JISC national e-books observatory final report

Key findings and recommendations

Final Report, November 2009

JISC national e-books observatory project aims

To license a collection of course text e-books that are highly relevant to UK HE taught course students in four discipline areas:

n Business and management studiesn Engineeringn Medicine (not mental health or nursing)n Media studies.

To evaluate the use of the course text e-books though deep log analysis and to assess the impact of the `free at the point of use’ e-books upon publishers, aggregators and libraries.

To transfer knowledge acquired during the project to publishers, aggregators and libraries to help stimulate the emerging course text e-books market.

Definitions

The JISC national e-books observatory project is referred to in this report as the ‘Observatory project.’

The ‘JISC disciplines’ are business and management studies, engineering, medicine and media studies.

Where the term ‘e-book’ is used, it refers to generic e-books available via the library, retail channels or on the web.

Where the term ‘course text e-book’ is used, it refers to electronic versions of course texts that support taught course students (e.g. undergraduates)

Where the term ‘JISC e-book’ is used, it is specific to the 36 titles licensed for the Observatory project.

CIBER was provided with the raw server logs for the other e-books available on the MyiLibrary platform that were actively being used by the 127 universities. This was about 10,000 e-books and provided a control group against which use the JISC e-books could be compared. These are referred to as the ‘non JISC e-books’.

Page 1

!"#$%#$&

'()#"*+%,-%.%#$& !

/0%(123%4&1..567 "

8%9#-4$:%4&(%#% #

$%&'()*+,-./*./01.2)*31&/ 4

5/+-6.%789.%,-.*:31&;<19 =>

?01.@:91)<%/*)6.2)*31&/.7,.&*,/1A/B./01.<7)/+%C.9&0*C%) ==

8$1,74;#,<#-&=4$:%41&%64>%6&>%(23% =D

EF:**'9.%,-./01.+,7<1)97/6.C7:)%)6 =!

$*GC1,1&'9.7,./01.969/18 ="

H91).-18%,-.I*).1F:**'9 =J

K*L.+91)9.M,-.1F:**'9 =N

K*L.1F:**'9.%)1.+91- =#

O01,.%,-.L01)1.1F:**'9.%)1.+91- =P

H9%:7C7/6.%,-.%&&1997:7C7/6.799+19 D=

O0%/.+91)9.L%,/.I)*8.1F:**'9 DD

H91.7,.C1%),7,(.%,-./1%&07,( D!

Q*)/)%7/.*I.%.9+21)+91) D"

8$1,74;#,<#-&=4$:%4+<?65674>%6&>%(23% DJ

R*CC1&;*,.8%,%(181,/.799+19.I*).1F:**'9 DN

Q)*8*;,(.1F:**'9 D#

S79&*<1)6.%,-.%&&199.799+19 D4

Page 2

!"#$%#$&

8$1,74;#,<#-&=4$:%4+<?65674>%6&>%(23%4&*,;,+1-

T82%&/.*I.1F:**'9.*,.2)7,/.&7)&+C%;*, DP

K*L.1F:**'9.M/.7,./*./01.C7:)%)6.1A21)71,&1 !>

8$1,74;#,<#-&=4$:%4>1?+<&:%64%0>%6<%#(% !=

?01.9/+-1,/.8%)'1/.I*).&*+)91./1A/9 !D

H91.*I.UT5R.1F:**'9.:6.9+:31&/.%)1% !!

H91.*I.UT5R.1F:**'9.:6.;/C1 !"

?01.782%&/.*,.2)7,/.9%C19 !J

O0%/.8%'19.%.(**-.1F:**'9.2C%V*)8W !#

@%("..%#,52"#&4A"64A16$:%646%&%56(: !4

@%("..%#,52"#&4$"4&$5)%:"+,%6&4XEF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2Z ">

B5()-6"1#,4#"$%& "#

[191%)&0.-197(, "4

\+)/01).7,I*)8%;*, J=

Page 3

'()#"*+%,-%.%#$&

!"#$%&'(#')*"#+%#+,-.*#+,"#/-.0#')12-2)-.34#3+&(".+34#-5-("/)534#6&1')3,"23#-.(#6'-7%2/#8".(%23#+,-+#9-8"#:2""'0#%:#+,")2#;/"#+%#/-*"#+,)3#62%<"5+#3%#3&55"33:&'=

>6"5)-'#+,-.*3#-2"#(&"#+%#?-2".#@)''%0#-.(#A%22-)."#B3+"''"#%:#CD>?#?%''"5;%.34#+,"#/"/1"23#%:#+,"#CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#1%-2(#-.(#+%#F)5,-2(#G.)9,+#%:#H)"'3".#I%%*J-+-#KG#$,%#62%8)("(#&3#$)+,#+,"#KG#62).+#3-'"3#(-+-#-.(#-(8)5"=##?,2)3#L2/3+2%.9#-.(#F-0#A%.3(-'"4#:2%/#D.:%2/-;%.#L&+%/-;%.#A)/)+"(4#6'-0"(#-#*"0#2%'"#).#+,)3#62%<"5+#10#&.("2+-*).9#+,"#M&-')+-;8"#2"3"-25,=

N,"#?DIBF#+"-/#)3O#D-.#F%$'-.(34#J-8)(#H)5,%'-34#P-&'#Q&.;.9+%.4#J-8)(#?'-2*4#Q-/)(#C-/-')#-.(#N%/#H)5,%'-3=

!"#-2"#-'3%#92-+":&'#+%#+,"#CD>?#BE1%%*3#!%2*).9#R2%&6#:%2#+,")2#$%2*#%.#(2-$).9#%&+#2"5%//".(-;%.3#+%#+,"#*"0#3+-*",%'("23#).#+,"#"E1%%*3#/-2*"+=##N,"3"#(2-$#%.#+,")2#$)("#"S6"2)".5"#-.(#%+,"2#).:%2/-;%.#3%&25"34#.%+#<&3+#+,)3#62%<"5+=##N,"0#3,%&'(#.%+#1"#2"-(#-3#?DIBFT3#5%.5'&3)%.3#+%#+,)3#3+&(0#1&+#-3#-#3+-.(-'%."#(%5&/".+=#

Page 4

!"#$%&'#()%**+,-\*).%.]+7&'.*<1)<71L.*I.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9

Executive

summ

ary

Page 5

/0%(123%4&1..5674=.*I.DUT5R.,%;*,%C.1F:**'9.*:91)<%/*)6.2)*31&/

! BE1%%*3#-2"#.%$#6-2+#%:#+,"#-5-("/)5#/-).3+2"-/O#."-2'0#UVW#%:#+"-5,).9#3+-X#-.(#3+&(".+3#,-8"#&3"(#-.#"E1%%*#+%#3&66%2+#+,")2#$%2*#%2#3+&(0#%2#:%2#'")3&2"#6&26%3"3=#

!@%2"#+,-.#,-':#%:#&3"23#3-)(#+,-+#+,"#'-3+#"E1%%*#+,"0#&3"(#$-3#62%8)("(#5%&2+"30#%:#+,")2#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20=#A)12-2)"3#-2"#+,"2":%2"#-#*"0#6'-0"2#).#+,"#"/"29).9#/-2*"+#:%2#"E1%%*3#-+#62"3".+=##Q%$"8"24#-'+"2.-;8"#/%("'3#-2"#"/"29).9#Y3&5,#-3#I'%%/31&20T3#"S6"2)/".+3#$)+,#%6".#-55"33#1%%*3Z#-.(#$"#.""(#+%#*""6#-#$-+5,).9#12)":=

! J"/-.(#:%2#3,%2+#'%-.#5%''"5;%.#62).+#;+'"3#:-2#"S5""(3#+,")2#3&66'0O#."-2'0#-#M&-2+"2#%:#3+&(".+3#2"6%2+"(#1").9#[()33-;3\"(T#%2#[8"20#()33-;3\"(T#$)+,#')12-20#62%8)3)%.#%:#+"S+1%%*34#-.(#-2%&.(#,-':#%:#+"-5,).9#3+-X#3-)(#+,-+#+,")2#3+&(".+3#2"9&'-2'0#5%/6'-)."(#-1%&+#+,)3=#

