Jhorna'sTerm Paper on Coffee

8/3/2019 Jhorna'sTerm Paper on Coffee

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TERM PAPERON

PRODUCTION AND EXPORT OF COFFEE FROM INDIA

A TREND ANALYSIS

Submitted to the Department of EconomicsDibrugarh University

ByJhorna Sharma Machey

Pre-register Ph.D course work studentRoll no. 04

Department of EconomicsDibrugarh University

Assam

1.1 Introduction:

Coffee is commonly used throughout the world as a hot beverage by

the people. In many societies coffee has played a crucial role from


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ancient times. Coffee growing has a long history that is attributed first to

Ethiopia and then to Arabia mostly to Yemen. The earliest evidence of

coffee drinking appears in the middle of the 15th century, in the Sufi

monasteries of Yemen in Southern Arabia. From the Muslim world,

coffee spread to Italy then to the rest to Europe, to Indonesia, and to theAmerica. In east Africa and Yemen, coffee was also used in religious

ceremonies. The two most commonly grown species of coffee are

Arabica and the Robusta.

The Indian context started with an Indian Muslim saint Baba Budan,

smuggled seven coffee beans from Yemen to Mysore in India. This was the

beginning of coffee industry in India. The Indian coffee grown mostly in

southern India namely Karnataka(53%), Kerala(28%) and Tamil Nadu(11%)

followed by the new areas developed in the non-traditional areas of AndhraPradesh and Orissa and with a third region comprising the states ofAssam,

Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Tripura, Nagaland and Arunachal Pradesh

of North East India(8%). The total planted area of coffee covers around

380,000 hectares.

India is the sixth largest producer of coffee accounting for 4.5 percent

of the total world coffee production in 2009. Almost 80 percent of the

Indias coffee production is exported to Germany, Russian federation, Spain,

Belgium, Slovenia, United States, Japan, Greece, Netherlands, France and

Italy. Remaining 20 percent consumed domestically.

Keeping in view, coffee one of the important agro-product to export

and source of foreign exchange earning it is very much essential to study its

various side regarding coffee production, consumption and export etc.

1.2 Statement of the Problem:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orissahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghalayahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mizoramhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripurahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagalandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh


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India is the sixth largest producer of coffee after Brazil, Colombia,

Vietnam, Indonesia and Ethiopia. The increasing popularity of coffee

drink established it as an important export article of trade. Coffee was the

top agricultural export for twelve countries in 2004, and it was the

world's seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value in 2005.

Export of coffee has increased significantly in India. In 2010 it

increases to 291,000 tones. Karnataka is the largest coffee growing state in

India, but a threat was seen in 2009-10 because of erratic monsoon rainfall.

India grows both Arabica (around 1/3 of production) and Robusta (around

2/3 of production) varieties of coffee. Major coffee growing districts include

Kodagu and Chikmagalur in Karnataka and Wyanad in Kerala. India's coffee

plantations provide employment (both permanent and casual) to almost

600,000 persons. The recent proliferation of various chains of cafes and

vending machines in urban areas across India has given a boost to the

popularity of coffee among consumers. Indian coffee is the most

extraordinary one. India is the only country that grows all of its coffee under

shade. Which prevent soil erosion on a sloping terrain; they enrich the soil

by recycling nutrients from deeper layers, protect the coffee plant from

seasonal fluctuations in temperature, and play host to diverse flora and

fauna. India has consistently produced and exported a remarkable variety of

high-quality coffees for over one hundred and fifty years.

In spite of all this possibilities, production and export of coffee inIndia is less as compared to the other countries. So a detail study regarding

coffee cultivation is needed.

However in most of the earlier studies production of coffee among the

states of India are not clearly brought out. In view of lags of the earlier

studies, to observe whether there is any increase or decrease of coffee

production and export over the period in India, the present study endeavors

to examine production and export of coffee from India- a trend analysis and

to examine correlation between production and export of coffee over theperiod 1995 to 2009.

1.3 Objectives of the study:


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i. To analyze trend of coffee production in India from 1995 to 2009 i.e.

to analyze the tendency of the data to increase or decrease during

the period.

ii. To examine correlation between production and export of coffee.

