terms of the degree of determination on the part of the people and the • over-all picture of the activities on the part of the party organizations.

If one were to choose this kind of impractical area, it would be naturally difficult for him to devise a general as well as typical policy which can be applied in all lis throughout the country. Therefore, it becomes logical for us to pick one or more typical areas according to policies and methods which may be generally and commonly applied through- out wider geographical, locations.

And in the event that one aims at developing a more effective promo- tion of a task which is already being executed in accordance with prescribed rules, the selection should be made on the basis of sound reasoning and from the standpoint, of the possibility of being able to expand the leader- ship gradually in the future.

To put this in another way, one should choose, be it just a unit or a part of it, a field which promises to render a decisive influence on the de-, velopment of the entire task or a field which seems to obstruct the develop- ment of an entire task; and the sequence as to .which one of the two types should be chosen first must be determined first on the basis of which one should be upheld.

Let us take an actual example in which'there is presented an important task of raising production efficiency in the field of the fishery industry in order to bring about a rapid increase in the yield of fislu Supposing^ we arrive at a conclusion, after having conducted an analytical research in the hope of finding the cause of the inability of this industry to expand, that the cause can be attributed to the fact that there exists a very low rate of mobility of the fishing boats. For the purpose of raising the mo- bility of the boats, there must be, above all, either a reintensification of concrete leadership with regards to ship repair shops or there must be made available leadership pertaining to the official business of the fish- ing industry.

. In this way, there must be rendered appropriate assistance which will enable them to turn out necessary machinery by themselves and, furthermore, to enable them to ensure a swift repair as well as to raise the qualitative aspect of boats.

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■.'■ ■ Basing--the ■ party leadership on decisive reasoning and strengthening the party leadership is one of the most fundamental tasks of the party.

As has been- noted in the above,,in choosing an area, for .individual, ;

leadership, a typical target must be chosen. The experiences that have been acquired from .this must be generalized; the target must be chosen on the basis of decisive as well as sound reasoning and it should be made in such a way that by. solving one particular problem,.it will bear influence on all other related matters. Finally, the target should be chosen "from the standpoint of creating a typical example which will stimulate all other related matters in other fields.. , . . .

One of the .important points in individual,leadership is the fact that one should pay serious attention in selecting leader members

Insofar as the aim-of individual leadership lies in.finding a method which suits particular situations and people and puts instructions given . by the party into actual practice, the whole thing cannot be left in the hands of the leading workers.

In many of our party organizations,-we often, find .inexperienced.workers who occupy leading positions and in some extreme cases we find some of the organization members who are not at all prepared for leadership and who are mobilized to assume leadership*. These, inexperienced leaders are expected to study the right course of action and to organize the public and lead them correctly. But this assumption is .grossly.erroneous. ;

Also, it should be noted that the committee of the party in a certain city or county should be comprised of only those staff members who have responsible positions. However, when a.certain period,elapses., the-re- sponsible staff members dropout, from the-line one by one end the responsi- bility is shifted to those who are:,hired leading.workers. Because, of this, they frequently fail to attain,the professed results.

Only those workers who are in responsible positions'should be invited to actively participate, in the. ranks of leaders ^, and novices should be called.upon only after they have'acquired a sufficient .amount of training.

The goal of .individual leadership is. to awaken..the party members,and the public for the purpose of,-pushing■■, the .policies, of the .party through pre- cisely and to efficiently organize the party organizations. Since this is the Case, the means to achieve such, a goal should, from beginning to end, should be based .upon persuasion and -.cultural training.

- 23 -

By explaining the policies as well as the intention of the party to party members and the public, we can develop their awareness and creative zeal. On the basis of this objective, we must carry out in a precise man- ner the party policies and must ensure their accurate implementation.

Also, through party and public awareness and zeal, we hope to spot such defects and drawbacks that exist in the execution of tasks; while defining the causes of these defects, we must strive to devise creative methods whereby they can be overcome.

However, there must not be made any abuse of "self-appraisal" and no party members or nonparty members should be subjected to threat, nor should they be asked to do self-appraisal against their will under the pretext that one must be trained to discover his own shortcomings.

All attempts of self-appraisal should be based on the awakening of the people toward the party; this action can be achieved by means of persuasion and cultural training.

One of the important factors in the exercise of individual leadership is to enhance self-appraisal on the part of the party organizations at all times

There are some tendencies among, certain organizations, instead of rely- ing of the exercise of leadership of the staff members and the nucleus within the party, to try to manage other people's affairs and to issue or- ders or take C8re of problems in various ways that their whims and caprices dictate them to do.

The leadership exercised in such a manner may achieve some results during a certain limited period; however, the result can never be firmly established. Furthermore, this sort of leadership would be carried on without any progress as soon as the members of the leading group take their hands off their jobs.

Leadership service should be geared at all times toward the training of the staff members of the party as well as the party members. By enhanc- ing their reasoning ability and work efficiency, the staff members of the party organizations and the party members should be trained to be able to solve skillfully any problem presented to them.

Only through this very kind of leadership can we learn to understand and be able to train the staff members and party members, learn to grasp the particular conditions prevailing in each locality accurately, and to foresee new creative policies.

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''V:, In the foregoing, we have briefly explained things concerning general leadership and individual leadership. .

It would be a mistaken notion to think ^at;general leadership and in- dividual leadership are isolated from each other* ■ ■'-••■■ ■...«./. :<;

Without:lndividuäl leadership, general leadership'cermet.be strengthened, and b^SärnftSen, solidifying the fruitful result, of individual leader- ship can hardly be expected without, general leadership* .3:, , . .

Only when general leadership and individual leadership/are closely com- '' bined can the-leadership of our party display its great potentiality.

What can be done. to. brinr about theright öcÄnation.of geheral'and . individual ■leadership?'"' '""' ''•' ■■:■: :/,?,.; .'.•■;/'..■ "".:"' ";" ■-•■.;•.•..

Frequently,' s^me'iarty 'organizations find themselves ^s?^^^" ■• ■ ing to devife« general policies- to conduct business and: general ^^^P

. Stings, ^nd^iect^s to ^^^M:^^^'-X^^SS^- instructions that, have been made* On account of this,.whatever decisions

.,...' theymake seldOBi..get';;dovm tö; the'people. . .■ .;^ ■ • . v ■, :■■

They merely organize'some measures ^carry out the. given .^'j^L_ I" - they'setk-are concTrned with following through the W^^

:- ' ient nor observe the ^c^^Teofm^m^oB^^^^rs^ on the other hand,; they become involved = with preparing for - another meeting m

... order to take care "of more 'matters. .•,,... ";• ^ -i ■■'• -,', _>.

- Under these circumstanced ":■ main quite ignorant of the real situations prevailing-among the people; and -•'•' furtheSoreTthe workers are unable,to,ühderstahd the people's sentiments,

demands, and inclinations under such conditions. ■

-Accordingly, with these kinds of general leadership and general policies ■ which?have.been^fomulated"under^the.aboye-described circumstances, they

"■ ■••cahnöthope'to-attain their desired goal:in- the actual.implementation of . tnetr poScies. Furthermore these kind^of :^-^f ^^^hf S?

Policies are nothing but mechanical formalities which.do not, meet the ae- «^l-S:^^^^;^^«-^^^ the actual situations

' '.V ' that prevail, -v. , '.'.' ';..".'■ '"■"■< •-:•. '., .'■ V.'fV".'"..'v" l* -'Also, .there are.^ome-party crganiRations; that concentgte^olely on

one^seMent of collective leedership,without paying much attention to the^ over!a^?ure9of the tasks that'have been assigned-to them by the party under the pretext that, they are interested;^; strengthening, individual

leadership..-.. ..,._. !••"''..'...''',.-' ■'■■■■ ■■-..-:'- .'.-"■'"' '

-'25 -

Such party organisations may never hope to be well versed in many prob- lems affecting their own localities or their own fields of work; moreover, they are unable to exert influences of the party on over-all problems.

It is required of all the party organizations to be well-versed in those tasks that have been assigned to them, including all kinds of problems in all areas that come under their responsibility. Furthermore, they must render influence and leadership at all times, in individual fields as well as individual units.

If they were to be concerned solely with general leadership, then it becomes quite inevitable that they become ignorant of real-life situations; and it becomes impossible for them to render creative policies as well as party leadership which is dynamic. Consequently, this may result in the separation of the workers of the party and the public«

Moreover, if one were to concentrate on individual leadership, it may be that certain aspects of the work may be improved and developed compara- tively more than the other aspects. However, it becomes frequently possible that one will hardly be aware of the mistakes done in other fields of work or such serious defects may pass unnoticed. If the situation gets worse to a certain extent, there can never be realized a thorough execution of the policies laid out by the party nor an effective accomplishment of our tasks.

Therefore, it should be mentioned here that only when the two — gen- eral leadership and individual leadership — are closely combined can they display greatness in the exercise of party leadership.

When general leadership and individual leadership are closely inte- grated, then there is brought forth an enormous achievement in carrying out the tasks which have been assigned to us by the party as is evidences clearly in the actual experiences we have acquired in the course of carrying out numerous tasks.

The leadership displayed by the Central Committee of the Party for the purpose of implementing the decisions made at the December, 1956 all-member meeting of the Central Committee of the Party may be cited as an example.

The Central Committee of the Party, in an attempt to help implement thoroughly the decisions arrived at the December all-member meeting in con- nection with constructing a socialist society in our country, elucidated the objectives as well as significance of the task that our party proposed to carry out; at the same time, the Central Committee of the Party intensi- fied the general organisational set-up and measures for the purpose of better organizing and mobilizing the entire party members and the workers. The Central Committee of the Party also strove to strengthen individual leadership toward a positive mobilization of the people so that the staff members may be able to train the public by way of spreading among them the

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importance of individual reasoning, by discussing with them, and by studying as well as mobilizing their preparedness and capabilities.« -In this way, the Central Committee tried to generalize those experiences that they would have gained; furthermore, the body adopted a series of general policies by which they could make the results attained known to the public. ,,,,

As a result of this, the intention of the party was very well'under- stood by each'and every member of the party, including the workers; what is more, they regarded the tasks which had been assigned to them by the party as if these were their own work, and by displaying every possible creative wisdom in connection with carrying out these tasks, "they were able to achieve great and miraculous results which surprised everybody.. ,. • y

The above-mentioned information was found in a letter which was sent to all the party members by the Central Committee of the Party in connection with encouraging them in their struggle to carry out their tasks. '->■..•'■-

As has been noted in the foregoing, this particular, method, .of leader- ship which enabled the Central Committee.of the': Party-to realize.a"great result by way of combining.general leadership and individual leadership closely together has .become one of the practical living examples for all .. party organizations.

Then, in what way must general leadership and individual leadership be integrated? ... -

The party organizations, ofeouröe, are expected to .strengthen general leadership in connection with executing all matters. In other words, there must be general organizations as well as policies for the purpose of letting the party members and the.public know of'the-task assigned.by the'party and to organize and "mobilize, them for an effective execution thereof.

This, by the way, must become an extremely precise and practical one by virtue of being based on individual leadership. . '

Also, once you have general leadership and a general policy, then you must surely have individual leadership. In other words, with the same task.'.', that is presented in connection with general leadership, individual tasks must be approached and there ..must be •dynamic leadership for the purpose of' accomplishing them.

In terms of this kind of individual leadership, the question of whether. or not the general policies that" have been established for the sake of carry- ing out a certain given task is justifiable is to be investigated. Also, by observing as "well as scrutinizing the over-all practicability of policies in detail and by systematizing the results and experiences obtainedt we can

- 27 -

straighten out certain experiences and shortcomings and investigate their causes. On the basis of this undertaking, we should make a study of a sup- plementary policy for the purpose of promoting better results of the tasks. Individual leadership should not be made to stop growing right where it is but it must be integrated with general leadership.

It becomes important as well as necessary that individual leadership permeates through the area of focus and particular fields in order to de- velop as well as improve the tasks.

However, the party organizations must not be allowed to remain content simply with the achievements that come out from one or two units.

What is more important is how to strengthen and develop these achieve- ments and experiences which we have obtained through the exercise of indi- vidual leadership.