! ]%2#')12-2)-.34#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-2"#-#8-'&-1'"#1-5*E&6#:%2#,-2(#62"33"(#3,%2+#'%-.#5%''"5;%.34#%X"2).9#-#[3-:"+0#8-'8"T#-+#;/"3#%:#6"-*#("/-.(4#2-+,"2#+,-.#-#()2"5+#3&13;+&;%.#:%2#,-2(#5%60=

! ?%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*#&3"#)3#,)9,'0#3"-3%.-'4#%^".#8-20).9#10#/%2"#+,-.#V_W#/%.+,E%.E/%.+,4#-.(#').*"(#8"20#36"5)\5-''0#+%#+,"#+"-5,).9#-.(#-33"33/".+#5-'".(-2=#

! K3"#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-66"-23#+%#1"#1-3"(#%.#5%.8".)".5"#-.(#+,"#-(8-.+-9"3#+,"0#%X"2#3&5,#-3#".-1').9#3+&(".+3#-.(#3+-X#+%#\+#$%2*#-.(#3+&(0#/%2"#"-3)'0#).+%#+,")2#1&30#'):"3+0'"3O#-'/%3+#-#+,)2(#%:#6-9"3#8)"$"(#-2"#8)"$"(#%X#5-/6&3#-.(#-+#-''#,%&23#%:#+,"#(-0=

! L'+,%&9,#&3"23#8-'&"#+,"#`"S)1)')+0#-.(#5%.8".)".5"#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*34#&3"#%.#3%/"#6'-7%2/3#)3#5%/62%/)3"(#10#+"5,.)5-'#-.(#%+,"2#1-22)"23#+%#+,")2#"X"5;8"#&3"=##N,"3"#).5'&("#')/)+-;%.3#%.#62).;.94#(%$.'%-().9#-.(#3'%$#36""(3=##N,"2"#)3#/%2"#+%#'"-2.#-1%&+#"X"5;8"#).:%2/-;%.#("3)9.#:%2#352"".E1-3"(#"E1%%*34#:2%/#:&2+,"2#2"3"-25,#-.(#10#'"-2.).9#:2%/#1"3+#62-5;5"#).#+,"#\"'(=#

! N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#,-2."33"(#.-;%.-'#).+"2"3+#YVb4___#2"36%.3"3#:2%/#"8"20#5%2."2#%:#+,"#KGZ#-.(#).52"-3"(#*.%$'"(9"#-.(#-$-2"."33#%:#+,"#)33&"3#3&22%&.().9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=##N,"#;/"#)3#2)6"#:%2#-#/-<%2#"S6-.3)%.#%:#')12-20#62%8)3)%.=

.#/0,+123$(4/$+&/5(/6(#"37()%,'#-(,#)1/58#57)(!""#$%&'($&%()'*(+!,!!-../0

Exec

utive

su

mm

ary

Page 6

/0%(123%4&1..5674D.*I.DUT5R.,%;*,%C.1F:**'9.*:91)<%/*)6.2)*31&/

! I",-8)%&2-'#"8)(".5"#:2%/#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#3+2%.9'0#3&99"3+3#+,-+#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-2"#5&22".+'0#&3"(#:%2#M&)5*#:-5+#"S+2-5;%.#-.(#12)":#8)"$).9#2-+,"2#+,-.#:%2#5%.;.&%&3#2"-().94#$,)5,#/-0#5%.`)5+#$)+,#+,"#-33&/6;%.3#-1%&+#+,")2#&3"#/-("#10#6&1')3,"23#Y-.(#-&+,%23Z=#N,"0#-2"#1").9#&3"(#-3#+,%&9,#+,"0#-2"#".505'%6"()-3#%2#()5;%.-2)"3#2-+,"2#+,-.#"S+".("(#5%.;.&%&3#+"S+=#

! BE1%%*#6'-7%2/3#-.(#).+"2:-5"3#.""(#+%#1"#-55"33)1'"#-.(#("8"'%6"(#-2%&.(#62).5)6'"3#%:#&3"2E5".+2"(#("3)9.O#+,"0#-2"#:-2#:2%/#)("-'4#-.(#).#3%/"#5-3"34#1-2"'0#3"28)5"-1'"=#

! N,"2"#)3#+%%#/&5,#5%/6'"S)+0#).#+,"#"E1%%*3#/-2*"+=#A)12-2)-.3#\.(#1&3)."33#/%("'3#:%2#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-2"#%^".#).-662%62)-+"#:%2#+,"#5%//&.);"3#+,"0#3"28"4#+,"#')5".5"3#%8"2#5%/6')5-+"(4#-.(#+,"0#6"25")8"#+,"#62)5"3#+%#1"#+%%#,)9,=

! ?DIBFT3#(""6#'%9#-.-'03"3#:%&.(#/&5,#8-2)-;%.#).#'"8"'3#%:#).+"2"3+#).#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-.(#"E1%%*3#9"."2-''0#10#3&1<"5+O#+,"0#62%8"(#6%6&'-2#).#1&3)."33#3+&()"34#/&5,#'"33#3%#).#".9).""2).9=##L9"#-.(#9".("2#-2"#-'3%#)/6%2+-.+#62"()5+%23#%:#"E1%%*#+-*"E&6=#@%2"#2"3"-25,#)3#.""("(#+%#&.("23+-.(#+,"3"#()X"2".5"3#-.(#+,")2#62-5;5-'#)/6')5-;%.3=

! K3"23#$-.+#-#/%2"#3+-.(-2()3"(#%.')."#"S6"2)".5"O#+,"0#-2"#5%.:&3"(#10#+,"#8-2)"+0#%:#2%&+"3#-.(#6'-7%2/3#+,2%&9,#$,)5,#+,"0#5-.#\.(#-.(#()35%8"2#"E1%%*3#-.(#%+,"2#"'"5+2%.)5#5%.+".+=##N,)3#-''#/-0#5,-.9"#):#6&1')3,"23#$%2*#$)+,#R%%9'"#+%#).("S#+,")2#5%.+".+=

!!)+,).#+,"#')/)+"(#;/"#:2-/"#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#.%#5%.5'&3)8"#."9-;8"#)/6-5+#%.#KG#62).+#3-'"3#$-3#"8)(".+=##N,)3#)3#5%.3)3+".+#$)+,#+,"#8)"$#"/"29).9#:2%/#-#2-.9"#%:#"8)(".5"#+,-+#62).+#-.(#"E8"23)%.3#%:#)/6%2+-.+#5%&23"#+"S+3#-2"#5%/6'"/".+-204#.%+#3&13;+&+"3#:%2#%."#-.%+,"2=

! >-'"3#).#+,"#KG#+"S+1%%*#/-2*"+#-2"#2"'-;8"'0#`-+#-.(#5%.;.&).9#62"33&2"3#%.#3+&(".+#()36%3-1'"#).5%/"#/"-.#+,)3#)3#')*"'0#+%#5%.;.&"=##])9&2"3#:2%/#+,"#J"6-2+/".+#:%2#D..%8-;%.4#K.)8"23);"3#-.(#>*)''3#3,%$#+,-+#3+&(".+#36".().9#%.#5%&23"E2"'-+"(#+"S+1%%*3#:"''#10#."-2'0#-#\^,#1"+$"".#b__cd_V#-.(#b__ed_f=#N,"#62"33&2"3#+%#\.(#8)-1'"#-.(#3&3+-).-1'"#1&3)."33#/%("'3#$)''#).+".3):0#:%2#6&1')3,"23#-.(#')12-2)-.3#-')*"=

! N,"#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"#-.(#').*3#:2%/#')12-20#$"1#6-9"3#-2"#+,"#/-<%2#2%&+"3#10#$,)5,#&3"23#()35%8"2#"E1%%*3=#N"5,.)5-'#+%%'3#-2"#.%+#".%&9,O#()35%8"20#.""(#+%#1"#-5;8"'0#3&66%2+"(#10#62%/%;%.#-.(#/-2*";.9#+%#".3&2"#"M&-')+0#%:#-55"33#+%#5%&23"#+"S+3#-52%33#+,"#$,%'"#).3;+&;%.=