1.4 Hypothesis:

In this paper in order to examine the correlation between production

and export of coffee a null hypothesis is taken against the alternative

hypothesis i.e.

H0 = There exist no correlation between production and export of coffee.

1.5 Data and Methodology:

Source of data: The time series data required for trend analysis of coffee

production in India for the period 1995-2009 are obtained from the data

published by Coffee Board of India and from internet as well.

Methodology: The study involves the use of econometric and time series

methods for the estimation of the model and for testing the hypothesis

extensive computer packages like MINITAB and SPSS are used.

1.6 Review of literature:

It is very essential to have a review of the earlier studies for

understanding any aspect clearly and to know the gaps in that area. Hence,

an attempt has been made to review the existing literature. There are number

of studies made by various scholars, authors, educationist on production,

consumption and export of coffee which are related to the present study in

some way or other. In this section a brief review of the related studies which

are found to be relevant so as to proper orientation and perspective to further

investigation.


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Ricardo Godoy and Christopher Benett (1988)1 in their paper describes

agricultural diversification among the farmers of South Sumatra. The work

examined that the small holders of coffee in South Sumatra, Indonesia

diversify on their own initiatives and depend upon the numerous resource

system. They diversify out of coffee and even agriculture because otherinvestment yield attractive returns as the International Coffee Organization

and the Government of Indonesia have promoted agricultural diversification

among coffee farmers to curb production and thereby increase prices.Butthe study fails to highlight whether a curb in coffee production would lead to

an increase in coffee price and export.

D. Narayana (1993)2 in the paper discussed about the mounting pressures for

privatization of coffee trade. So the paper emphasizes to take a dispassionate

analysis of the performance of government intervention in coffee trade

through the coffee board. But the paper does not focused whetherprivatization of coffee would bring an increase or decrease in trade of the

country.

A.K. Gupta (2000)3 has described in his paper that coffee cultivation can

wean away the tribes from practicing shifting cultivation. Shifting

cultivation as one of the main human impacts, influencing bio-diversity in

Tripura. This paper also describes state government success in providing the

tribes practicing Jhooming with various non-Jhooming options. This

includes the need for short and long term control measures, improvement of

the existing Jhooming methods, and integration of traditional knowledge

with new practices.But the paper does not through light on the various waysto increase productivity of coffee in the hilly regions.

T.A.Carlo, J.A.Collazo and M.J.Groom (2004)4 in their work have analyzed

the importance of fruiting plant species in making coffee plantations suitable


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habitat for birds and suggest that native fruiting plants be incorporated in

coffee farms for avian conservation.

B.Daviron and S.Ponte (2006)5

in their work describe development problemfor countries relying on commodity exports in entirely new ways by

analyzing the coffee paradox-the co existence of a Coffee Boom in

consuming countries and of a Coffee Crises in producing countries. It also

throws insights to the persistent difficulties of trade as a lever of

development for poor nations. In consuming countries, coffee continues to

grow in popularity. At the same time, international coffee prices have fallen

dramatically and producers receive the lowest prices in decades. As long as

coffee farmers and their organizations do not control at least parts of this

production, they will remain on the losing end.

S.M.Philpott, Peter Bichier, Robert Rice and R.Greenberg (2007)6 has

discussed the value of coffee certification for conservation efforts in Latin

America. The paper examined economic and ecological aspects of Coffee

production for eight cooperatives in Chiapas, Mexico, that were certified

organic and fair trade.

Anne E.C.McCants (2008)7 has discussed the challenges prevailing view

among economic historians that Tea and Coffee were luxury articles of

consumption prior to the nineteenth century. The paper examines the

surprising wide social and economic diffusion of Tea and Coffee drinking

among Amsterdam citizens of lower to middling economic status during the

period of that cities subsequent decline at the centre of global trade

networks.

Jan C. von Enden and Ken C. Calvert (2010)8 has described that coffee

waste water are high in organic loadings and exhibit a high acidity. When

washed or semi washed coffee is processed in large quantities, untreated

effluents greatly exceed the self purification capacity of natural waterways.