The experiences that we have acquired through the exercise of individual leadership and some new methods as well as policies which were discovered in this regard must become generalized and widely used; and by doing so, they must be made to render positive influence on over-all matters of the party in other fields.

In this way, by intensifying individual leadership, there is to be in- sured a raise in the qualitative standard of general leadership. Also, to fortify as well as develop the achievements of individual leadership by strengthening general leadership and vice versa is exactly what we term a right combination of general leadership and individual leadership.

Subsequently, the party organizations must organize as well as direct individual leadership very skillfully in the hope of attempting to strengthen general leadership; individual leadership must be strengthened for the sake of being able to display the vitality of general leadership to its fullest extent.

At the same time, in order to further reinforce and develop the achieve- ments of individual leadership, it must be integrated with general leader- ship very closely.

Thus, only when these two — general leadership and individual leader- ship — are closely integrated, may all the tasks called for by the party be effectively realized.

In order to bring about a close integration of general and individual leadership and to raise their qualitative standards, the party organizations must, first of all, strive to foster public-centered viewpoints among the people. The party organizations must also exert a constant effort so that these people may understand the methods of carrying out tasks by the party on the basis of a method prescribed by Marx and Lenin.

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Especially, those lesding workers who are responsible leaders themselves are called upon to study carefully and to understand the party policies and substantial content of the tasks of the party which are presented to them periodically. And on the basis of their understanding of the actual situa- tions that confront them, they must discern the central..• point, aftd the se- quence as to which one should be given priority; finally,'.their work .must be carried out with definite goals in mind.

29 -

• IV. IMPLEMENTING COMRADE PREMIER KIH IL-SONG'S INSTRUCTIONS IN THE PYONGYANG PROSECUTOR'S OFFICE

Min.iu Sabop Ch*oe Hak"9U

^Democratic Judicature/ No 5, May 1959» Pyongyang Pages 33-36 North Korean, per

A year has passed since our beloved comrade Premier Kim Il-song, at the National Judiciary-Prosecution meeting, elucidated once again the ju- diciary policy of our party and gave us an essential instruction which pointed to us the future course of our work.

There are a few notable results which Pyongyang City Prosecutor's Office attained in the course of implementing comrade Premier Kim Il-song»s instructions throughout last year. And among them are: there has been established an ideological backbone of the party among the workers; the rank and file members were further seasoned? and the party policy has been implemented with more thoroughness from the standpoint of law.

For some two months, following comrade Premier Kim Il-song's instruc- tions, there was conducted a self-appraisal on our own work under the di- rection of the party committee in F'yongyang City. Through the process of self-appraisal, some of the serious mistakes and shortcomings of our work caused by ideological influences which have been implanted by those few sectarians who are anti-party as well as counter-revolutionary, were critically analyzed. We were made thoroughly aware that one of the im- portant causes of such mistakes was that we did not study the policies of our party profoundly nor did we arm ourselves with our party's ideology.

One of the most urgent tasks as far as we are concerned is the problem of establishing firmly the ideological backbone among our workers and of training them as fighting soldiers for our party.

Under the direction of the party committee in the city, this problem is being well taken care of; and as a result of this, there have been realized many reforms in our work. Especially, while we were championing and executing the economic policies laid out by our party, we were also able to ecore fruitful results in our fight with criminals who undermined our efforts in the construction of a socialistic society; and furthermore, we were able to acquire a great deal of valuable experiences and lessons from such activity.

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' One of the noteirorthy facts in connection with the execution of the economic policies of our party at P'yongyang Cityprosecutor's Office was the restoration of general inspection work within the shortest possible time in the hope of attempting to carry out the fight'successfully;

In order to deter the implementation of the economic policies of;our party, those anti-party members as well as, counter-revolutionary factions who smuggled themselves into the prosecution agencies limited the central focus of our general inspection in the field of the people's economy to such problems-of secondary nature ashandling materials,' financial matters, labor protection, safety facilities, etc. As a result, we were not only kept away from the all-out effort to bring about the economic construction' of the party; but also we were made to ignore the inspection of the whole picture of implementing the plans for the people's economy wMch comprises apart of our national law. ,,,

Furthermore, it should be pointed out that these anti-party and counter- revolutionary sectarians would tell some of us workers who are not so re- liable that low'calibre workers who have, hardly any-technical as well as "professional knowledge of the economy could scarcely hope to inspect such an enormous problem as executing plans for the.people's economy orthe question of improving facilities and technological administration services. In other words, they promoted a mysterious as well as conservative ideology and attitude on the part of some; of the unreliable workers/; '"

However, we have discovered and corrected such practices'. Arid on the basis of the general economic construction policy, of our "party which call's for the preferential development of the heavy industries together with the development of light industries and agriculture,, we turned our eyes of in- spection toward the execution of the economic tasks;which.are presented to us periodically; especially the execution of the over-all plan of the peo- ple's economy. • ■■

In this way, on the basis.of the right combination of economic tasks that are presented by the party and the real problems stemming from the economic development service which is being.deployed in P'yongyang City district; there was-organized a considerable amount, of inspection services which enabled us to'accomplish .great results.:

Let Us examine the summary of our inspection work with regard to ä • certain'block plant. According to our findings, this plant realized only 69.7$ of the national planning assignment for the later part of the year i958. For the purpose of investigating the underlying cause of this de- ficiency, we interviexred, while relying on the party organizations of the party at the plant, members of the inspection service, members in charge of raw materials, members of on-rthe-spot.leader group, and enthusiast laborers, including a few conference groups as well as nucleus leaders, thus bringing them actively into the focus-of our.inspection process. As a result of

• -^ 51 -

this, we concluded that a cause of ifee deficiency was attributable to the fact that there existed an extremely low rate of use of the facilities. And one of the important causes of the low rate of use of the facilities was that these counter-revolutionary elements that got into power generated a division of the public works and the members of the facility maintenance crew including one who, under cover, occupied a position of a chief en- gineer and formulated miscalculated plans with regard to the use of various facilities and accessories; and furthermore, we were able to reveal that the cause of this deficiency was that these counter-revolutionary elements violated work regulations and committed damaging manipulations of these facilities.

In the following we shall note some of the experiences and lessons which we have acquired as a result of having rendered general inspection services in the field of the people's economy in our endeavor to execute the economic policy of the party, especially the implementation of the plans of the people's economy.

In connection with our general inspection for the purpose of executing the economic policies of the party, if we were unable to render our inspec- tion services over such matters as implementation of the national plans or of the party decisions for raising the use rate of facilities because we lacked vitality or because we did not have technical know-how, it would be all very well to say that what is needed is more technical know-how, but the problem is broader than this. The crux of the matter is that we fail to study sufficiently the policies of our party as well as the right ideo- logical viewpoint and the revolutionary outlook of the masses.

In other words, it was made possible for us to achieve good results insofar as our work is concerned only when we formulate correctly our funda- mental reasoning and actively bring the people to our inspection after having understood thoroughly the economic policies of our party and after having properly integrated them with the right plans in the execution of the economic policies of certain organizations.

If we were to study the policies, decisions, and instructions of the party superficially, and if we were to render our inspection services which are not adopted to the popular line of the party, then it would become im- possible for us to understand precisely that x*hich is right and that which is wrong in the execution of economic tasks. Furthermore, we learned through our experiences that we have xvasted our time and energy in tackling the problems of secondary importance and in rendering utterly fruitless in- spection services by just squabbling with the workers without substantial reasons for doing so.

Next, we were also able in our battle against crime to achieve a con- siderable amount of results by overcoming and liquidating unwholesome and toxic ideological influences which were implanted by those anti-party as

• - 32-

well as counter-revolutionary sectarian elements that were found among the preliminary workers and by firmly establishing the ideological backbone of the party.

In our fight against crime, the,wholesome principles of the party as well as of the ranks were firmly kept by the preliminary workers, and as a result of thi3, we were able to investigate each concrete "ease in terms of the mutual relationship of the rank and position .-of the(criminal, and the motive and objective of the crime that appeared in a.'form of encroachment upon society as well as cooperative organizations> let.alone the, crime com- mitted against the nation as a whole. In this way, hot only were.,we able to spot a considerable number of counterrevolutionary elements but also we were able to round up the accomplices, including other crimes that were concealed. " ,.. '-'■'■■'■':;■

In view of comrade Premier's statement, it should be the attitude of the judiciary workers which are based"on the: right ideological viewpoint to dispose of criminals with serious crimes who obstruct socialist con- struction by opposing revolution, killing people, and stealing from them, thus' causing disorder, in our society. One of bur important tasks is to take care of those criminal Cases speedily as well as correctly and, at the same time,'to handle those, unsettled cases in which crimes, have been committed and the culprit has'been identified. As a result"of this,' there were achieved considerable results* -

The matter of taking care of the case in which crime, has been com- mitted and the culprit is identified promptly and correctly, poses a great problem of significance in-connection with intensifying our fight against crime. Indeed, this matter depends;oh how well,the principles prescribed by the party, as well as by the .rank and file were, applied and how much re- sponsibility, and. initiative were displayed by. the preliminary trial workers in their fight against crime.

The matter aisd depends,., in many'instances, on how systematically each preliminary hearing has been conducted by the trial workers.

According to what our past experiences have taught us, the task of .carrying a thorough job in .connection'with systematizing the preliminary hearings on the part of the preliminary "trial workers serves to intensify our fight against crime as it enables us to find out precisely who the criminal is and what crimehas been committed. Furthermore, it also en- ables the "preliminary trial workers to' cultivate their reasoning ability, to raise their qualities, to avoid uniiecessary preliminary hearings, and to simplify the keeping of records concerning matters-of preliminary hear- ing» ■ . :" : • ..".,'" ': . '"'■"• ■ -'

-33-

In this way, the qualitative aspect of the preliminary hearings has been notably enhanced; and the preliminary hearing periods have been re- duced to' almost one-half as compared with the previous number and the record-keeping matters have relatively been made simpler.

It was not an easy task to take care of the considerable number of cases in which crimes were committed but culprits have remained unidentified for a long period of time. However, it was our duty and obligation which needed to be fulfilled without fail especially in view of the fact that these duties have been given to us by the party as well as by the state as mentioned in comrade Premier's instructions. And for the purpose of ensur- ing the construction of a socialist nation, no criminal must be allowed to go unapprehended.

As the past experiences point out, those criminals who have committed crimes quite often and yet were able to manage to cover themselves up did not, in many instances, attempt to surrender themselves to make voluntary confessions; instead, they remained obstacles in our effort to build a so- cialist nation by persistently committing crimes which were better planned and cleverly done.

Therefore, it becomes our duty to see to it that those criminals who remain living incognito by evading the law or deceiving the eyes of the people must be spotted and punished severely. In this way, an effort should be made to prevent these criminals from committing crimes again and at the same time to make sure to maintain order in our society.

Some of the important steps which we took in order to attempt to re- solve the unsettled cases were to conduct a general evaluation concerning the experiences of the preliminary hearings and to try to draw inferences concerning the actual situation of the incident on the basis of evidences and other data collected from certain concrete cases. In this way, we would be able to establish a general direction and plans of the preliminary hearings, and in carrying out the activities of the preliminary hearings those activities may be based on the popular line of the policy of the party.

To state this in more concrete terms, we try to relate these unsettled cases that we have in our organization with those that have already been settled, and classify them according to the types of the crimes. Once this is done, then they are classified into other categories in terms of types, times, and locations and the same types of crimes are grouped together. For example, we group crimes which involve the destruction of government buildings and property into one group called larceny on national property, such as the type which is characterized by breaking through glass. The other type that does not bear any trace of breakage whatsoever gives an im- pression that intrusion was plotted internally by those who work there, etc.; these are broken down further in terms of the location of the crime and the time of the commission of the offense.

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Since the criminal methods and means employed by the offenders are, in many instances, specialized ones, it is possible for us to obtain certain data as we have noted in the foregoing in the course of analyzing and in- tegrating them. Furthermore, on the basis of these experiences, we are. able to plan a certain course for preliminary trial. On the basis of these, and as a result of the earnest and energetic activities employed by the preliminary trial workers, we are able to solve a considerable number of unsettled cases.

An important lesson which we learned in connection with our fight to take care of those unsettled cases was the fact that the preliminary trial workers were apathetic and complacent in their fight against crime; they afforded the criminals a chance in many instances to act freely with im- punity on account of superficial behavior. This cannot be anything else but that they have accorded these criminals "generosity" consciously or uncon- sciously.