! ?DIBFT3#-.-'03)3#%:#+,"#&3"2#3&28"03#,-3#)(".;\"(#-#5'&3+"2#%:#"E1%%*#[3&6"2#&3"23T4#-.#)/6%2+-.+#92%&6#%:#"-2'0#-(%6+"23=##N,"0#2"-(#/%2"#;+'"34#-+#92"-+"2#'".9+,4#-.(#-2"#3"2)%&3#-.(#,)9,'0#:%5&3"(#3+&(".+3#$)+,#8"20#6%3);8"#-g+&("3#+%#+,"#')12-20#-.(#62"/)&/#"'"5+2%.)5#5%.+".+=##N,"0#-2"#')*"'0#+%#1"#%6).)%.#:%2/"23#-.(#-#8"20#).+"2"3;.9#+-29"+#-&()".5"#:%2#:%5&3#92%&634#).+"28)"$34#62%/%;%.#-.(#/-2*";.9=

Executive

summ

ary

Page 7

9#:50(72#()$#5#?01.@:91)<%/*)6.2)*31&/.7,.&*,/1A/

Setti

ng t

he

scen

e

Page 8

8%9#-4$:%4&(%#%4=.*I."$%&'()*+,-./*./01.2)*31&/

>,%2+#'%-.#5%''"5;%.3#).#&.)8"23)+0#')12-2)"3#-2"#-'$-03#&.("2#62"33&2"=#N%#2"')"8"#+,)3#62"33&2"#-.(#+%#62%8)("#"M&-')+0#%:#-55"33#+%#-''#+,")2#&3"234#')12-2)-.3#$-.+#"'"5+2%.)5#-55"33=#Q%$"8"24#\.().9#3&3+-).-1'"#"E1%%*#1&3)."33#/%("'3#+,-+#-''%$#&.)8"23)+0#')12-2)"3#+%#%X"2#"'"5+2%.)5#-55"33#+%#-''#+,")2#&3"23#-.(#+,-+#-2"#-'3%#62%\+-1'"#:%2#6&1')3,"23#)3#-.#%.9%).9#M&"3+=

a."#%:#+,"#/-).#2"-3%.3#:%2#+,)3#,-3#1"".#-#'-5*#%:#/-2*"+#2"3"-25,#%.#"E1%%*#&3"2#1",-8)%&2#-.(#$,-+#)/6-5+#:2""#-+#+,"#6%).+#%:#&3"#-55"33#+%#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#8)-#+,"#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20#,-3#%.#+2-();%.-'#+"S+1%%*#62).+#3-'"3=#N,"3"#h&.*.%$.3T#,-8"#,"'(#6&1')3,"23#1-5*#:2%/#/-*).9#/%2"#%:#+,")2#5%&23"#+"S+3#-8-)'-1'"#-3#"E1%%*3#-.(#-3#-#5%.3"M&".5"4#62"8".+"(#')12-2)"3#:2%/#62%8)().9#"M&-')+0#%:#-55"33#+%#+,")2#3,%2+#'%-.#;+'"3=#

D.#b__e4#+,"#CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#$-3#3"+#&6#+%#&.("2+-*"#+,"#."5"33-20#/-2*"+#2"3"-25,#+%#,"'6#6&1')3,"234#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%234#')12-2)"3#-.(#:&.().9#1%()"3#+%#+-*"#).:%2/"(#("5)3)%.3#1-3"(#%.#"8)(".5"#2-+,"2#+,-.#-33&/6;%.3=##

N,"#62%<"5+#$-3#:&.("(#10#CD>?#-.(#/-.-9"(#10#CD>?#?%''"5;%.3=

N,"#6,)'%3%6,0#1",).(#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#)3#-#3)/6'"#%."O#%13"28).9#)/6-5+34#5,-.9"3#).#-g+&("34#6"25"6;%.3#-.(#-5+&-'#1",-8)%&23#).#2"-'#;/"=#N,)3#2"M&)2"(#-#,)9,#'"8"'#%:#5%''-1%2-;%.#-.(#6-2;5)6-;%.=#N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#*)5*"(#%X#$)+,#+,"#')5".3).9#%:#iU#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#:%2#3+&(".+3#%.#1&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+#3+&()"34#/"()-#3+&()"34#".9).""2).94#-.(#/"()5)."#5%&23"3=#N,"3"#"E1%%*3#$"2"#3"'"5+"(#10#&.)8"23)+0#')12-2)-.3#-.(#/-("#-8-)'-1'"#:2""#%:#5,-29"#+%#-''#&3"23#).#KG#&.)8"23);"3=#>"8".#6&1')3,"234#+$%#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#-.(#jbe#&.)8"23);"3#6-2;5)6-+"(#).#+,"#62%<"5+#-.(#$%2*"(#$)+,#CD>?#?%''"5;%.3#-.(#?DIBF#-+#K.)8"23)+0#?%''"9"#A%.(%.=

Setting the

scene

Page 9

8%9#-4$:%4&(%#%4D.*I."$%&'()*+,-./*./01.2)*31&/

J&2).9#b__f#-.(#b__k#-#$"-'+,#%:#(-+-#$-3#5%''"5+"(O

! #I".5,/-2*).9#&3"2#3&28"03#5-22)"(#%&+#).#C-.&-20#b__f#-.(#).#C-.&-20#b__k#"S6'%2"(#5&22".+#&3"23T#-$-2"."334#6"25"6;%.3#-.(#-g+&("3#+%$-2(3#"E1%%*3#).#9"."2-'#-.(#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#).#6-2;5&'-2=#N%9"+,"24#+,"3"#3&28"03#2"5")8"(#%8"2#Vb4___#2"36%.3"3=

! #F-$#3"28"2#'%93#$"2"#-.-'03"(#+%#3""#"S-5+'0#,%$#&3"23#()35%8"2"(4#.-8)9-+"(#+,2%&9,#-.(#&3"(#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#+,-+#$"2"#/-("#-8-)'-1'"=

! #]%5&3#92%&63#$"2"#,"'(#-+#")9,+#&.)8"23);"3=#J-+-#9-+,"2"(#:2%/#+,"#:%5&3#92%&63#,"'(#$)+,#3+&(".+34#+"-5,).9#3+-X#-.(#')12-2)-.3#,-3#1"".#-.-'03"(#+%#"S6'%2"#&3"2#1",-8)%&23#-.(#-g+&("3=

! #A)12-20#5)25&'-;%.#-.(#2"+-)'#3-'"3#(-+-#$"2"#-.-'03"(#-9-).3+#+,"#&3-9"#%:#+,"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=

! N,)3#3&//-20#5%/1)."3#(-+-#:2%/#+,"#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#2"6%2+4#+,"#&3"2#3&28"0#2"6%2+4#+,"#:%5&3#92%&634#-.(#+,"#62).+#-.(#5)25&'-;%.#(-+-#2"6%2+3=##F"-("23#-2"#".5%&2-9"(#+%#2"-(#+,"#).()8)(&-'#$%2*).9#6-6"23#2":"2".5"(#-+#+,"#".(#%:#+,)3#2"6%2+=

CD8!4#52"#5+4%E?"")&4"?&%635$"674>6"F%($45<.&

N%#')5".3"#-#5%''"5;%.#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+,-+#-2"#,)9,'0#2"'"8-.+#+%#KG#QB#+-&9,+#5%&23"#3+&(".+3#).#:%&2#()35)6')."#-2"-3O#

!#I&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+#3+&()"3

!#B.9).""2).9

!#@"()5)."#Y.%+#/".+-'#,"-'+,#%2#.&23).9Z

!#@"()-#3+&()"3=

N%#"8-'&-+"#+,"#&3"#%:#+,"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+,%&9,#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#-.(#+%#-33"33#+,"#)/6-5+#%:#+,"#[:2""#-+#+,"#6%).+#%:#&3"T#"E1%%*3#&6%.#6&1')3,"234#-992"9-+%23#-.(#')12-2)"3=

N%#+2-.3:"2#*.%$'"(9"#-5M&)2"(#(&2).9#+,"#62%<"5+#+%#6&1')3,"234#-992"9-+%23#-.(#')12-2)"3#+%#,"'6#3;/&'-+"#+,"#"/"29).9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#/-2*"+=