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In order to overcome the pollution potential of processing waste waters, a

clear understanding of waste water constitution in inevitable to design a

feasible treatment system. Especially when expanding wet coffee processing

or setting up new large scale processing operations, treatment of waste

waters needs to be considered.

Theory related to present study:

2.1 Time series and objective of time series analysis:

A time series depicts the relationship between two variables one of

being time (t) and the other being value of the variable (Ut) under

consideration at timet. In time series we model the present value of thevariable on the basis of past values and use it to predict the future values of

the variables.

Objectives of time series analysis:

Following are the basic objective of time series analysis-

(i) To determine the structure of the series i.e. the time path the series

follows.

(ii) To forecast the future trend.

2.2 Component of time series:

The various forces affecting the values of a phenomenon in a time series

are classified into following four categories, which are known as the

components of time series.

(i) Secular trend of long-term movement

(ii) Periodic changes or short-term fluctuations(a) Seasonal variations (b) cyclic variations

(iii) Random or Irregular Movements


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2.3 Measurement of trend:

2.3.1 Trend:

By secular trend or simply trend we mean the general tendency of the

data to increase or decrease during a long period of time. This is true of most

of series of Business and Economics statistics.

2.3.2 Trend can be studied and measured by the following methods:

(i) Graphic method or trend by inspection

(ii) Method of semi averages(iii) Method of curve fitting by principles of least squares

(iv) Method of moving averages

2.4 Methods used in this study:

In this paper, method of curve fitting by principle of least square,

method of moving averages, exponential, polynomial trend are taken to

analyze the trend of coffee production.

The principle of least square is the most popular and widely used method for

fitting mathematical functions to a given set of data. This method yields very

correct results if sufficiently good appraisal of the form of the function to be

fitted is obtained either by a scrutiny of the graphical plot of the values over

time or by a theoretical understanding of the mechanism of the variable

change.

3.1 In this paper least square principle is considered for fitting of

1. A straight line

2. Second degree parabola

1. Fitting of straight line:


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Let the straight line equation be

Ut = a + bt. (1)

Where, Ut is the value of the variable corresponding to time t, a and b are

unknown constants.

Principle of least square consists in minimizing sum of squares of the

deviations between the given values on Ut and their estimate given by the

equation (1). Which implies we have to find a and b such that for given

values of Ut corresponding to n different values of t,

Z = (Ut a bt)2 is minimum

For maxima or minima of Z, for variations in a and b we should have

Z / a = 0 = -2(Ut-a-bt) = 0

Z / b = 0 = -2t (Ut-a-bt) = 0

= Ut = na+bt

= tUt = at + bt2 } (2)

Which are normal equation for estimating a and b.

The value of Ut, tUt, t, t2 are obtained from the given data and the

equation (2) can now be solved for a and b. Substituting these values of a

and b in equation (1), the desired trend line can be obtained.

2. Fitting a second degree parabola:

Let the equation for the second degree parabola be

Ut = a + bt + ct2.. (3)

Proceeding similarly as in the case of a straight line, the normal equations

for estimating a, b and c are given by

Ut = na + bt + ct2

tUt = at + bt2 + ct3 .(4)t2Ut= at2 + bt3 + ct4

Solving the set of equations (4) we can obtain the values of a, b and c.

Substituting these values of a, b and c in Equation (3), the desired second

degree parabola can be obtained.


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3.2 Method of moving average:

Moving average method is a simple procedure of reducing

fluctuations and getting trend values with a fair degree of accuracy. It

consists of measurement of trend by smoothing out fluctuations of the data

by means of a moving average.

3.3 Measuring trends by logarithms:

Trends may also be plotted on semi-logarithmic chart in the form of a

straight line or a non-linear curve.

One type of trend usually computed by logarithms is:

(i) Exponential Trends: The equation of the exponential curve is of the

formY = a bx

Putting the equation in the logarithmic form, we get

logy= log a + X log b

3.4 Polynomial Trend:

A polynomial trend is a type of trend that represents a large set of data

with many fluctuations. As more data becomes available, trends often

become less linear and a polynomial trend takes its place. Graphs with

curved trend lines are generally used to show a polynomial trend.