As was clearly evidenced, a considerable number of people have been caught and punished through this kind of superficial trial on the basis of what appears to be their crimes outwardly. For an example, if we were to look at the unlawful slaughtering of cattle that took place in a certain section of P'yongyang City district, we would find that the accomplices in this incident numbered some ten members and most of them are later found to be habitual criminals who have been convicted from two to three times previously and who have slaughtered cattle unlawfully. This is sufficient for us to undetstand how devastating is the effect made in our effort to construct a socialist nation on account of the superficial trial of crimi- nals by the preliminary trial workers.

The experiences and lessons which we have acquired as a result of our fight against crime as noted in the foregoing, on the whole, have served to help strengthen the dictatorship by the proletariat, to conduct an un- compromising fight against the entire counter-revolutionary elements and unwholesome ideology that are opposed to revolution, as our comrade Premier has instructed us; furthermore, they served to help reject passiveness, conservatism, mysticism, and any other old work methods and ideological remnants which are regarded to be formalistic. We learned through our ex- periences which we have obtained for the past one year that if we observe the principle of uniting together, adopt and integrate properly the study and exposition of individual as well as collective preliminary trials, in- troduce extensively advanced science and technology, and substantiate the responsibilities and activities of the preliminary trial workers while re- lying entirely on the popular line of the revolution, then there can be no crime nor criminal that cannot be spotted and taken care of.

If I were asked to tell you in one word about our experiences and lessons which we have acquired in the course of our effort to execute the instructions given by our comrade Premier, it would be this: Whenever we

-35-

Studien* profoundly the policies of the party and firmly established the ide- ological viewpoint of the party as we had been instructed by comrade Premier, there were achieved results in our work} whenever we failed to do so, there were revealed defects in our work.

In view of our comrade Premier's instructions, there are still many defects and shortcomings in our work; and improper methods of solving prob- lems are not yet completely exterminated.

This is an indication of the fact that the instructional spirit, .of our comrade Premier has not yet completely become a part of ourselves. There- fore, it invokes our duty to study profoundly the instructions of our com- rade Premierj by striving to combine the fight to carry out one's own work concretely with the effort to raise the qualitative aspect of prosecution work, we must strive to raise the standard of one's own work to that, of the political standard called for by our party and the Premier.

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V. FOR ACCURATE DISPOSITION OP CASES INVOLVIHG PERSONS OP UNKNOWN ORIGIN AND IDENTIFICATION

MinJuSabop . ' -, Paek Man-su /Democratic Judicature/ No 6, June 1959, P'yongyang Pages 20-22 North Korean, per

The national notary public office shall certify that any person who has left his original address for more than a year and for whom the office has no record is a person of unknown origin.

The letter of certification concerning a person of unknown origin be- comes a legal basis on which the part of the civil code relationship and other rights, as well as obligations, may be realized between the person of unknown origin and others with whom monetary interests are involved. And in certain special cases, it can be used as legal evidence in identifying one's social status.

This very phenomenon poses great significance in that it eliminates the conditional existence of the endless number of unstable citizens and strengthens the lawful order in the society of the republic. Subsequently, it becomes important to understand that the certificate concerning persons of unknown origin should, first of all, be issued on the basis of an ex- haustive investigation as to his whereabouts to ensure a thorough degree of accuracy thereof.

If, however, the certification were to be made to the effect that a person with unknown origin would be regarded as of unknown origin, or if a person with no accurate origin is to be recognized as one of proper origin and vice versa, this will result in an unjust encroachment of financial as well as individual rights, all unexpectedly on the part of the person him- self as well as others with whom he shares monetary interests.

Subsequently, in order to ensure accuracy of information concerning a person of unknown origin, the responsibility of the party is required — a responsibility which is higher than that of the workers in this field — and a high degree of circumspection and positive attitude in accordance with the circumstances for each given case.

Recognizing such need, Act No. 26 of the Ministry of Justice of 6 Au- gust, 1957, concerning "rules and regulations pertinent to the notary pub- lic office" specified the procedures of certifying persons of unknown origin.

-37-

As wa3 pointed out in Act No. 26, it becomes important in certifying a person of unknown origin to ascertain information about him in accordance ... with the following procedures: In other words, in case a person listed as ; missing has no occupation, there must be accompanied a confirmation cer- tificate issued by the People's Committee —• Tong Office — in thevdistrict of his last residence; in case he is known to have had an occupation, the confirmation letter issued by the place of his last work must be submitted together tiiith an application for a certificate of person of unknown origin. Together with this certificate, there is made further effort, by fixing the / investigation period to two to four months, to inquire from relatives or other witnesses about the missing person and ascertain, by way of referring to the Central Address Information Center (ChungangChuso Anneso), his where- abouts, the date when he was last seen, and the reason for filing the appli- cation for the certificate. And in some instances there must be accompanied a prompt action on the on-the-spot confirmation by referring the matter to. , the permanent residence or other organisations if needed. Jurthermpre, in- the event that the person listed as missing happens to be,a person who has -\. served in the army, the matter must surely be referred to hia respective military unit. . . w,-, '

In spite of the fact that the procedures concerning this matter have.■ been thus established, some workers, according to what was revealed in '. their actual work, still do; not seem to possess proper notions with' regard, . to the certificate of persons of unknown origin and, therefore, are not"..-:.-,. cautious in handling this matter.' Furthermore, they are causing:a great amount of defects by not observing the specified procedures and by handling, matters irresponsibly. '".*,.'..

Some workers, in issuing the certificate of persons of unknown origin, erroneously certify that certain persons who later have been found to be residing in other localities,-are missing persons on'accpunt of their hav- .,. ing handled the matter very;rashly without prudent investigation or con- firmation as to the persons' personality, living conditions, including other subjective as well as objective considerations. There is needed discre- tionary caution and prudent investigation of matters presented to us as a result of an accident, or haying left home on account of disharmony in the family, especially since the armistice. .. , ..

As a result of the workers' irresponsible handling of certifications of persons of unknown origin under the pretext that these persons have been missing for over a year, there appeared many dishonest men in terms of moral responsibility. These men, in some extreme instances, ill-treat their wives, and send them to their former homes. And under the pretext' that ä person is missing, they deceive the notary public office, thus obtaining a cer- tificate of persons of unknown origin "in order to demand divorce from his^ wife. This kind of phenomenon has been revealed in court in connection with trials of divorce cases involving those who have fled to South Korea. In trying these kinds of cases, it is undoubtedly necessary for the court to

- 38 -

declare a judgment on divorce after having verified that the person involved is one of unknown origin and after having undergone a thorough investiga- tion of the case in accordance with the specified regulations laid out. Despite these regulations, there are some courts that would declare, without conducting a thorough investigation of the case, a judgment validating di- vorce without making any declaration concerning the person's whereabouts by simply replacing the matter with a piece of paper issued by the chairman of the Li People's Committee which states that "I agree to the divorce judgment because of the person's unknown whereabouts."

Some workers in this field received appropriate post office box numbers in connection with verifying data about military personnel of unknown origin or unknown class. In this regard, No. 190 Ministry of Justice Order of 6 March, 1957, consists of a provision "concerning the notification pro- cedures of military personnel in connection with certifying persons of un- known origin." In the event'that the title — be it Chonsa, Hasa, or Kunsa, of a military person is not known, attention is called to the notification of the Field Post Office Box No. 53535, the Korean People's Army; concerning the political Btaffs, Field Post Office Box No. 53528, the Korean People's Army; and all the other military officers, except those political staff mem- bers, should be reported to the Field Post Office Box No. 53539» the Korean People's Army. Despite these specific instructions concerning the notifi- cation procedures, there are some who record the information incorrectly and others even put down incorrect information. Furthermore, a form is provided to those who are filing notification information. In this regard, they are requested to put on the form such information as the person's family relationships, address, name, etc. Instead of filling out the in- formation sheet correctly, however, they omit putting the information to- gether. As a result of this, the authority concerned with this matter is, in many cases, confronted with obstacles in processing notification and is often confused; this in many instances results in the delay of our work in taking care of these matters.

Another common practice which calls our attention in connection with issuing certifications of persons of unknown origin is the fact that the workers in this field issue certifications blindly without knowing what purposes the applicants have in mind in applying for these papers; it may be that workers in this field do not possess firmly established viewpoints concerning the people. As a result of this, there are issued many certifi- cations that are not at all consistent with the purposes of the applicants; hence, it can be said that many unnecessary certifications have been issued, thus incurring waste of energy and money. This kind of phenomenon is prevalent in connection with trying to obtain certifications for the purpose of getting a divorce. In such cases, the appropriate authority must main- tain a close relationship with the court in order to check on cases to see to it that the matter has substantial and clear-cut grounds in attempting to initiate divorce. And if not, there must be devised a way not to issue any unnecessary certification mechanically.

-39-

Also, some workers content that it requires a certain tin» limit in .". conducting an investigation in connection with issuing a certification of person of unknown origin. However, instead of conducting &• speedy investi- gation, they conduct inquiry very slowly without any particular" reason for doing so, or they irresponsibly leave the matter to take its own course and set out to undertake the inquiry only when they are pressed with the issue by the applicants. On account of this, there are instances in which the handling of these .matters becomes considerably delayed and furthermore, the workers are not able to meet the needs of applicants on time.

In view of some illogical-elements embodied in the old system of trans- ferring a case concerning the issuing of certifications of persons of. un- known origin in accordance with the Ministry-Regulation Ko:» 12 of. 12 May, 1956, "concerning the transfer, of the matters pertaining to issuing.certi- fications of persons of unknown origin," some workers abolished this old system. Witli the insuance of the Ministry Order No. 26 on 8 November,:1958y- there was made a provision "concerning the matter of simplifying the work of the notary public office." Subsequently., the issuance of the certifica- tions of persons of. unknown Origin' is to be,made only by the notary public office located in the same district in which the missing person has last lived as has been practiced in the past. In spite of this regulation, there are .those who do not observe this principle; and by transferring the matter to the notary public office located in another locality, create some • delay and confusion in handling the matter.

Some of these defects that are created in connection with the handling of persons of unknown origin are indicative of the fact that.some workers are still not quite aware of the significance of certifying persons of un- known origin; furthermore, it indicates that these workers have not yet • assumed a high*degree of responsibility given by the party, and lack cir- cumspection in handling these matters.

In order to rectify speedily the common practices which we have ob- , served in the foregoing and to ensure accuracy throughout the work, each one of the workers in this field must learn to recognize clearly the sig- • nificance that this certification bears. In disposing the matter, they must observe keenly the specified'regulations and procedures in this re- gard. The workers must make-an all-out effort in order not.to lef any kind of inaccuracy take place by assuming the responsibility given by the party.

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VI. RULES ON IDENTIFICATION AND FINGERPRINTING OF OFFENDERS

Min.lu Sabop Lee Kyong-yong

Tpimocratic Judicature/ No 7, July 1959, Pyongyang Pages 52-56 North Korean, per

Identifying individuals for the purpose of spotting offenses is of significance. During ancient times, offenders had their hands, legs, and noses severed or their foreheads and arms branded for the purpose of iden- tification. In the middle ages and the mid-nineteenth century, a "state- ment on physiological characteristics" was used for identification purposes; and during the latter part of the nineteenth century the »measurement of the body" was utilized in order to identify offenders. However, these numerous methods had many drawbacks. Therefore, the fingerprinting system came into existence in the latter part of the nineteenth century.

The reason fingerprinting has been used in identifying offenders can be attributed to the fact that fingerprints are first completely formed on the sixth month while a child is still in his mother's womb and the contour of his fingerprint patterns remain unchanged even after a person dies till the patterns are destroyed as a result of decay of the epidermis; it can also be attributable to the fact that no two individuals are known to possess the same fingerprint patterns.

By fingerprint is meant the pattern in the forms of depression and ridges on the palm side epidermis of the fingertip. The patterns which are formed on the epidermis appear according to the patterns of the cutis of the fingertip. Therefore, even if the epidermis has suffered bums or cuts, there always remains the same patterns on the epidermis as before, provided that there is made no damage of the cutis.