Setti

ng t

he

scen

e

Page 10

8%9#-4$:%4&(%#%4!.*I."5/+-6.%789.%,-.*:31&;<19

?DIBF#2"5")8"(#:&.().9#:2%/#+,"#CD>?#+%#&.("2+-*"#+,"#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#YJALZ#3+&(0=#

GH'4&$1,745<.&45#,4"?F%(23%&

! N%#5%''"5+#).:%2/-;%.#%.#-g+&("3#-.(#1",-8)%&2#2"9-2().9#"E1%%*3#).#9"."2-'#10#3+&(".+3#-.(#3+-X=

! N%#/%.)+%24#-.-'03"#-.(#"8-'&-+"#+,"#&3-9"#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#10#(""6#'%9#/"+,%(3=

! L33"334#&.("23+-.(#-.(#2"6%2+#%.#+,"#1",-8)%&23#%:#&3"23#,)9,')9,+"(#10#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#+,2%&9,#M&-')+-;8"#2"3"-25,=

! L.-'03"#+,"#(""6#'%9#(-+-#:%2#&3-9"#%:#"-5,#CD>?#"E1%%*#-9-).3+#62).+#3-'"3#\9&2"3#%8"2#+,"#'):";/"#%:#+,"#3+&(0#-.(#+,2""#0"-23#62"8)%&3'0=

! L.-'03"#+,"#(""6#'%9#(-+-#:%2#"-5,#CD>?#"E1%%*#-9-).3+#')12-20#62).+#5)25&'-;%.#(-+-#%8"2#+,"#'):";/"#%:#+,"#62%<"5+=

! R-).#-#1"l"2#&.("23+-.().9#%:#+,"#5%''"5;%.#/-.-9"/".+#)33&"3#3&22%&.().9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=

! >&99"3+#62)%2)+0#-2"-3#:%2#:&2+,"2#2"3"-25,=

#

;+,7(</+,8(1*(=+*>#(2('34)'$256657&$89(:1%457;<57;2566'(=:3>$!?"$@'7'(:=

Setting the

scene

Page 11

8%9#-4$:%4&(%#%4".*I."?01.@:91)<%/*)6.2)*31&/.7,.&*,/1A/B.?01.<7)/+%C.9&0*C%)

a8"2#+,"#6-3+#.)."#0"-234#?DIBF#,-3#3+&()"(#+,"#).:%2/-;%.E3""*).9#1",-8)%&2#%:#/)'')%.3#%:#&3"23#%.#-#2-.9"#%:#()9)+-'#6'-7%2/3#).5'&().9#."$36-6"2#$"1#3)+"34#,"-'+,#*)%3*34#).+"2-5;8"#+"'"8)3)%.4#-.(#35,%'-2'0#"E<%&2.-'3#-.(#(-+-1-3"3=##N,)3#)3#+,"#\23+#;/"4#$"#1"')"8"4#+,-+#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#,-3#1"".#&3"(#+%#3,)."#')9,+#%.#,%$#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-2"#-5+&-''0#&3"(=

D:#$"#3""#+,"#3-/"#1",-8)%&2#$)+,#2"9-2(#+%#"E1%%*3#-3#$"#-2"#3"").9#$)+,#"E<%&2.-'34#$"#/)9,+#"S6"5+#+,"#:%''%$).9#5,-2-5+"2)3;53#+%#"/"29"O

! #m)2+&-'#35,%'-23#-2"#[62%/)35&%&3TO#3%#+,"0#-2"#3&2"#+%#9%#"'3"$,"2"#:%2#+,")2#).:%2/-;%.4#-.(#.%+#3%'"'0#+%#"E1%%*3=##L3#-#2"3&'+4#-.0#3+&(0#')*"#+,)3#5-.#%.'0#6)5*#&6#3%/"#%:#+,")2#&3"4#-.(#3%/"#%:#+,")2#.""(3=

! #N,"0#[1%&.5"T#-.(#[`)5*T#+,2%&9,#"E2"3%&25"3O#+,"0#-2"#&.')*"'0#+%#8)"$#/-.0#6-9"3#).#-#3).9'"#3"33)%.4#"36"5)-''0#9)8".#,%$#&.).+&);8"#/-.0#6'-7%2/3#-2"=

! #N,"0#.""(#-.(#,-8"#+%#.-8)9-+"#).#%2("2#+%#36%+#$,-+#+,"0#$-.+#Y-.(#"E1%%*3#-2"#2"'-;8"'0#&.:-/)')-2#+"22)+%20Z4#3%#-#9%%(#("-'#%:#+,")2#;/"#)3#')*"'0#+%#1"#36".+#%.#5%8"2#6-9"34#/".&3#-.(#+-1'"3#%:#5%.+".+3=

! #N,"0#8)"$#-.(#[6%$"2#12%$3"T#-3#/&5,#-3#2"-(#6-9"3#%.')."4#3%#6-9"#-.(#3"33)%.#;/"3#$)''#+06)5-''0#1"#3,%2+#-.(#.&/1"23#%:#6-9"#8)"$3#'%$4#1&+#).#+,"#5-3"#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*34#.&/1"23#/-0#1"#1%%3+"(#10#+,"#)/6%2+-.5"#%:#+,"#+"S+#).#+,")2#'"-2.).9=

! #K3"23#-2"#%^".#5%.:&3"(#-.(#&.3&2"#$,-+#5%.+".+#+%#+2&3+#-.(#,%$#+%#("+"2/)."#+,"#M&-')+0#%:#)+=#+,)3#/-0#'"-(#+%#'%.9"2#8)"$).9#;/"3#-.(#,)9,"2#1%&.5"#2-+"3#10#&3"23#:2%/#()9)+-'#6'-7%2/3O#+,"#()9)+-'#"M&)8-'".+#%:#-''#+,"#1%%*3#1").9#1%%*"(#%&+#-+#+,"#')12-20=#

! #K3"#)3#()8"23"#-.(#()X"23#-55%2().9#+%#9".("24#-9"4#<%14#:&''#%2#6-2+#;/"#3+-+&34#;/"#%:#(-04#'%5-;%.4#+06"#%:#).3;+&;%.#-.(#.-;%.-')+04#3%#+,"2"#)3#&.')*"'0#+%#1"#-#3+"2"%+06)5-'4#&.):%2/#-662%-5,#+%#"E1%%*3#+,-+#$%2*3#:%2#-''#&3"23=

!"#%X"2#+,"3"#+,%&9,+3#-3#1-5*92%&.(#-.(#5%.+"S+#+%#$,-+#:%''%$3=

Setti

ng t

he

scen

e

Page 12

97%8-(?58350)@(72#(%)#,(1#,)1#$&'#O0%/.RT$E[.I*+,-.*+/.%:*+/.+91)9

Study findings: the user perspecti

ve

Page 13

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4=.*I.=DEF:**'9.%,-./01.+,7<1)97/6.C7:)%)6

N,"#b__k#&3"2#3&28"0#2"8"-'"(#+,-+#-#5'"-2#/-<%2)+04#Uc=UW4#%:#&.)8"23)+0#3+&(".+3#-.(#+,")2#+"-5,"23#Y5%/1)."(Z#+%'(#&3#+,-+#+,"0#-2"#.%$#&3).9#"E1%%*34#$,"+,"2#3&66')"(#10#-#')12-204#%1+-)."(#:2%/#+,"#%6".#$"14#%2#6&25,-3"(4#+%#3&66%2+#+,")2#$%2*#%2#3+&(0#%2#:%2#'")3&2"#6&26%3"3=##L3#0"+4#+,"2"#)3#')l'"#"8)(".5"#%:#$)'').9."33#+%#6-0#:%2#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=##!,".#-3*"(#,%$#+,"0#3%&25"(#+,"#'-3+#"E1%%*#+,"0#2"-(4#'"33#+,-.#%."#2"-().9#).#+$".+0#$-3#-#6"23%.-'#6-)(E:%2#"E1%%*O8"16(%&4"A4-%#%65+4%E?"")46%5,<#-4D>>P.+91).9+)<16"#$!%$!&'()*%'+,'+#-'.)/+'01-'2,3'3/-4')!'-5(,,%6'#,7'4$4'2,3'&-+'#,.4',8'$+9':-;*-!+)&-/6''+-)*#$!&'/+)<')!4'/+34-!+/'*,1($!-46'=>>?'X!_="`PN!Za

BE1%%*3#,-8"#".+"2"(#).+%#+,"#/-).3+2"-/#%:#-5-("/)5#'):"#-.(#6"%6'"#-2"#).52"-3).9'0#"S6"5;.9#+%#3%&25"#"E1%%*#/-+"2)-'3#:2%/#+,")2#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20#Y3""#1"'%$ZOJ#<3%6&<$74+<?6567E>6"3<,%,4%E?"")&4D>>4.%,-.D>>P.+91).9+)<169"#$!%$!&'()*%'+,'+#-'.)/+'01-'2,3'3/-4')!'-5(,,%6'#,7'4$4'2,3'&-+'#,.4',8'$+9'@:-;*-!+)&-/'7#,')!/7-;-4'A8;,1'12'3!$B-;/$+2'.$(;);2CD.X!_="`>PJZa.