3.5 R2(coefficient of determination):

R2 is a measure of goodness of fit. R2 tells how well the regression

line fits the data.

R2 = Explained sum of squares/Total sum of squares.

The coefficient of determinant usually lies in the range zero (0) to unity (1)Higher the values of R2 the regression model is better fit.

3.6 Correlation:


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Correlation measures how well a straight line fits through a scatter of

points when plotted on x y axis. If the correlation is positive, it implies

when one variable increases, the other tend to increase. If the correlation is

negative it means that when one variable increases the other tend to

decrease. When a correlation coefficient is close to 1, it means that there is astrong correlation, if the correlation coefficient gets closer to 0, the weaker

the relationship. For scientific purposes, at test is utilized to determine if

the correlation coefficient is strong or significant or not.


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Analysis:

Table: 1

Source: Coffee Board of India

Fitting of straight line by method of least square:

Let the straight line trend equation between Ut and t be

Ut = a + bt (1)

Since t = 0, the normal equation for estimating a and b are given by

a= Ut/n = 4012275/15 = 267485

and b= tUt/t2 = 935000/280 = 3339.25

Hence the least square trend becomes

Ut = 240771 + 3339.29t

Year (x) Production

total Ut (InMT)

t= x- 2002 t Ut T2 Trend Ut=

267485 +3339.25t

1995 223000 -7 -1561000 49 244110.25

1996 205000 -6 -1230000 36 247449.5

1997 228300 -5 -1141500 25 250788.75

1998 265000 -4 -1060000 16 254128

1999 292000 -3 -876000 9 257467.25

2000 301200 -2 -602400 4 260806.5

2001 300600 -1 -300600 1 264145.75

2002 275275 0 0 0 2674852003 270500 1 270500 1 270824.25

2004 275500 2 551000 4 274163.5

2005 274000 3 822000 9 277502.75

2006 288000 4 1152000 16 280842

2007 262000 5 1310000 25 284181.25

2008 262300 6 1573800 36 287520.5

2009 289600 7 2027200 49 290859.75

Ut=4012275 tUt=935000 t2= 280


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Fig: 1

Relationship between original data and trend line

From the value in the table 1 and fig. 1 it is observed that the coffee

production trend have a graphically increasing tendency.


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Table: 2 Fitting of second degree parabola by method of least square:

Let the trend equation be

Ut = a + bt + ct2

Now estimating, a, b and c through the normal equations,

Ut = na + bt + ct2

. (i)tUt = at + bt2+ ct3 ..(ii)

and t2Ut = at2+ bt3+ ct4 ..(iii)

Solving the equations (i), (ii) and (iii) we get,

a= 251758.32

b= 3339.29

c= 842.50087Therefore, the trend equation becomes

Ut = 251758.32 + 3339.29t + 842.50087t2

Year

(x)

Production total

Ut (In MT)

t= x-

2002

t Ut t2 t2Ut t3 t4 Trend

Ut=a+bt+ct2

1995 223000 -7 -1561000 49 10927000 -343 2401 296380.15

1996 205000 -6 -1230000 36 7380000 -216 1296 285427.64

1997 228300 -5 -1141500 25 5707500 -125 625 276160.13

1998 265000 -4 -1060000 16 4240000 -64 256 268577.62

1999 292000 -3 -876000 9 2628000 -27 81 262680.12

2000 301200 -2 -602400 4 1204800 -8 16 258467.61

2001 300600 -1 -300600 1 300600 -1 1 255940.11

2002 275275 0 0 0 0 0 0 255097.61

2003 270500 1 270500 1 270500 1 1 255940.11

2004 275500 2 551000 4 1102000 8 16 258467.61

2005 274000 3 822000 9 2466000 27 81 262680.12

2006 288000 4 1152000 16 4608000 64 256 268577.62

2007 262000 5 1310000 25 6550000 125 625 276160.132008 262300 6 1573800 36 9442800 216 1296 285427.64