The ridges that appear on the epidermis bear varied shapes, and so, depending on the shape of the patterns, they are divided into three dif- ference categories, namely, the arch type, the loop type, and the whorl type. This classification comes handy in connection with registration with the detective bureau and with identifying fingerprints.

The arch type of ridge is made of t*ave-like patterns. The wave-like patterns start from one side and continue on the other side and the lines never come back to the point from which they originate.

By the whorl type of ridge is meant the form of a horseshoe-like pat- tern. The line which starts from one side continuing toward the opposite direction and then recurves toward the point where it originates, but the two lines often do not meet.

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The loop type has two kinds of shapes. If the recurving ridge — horseshoe-like line — enters the patterns on the thumb side of the hand, then the shape is called radial loop; and if the line of the.ridge is toward the small finger side of the hand, when the shape is called unlar loop. As one of the characteristics of the loop type, there are formed three deltas.

By the whorl type of ridge is meant the circular or oval shape, etc. This can be further classified into whorl type and circular type in a nar- row sense of the term, and these two can still be divided into loop type, twin loop, type, single loop type, composite loop type* and deviational type. As one of the characteristics of the whorl type, there are found two > deltas, in some instances three deltas, and in rare cases even four deltas.

As we have noted in the foregoing, fingerprints., are. varied according.,. to shapes and even types that fall under the same category are said to.have- unique individual characteristics insofar as their detailed composition is; • concerned. Furthermore, fingerprints leave marks oh objects. The reason is that the epidermis on. which fingerprints are formed are evenly covered with sweat and small amounts of fat' that are free from any.solid: body; and . ..' sweat and fat have the'characteristics .of being easily isolated from the epidermis whenever they come -in contact with an external object because • they firmly.stick to the object. By the fingerprinting system is meant the method of utilizing the, characteristics.of: fingerprints, namely, their unchangeability, unerasability, and tendency to leave marks- on objects, as we have observed in the foregoing/ in connection with identifying offenders.

Since the marks that are left by fingers on objects are colorless, they cannot be noticed easily by the naked eye. Consequently, it becomes necessary for us to develop latent fingerprints so that they can be seen macroscopic. "

Developing Latent Fingerprints .

In developing fingerprints there are two methods. One of them is by shining an object from a 40-r45 degree angle focusing on the marks. ; In a dark room, a flashlight or candle can be used to shine on the marks and while rotating the object bearing the marks in different angles from the light, an examination of the fingerprints can.be made. The other method^ is by coloring the. fingerprints with the use of powder, vapors, and liquids* In order to utilize the latter, it becomes necessary for one, first of all, to understand the components of perspiration.. In the .following-we shall note two analyses of perspiration components.

They are:

(a) 98$ water* 0.5 to 0.9$ sodium chloride, a "small amount of cal- cium, phosphoric salt, Carbolic acid, sulphuric acid, organic compound- lactic acid, grape,sugar, and urea

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(b) 98.5% to 99.5$ water, a 0.5$ to 1.5$ mixture of inorganic and organic matter, and among these 1/3 are inorganic, or sodium chloride, and 2/3 are organic, consisting of urea, volatile fatty acid, and 0.045^ pro- tein.

The reason why the results of these two analyses are not identical is that perspiration always contains a mixture of metabolic matters; or it may be attributable to the fact that even one person has different kinds of perspiration due to various reasons.

The reason why powder is used in developing latent prints is that powder adheres to the perspiration and fat that makes the prints. There- fore, powder must be fine and free from moisture; it should not be dissolved by perspiration and fat.

If the surface of an object that bears the fingerprints is wet, then powder cannot be applied. And the use of powder is not very effective if the perspiration has evaporated and the fat has dried as a result of a long lapse of time after the prints are made. Also, if perspiration and fat have been smeared into an object that bears the prints, then the use of powder is ineffective in some cases.

In using powder for the purpose of developing latent prints, the powder must be in distinct contrast to the color of the object. For ex- ample, when you wish to develop prints on white paper, use black powder and when you want to develop prints on black paper, use white powder.

There are varied kinds of powders which can be used in developing prints. Here are some representative ones:

blue, maganese per-

Lampblack, aluminum powder, copper oxide, zinc oxide, deep Paris blue, minium, antimony, porcelain clay, cobalt oxide, maganes« oxide, cinnabar, copper powder, etc.

If you add a small amount of sap powder which is strongly adhesive into any of the above-listed powders and mix them well, you will be able to get better results.

In order to develop latent prints with the iodine fume method, put iodine crystals into a glass container and heat over an alcohol lamp. When violet-colored vapors appear, suspend a piece of paper over the glass.con- tainer and the spots which are stained with perspiration and fat turn brown as the carbon in the iodine and the carbon in fat are combined, causing a chemical reaction.

However, this color is not permanent; the color disappears as the io- dine evaporates. Consequently, in order to preserve the marks that are caused by the iodine for a sustained period of time, solutions of benzin,

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gelatin, and glycerin must be used. If these solutions are used, the color turns reddish purple and remains so for a few months. Besides this tiethod, a solution which is made by adding 100 cc of distilled water to 1 gram of barium chloride Jor anhydrous calcium chloride jjy may be applied over the object. In this case the color turns dark brown. If washed with water at this time, the color may be preserved for a long time.

In order to develop iatent prints that are made of perspiration and" - fat with the use of osmic acid fumes, heat.15$ of 'osmic acid at 100 degrees. Then apply the vapor to the prints. The fumes of.osmic acid cause a chemi- cal reaction on glycerin and stearic acid in the fat and consequently, the depression lines turn white and the ridge lines turn gray.

In coloring the latent prints, solutions such as osmic acid, ninhydrine, 3ilver nitrate, and shutan No. 3 are available.

... For the purpose of coloring with the solution of silver nitrate, 8-10$ of silver nitrate solution must be used. After having dipped the object bearing thepriiits into this solution for about 15 minutes, you have to ' wash it with water for a few minutes and dry'it in a dark room.. After this, it has to be exposed to bright light or be put in ä formalin reductive agent wliich has an agent of alkali, or in a photographic developer to be washed again with water and then,dried. Silver nitrate reacts to salt chloride Which is contained in the. latent prints and produces silver chloride; This silver chloride turns into metal by being exposed to sun rays or by the application of other chemicals. As a result of this process, the spot that is exposed to salt chloride turns black.and the ridge lines are developed.

For latent prints not to fade for a long time, 20$-JO$ silver nitrate solution may have to be used. . ■'.;■• ' '

Silver nitrate must be dissolved in distilled Water because ordinary water contains salt.

If you add a small amount of acetic acid to a solution of silver-ni- trate, the latent prints may be developed better.

If you develop the latent prints with the use of nitrate, they turn black. Because of this, a solution which is made by adding 99 cc spirit of wine to 1 gram of sunhong. may.be. used to return it to its original color.

In.order to develop latent prints with the use Of a solution of osmic acid, you apply 2($ osmic acid on top of the latent print. At this time, osmic acid causes a chemical reaction on fat and causes the.color to change metallic black. Osmic acid is what causes ah extremely sensitive chemical reaction on fat. _,.,.,

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In order to develop latent prints with the use of shutan solution after having heated it with alcohol, add 30 or 40 grams of shutan to 500 cc of alcohol and heat for 24 hours at 40 degrees and use after it has cooled.

Shutan No. 3 is a coloring element that colors fat.; In cither words, when fat is colored it turns black. •■■■■ <

Recently, there was developed a method in which ninhydrine is used in developing latent prints. This method is widely used by many countries. The reason is that ninhydrine causes a sensitive chemical reaction with amino acid, which is the protein in perspiration, and causes it.to turn red.

Two grams of ninhydrine is used with 100 cc of aceton, 0.3 cc of gla- cial acetic acid, 6 cc of distilled water, and 75 mg of cadmium chloride.

This solution for developing latent prints turns protein red. ;

.l Another method for using ninhydrine is to spray a mixed solution of butanol 4 (distilled at 118 degrees) + glacial acetic acid 3 (distilled at 115-117 degrees) + H205 with an atomizer and dry the prints indoors. Then spray them with the solution which is made by disolving 0.1 gram of nin-, hydrine in 100 cc of aceton, and dry by heating them to 90-100 degrees. The latent prints will then turn violet. ;!

Since ninhydrine. causes a sensitive chemical reaction in.protein, it can be used in developing latent prints that are comparatively old.

As we. noted in the, foregoing, one can develop latent prints by making use of powder, vapors, and liquids. However, since Hhere aredifferences in developing methods, depending on the type of material the latent prints are found, some of the methods used are listed below.

1. If latent prints are. found on paper, use bsinac acid, silver ni-, -. träte, 'lampblack, antimony, shutan No. 3, copper oxide, iodine, cobalt oxide, etc.>- /_,,...,•.••'■

2. If on glass, use aluminum powder, antimony, zinc oxide, shutan 3, osmic acid, and deep scarlet.

3. If on porcelain, use;antimony, copper oxide, cinnabar, manganese - dioxide, arid aluminum powder.

4. If on metal, use aluminum powder, white lead powder, and antimony»

5. If oh'Wood, use silver nitrate, antimony, zinc sulphate, etc.

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6. If on leather goods, use porcelain clay, copper powder, and white lead powder.

7. If on celluloid, use antimony and porcelain clay.

To identify a person on the basis of latent prints, one must learn to be able to judge fingerprints expertly.

Methods of Judging Fingerprints

In order to judge fingerprints, one has to compare the general construc- tion of patterns of fingerprints obtained on the spot with the one obtained from the suspect. Furthermore, one should count the number of ridge lines that appear between the central point of the patterns and the delta (if the fingerprints obtained are only partial, then the central point would not be considered).

The following are some of the characteristics of ridge lines: diverg- ing points, final points, diverging lines, converging lines, single lines, rakeline-like lines, and short bridging lines.

In fingerprinting there is what is called a white line. This line is characterized by its changing nature, unlike the ridge lines of finger- prints which do not change.

The pores that appear on the ridge lines may be regarded as important characteristics of fingerprints. The pores have permanency, comparatively speaking, and their density, size, shape, and distribution differ according to individuals, and each finger has pores of varying sizes.

Especially when fingerprints obtained on the spot show only a part of a finger, the pores play a significant role.

As for other characteristics, we can mention scars that appear in connection with judging fingerprints.

To establish the exact identify of two fingerprints in terms of size should not be attempted because their size may undergo slight changes, de- pending on such factors as the difference in the amount of pressure of the curvature of the fingers, varying sizes of fingers, resulting from physio- logical development, and an increased amount of fat, although the outline of the fingerprints may never change.

It is the responsibility of anyone who attempts to judge fingerprints in connection with developing latent prints with the use of powder to be- come aware of the fact- that particles of powder may at times conceal some

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detailed characteristics of the fingerprints. Therefore, it becomes im- portant for those who judge fingerprints to take this into consideration whenever they attempt to make ä judgment.,. •

When requesting a judgment of fingerprints, one must furhishy without-'- fail, the following information to the person who is to .make the judgment: ;

1, Object on which the prints appear.

2. Pictures as well as films which show the prints.. ...

5. Fingerprints obtained from a suspect.

4. Fingerprints of those who were present when the incident took place, including those who could have possibly touched the object.

In judging fingerprints, each characteristic is-individually analyzed and compared. However, in drawing a conclusion, the person who isJff*8 the prints should not base his judgment on the identity of all of the in- dividual characteristics hut rather on the result of: his synthesis and

. generalization of the characteristics and essential; features which are found in the compared fingerprints.: Consequently, the,comparison should ■ always be. based" on an analysis; and synthesis which will enable one to recognise the identity more 'carefully.

An.argument which says that there must be recognized at least 12 identical characteristics in order for. one to establish identity of finger- prints- is unfounded. The reason'is that finding even one very rare charac- teristic may be worth more than'12 diverging lines that are found along the periphery.' '""' ', ' •■'■<■ •

In judging fingerprints, as may be the'case with various problems of judgment, all the necessary information available and. pertinent to the case under investigation must be told:to the person who is to render a judgment. The reason forthisTis that only by studying the entire picture of the

• problem can the investigator analyze the fingerprints more specifically.

Fingerprint Registration ••

Fingerprint registration is "done-by a systematic,investigation of fingerprints of those who have committed specific offenses previously.