D.#+,"#+$"'8"#/%.+,3#1"+$"".#+,"#+$%#9+)<169#+,"2"#,-3#1"".#-#.%+-1'"#).52"-3"#).#+,"#&3"#%:#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20E62%8)("(#"E1%%*3O#&6#10#")9,+#6"25".+-9"#6%).+3#).#+,"#5-3"#%:#3+&(".+3#).#+,"#:%&2#CD>?#()35)6')."3#Y/"()-#3+&()"34#/"()5)."4#".9).""2).94#-.(#1&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+Z=4

I:%4.%&&5-%4<&4(+%56=4'&4*<$:4%EF"16#5+&K4&$1,%#$&45#,4$%5(:%6&456%4+"")<#-4$"4$:%<641#<3%6&<$74+<?65674$"4>6"3<,%4$:%.4*<$:45((%&&4$"4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&4$"4&1>>"6$4$:%<64&$1,<%&L4

2008 2009 Percentage points difference

Students in a JISC discipline 43.5% 51.5% 8.0

All other students 45.5% 52.3% 6.8

Teachers in a JISC discipline 50.3% 54.0% 3.7

All other teachers 50.1% 56.8% 6.7

A%,$2+)#8

B53'#,)37-(43>,+,-

C72#,(43>,+,-

C1#5(D#>

E,3#58(/,($/44#+0%#

;/5F7(,#*#*>#, GHI

JHK

LMHN

GHK

IGHO

LHM

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

user

per

spec

tive

Page 14

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4D.*I.=D$*GC1,1&'9.7,./01.969/18

@&5,#3+&(".+#&3"#%:#')12-20#5%.+".+#)3#5'%3"'0#;"(#+%#5%&23"#-33)9./".+34#62%<"5+3#-.(#"S-/3=##N,)3#52"-+"3#"S5"6;%.-'#3,%2+E+"2/#6"-*3#%:#("/-.(#%.#+,"#62).+#5%''"5;%.=##!,".#("/-.(#%&+3+2)63#3&66'04#1%l'"."5*3#-2"#52"-+"(#'"-().9#+%#).5%.8".)".5"#-.(#-.S)"+0#:%2#3+&(".+3#&.-1'"#+%#1%22%$#-#5%&23"#+"S+#$,".#+,"0#/%3+#.""(#)+=##

K.')/)+"(#5%.5&22".+#-55"33#+%#"E5%.+".+#)3#+,"#%18)%&3#3%'&;%.=#L#/-<%2#1"."\+#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#)3#+,")2#5%.8".)".5"O#+,"0#/-0#1"#5%.3&'+"(#bcde#:2%/#-.0#'%5-;%.#$)+,#-.#).+"2."+#5%.."5;%.=##@%2"#+,-.#,-':#%:#3+&(".+3#2"36%.().9#+%#+,"#&3"2#3&28"03#.%$#8)3)+#+,")2#&.)8"23)+0T3#()9)+-'#')12-20#/%3+'0#%2#"S5'&3)8"'0#:2%/#,%/"=##L#3+2%.9"2#E;$1)'8)*$-#5-3"#:%2#')12-20#-.(#6&1')3,"2#).8"3+/".+#).#5%&23"#+"S+3#"E1%%*3#5%&'(#,-2('0#1"#/-("=

L#\.().9#%:#+,"#b__k#&3"2#3&28"0#E#$,".#1".5,/-2*"(#-9-).3+#+,"#b__f#".+2-.5"#3&28"0#E#)3#+,-+#'"8"'3#%:#3+&(".+#3-;3:-5;%.#$)+,#')12-20#62%8)("(#62).+"(#5%&23"#+"S+1%%*3#2%3"#3)9.)\5-.+'0#%8"2#+,"#2"'-;8"'0#3,%2+#6"2)%(#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+=##>+&(".+3#$,%#2"36%.("(#+,-+#+,"0#$"2"#[3-;3\"(T#%2#[8"20#3-;3\"(T#2%3"#:2%/#cc=U#+%#ce=k#W#Y!nif4VkkZ=##N,)3#"X"5+#)3#.%+#')/)+"(#+%#+,%3"#()35)6')."3#6-2;5)6-;.9#).#+,"#3+&(0#E#,"2"#3-;3:-5;%.#2%3"#10#i=b#6"25".+-9"#6%).+3#E#-.(#-66"-23#+%#1"#-#9"."2-'#"X"5+=#

N,)3#\.().9#)3#9)8".#:&2+,"2#$")9,+#Y%66%3)+"Z#10#&.)8"23)+0#+"-5,"234#$,%#2"6%2+#+,-+#+,"#'"8"'#%:#3+&(".+#5%/6'-).+3#-1%&+#')12-20#62%8)3)%.#%:#62).+"(#5%&23"#+"S+3#()/).)3,"(#3,-26'0#).#"-5,#%:#+,"#CD>?#()35)6')."3#%8"2#+,"#5%&23"#%:#+,"#3+&(0=

J#+<.<$%,4("#(166%#$45((%&&4$"4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&4"M%64+<?656<%&45N&5A%$7435+3%O4%#5?+<#-4$:%.4$"4"M%64%P15+<$74"A45((%&&4,16<#-4$:%4&:56>%&$4>%5)&4"A4,%.5#,L4I:<&4<#46%$16#4(5#4:%+>46%,1(%4(".>+5<#$&45#,4<#(6%5&%4&$1,%#$4&52&A5(2"#L4

B1&<#%&& /#-<#%%6<#- Q%,<54&$1,<%& Q%,<(<#%

D4a"

N=a>

!"aJ

"#a#

"!aJ

NJaD

"=a=

J#a=RSSTRSSU

H%3%+4"A4&$1,%#$4(".>+5<#$&4D>>4.%,-.D>>P.+91).9+)<169F,'2,3;'/+34-!+/';-&3.);.2';-E,;+'()*%')!2'E;,(.-1/'*,!*-;!$!&'.$(;);2'E;,B$/$,!',8'+-G+(,,%/9

:-;*-!+)&-/',8'3!$B-;/$+2'+-)*#-;/')!/7-;$!&'A2-/C'@!HI6J=KD

L,7-B-;6'7#-!'M')1'!,+')(.-'+,'&,'+,'+#-'.$(;);26',;')..'*,E$-/');-',3+6'+#-'-.-*+;,!$*'B-;/$,!'$/')'+;3-'/).B)0,!6')/'M')1')(.-'+,'3/-'$+'7$+#,3+'*,1E-0!&'7$+#',+#-;'/+34-!+/6')!4'#)B-'$+')+'12'4$/E,/).'=JNO'

X5/+-1,/Z


ve

Page 15

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4!.*I.=DH91).-18%,-.I*).1F:**'9