2009 289600 7 2027200 49 14190400 343 2401 296380.15

Ut=4012275 t=0 tUt=935000 t2= 280 t2Ut=71017600 t3=0 t4=9352


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Figure: 2

Fitting of second degree parabola by method of least square:

f it t in g o f s e c o n d d e g re e p a r a b o la b y ms q u a r e

0

5 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0 0

1 5 0 0 0 0

2 0 0 0 0 0

2 5 0 0 0 0

3 0 0 0 0 0

3 5 0 0 0 0

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5

production(MT)

From table 2 and fig. 2 it is observed that there is a continuous fall ofproduction of coffee from the year 1996 to 2005 but, the production slightly

increases from 2006 onwards to 2009. So the trend of coffee production in

India has a graphically increasing tendency from 2006.


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Table: 3

Moving average method: Calculation of five yearly moving average:

From the table 3 and figure 3, it is observed that there is a fall of

production of coffee from the year 2002 to 2006. It might be due to

inadequate rainfall or other climatic conditions. Again, it is observed that the

production is increasing from the year 2007.

year Production total 5 yearly moving average

1995 223000

1996 205000

1997 228300 242660

1998 265000 258300

1999 292000 277420

2000 301200 286815

2001 300600 287915

2002 275275 284615

2003 270500 279175

2004 275500 276655

2005 274000 274000

2006 288000 272360

2007 262000 275180

2008 262300

2009 289600


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Figure: 3

Trend line by 5 yearly moving average:

Index

production

151413121110987654321

300000

280000

260000

240000

220000

200000

Moving Average

Length 5

Accuracy Measures

MAPE 7

MAD 19475

MSD 648056955

VariableActual

Fits

Moving Average Plot for production

Figure: 4

Exponential trend:

Figure: 5


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Logarithm trend:

Figure: 6

Polynomial trend:

From the figure 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 it is observed that the polynomial

trend best fit the data because the coefficient of determination R2 is higher

than the other R2values. Thus it can be concluded from the different trend

lines the polynomial trend best fit the data.


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Figure: 7

Correlation between production and export of coffee:

It is observed from Fig.7 both production and export has an increasing

trend and the correlation between them is strong, in order to see whether the

correlation is significant or not a t test is to be run.

Table: 3 CorrelationCorrelations

production export

production Pearson Correlation 1 .732**

Sig. (2-tailed) .002

N 15 15

export Pearson Correlation .732** 1

Sig. (2-tailed) .002

N 15 15

**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).

From Table: 3 it is observed that there exist correlation between production

and export of coffee and the correlation is significant at 1% level of


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significance. So the null hypothesis is rejected this implies that there exist

correlation between production and export of coffee.

Conclusion:

In this paper it is observed that the coffee production trend have a

graphically increasing tendency but, there is a continuous fall of production

of coffee from the year 1996 to 2005 due to erratic rainfall or other climatic

conditions but, the production slightly increases from 2006 onwards. It is

also observed in this paper that the polynomial trend best fit the original data

because the coefficient of determination (R2), which is the measure of

goodness of fit, is higher than the other R2values. Thus it can be concluded

from the different trend lines that the polynomial trend best fit the data.

This paper was based on the hypothesis that there exist no correlation

between production and export of coffee in India. The study confirms that

the hypothesis is rejected as the calculatedt is greater than the tabulated t.

This implies that there exist correlation between production and export of

coffee.

Hence, as a policy measure the production of coffee in India needs to be

increased as India produce less than the other countries although having

many possibilities. Although India is the sixth largest producer of coffee it isnoteworthy that Indian exports of coffee are facing tough competition from

the competitive countries like Brazil, Colombia, Vietnam, Indonesia and

Ethiopia. Hence India may go for cost minimizing policies so that India can

compete in the international market.

References:

1. Ricardo Godoy and Christopher Benett: Diversification among

Coffee Smallholders in the Highlands of South Sumatra, Indonesia,Human Ecology, Springer, 1988.

2. D. Narayana: Coffee Trade in India: Is there a case for Privatization,

Economics and Political Weekly, Vol: 28, No. 36, Sep. 4, 1993.