Fingerprint;registration serves to identify,those who have served court sentences previously'and'who live incognito by concealing their real names, and to establish identity, of those offenders on the basis of finger- prints found at the scene of a crime.

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An unknown body can be identified through its fingerprints.

There have been devised numerous fingerprint registration methods in many foreign countries, and they differ from country to country because their distribution differs. Consequently, it is necessary to study care- fully the fingerprint distribution of a particular nation to be able to adopt the best method.

There are numerous fingerprint registration methods. However, a few of the representative methods are called the Galton method, Henry method, Walter /? J method, and Herchel method.

In general, fingerprint methods can be divided into the single finger- print registration method and the 10-finger registration method.

The single fingerprint method classifies all the fingerprints into four basic types, namely, arch type, radial loop type, ulnar loop type, and whorl type.

The single fingerprint registration method is used in connection with establishing the identity of an offender on the basis of the fingerprints that are found on the spot. Consequently, this method is needed most keenly by the capitalist nations where there are prevalent professional crimes and repeated offenses. The socialist nations, where such offenses are non- existent or almost nonexistent, have no need for this method.

According to the 10-finger registration method,, all ten fingers of an offender are fingerprinted on pieces of cards and each finger bears a cor- responding number. Since these cards are arranged in accordance with mathematical formulae, the method enables one to locate promptly the de- sired card which is mixed with many other cards.

If one were to arrange the cards without studying the fingerprints distribution of his country concretely, the cards may be concentrated heavily on one point, making them unworkable. This must be avoided.

The fingerprints that are registered serve to.identify persons and are used in establishing the identity of an offender on the basis of the finger- prints found on the spot. Besides, they also serve to establish the iden- tity of dead bodies. If a dead person had committed an offense and his fingerprints registered, his card will serve to identify him.

As we have noted in the foregoing, the fingerprinting system is an advanced scientific method which has been developed by relying on a natural science method to establish an individual's identity. Those engaged in judiciary work must thoroughly understand the significance of fingerprints.

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Whenever the members of a preliminary trial group find a need to go to the scene of the offense, they must always make it a point to take along their briefcase containing a kit in which are found all the necessary tools for developing- latent prints. When they arrive at the scene, they have to employ a fingerprinting system in order to determine whether or not there are fingerprints.

Concerning the value of the latent prints that are developed from the standpoint of evidence, the writer has already dealt with it in connection with actual work. In our country there have been numerous examples in which offenders have been apprehended with the use of fingerprints.

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VII. SEVENTH WORLD STUDENTS' FESTIVAL

Kodune; Mit Kisul Kyoyuk /Higher and Technical Education/ No 7, July 1959, T'yongyaAg Page 61 North Korean, per

There will be held the Seventh World Students' Festival from 26 July till 4 August in Vienna, the capital city of Austria, for the purpose of fostering peace and goodwill.

The delegation of the Korean students that will participate in this festival has already made a vast contribution in fostering peace and good- will among the youths throughout all the six festivals which have been held in the past. As they did in the past, the delegation will try to introduce through various programs and gatherings of this year's festival the great achievements and happy life which the Korean people and youths have realized in their efforts toward constructing a socialist nation under the leader- ship of our party.

Our delegation will participate in various regional youth meetings and will tell, in an exciting manner, the other youths of various occupations from many other nations about the way we are making a great stride in building a socialist nation.

Especially, in the field of construction work, our delegation will in- form these youths of our great achievement scored in connection with the mechanization of construction work in Korea, including the rise in tech- nological standards by the youth workers.

The university student delegation, through various seminar meetings, will introduce the over-all picture of the development of the people's edu- cation and advanced studies.

With a high degree of affirmation and pride, the delegation will ex- plain our compulsory educational system on the secondary school level which is already in effect, resulting from the correct policy of our party, and the compulsory educational system in technical education which is to go into effect before long.

At numerous theater stages in Vienna, our artist delegation will demonstrate to all the other delegations from different nations the culture and art of our people which are being enlightened as well as developed un- der the right policy of our party.

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In this way, the student delegation of our country,. by taking advantage of this festival, will intensify our oust fight for bringing about a peace- ful unification of our country, which is the highest hope of all the Korean people. • At the same tpae, we shall strive to strengthen-our union with the youths of other socialist nations, including those of the Soviet.Union,, in

goodwill.

In this way, our student delegation will hope to encourage the .present, generation of other nations and will make a great contribution toward the peace movement of the youths of all the world.

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VIII. FAMILYl'SM CANNOT BE CONQUERED WITHOUT A POSITIVE SYSTEM

Tang Kanbudulege Chunun Ch'amgo Charyo 0 Yong-su /Reference Materials for Party Cadres/ Director, Chong P'yong- No 2, February 1959, P'yoRgyang kun City party planning committee

Pages 49-53 North Korean, per

Collective Leadership in the Changton-li Party Organization

There existed a great many shortcomings in the work of the Changton-li Party Organization until recently. The decision and instructions that are periodically issued by both the government and the party were not carried out on time nor properly. And there were workers who have either deceived the state or wrongly carried out the decisions of the government as well as the party; and furthermore, they have continuously led a decadent life. Nevertheless, these are not even criticized nor corrected on time, but are simply overlooked.

As a result, political, economic, cultural, and all other matters have been developed in Changton-li at a very slow pace. Some interviews with the staff members and the party nucleus on the li level — though the in- formation acquired was very cursory — revealed that a fundamental reason why the li projects do not progress steadily is that the Han clan and the Kim clan, who live in this locality in large groups, are still absorbed in the conception of old lineage matters, thus forming familyism and de- veloping the tendency of overlooking each other's shortcomings. Especially, we also came to realize that the backwardness in this locality was due to some impure elements among the clans who have come to occupy staff positions on the li level and who have led their kinsfolk in a wrong direction, thus ignoring the execution of the decisions made by the government and behaving in a barroful manner continuously.

In view of these circumstances, the collective leadership group, by assisting the li party organization, attempted to explain and make the party members and the people realize the harmful effect of familyism. The leadership group also presented the problem of mobilizing the people for a fight in overcoming familyism that clings around lineage.

Furthermore, the leadership group went on working in an attempt to understand such matters as how the pattern of familyism in lineage is formed, the ranks of "chieftains" who head family cliques and the harmful behavior shown by them, the manifestation of familyism and its harmful effect, and understanding the people that form the party nucleus as well as the passive ones among these people. The reason for this kind of study

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is that without studying and analyzing these concrete circumstances, it is impossible to conduct an effectively organized political campaign against : familyism in lineage.

Therefore, the leadership group organized tasks better in an attempt to understand the real-life circumstances by utilizing varied methods on ., all levels.

Our separate interviews with comrade Han Sin-t'ek, a member of the party nucleus who has been waging a correct campaign or the. purpose of overcoming familyism, was of enormous help in connection.with our work.

As a result of our interview with him, we came to understand quite well such matters as the composition of familyism, which centered on family lineage in Changton-li, and the ranks of Han Ch'ang-hwan and Han Chong-chun, who 'act as "chieftains" among the family circles, and their.harmful,be- havior. In other words, we learned that. both.HanCh'angrhwan and Han Chong-chun, under the pretext.that they are the "eldest grandchildren by the eldest son," have collected such funds as "expenses.for administering . ancestors' tombs," "expenses for erecting, tombstones," "dues from the kins- man, " etc. We also learned that the Hans bou^it farm lands:with the funds thus collected and took life easy, doing nothing while they let the tenants take cai-ft of the'land; we also learned that following-the liberation of Korea in 1945, they surrounded themselves with Han kinsfolk and impure loyel followers by making use of cunning methods in forming a pattern of familyism and have committed all sorts of harmful deeds.

Han Ch'ang-hwan rejected the people with different surnames from dif- ferent localities, won a position for himself as production division chair- man of a certain association with the support of the Han kinsfolk, and was extremely vicious.

After having surrounded himself with Han kinsfolk, and impure loyal followers, he would always contend, in order that the farmers would sur- render to his own interests, that the favors rendered to the farmers in that locality by the party and the. government are due to his favoritism. And in an extreme instance, he even misinformed his superiors of inaccu- rate figures about production yields, thus receiving a great.deal of grain from the party and the government. In any event, he did all sorts of: tricks to distinguish himself. Thus, those who are not keen about rank consciousness and even some party members engaged in forming patterns of familyism after having been drawn into it by means of his tricks.

■•••- Furthermore, despite the fact that comrade Han Sin-t'ek, the adminr- istrative chairman, worked conscientiously as viewed from the standpoint of our party, Han Ch'ang-hwan isolated him by propagandizing that he was a "bureaucrat who is indifferent to the interests of the people." And he

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connived to have comrade Hong Pong-man — the chairman of the primary party at the time, and one who was following him blindly like a stooge *-* elected to he an administrative chairman.

It was known to us that after Hong Pong-man was elected an administra- tive chairman, Han Ch'ang-hwan, the chairman of the production division, played the role of a chairman of Hong in actuality and surrounded himself with foremen and other staff members of his faithful followers. It was also known to us that whenever the leaders from the superior organization came to see them, he would put on a show to make believe that he was en- couraging the use of advanced agricultural management method; and when these leaders left, he would resume the use of the old agricultural management method, thus committing harmful deeds in such a cunning way.

The leadership group could not help but seriously study and analyze the matter to find out why this kind of practice had not been discovered and corrected promptly. In any event, according to the study made to analyze the cause of all this it became apparent that the workers of the party organization in Changton-li have committed an ignorant act of forget- ting that the popular party line, in short, is the line of command that is to be obeyed. It should be noted here that the crux of the matter rested on the fact that these people gave up fighting against the wrong acts com- mitted by Han and Kim by saying that we must try to please our "chieftains" in our lineage in order to sustain the Han and Kim families.

The leadership group, upon having studied and analyzed this kind of concrete data from all angles, began to train and awaken the people and set out to mobilize them in the direction of fighting against familyism in lineage.

As was the case with many other problems, it was necessary for us to awaken and mobilize the party members as well as the people in this task of overocaing familyism.

In this regard, the leaders, by making use of lectures and propaganda, disclosed the real nature of what are called "chieftains" who formed fam- ilyism and created the harmful effects thereof on the people by mobilizing the li party organization. And we convened a general meeting of the party and enabled the party members to discuss the question of enhancing their rank consciousness.

At the meetings, we exposed and criticized sharply those issues that have produced harmful effects on the party and impeded the revolution by having been involved in familyism, and those instances of insincere execu- tion of party policies.

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Especially, at. the meetings there was a serious discussion and analysis of how comrade Hong ftog-man, the administrative chairman of the association, executed the over-all policies of the party and the government.wrongly as a result of having been involved in the circle of Han familyism that cen- tered on lineage. This whole' thing served to make .'.the staff members as well as the party members regret their dullness in rank consciousness which resulted in their failure to recognize promptly the harmful effects of familyism and the fight against it.

Subsequently, the alerted party members criticized themselves for hav- ing overlooked the wrong doings of HanCh'ang-hwan, which stemmed from their complacence and their desire for achieving individual success., This made them forget the party's call and their responsibility as party members. While criticizing comrade Hong Pong-man's anti-party behavior in carrying out the instructions from the superior authority only when it was approved by Han, the party organization,and the party members, at the same time, criticised themselves for having been unable to give advice and training.

At the meetings, there were conducted mutual criticisms in a lively fashion among those comrades who did not fight.against familyism on prin- ciple because they were upholding their own individual interests before those of our party and revolution.

Hence, the party members were mobilized more actively in connection with the fight against familyism. .

The leadership group, with the nucleus members of the party, was able to penetrate among the primary group of the people deeply by assisting the li party organizations.

We tried our level best to enable the primary group of the people to realize that those who have acted as "chieftains" and who have formed a circle of familyism in family lineage, have been despised.

We also tried to make the people clearly realize the system of rank in familyism as.well as its harmful'defects by citing a number of actual examples which all pointed out how these people encroached upon the in- dividual interest of others as a result of having wrongly carried out the instructions laid down by the party and the,government.

Certainly, this method brought forth fruitful results. While we were strengthening cultural training services with the primary group of people, especially the family members of the lineage groups, including those left behind the line who suffered casualties, the members of the leadership group and the nucleus of the party tried to make the people understand clearly the policies of the party toward those patriotic heroes and their families.