I"+$"".#H%8"/1"2#b__e#+%#J"5"/1"2#b__f4#iU#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#$"2"#/-("#-8-)'-1'"#10#CD>?#?%''"5;%.3#-+#jbe#&.)8"23);"3#%.#+$%#6'-7%2/3O#@0)A)12-20#Y1&3)."334#".9).""2).9#-.(#/"()-#3+&()"3#;+'"3Z#-.(#a8)(#Y/"()5-'#;+'"3Z=a.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/#&3"23#/-("#%8"2#cU4___#8)3)+3#+%#+,"#bU#;+'"3#-8-)'-1'"4#-.(#8)"$"(#/%2"#+,-.#eUj4___#6-9"3=##B-5,#;+'"#-l2-5+"(#-2%&.(#jf4f__#6-9"#8)"$3#%.#-8"2-9"=##N06)5-''04#-#3"33)%.#'-3+"(#-2%&.(#ji#/).&+"3#-.(#2"3&'+"(#).#")9,+#6-9"3#1").9#8)"$"(=##>"33)%.#'".9+,3#,"2"#-2"#5%.3)("2-1'0#'%.9"2#+,-.#:%2#+,"#"E<%&2.-'#6'-7%2/3#+,-+#?DIBF#,-3#).8"3;9-+"(#).#%+,"2#3+&()"3=#N,"#+%6#+".#&.)8"23);"3#).#+"2/3#%:#CD>?#"E1%%*#&3"#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/#-2"#3,%$.#%66%3)+"=##N,"0#-2"#&.)8"23);"3#%:#8-2)%&3#3)o"3#1&+#+,"2"#)3#5'"-2'0#3%/"+,).9#36"5)-'#-1%&+#+,"3"#h3&6"2&3"23TO#+,"0#-55%&.+#:%2#/%2"#+,-.#-#M&-2+"2#%:#&3"=##?%/6-2"(#-9-).3+#+,"#j_4___#.%.#CD>?#"E1%%*3#+,-+#&.)8"23);"3#3&1352)1"#+%#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/4#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#62%8"(#2"'-;8"'0#6%6&'-2=#>"8".#%:#+,"/#-66"-2"(#).#+,"#+%6#+".#/%3+#6%6&'-2#"E1%%*3#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/#%8"2#+,"#+"2/#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+=#

I:%&%4;#,<#-&4&1--%&$4$:5$K4*<$:4$:%46<-:$42$+%&K4<$4<&4>"&&<?+%4$"4-%#%65$%4:<-:43"+1.%&4"A4%E?"")41&%L

J#<3%6&<$7 V4$"$5+41&% @5#)

501b1C-.K%CC%8.H,7<1)97/6 !a#Dc =

H,7<1)97/6.*I.501b1C- !aJJc D

H,7<1)97/6.*I.YC%8*)(%, !aD#c !

H,7<1)97/6.*I.$7)87,(0%8 Da44c "

H,7<1)97/6.*I.d*e,(0%8 Da!=c J

H,7<1)97/6.*I.R%8:)7-(1 DaD"c N

$)+,1C.H,7<1)97/6 DaD!c #

H,7<1)97/6.*I.$%/0 DaDDc 4

f%,&%9/1).H,7<1)97/6 Da=Nc P

H,7<1)97/6.*I.O%)L7&' Da==c =>

I"$5+ RWLWTV

I:%4$">4$%#41#<3%6&<2%&4<#4$%6.&4"A4CD8!4%E?"")41&%4-112.C*(.%,%C6979.*Ig67f7:)%)6.;/C19[%,'.%,-.21)&1,/%(1.*I./*/%C.+91`.d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

user

per

spec

tive

Page 16

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4".*I.=DK*L.+91)9.M,-.1F:**'9

I%+,#+,"#:%5&3#92%&63#Y$,)5,#5%8"2"(#1%+,#6'-7%2/3Z#-.(#+,"#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#5%.\2/#+,-+#').*3#:2%/#+,"#')12-20#$"1#3)+"#-.(#5-+-'%9&"#".+2)"3#3&66%2+"(#10#,)9,#M&-')+0#/"+-(-+-#-2"#"33".;-'#):#&3"23#-2"#+%#\.(#+,"#"E1%%*3#+,"0#.""(=##]"("2-+"(#3"-25,#)3#')l'"#&3"(#10#3+&(".+3#-.(4#).(""(4#-66"-23#+%#1"#-#3%&25"#%:#5%.:&3)%.#2-+,"2#+,-.#-#&3":&'#()35%8"20#+%%'#-3#:-2#-3#"E1%%*3#-2"#5%.5"2."(=##D:#6&1')3,"23#$%2*#/%2"#5'%3"'0#$)+,#R%%9'"#-.(#).("S#+,")2#5%.+".+4#+,)3#$)''#-''#5,-.9"=

N,"#2":"22"2#').*#%:#+,"#'%9#62%8)("3#-.#).()5-;%.#%:#$,"2"#&3"23#5-/"#:2%/#1":%2"#+,"0#-22)8"(#-+#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/=##L'+,%&9,#)+#$-3#.%+#6%33)1'"#+%#)(".;:0#+,"#%2)9).#%:#ccW#%:#8)3)+3#+%#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*34#-.#-.-'03)3#%:#+,"#2"/-).("2#Y%66%3)+"Z#/-*"3#)+#5'"-2#+,-+#+,"#')12-20#6'-03#-#5".+2-'#2%'"#).#+,"#()35%8"20#%:#"E1%%*3=##>)/)'-2#6-l"2.3#$"2"#"8)(".+#:%2#+,"#%+,"2#"E1%%*3#-8-)'-1'"#%.#+,"#6'-7%2/=

L'+,%&9,#+,"#5'"-2'0#)(".;\-1'"#).5)(".5"#%:#CD>?#"E1%%*#&3"#8)-#8)2+&-'#'"-2.).9#".8)2%./".+3#YmAB3Z#)3#'%$#-52%33#+,"#3"5+%24#$,"2"#5%.+".+#)3#-55"33"(#8)-#-#mAB4#&3"23#+06)5-''0#36".(#'%.9"2#-.(#8)"$#/%2"#6-9"3=

X<-:4P15+<$74.%$5,5$54>+57&454)%746"+%4<#4%E?"")4,<&("3%67L44J&%6&456%4("#A1&%,4?74$:%4*<,%465#-%4"A45((%&&4.%$:",&4>6"3<,%,=4+<?65674*%?4>5-%&K4(5$5+"-1%&K4A%,%65$%,4&%56(:K4%$(L44G<&("3%674#%%,&4$"4?%4&<.>+%6L

#

PQ!)JR

Q3>,+,-($+7+4/0%#()-)7#*)LKR

Q3>,+,-(435S)TGR

PPP'+#-;-C/'/,'1)!2'4$<-;-!+'($+/',8'$!8,;1)0,!',!',!-'E)&-'Q'$+'.$+-;)..2'!--4/')'R)/#'3E'/)2$!&'S-5T,,%')B)$.)(.-C'Q'*.$*%',!'$+')!4'(-'.$%-'

U,7V'X5/+-1,/Z

D,%#2;5?+%46%A%66%64+<#)&4$"4$:%4CD8!4%E?"")&4-112.C*(.%,%C6979.%/.=D#.+,7<1)97;19Q1)&1,/%(1.*I./*/%C.<797/9`.d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4


ve

Page 17

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4J.*I.=DK*L.1F:**'9.%)1.+91-

B8)(".5"#:2%/#+,"#:%5&3#92%&634#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#-.(#&3"2#3&28"03#3&99"3+3#+,-+#3+&(".+3#-.(#+"-5,"23#5%.3&/"#"E1%%*3#).#3/-''#5,&.*3O#:%2#92-o).9#-.(#"S+2-5;.9#).:%2/-;%.#2-+,"2#+,-.#:%2#'".9+,0#2"-().9=#a.'0#VW#%:#&3"23#36".+#/%2"#+,-.#\8"#/).&+"3#8)"$).9#-#6-9"#-.(#fVW#36".+#'"33#+,-.#-#/).&+"=##@&5,#%:#+,"#;/"#+,-+#&3"23#36".(#%.#"E1%%*#6'-7%2/3#)3#("8%+"(#+%#.-8)9-;%.#-.(#\.().9#5%.+".+4#3%#+,"3"#\9&2"3#3&99"3+#+,-+#-#'-29"#-/%&.+#%:#6%$"2#12%$3).9#-.(#`)5*).9#)3#+-*).9#6'-5"=##N,"#:%5&3#92%&63#2"6%2+"(#')l'"#"8)(".5"#%:#"E1%%*#5%.+".+#1").9#(%$.'%-("(4#-'+,%&9,#5&g.9#-.(#6-3;.9#1",-8)%&2#$-3#5%//%.6'-5"4#%^".#+%#".-1'"#5)+-;%.#%2#2":"2".5).94#%2#:%2#5%60).9#5%/6'"S#/-+"2)-'=##