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3. A.K. Gupta: Shifting Cultivation and Conservation of Biological

Diversity in Tripura, North East India, Human Ecology, Springer,

Vol 28: No.4, 2000.

4. Thomas A. Carlo, Jairne A. Collaze and Martha J. Groom: Influences

of Fruit Diversity and Abundance on Bird use of Two Shaded Coffee

Plantations, The Association for Tropical Biology and Conservation,

Biotropical, 2004.

5. Benoit Daviron and Stefano Ponte: The Coffee Paradox: Global

Markets, Commodity Trade and the Elusive Promise of

Development, Zed Books February 2, 2006.

6. Stacy M.Philpott, Peter Bichier, Robert Rice and Russell Greenberg:

Field-Testing Ecological and Economic Benefits of CoffeeCertification Programs, Blackwell Publishing for Society for

Conservation Biology, 2007.

7. Anne E.C.Mc Cants: Poor Consumers as Global Consumers: The

Diffusion of Tea and Coffee Drinking in the Eighteenth Century,

Blackwell Publishing on behalf of the Economic History Society,

2008.

8. Jan C. von Enden and Ken C. Calvert: Improvement of coffee quality

and Sustainable of Coffee production in Vietnam, German Technical

Cooperation Agency (GTZ) and CEO Renertech Consulting, 159 St.

Andrew Street, Invercargill, 9501, New Zealand. Email:

[email protected].

Bibliography:

1. Kathleen Gough: Modes of Production in Southern India, Economic

and Political Weekly, 1980.

2. www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/database-jan-2007.htmCoffee

Board of India - Database on Coffee.

3. Playne, Somerset and Wright, Arnold: Southern India - Its History,

People, Commerce: Its History, People, Commerce, and Industrial

Resources, 221. ISBN 8120613449, 1998.
http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=Benoit%20Davironhttp://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=Stefano%20Pontehttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/database-jan-2007.htmhttp://coffee.wikia.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120613449http://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_1?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=Benoit%20Davironhttp://www.amazon.com/s/ref=ntt_athr_dp_sr_2?_encoding=UTF8&sort=relevancerank&search-alias=books&field-author=Stefano%20Pontehttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/database-jan-2007.htmhttp://coffee.wikia.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/8120613449


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4. Kenneth Davids: Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing & Enjoying,

Fifth Edition, 72. ISBN 031224665X, 2001.

5. A. Santa Ram: Breeding Coffee for Leaf Rust Resistance The Indian

Experience

6. Coffee Board of India - Area and share of production of coffee underdifferent coffee holdings in India 2003-04.

7. www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/Database, May07-1.pdfCoffee

Board of India - Area, Production, and Productivity

8. www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/database-jan-2007.htmCoffee

Board of India - Database on Coffee.

Appendix:

Production of coffee and export of coffee in India from 1995-2009:year Production(MT) Export(MT)

1995 223000 149290

1996 205000 186841

1997 228300 161590

1998 265000 209687

1999 292000 218230

2000 301200 253524

2001 300600 223782

2002 275275 2130082003 270500 222425

2004 275500 228246

2005 274000 203768

2006 288000 244989

2007 262000 214291

2008 262300 213158

2009 289600 179564

Source: Coffee Board of India.
http://coffee.wikia.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/031224665Xhttp://indiacoffee.org/newsletter/2005/apr/cover-story-1.htmlhttp://indiacoffee.org/newsletter/2005/apr/cover-story-1.htmlhttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/default.htm#holdingshttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/default.htm#holdingshttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/Database,%20May07-1.pdfhttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/database-jan-2007.htmhttp://coffee.wikia.com/wiki/Special:BookSources/031224665Xhttp://indiacoffee.org/newsletter/2005/apr/cover-story-1.htmlhttp://indiacoffee.org/newsletter/2005/apr/cover-story-1.htmlhttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/default.htm#holdingshttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/default.htm#holdingshttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/Database,%20May07-1.pdfhttp://www.indiacoffee.org/coffeeinindia/database-jan-2007.htm

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