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Thus, the leadership group disclosed that the respect extended by the party and the government to those who were killed did not reach the people as a result of the wrong doings of the "chieftains" with the lineage system, vis., Han Ch'ang-hwan and Han Chong-chun and the families left behind the line. They also disclosed that these "chieftains" wrongly carried out the party policies concerning the prompt transplanting of rice shoots under the pretext that topographical conditions were not conducive for crop raising in the past year; as a result, output was reduced by about 14.5 tons of unhulled rice (this represents two sacks of unhulled rice per member of the associa- tion). It was also disclosed that Han Ch'ang-hwan, who was supposedly sym- pathetic toward his kinsmen, imposed some 45 work days on his cousin and committed all sorts of savage acts at the time of the evacuation.

Subsequently, the family members who suffered casualties and those who were left behind the line among those members of the lineage of the Han clan bore increased hatred toward the enemy and so they disclosed that Han Ch'ang-hwan who, at the time of the evacuation, was the sub-section chief of the livestock section of the lyon self-governing body, not only com- mitted many savage acts but also possessed and still possesses at his home cameras, radios and even handgrenades.

As a matter of fact, it is for these reasons that we came to know that these two Sans were counter-revolutionists.

Cur experiences seems to point out the fact that in order to overcome the problem"concerning family lineage, it becomes necessary to intensify the political services among the members of the primary group, especially among those patriotic heroes within lineage circles as well as among those women of families left behind the line.

It should be noted here that we have acquired some valuable experiences in connection with our effort to try to restore rank-conscious members with- out effort vo try to restore rank-conscious members among those who have not quite mad? up their minds and who sway even while they are involved in familyism that center on family lineage.

In this regard, we can cite an actual example in having given separate cultural training to Han Chong-ch'an, a member of the association who swayed while he was exposing familyism.

Comrade Id Pong-lyong, a member of the leadership group and acting leader in the planning division of the party in the county, pointed out that comrade Han Chong-ch'an, a member of the association, had to go through a treacherously sad ordeal in the past 20 years of his life, especially during the past 4 years while he was serving Han Ch'ang-hwan as a tenant. Comrade Li Pong-lyong, while relating that Han Ch'ang-hwan collected money by cheat- ing and exploiting his kinsfolk under the pretext that he was the eldest son in the family, went further and told why Han Chong-ch'an, a member of the

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association, had even strayed right after the liberation and why he had to Join the Public Safety Corps ^Ch'iante/ at the time of the evacuation. ■

Especially, Id Pong-lyong pointed out concretely how Han Chong-ch'än showed his sympathy toward the imprisoned members of the Workers' Party and their families, and although he joined the Public Safety Corps, he began to regret having followed the path which betrayed the interests of the people, forgetting his.position and responsibility; furthermore, he disclosed the real nature of Han Ch'ang-hwan who compelled him to get into such a pre- dicament.

Henceforth, Han Chong-ch'an began to participate actively in the af- fairs of the party by trusting in it.

The leadership group disclosed during the general meeting of the people the real thing about counter-revolutionary elements, such as Han Ch'ang-hwan and Ran Chong-ch'an who, under the pretext of being the "eldest grand- children of the eldest son" in the family lineage, deceived their innocent kinsfolk and surrounded themselves with those rebellious followers in the hope of attempting to use them in engineering a counter revolution. The fact that we disclosed the real nature of Han Ch'ang-hwan and Han Chong-ch'an before the general meeting of the people and had these people executed by the lawful organization, served to alert the party members and the primary group ox ■'jhe people within the lineage circle to a high degree and to mo- bilize them actively in our fight against counter-revolutionary elements.

Henceforth, the leadership group, by assisting the party organization in this li, recalled those rebellious elements from the ranks of foremen and staff positions on the li level; it also replaced these people with the nu- cleus party member, Han Sin-t'ek, including the surviving members of the patriots' families as well as the members of the families left behind the line and party aspirants. And it should be mentioned that we were able to actively mobilize the people to carry out our work.

As a result of this, our work speeded up and we were able to complete the vast irrigation project by the end of December of last year.

The experiences we have acquired in the administration of collective leadership showed us that to overcome familyism, it becomes extremely im- portant for us to study carefully the system of rank and the real nature of those "chieftains" that form familyism centering on family lineage. It also pointed up the importance of disclosing and criticizing familyism among the party members and the primary group of the people within the family lineage, and the need to put the party members and the primary group of people on the right track in this fight against familyism.

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Therefore, it becomes necessary for the leadership group to regard these valuable experiences and lessons they have gained as guiding ideas in smashing familyism completely.

The leadership group is called for in the enhancing of awareness toward rank on the part of the people; and furthermore, it must concentrate its leadership on implementing agricultural tasks which are thrust upon them*

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IX. GOOD POLITICAL TASKS ARE THE MAIN RESPONSIBILITY OP THE' • JUDICIARY AND POLICE ORGANIZATIONS

Min.1u Sabop . ;;- • •'■ • - ':;■'; ./Democratic Judicature/ No 6, June 1959» P'yongyang Pages 3-4. ■'"'• ";. ■ North Korean, per.

At the Standing Committee Meeting of the Central Committee of the.Party which was held'recently, comrade Premier Kim Il-song strohgly'emphasized . giving priority to the. political tasks that are inherent in. all tasks, especially at this stage in order to continuously maintain. A high revolu- tionary pace and to' enhance socialist construction. "

Today, the construction of a socialist nation in pur country is being developed at an unprecedented pace/and the.mass of workersi who are unrted firmly under our party are currently displaying' an; upsurging revolutionary passion and. an inexhaustible.; ariouht of creatixäty,; upholding the red letter of the parly, and furthermore', creating new miracles day after, day.

We must strive to maintain this high revolutionary pace continuously, and. by marching forward at an.even more rapid pace, we must complete the Fir3b Kvo-Year Plan within, this year;, and at, the same time, we must estab- lish a fira foundation With which we Can' 'joyously take,"care of the; promis- ,ing task of the Second' Five-Year Plan, thus promising.the completion of the construction of a socialist society. „ . .. . ,..'

In order tö carry out effectively this vast task of constructing a ' "socialist society which lies before us, We ^.t, first of all, try to bring ail the people" united äs one around our party; and. at. the same time,, to mobilia -them in terms, of one" political ideology'. By doing so, we can hope

"to put forth a political"task whereby we can let the people display th^ir collective wisdom arid all.kinds of energy':and enthusiasm: to an inexhaustible

: extent. ''.'."''!■""

The secret clause to this achievement of high revolutionary pace under the leadership of our party lies'in the .'fact that;We let the people par- ;

ticipate nporitaneously'iri the fight toward the implementation of the party policies to a:thorough extent by bringing the; people closely around the:

party and actively mobilizing them, in connection with the execution of revo- lutionary'tasks;' "Furthermore, it should.be> noted that one of the important tasks'ih connection'with "attempting to complete'the task of constructing ä socialist society is to strengthen these political tasks'.

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It was from this that the Central Committee of the Party once again stressed the strengthening of political tasks on the part of all the leading workers.

Comrade Premier Kim Il-song, at the February 1959 all-member meeting of the Central Committee of the Party, concluded by stating thatj "In order to carry out the revolution, we must strengthen the party; in order to strengthen the party we must bring the people united around the party. Without reaching out to the people, the party cannot be strengthened; there can no longer be carried out a revolution. Therefore, only after bringing the people united around the party can we hope to conduct revolutionary tasks. Without strengthening the party nor bringing the people united ' closely around the party, we cannot carry out the economic tasks. Without putting forth a political task whereby we can mobilize the people in ac- cordance with the will of the'party, we will not be able to carry out a revo- lution."

An economic task is a revolutionary task, and judiciary and prosecution tasks are also revolutionary tasks. Without bringing the people closely around the party or mobilizing them to execute party policies, there can be expected no achievements. A political task is not something that any party member can tackle, but it should come under the duty of those leaders in the fields of politics, economics, culture, and others.

However, there are some workers who work with the national economic or- ganizations who, instead of penetrating among the people to help them realize correctly the significance and objective Of revolutionary tasks that are presented before them, thus inducing self-realization and positive attitude, they become more and more like businessmen who are occupied with figures and planning for execution. By regarding economic tasks as those that must be taken care of by the administrators and by regarding political tasks or those that should be taken care of by the party committee, an artificial dividing line between administrative tasks and party tasks is created. Also, by re- garding leadership and assistance of the party committee as that of the ad- ministrative branch and which cannot be encroached upon, workers are dis- inclined to rely on the party and are reluctant to participate in party woric actively.

Some leading workers in judiciary and prosecution work do not attempt to help explain the party policies nor attempt to spread knowledge about the party policies among the people, nor do they attempt to bring the people united closely around the party by encouraging as well as mobilizing them in the direction of carrying out revolutionary tasks presented to them.> In- stead, they turn more and more into becoming businessmen like those who are solely occupied with trying to take care of the cases thrust upon them.

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• -; It should be stated •here.that the task of trying to enhance the people's "■ awarenessr-of "the party policies concretely-on'Uli levels in connection with the fight against these cpunter-revolutipnary elements is not being we.ll:im- plemented, nor is the task of mobilising the people:iri'terms of understand- ing the-political ideology and enhancing.their political awareness being effectively realizedv. Furthermore, on account;'of not"being able to.execute

""thoroughly-the party policy which calls f or giving ho; foothold whatsoever to the handful of counter-revolutionary elements, our task" of spotting these hidden enemies is-progressing at a slow, pace•:J'. .''"'''' ' '

In the fight against counter-revolutionary elements, since insufficient 'explanation Was: given subordinates concerning the party policy of strict

'''consideration of .'all flagrant offenses, some\judiciary and prosecution per- sonnel'mishandled, cases ;by. regarding ~offende?^:as counter-revolutionary ele-

■' ments 'without:analyzing-specifically the. potential -Harni of the offenses to society, the-rank and position of\the offenders,'their motives and objec- tives, etc. •«-■■• " . ' ' •:■'■-'< 'v.V

In connection with handling divorce. caseä wh'ith have a high ratio in civil cases, there' vms-made-no effort, to instruct subordinates^'correctly concerning'the :party\polioy:-:on marriage an^.fanaiy, which call's for com- pliance'with specific circumstancesand. the handling of-cases-in a manner consistent with the interests of the revolution. As a result,' some judges unjustly ::efused to grant a divorce despite the fact that the application for (M.'.r-.ee was supported by evidence that the applicant can no longer maintain'a harmonious married lifef; Because of thisV'thd persons concerned

* are not only unable to enjoy a settled life.,, but their work efficiency.is also impaired. Conversely, there are.some judges who accept applications ;for divorce that are,supported by.ttose .dishonest 'people"with-:Selfish mo-

' tives and:who count on abusing divorce for.hedonistic purposes, thus, in the' end, aiding the, growth of .old.and corrupted practices.

:'- Furthsnaore,. :by_ .conducting ahalf-heartedfight'against concubinage, which iö Ka ideological^ remnant of^.conservatism and capitalism, is against Women's rights, and which poses oth^r .intolerable problems, there^ is being created a negative reaqtion in maintaining .socialist jordervatMni a "so-

' cialist'nation. •• ,;•-.;..;f■ ;■ • . _ .".... *\:' tJ, ' \'-\ ' : ; '

Judicial and prosecution organizations "are the sharp -weapons for. pro- letarian leadership -in-.ourcountry and,are instrumental in executing party policias. ■ • is it'..'}■->■ ..■•.-■ ^ ."';.'./.. ,'._._. ":'"

'" "- In order to ■. obey the interests, of revolution and to implement .party policies,'- leader workers, must. rely .heavily on; the party which is the general

•'staff office for revolution,: ,No resultin 'the field of administrative tasks can be attained without the leadership and assistance of the committee of the party. The leader workers must participate actively iii party- affairs; and they must be prepared to assume responsibility in the party for inept ad- ministration of party affairs.

. - 61 -

In order to mobilize the people in understanding political ideology, ' they must mingle with the people and those of subordinate rank and teach'the people as well as learn from them at the same time.