K3"23#62":"2#+%#62).+#%&+#/-+"2)-'#:%2#'-+"2#2"-().9#-.(#.%+"#+-*).9#%.#6-6"2#2-+,"2#+,-.#&3"#+,"#.%+"#+-*).9#:-5)');"3#62%8)("(#%.#+,"#-992"9-+%2T3#6'-7%2/=##

N,"#92-6,#%66%3)+"#3,%$3#+,"#$)("362"-(#62":"2".5"#:%2#()66).9#).#-.(#%&+#%:#3"8"2-'#5,-6+"23#-.(#3&66%2+3#+,"#3,%2+#6-9"#8)"$#;/"3#/"-3&2"(=#Q%$"8"2#-#3/-''#62%6%2;%.#(%#36".(#%8"2#-#/).&+"#8)"$).9#-#6-9"#-.(#+,)3#/-0#).()5-+"#-#62":"2".5"#:%2#2"-().9#3"8"2-'#5,-6+"23#%.')."#-3#-'3%#3"".#).#+,"#92-6,#%66%3)+"=

!166%#$+74$:%41&%4"A4%E?"")&4."&$+74&52&;%&4$:%4#%%,4A"64?6<%A4<#A"6.52"#45#,465><,4A5($4%0$65(2"#L4I:<&4.574?%4,1%4$"4>""641&5?<+<$7K45&46%>"6$%,4+5$%6K4?1$4&1--%&$&4$:5$4>6<#$42$+%&456%46%P1<6%,45#,4$:5$4%E?"")&4(".>+%.%#$4$:%41&%4"A4>6<#$L4

@%5,4$:%4*:"+%4?"")

@%5,4&%3%65+4*:"+%4(:5>$%6&

@%5,4"#%4*:"+%4(:5>$%6

G<>4<#45#,4"1$4"A4&%3%65+4(:5>$%6&

H"")%,45$4?6<%A+7

G"#O$46%.%.?%6>a!

==a=

J4aN

4aN

="a!

#a=

>a4

=DaD

J!aJ

#a4

D>aD

JaJ 8$1,%#$&I%5(:%6&

W&)$!6'M'+#$!%'+#-;-'$/')'4$/0!*0,!'(-+7--!';-)4$!&'+-G+'8;,1'+#-'/*;--!'8,;'/#,;+'E-;$,4/',8'01-')!4'/$X!&'4,7!')!4';-)4$!&')'!,B-.',;'

/,1-+#$!&P''W!4'+#$/'$/'E,//$(.2'7#2'E-,E.-'+-!4'5'M'+#$!%'7-'*)1-'+,')';-)/,!)(.-'*,!/-!/3/'+#)+'E-,E.-'+-!4'+,'3/-'-5(,,%/'8,;'Y!4$!&'/E-*$Y*'E$-*-/',8'$!8,;1)0,!';)+#-;'+#)!'$!'+-;1/',8'-G+-!/$B-';-)4$!&'X5/+-1,/Z

8(6%%#46%5,<#-4?%:53<"164D>>P.+91).9+)<16

L,7'13*#',8'2,3;'.)/+'-5(,,%'4$4'2,3';-)4',!.$!-9'X!_"`##PZ5/%h.%,-.9/+-1,/9.7,.UT5R.-79&72C7,19.*,C6

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

user

per

spec

tive

Page 18

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4N.*I.=DK*L.1F:**'9.%)1.+91-

@&5,#8)"$).9#%:#"E1%%*34#-2%&.(#U_W4#)3#()2"5+'0#:2%/#+,"#352"".#2-+,"2#+,-.#:2%/#6-6"2#%2#-#/)S+&2"#%:#1%+,#352"".#-.(#,-2(#5%60=##N,)3#62%6%2;%.#)3#3+2)*).9'0#3)/)'-2#:%2#3+&(".+3#-.(#+"-5,).9#3+-X#-.(#)3#).("6".(".+#%:#-9"O#"8".#1"0%.(#+,"#.%2/-'#2";2"/".+#-9"4#ccW#%:#2"36%.(".+3#3-0#+,"0#9"."2-''0#2"-(#()2"5+#:2%/#+,"#352"".=

!,"+,"2#+,)3#)3#-#9".&)."#62":"2".5"#%2#-#:%2/#%:#1",-8)%&2#+,-+#)3##3,-6"(#10#+,"#8-2)%&3#2"3+2)5;%.3#Y3&5,#-3#()9)+-'#2)9,+3#/-.-9"/".+4#-.(#')/)+-;%.3#%.#,%$#/&5,#5%.+".+#/-0#1"#62).+"(Z#+,-+#5&22".+'0#-66'0#+%#"E1%%*3#)3#()p5&'+#+%#3-0=##?"2+-).'0#-#.&/1"2#%:#2"36%.(".+3#).#+,"#b__f#-.(#b__k#3&28"03#-.(#+,"#:%5&3#92%&63#3-)(#+,-+#+,"0#:%&.(#62%'%.9"(#352"".#2"-().9#+%#1"#8"20#;2).9#-.(#+,-+#)+#$-3#9"."2-''0#,-2("2#+%#5%.5".+2-+"#-.(#+%#-13%21#).:%2/-;%.#).#+,)3#$-0=

P-2;5)6-.+3#).#+,"#:%5&3#92%&63#2"6%2+"(#3%/"#()p5&'+0#).#\.().9#).:%2/-;%.#).#"E1%%*3O#3)/6'"#3"-25,#$-3#.%+#2"9-2("(#-3#-#&3":&'#-55"33#/"5,-.)3/#3).5"#/%3+#5%&23"#+"S+3#-2"#("3)9."(#+%#1"#2"-(#5%.;.&%&3'0#2-+,"2#+,-.#1").9#5,&.*"(#).+%#/%2"#3"-25,#".9)."#:2)".('0#".505'%6"()-E3+0'"#".+2)"3=##@%3+#&3"23#3""/#+%#2"'0#%.#-#/)S#%:#12%$3).9#+-1'"3#%:#5%.+".+3#-.(#3)/6'"#3"-25,O#-(8-.5"(#3"-25,).9#-.(#"S6-.().9#+-1'"3#%:#5%.+".+3#$"2"#%.'0#2-2"'0#&3"(=

Q",%4"A46%5,<#-4%E?"")&4("#$%#$4D>>P.+91).9+)<16.L,7'4$4'2,3';-)4'+#-'*,!+-!+/9'X!_"`#4JZ?1%&07,(.9/%h.%,-.9/+-1,/9.7,.UT5R.-79&72C7,19.*,C6

#

J&%6&4&>%#,4."&$4"A4$:%<642.%43<%*<#-4%E?"")&4,<6%($+74A6".4$:%4&(6%%#K4A"646%5&"#&4$:5$456%4"?3<"1&=4&>%%,K4>65-.52&.45#,4>6"?+%.&45&&"(<5$%,4*<$:4>6<#2#-45#,4,"*#+"5,<#-L44I:<&4;#,<#-4(:<.%&4?"$:4*<$:454:<-:+74A"(1&%,4NA5($4;#,<#-O45>>6"5(:4$"41&<#-4("#$%#$45#,45+&"4*<$:45#4<#,<(52"#4$:5$4,<&("3%674$""+&4"#4%E?"")4>+5Y"6.&456%4#"$47%$4A1++74;$4A"64>16>"&%L4

@%5,4A6".4$:%4&(6%%#

Z6<#$%,45#,46%5,4A6".4>5>%6

'4?<$4"A4?"$:

G"#O$46%.%.?%6>a!

!Da!