The leader workers must descend to the subordinate organizations and participate in party meetings. They must also attempt to conduct as many political briefings, lectures, and discussions as they can possibly manage; furthermore, while listening sympathetically to the constructive opinions of subordinate workers, they must strive to help them solve difficulties that they encounter in the course of carrying out their work.

Besides, the leader workers must attempt to conduct an exposition of the laws and open public hearings with a touch of politics among the people so that they may be spontaneously mobilized in the fight against crime and can further display a high degree of political enthusiasm in connection with executing production tasks which have been assigned to them.

The level of preparation on political theory by the leader workers be- comes an essential factor in conducting real-life:political tasks and in mobilizing the people and workers of subordinate ranks in implementing revolutionary tasks; and it must be the condition that must receive first priority in administering the law in accordance with the intention of the party.

The leader workers themselves must, first of all, equip themselves to train the people and the workers of subordinate ranks in accordance with the party policies and to mobilize their creative wisdom, reserve energy, and potentiality without reservation. The leader workers must study the Marx-Leninist theory very carefully; furthermore, they must understand cor- rectly the policies and decisions of our party, including comrade Kim II- song's instructions that are the living examples which relate the Marx- Leninist theory realistically, and they must defend as well as carry out party policies thoroughly and under all circumstances. To defend and im- plement thoroughly the policies anunciated by the party in conjunction with executing the law, one must learn to acquire a command of the crux of the matter in trying to solve problems; in addition, one must study the theory of jurisdiction. For this purpose, one is obliged to study three to four hours per day, as was already pointed out by the party.

The instructions given by the party concerning the giving of first pri- ority to political tasks becomes the main responsibility in improving the tasks of the judiciary and prosecution organizations. By pushing forward the political tasks, we will improve the leadership tasks and be able dili- gently to protect the revolutionary achievements. We will also be able to guarantee a greater promotion of the construction of a socialist society in terms of law.

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X. WHY IS HE DRIFTING AWAY FROM THE LIFE OF MIN CH'ONG?

Ch'ongnyon Saenghwai •■ -y "■ /Youth Life/ . . ■■ .'. . No 6, June 19591, P'yongyang • . — * ' ". T Pages 25-26 ^ "' . '"'"\ '.' ',>.,■;,• North Korean^1 per "'.':'

Comrade 0 Yong-tok, the Youth Association (Min Ch'ong) member who was .. transferred to Sa-tong market restaurant as a waiter in-December* of last, year, has not.yet undertaken the necessary procedure to notify the transfer youth organization membership. What is more, he has been drifting away from the activities of the youth organization during .all this ti'ae and has not attended the general meetings nor the study-programs öf[ the'primary Youth • Association. ;' '"',' ;•••.■■.= "...<,.•■•.. -:"

Concerning all these facts, comrade 0 Yong-tok, a member of the Youth ...:. Association, seemed;to attribute his shortcomings entirely to his busy life. The real reason why he had drifted away .from the organization, however, was that he was lazy. The:reason underlying this lie in.the fact that he had not tried hard enough. . ...

The former working place of cpmrade 0 Ypng-tok was not located in an- ■, other city nor county. It was the Tetongkyo store located in the same cen- tral district of Pyongyang City.;,In spite of this, .he Was truant,, and, ii:. was three months after he was'transferred to this restaurant that he filed his transfer notification with the Youth Association of the central dis- . trict. However, instead of having filed the paper with;:the primary Youth,. Association promptly, he stuck it in his.side pocketi In ähort, he meant to say that he never did get around to see the chairman of-ifte primary youth association because of lack of time,... ;;;;' =•....

If so, was it really true? No, it was not. The place where the chair- man of the primary Youth Association worked was located only 300 meters away . from the restaurant where 0 Yong-tok worked. ^Furthermore, he should have brought up the matter to the-leader of the unit section of the Youth Asso- ciation who was working at the very place, where he worked, but he';did not even bother to do this much* Well, can he really say that he did hot .have ; any time? What was really involved here w#s that.he was toovlazy to ful- : ■- fill his obligation.as a member of,the Youth Association^and was not con- cerned about the activities of the Youth Association. ..,,.

How nonchalant he was toward the organization can very well be explained by the fact that he. misplaced his Youth Association membership card, never paid his membership dues during this time, and never attended the general meeting nor the study program of the Youth Association.

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As a result of having drifted away from the activities of the Youth Association, he also showed a considerable number of drawbacks in his service as a waiter in a restaurant; what is mope, he often violated labor regula- tions. It did not seem to bother him that he was late for work in the morn- ing and he would take a day off under various pretexts especially when the restaurant got busy. What was worse/' he treated some of the customs of the restaurant unkindly; as a result, he even received criticisms on many occa- sions.

The fact that comrade 0 Yong-tok had drifted away from the activities of the Youth Association for such a long time could partly be accounted for by the irresponsibility of the executive committee of the Youth Association.

If we take a lock at the primary Youth Association in this locality, some 40 women members of the Youth Association have been transferred since December of last year in connection with the rapid expansion o f the com- mercial network. Many among them have.drifted away from the activities of the Youth Association for a long time because they did not file their trans- fer notifications. Most.of these.comrades had comparatively brief contact with the activities "of the Youth Association; they lacked work experience and training in organizational activities.

This kind of situation calls our attention to the fact that we must render leadership in order to have newly transferred members of the Youth Association to actively participate in the activities of the Youth Associa- tion and to have them participate in the organized activities of the asso- ciation spontaneously.

However, it was found that the primary. Youth Association in this lo- cality was almost nonchalant about rendering leadership to its members in organizational activities and ideological studies. What was more, they did not adopt the policy of improving individual tasks in accordance with the decisions adopted at the 8th all-member meeting of the Central Com- mittee of the Youth Association.

The situation being so, there can hardly be any good reason for the primary Youth Association to become prosperous. As a matter of fact, in order to convene a general meeting of the Youth Association, one must get busy from 2 to 3 days before the date for the actual meeting to run around and tell the people the date of the meeting. And despite such efforts, only SQF/o of the total members would show up at the meeting.

The primary Youth Association in this locality, through an attempt to execute the adopted decisions at the 8th all-member meeting of the central . committee of the Youth Association, must undertake to analyze this situa- tion very carefully.

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Furthermore, by strengthening-the cultural training of the members of the Youth Association concerning the regulations of the activities of the ■ association as set forth by its by-laws, they must adopt a decisive policy whereby they can enhance the awareness and organizational concept of the members toward the association.

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XI. QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ON THE LIFE OF MIN CH'ONG

Ch'ongnvon Saenghwal /Youth Life/ No 6, June 1959, P'yongyang Pages 27-28 North Korean, per

Question: Who can be qualified to be a member of En Ch'ong?

Answer; As was pointed out in Min Ch'ong by-laws, any Korean between the age of 14 and 28, and who is struggling to promote the interests of our motherland as well as of her people, with the following qualifications, may become a member of Min Ch'ong:

First, in order for one to become a member of Min Ch'ong, one has to approve the platforms and by-laws of the Democratic Youth Association of Korea and fight for their realization.

To approve the platforms and by-laws of Min Ch'ong and to fight for their execution means to adopt the fighting goal which is prescribed in the platforms and by-laws of Min Ch'ong as one's own goal in his individual fight and to adopt various regulations which are specified in the by-laws as guiding posts in his daily personal life and activities. Furthermore, it also means for one to strive toward the implementation of the regulations.

Second, in order for one to become a member of Min Ch'ong, it is nec- essary to participate in one of its organizations and follow its organized life.

There can be no Min Ch'ong member who does not belong to one of its organizations (primary ran Ch'ong group). To lead an organized life is to participate in all tasks of a Min Ch'ong organization and to carry out^ faithfully the decisions and instructions of the advanced or primary Mn Ch'ong organization.

Third, in order to be a member of Min Ch'ong, one has to pay his mem- bership dues as prescribed.

In this way, material help is given to Min Ch'ong, and more important, the practice of paying membership dues enhance one's awareness of organiza- tional concepts and further strengthens his daily contact with Min Ch'ong.

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■ Question: What steps arfe to be taken in order to-become a Min. Ch'ong

Answer: The following separate steps, must be- taken,in order,forj^; ,. to become a Min Ch'ong member:

:■'■ First, one must secure the-sponsorship of two members; of Än'^fo^ and submit theapplicationto the primary;:'örgs$ni^tj,ön-pf Äa.-Cto!^..^ j.;. ].>.., ~t.:.

In the'event>that a -boy scout member wishes to.become, a i^ber.of ^10^ ; Ch'ongV-the' decision made, by the Boy.- Scout;Committee, may, serve the purpose;,' of required sponsorship. In this case, however, the decision of the> Boy ,.,J. Scout Committee serves to substitute for one of the two sponsors required by Mih Ch'dngV "■■'■Therefore, vhe* has. to secure rone more sponsorwho is,,a.Min Ch'ong. Therefore,' he has to secure „one more: sponsor i^:iS;a:^n;^b^.m^bi|r..8J^ ■must submit the äpplicaijion äto Min. Ch'ong. v:,;'; - u ivr.'^.-i-v: ,.. •>■.;./ :;..■,-;;;■

A Min Ch'ong member who wishes to sponsor a prospective member must be in a position to know the personal life of the latter and must be able to help him in the preparation of becoming a member. Furthermore, he has to be able to guide well the life of the youth as soon as he becomes a member of Mn Ch'ong.

Second, whenever there is a prospective Min Ch'ong member, the primary Min Ch'ong organization must, without delay, discuss and decide the matter of taking an action either favorably or unfavorably at its general meeting in the presence of the applicant.

If a favorable action is taken with regard to the admission of a new member at the general meeting of the primary Min Ch'ong organization, all the information on the application form must be recorded without leaving out any item and must be submitted to the committee of the city or county Min Ch'ong organization.

Question: What are the transfer procedures for those who are to go to lecture centers or training centers for more than three months but less than six months?

Answer: First, the member of Mn Ch'ong who is going to be transferred temporarily must receive a temporary transfer registration notice which contains information on the reason for the transfer issued by the designated primary Min Ch'ong organization. He then must submit the registration notice to the committee of a city (district) or county Mn Ch'ong organization and must receive a transfer notice from it.

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Second, a Min Ch'ong member who has been transferred, within five days after arrival in his destination, must submit the temporary transfer notice to the committee of the city (district) or county Min Ch'ong organization, and must participate in its activities.

Third, when he returns to his original working place or his native place, he must also receive a temporary transfer notice from the committee of the city (district) or county Min Ch'ong organization from where he leaves. And after submitting the temporary transfer notice to the desig- nated committee of the city (district) or county Min Ch'ong organization in the locality of his destination, he can resume participating in Min Ch'ong activities.

When the primary Min Ch'ong organization receives a note from the com- mittee of a city (district) or county Min Ch'ong organization to the effect that they can relocate a transferred member, then that member can officially participate in the Min Ch'ong activities. ■

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XII. PROBLEMS IN METHODS OP TEACHING COMMUNISM THROUGH RUSSIAN ■ LANGUAGE TRAINING-

.InminKyoyuk . Kim T'ae-yong /National Education/ ■ No 7, July 1959, Pyongyang Pages 58-41 .•■-■• North Korean, per

The Russian language teacher, in all. his classroom teachings, must ful- fill his educational goals a3 well as cultural training goals.

However, when we take a close look at the Russian language teaching .services which have been used for a long time, a considerable number of Russian language teachers do not go beyond just transmitting the contents of the Russian language textbooks mechanically to the students. There seems to be lacking a genuine effort on the part of the teachers as truthful edu- cators of the party to observe carefully the students* behavior in minute detail and to train them to be faithful soldiers who will construct a so- cialist society.

There are some teachers who deviate from this principle for establish- ing uniformity in teaching the Russian language. These teachers impart scant information oh the policies of the party and the government for a few minutes at the conclusion of each class period, after having spent almost the whole class time on the textbook. , And these teachers think that they have fulfilled their duty of training the students.5

Other teachers use a certain portion of the study period — the study period intended for the study of the main textbook, which is shown on the teaching syllabus under such headings as. communist culture and training on the revolutionary tradition — and;trea$ those items listed in the teacher's manual very skimpily. And by convening the decisions of the party as well as of the'cabinet to the students in an outline form, these teachers be- lieve that'they have-destroyed "mysticism" and' "conservatism."

There are some teachers who even think that it is altogether impossible for them to fulfill their cultural training goal in connection with teaching Russian as a foreign language. Conversely, there are also those teachers who have a mistaken notion that just teaching Russian, which is the language of the great people of Russia, is sufficient to bring about the automatic and splendid solution to the problem of enhancing the international culture of the proletariat.

Some teachers have tendencies, whenever there are presented opportuni- ties to enhance political awareness, to teach chiefly the terminologies or sentences which are related to the policies of the party and the current

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political development and productive labor. But such a method will not serve to satisfy the requirements laid out in the teacher's manual and is con- trary to the objective intention of the teachers concerned. These teachers are not able to observe various required principles laid out in the teaching regulations as a result of violating the sequential arrangement and syste- matic method.

In this brief essay I propose to dwell on a few problems concerning the training of students in communist ideology through the teaching of the Rus- sian language. A few problems that I wish to discuss here are those evolv- ing around a few sections of the Russian language textbooks which are pres- ently used by the third graders of the junior high schools.

An important task that the teachers of the Russian language are con- fronted with in connection with inculcating students with the communist ideology is the problem of how to convey the ideological views that are em- bodied in the textbooks to the students correctly, and also the question of how we, the teachers, can see to it that these ideas transmitted to the students can become part and parcel of their ideological views and conviction and make their actions dovetail with these ideological thoughts.

What is important for the teachers of Russia insofar as inculcating the students with the communist ideology is for them to grasp the profound ideo- logical ideas that are incorporated in each chapter of the textbook. If we were to take a close look at these Russian language textbooks used currently by the third graders of the junior high schools and analyze the ideological messages in them, it would be almost impossible for us to find any part of them that has no relationship with communist culture. For an example, in lesson 1 and lesson 2, we find lessons on school and home, Lenin and his boyhood — how well-mannered he was with his colleagues, teachers, parents, and friends — and the trust his friends had in him. In connection with teaching these lessons, the teachers must see to it that the students follow , the examples set by Lenin in his boyhood by teaching the students about \ Lenin's attitude toward studying as a boy, his daily life, his comradely help toward his friends, his sense of etiquette, his fine manners, and his honesty as well as his sincerity. Teachers must inculcate their students with these thoughts in such a way that they can free themselves from their individualism and egocentricity. Furthermore, the teachers must teach their students in such a way that they cultivate their respect for Lenin, who is the teacher as well as the leader of the proletariat of this world, and develop in their minds the certainty of the triumph of Lenin's ideology in this world.

In lesson 9, we have stories about this hero's loyalty toward his party and native land, his indomitable attitude whenever he was confronted with difficulties, his burning hatred against his enemies, and his optimism about the revolution. Teachers, by trying to remind their students of those heroes, including many others who lost their lives in their fight for our motherland,

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Should see to it that the students follow the examples set by these heroes while they are on lesson 9, ,The teachers, at the same time:, must try to conjure in their students' minds hatred of their enemies" by disclosing to them -the 'inhumane savagery committed by the American imperialists and by the traitor Li Song-can, and their plot to attempt to cause another new war.

While teaching this lesson, the teachers must try to encourage the students who: are descendants of those, revolutionists and those who died.for this cause to study harder; and at the same time, they should try to enhance their respect and protective spirit toward the surviving families, of the revolutionists, dead heroes, and servicemen of the People's Army.

■■■■''■' In teaching lesson 16, which tells stories about the tough fight against the Japanese by those steadfast communists that Premier Kim Il-song led, the teachers must try to demonstrate to their students Kim Il-song'f faith in victory, indomitable morale in the face of hardships, and their optimism about the revolution. In this way, the teachers ought to convince their students of the fact that were it not for such revolutionary tradition, we would not be able to enjoy: a happy life today.

: In teaching this lesson, the teachers must strive to make the students develop an unsurmountable respect for Premier Kim Il-song, have a greater confidence in the Central Committee of the Party which is led by him,,and help him actively by being united as one, .like iron and rock, around him,

Let there be a spontaneous determination among the? students to want to become as wise as our Premier Kim Il-song and those anti-Japanese guerilla fighters, and as courageous and as..patriotic as they are.

In teaching lesson 18, the teachers, through the manifestation of a beautiful love"between Ch'ang-su and Ch'ang-mo, should strive to cultivate fraternal love among brothers and sisters, friends, and groups of people by pointing out to the students the noble morality that the Korean people -possess. Let the students,, in their common struggle toward the construction of a socialist society, realize mutual help and friendship manifested in a form of firm cooperation among them.

In teaching this lesson, let the teachers pointr6ut the fact that in a socialist society we put emphasis on cooperation, collectivism, friendli- ness, and mutual help; and furthermore, everyone treats-others like his friends as'well as brothers. Quite contrary to this, in a bourgeois so- ciety, human'relations are governed.by a brutal moral concept that says that "a human being in relationship with his fellow men becomes a wolf." Con- sequently, the bourgeois society is prevalent x&th maltreatment of fellow human beings, mutual defamation, .'and egocentricityas.people in this society forsakes his comrades, brothers, "and even parents for the sake of money. Jurthermore, teachers must point out very plainly to the students the

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fundamental differences of morality in pur society and in the bourgeois so- ciety. At the same time, the teachers must make the students realize the happiness and privilege of being able to live in our society.

The teachers must try to fulfill their given educational mission suffi- ciently through their introductory discussion of the lessons with the stud- ents in vocabulary exercises, in oral reading while translating, giving ex- amples, taking up various exercises, and in connection with giving homework. Let the fulfillment of their educational goals be the milestone of sound reasoning from which emerge their teaching tasks; let this not be just.a sporadic emphasis in this regard, but let there be displayed without any reservation nor regret the resourceful instructions by the teachers so that all these will help the students develop their awareness toward ideological consciousness and conviction and will eventually put these into actual prac- tice.

In the following let us examine a few problems concerning the methodology of realizing cultural training in teaching:

The introductory remarks should be the step toward understanding the contents of the materials that are to be taught during the study period. Therefore, at this stage, the teachers are urged to organize their teaching materials in such a way as to enable their students to understand the ma- terials to be taken up in class and recited in their own words (by using terminologies and the sentence structures that have already been covered), or by making use of the question-and-answer method.

At this stage, the teachers must endeavor to establish some relation-, ship between what was previously studied and what is to be covered in the future so that the students will not have difficulties in understanding the ideological contents that are embodied in the textbook for the coming les- sons. Since the introductory discussion is generally regarded as the stage in which most goals of general cultural training are effectively achieved , in the course of teaching, it calls for a skillful handling of the method of teaching by the teachers in so far as organizing the teaching materials is ' concerned.

Teachers must endeavor to relate the ideological contents found in the textbooks to our living situation so that they will become more meaningful among the students, hence, the students will grasp the meaning of these ideological views, develop, their ideological awareness toward these views, and put them into actual practice. The teachers must also pay a great deal of attention to compare various positive as well as negative reactions ex- pressed by the students in the class on the contents of the textbooks and be able to adopt various methods in trying to help develop certain positive qualities and to correct certain undesirable tendencies by admiring, en- couraging, and reprimanding the students. It should be mentioned here that

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the introductory discussion should be conducted in Russian as much as* possi- ble unless it becomes apparent that the students do not understand.

The fulfillment of cultural training can very well be achieved even while vocabulary exercises are conducted. The meaning of ascertain given vocabulary can be understood correctly only in the context, of combining other vocabularies in other sentences. Furthermore, while vocabulary exer- cises are being conducted, usages of particular words should also be ex- plained. In this connection; the teachers can help the students develop their ideological awareness by citing examples of vocabularies or sentences having connected meanings with other .vocabularies or sentences that explain pertinent ideas about communist culture.

However, it should be mentioned here that at this^ stage some teachers often become absorbed in pursuing the attainment of cultural training, and as a result of this, they, have shown a tendency to ignore the sequential arrangement and systematic organization of their teaching materials. In some instances,-teachers used a piecemeal approach in", emphasizing only limited facts,.thus preventing' the students from developing.ideological awareness and convictions". . •■

The teachers must strive1 to make this step a milestone in the entire process of teaching communist culture. Consequently, they must pay particu- lar attention to develop a sequential arrangement and systematic .composition of their lecture materials. . ' „,

In connection with the instruction of grammar, those sentences bearing some significance on communist culture should be selected äs examples-and should be explained. In this way,' the fulfillment of both the instructional purpose as well as the cultural goal is realized at the same time. As it is the case with vocabulary exercises, the teachers must see to it that the ex- amples cited should be in complete harmony with the requirement described in the teaching manual.

Especially, the teachers should bear in mind that the study of grammar at the junior high school level is just a means to a more effective explana- tion of the meaning of the content found in the" textbooks.

In connection with translating sentences, the teachers must explain the meaning of each phrase,- its meaning in relation with other words, and- the meaning of each sentence, /In. addition, the teachers must probe into the matter of explaining the ideological content which is embodied in such ; sentence exercises and see what this ideological content asks of us» ■'

In lesson 9, for example, the teachers must not merely .concentrate on' translating purely from a linguistic point of view the meanings of phrases' and their relationship with other words as well as with sentences. What is asked of teachers here is to try to call the students' attention to the real

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meanings of the contents; and at the same time, they are required to go even to the extent of pointing out clearly what the textbooks ask of us.

The task of imparting communist culture to students can be fulfilled even in the midst of strengthening the teaching program of the Russian language. This goal can be achieved through a question-and-answer method, by transmitting the contents and recalling ideas by listening to someone reading, and in doing homework. For example, in teaching lesson 13, the teachers can have the students either translate or memorize (by selecting a method which suite their intellectual level) stories on Li Su-pok and Kim Ch'ang-kol, who are regarded as heroes of Korea. As a matter of fact, every paragraph will leave a long-lasting influence on the minds of the students.

This is the story of hero Li Su-pok.

"I am a youth of liberated Korea. Precious is my life. Precious are the bright hopes for tomorrow. However, my life, my hope, and my happiness — these are not so precious as the destiny of my motherland. Though I have but one life to dedicate to one motherland that I have, where will I find a life so noble, a hope so beautiful, and a happiness so great as dedicating the heyday of my youth to my mother country."

In trying to fulfill the goal of cultural training in conjunction with teaching Russian, as has been noted in the foregoing, it becomes logical for any teacher of Russian to select one particular teaching process (of course, the problem of selecting suitable teaching methods is foreseen in any teach- ing situation) that suits the. contents of the teaching materials, the in- tellectual level of the students, and the characteristics of the students'

age and psychological factors.

In the foregoing, I have attempted to analyse the ideological contents that are embodied in the Russian language textbooks used by the third graders of junior high schools. I have offered a general direction as well as a few suggestions as to how teachers in the process of teaching Russian language can best help their students develop their awareness toward ideo- logical consciousness and enhance their convictions.

One of the foremost things for the teachers to do in trying to incul- cate communist culture in connection with teaching the Russian language is to study the policies of our party profoundly; at the same time, they must strive to willingly incorporate the policies in their teaching. At the same time, it should be mentioned here that it is extremely important for the teachers to study the advanced science, culture, and technology of the Soviet Union in order to construct a socialist society. The teachers must try to make their students realize how important it is to study the Russian language so that there will be realized the above-mentioned goals. And by doing so, it is hoped that the students will consciously and willingly participate in Russian language study.

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Teachers of the Russian language must be quick to grasp current events taking place in the Soviet Union and they should be the ones who should be informed, sooner than anyone else, of the various achievements by the Soviet Union in science, culture, and technology, so that they can keep their students informed. Furthermore, they are the ones who should impart new vocabularies in this regard to their students.

In addition, it becomes important for the teachers to grasp deeply the material on science in the textbooks. No matter how good the material may be from the standpoint of cultural significance, it cannot accomplish its purpose unless the students are taught by those who understand the material correctly.

With regard to the teaching of the Russian language, one of the im- portant problems is the method of teaching.

Any teacher who is in a position to skillfully prevent the students fron wasting even a minute and to enable them to study with a great deal of enthusiasm; can markedly enhance cultural training. This teacher stresses such important personal qualities as an indomitable attitude, accuracy, ex- actitude, tenacity in carrying out tasks till the end, and the efficient use of one^a time*

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