#a"

N>a>

>aJ

D#aD

Ja"

NNaP

8$1,%#$&I%5(:%6&


ve

Page 19

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4#.*I.=DO01,.%,-.L01)1.1F:**'9.%)1.+91-

a."#%:#+,"#*"0#-(8-.+-9"3#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#:%2#1&30#3+&(".+3#-.(#+"-5,).9#3+-X#)3#+,-+#-55"33#5-.#1"#/-("#:2%/#-.0$,"2"#-.(#-+#-.0#;/"=

H"(52"#

L'/%3+#-#+,)2(#%:#6-9"#8)"$3#$"2"#/-("#%X#5-/6&3#$)+,).#+,"#KG#-.(#-.%+,"2#UW#:2%/#3+&(".+3#%8"23"-3=##aXE5-/6&3#&3"#$-3#,"-8)"3+#).#@-25,#-.(#C&."4#$,".#)+#-55%&.+"(#:%2#/%2"#+,-.#c_W#%:#&3"4#-.(#-+#)+3#')9,+"3+#).#>"6+"/1"24#$,".#)+#:"''#+%#bUW#%:#-''#6-9"#8)"$3=

J&%4"A4CD8!4%E?"")&4?74+"(52"#4-112.C*(.%,%C6979.*I.g67f7:)%)6.;/C19

Q1)&1,/%(1.*I.2%(1.<71L9K4d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4

I<.%4"A4,57

BE1%%*3#-2"#&3"(#+,2%&9,%&+#+,"#(-0#-.(#.)9,+4#$)+,#+,"#,"-8)"3+#&3"#%55&22).9#1"+$"".#f#-=/=#-.(#b#6=/=J&%4"A4CD8!4%E?"")&4?742.%4"A4,574-112.C*(.%,%C6979.*I.g67f7:)%)6.;/C19

Q1)&1,/%(1.*I.-%7C6.2%(1.<71L9`.d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4

!"16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&4%#5?+%4&$1,%#$&45#,4&$5M4$"4;$4*"6)45#,4&$1,74[%0<?+74<#$"4$:%<64?1&74+<A%&$7+%&L4

"3%6&%5&WV

"M4(5.>1&\]V

"#4(5.>1&W\V

"

.

A

#

B!

B/

";! !;C C;A A;D D;B" B";B! B!;BC BC;BA BA;BD BD;!" !";!! !!;!C

U3*#(/6(8+-

;+34-(1+0#('3#D)(+E'($='7F0

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

user

per

spec

tive

Page 20

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%44.*I.=DO01,.%,-.L01)1.1F:**'9.%)1.+91-

I<.%4"A47%56

A"8"'3#%:#CD>?#"E1%%*#&3"#8-2)"(#".%2/%&3'0#+,2%&9,%&+#+,"#0"-24#%^".#10#/%2"#+,-.#V_W#/%.+,E%.E/%.+,4#-.(#-2"#/&5,#/%2"#5'%3"'0#;"(#+%#+,"#6"-*3#-.(#+2%&9,3#%:#+,"#+"-5,).9#0"-2#+,-.#)3#+,"#5-3"#$)+,#"E<%&2.-'34#:%2#).3+-.5"=

J&%4"A4CD8!4%E?"")&4?74."#$:4-112.C*(.%,%C6979.*I.g67f7:)%)6.;/C19

i<1)%(1.8*,/0C6.2%(1.<71L9`.d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4

J&%4"A4CD8!4%E?"")&4?742.%4"A47%564-112.C*(.%,%C6979.*I.g67f7:)%)6.;/C19.%/./01.H,7<1)97/6.*I.$7)87,(0%8

g*,/0C6.2%(1.<71L9`.d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4

N,"#(-+-#-1%8"#YK.)8"23)+0#%:#I)2/).9,-/Z#2"8"-'#5%/6'"S#3"-3%.-'#6-l"2.3#-+#+,"#3&1<"5+#'"8"'=###

I:%4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")4N$5>O4<&4"#+74$16#%,4"#4*:%#4<$4<&4#%%,%,L44J&%4<&43%674&%#&<23%4$"4&>%(<;(4("16&%4,%.5#,&45#,4$:<&4#%%,&4$"4?%46%[%($%,4<#45((%&&4.",%+&L

"

B"""

!"""

."""

C"""

<5) G'= H37 I'1 J3( 8E( J3* H%7 H%> 8% K'E L=F <5) G'=

JVVMJVVK

B!""

B"""

D""

A""

C""

!""

"

H37JVVM

<5)JVVK

<5)JVVM

J3(JVVM

J3*JVVM

H%>*JVVM

K'EFJVVM

M%&:7'&&$N7O:7''(:7OJ'P:3$&F%P:'&


ve

Page 21

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4P.*I.=DH9%:7C7/6.%,-.%&&1997:7C7/6.799+19

D+#)3#5'"-2#:2%/#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#+,-+#5&22".+'0#+,"#&3"#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#)3#62)/-2)'0#(2)8".#10#.""(3#:%2#12)":#).:%2/-;%.#-.(#:-5+#"S+2-5;%.4#3&5,#-3#5-6+&2).9#1)1')%92-6,)5#2":"2".5"34#)/-9"34#M&%+"3#%2#+-1'"3#:%2#).5%26%2-;%.#).+%#%+,"2#$%2*=##Q)9,#8-'&"#)3#+,"2":%2"#6'-5"(#%.#+,"#-1)')+0#+%#/-.)6&'-+"#+,"#5%.+".+#:%2#+,%3"#$)+,#62).+#2"'-+"(#()3-1)');"3=#N,"#62).+#8"23)%.#)3#3;''#6"25")8"(#-3#+,"#62":"22"(#:%2/-+#:%2#5%.;.&%&3#"S+".("(#2"-().9#:%2#3"8"2-'#2"-3%.34#).5'&().9O

! +,"#:-/)')-2)+0#%:#+,"#6,03)5-'#1%%*=

! )+#:-5)')+-+"3#92"-+"2#5%.5".+2-;%.=

! )+#)3#/%2"#5%.(&5)8"#+,-.#+,"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*#+%#5"2+-).#:%2/3#%:#2"-().9#1",-8)%&24#3&5,#-3#35-..).9#-.(#12%$3).9=

! +,"#62).+"(#6-9"#)3#-'3%#3"".#+%#1"#/%2"#5%.(&5)8"#+%#.%+"#/-*).94#-..%+-;%.#-.(#,)9,')9,;.9=

@-.0#"E1%%*#).+"2:-5"3#/-*"#6%%2#&3"#%:#+,"#-8-)'-1'"#352"".#36-5"4#2"3&';.9#).#+%%#')l'"#-5+&-'#8)3)1'"#+"S+#Y)="=#6-2;-'#6-9"#8)"$3Z4#+%%#/&5,#8)3&-'#5'&l"2#).#+,"#:%2/#%:#.-8)9-;%.-'#+%%'34#"+5=4#-.(#5&22".+'0#%X"2#-#2"'-;8"'0#6%%2#2"-().9#"S6"2)".5"=##

>+-X#-.(#3+&(".+3#).#+,"#:%5&3#92%&63#3-)(#+,-+#+,"0#()3')*"(#1").9#2"M&)2"(#+%#&.("2+-*"#+7,'.-8)9-;%.-'#-5;8);"3O#352%'').9#-.(#+,"#."S+E6-9"#1&l%.=##N,)3#/-*"3#12%$3).9#-.(#3*)//).9#()p5&'+#-.(#/"-.3#+,-+#+,"#'%$"2#,-':#%:#+,"#6-9"#/-0#1"#).-(8"2+".+'0#)9.%2"(=

!)+,).E6-9"#)/-9"3#-.(#+-1'"3#(%#.%+#2".("2#$"''#Y6-2;5&'-2'0#$)+,#352"".#2"-().9#3%^$-2"Z#-.(#o%%/#%^".#("3+2%03#6-9"#:%2/-+#%2#/-*"3#5%.+".+#`%$#).5%22"5+'0#%.#352"".=##?%'%&2#-.(#-"3+,";53#%:#+,"#352"".#62"3".+-;%.#1%+,#2"5")8"(#-(8"23"#5%//".+3=##D:#"E1%%*3#-2"#9%).9#+%#1"#2"-(#:%2#/%2"#"S+".("(#6"2)%(3#:2%/#+,"#352"".4#+,"#-8-)'-1'"#()36'-0#:"-+&2"3#3,%&'(#1"#:&''0#&3"(=##N,)3#)3#6-2;5&'-2'0#)/6%2+-.+#:%2#+,%3"#$)+,#'"-2.).9#%2#2"-().9#()p5&';"34#')*"#(03'"S)-4#$,%#/-0#.""(#+,"#:-5)')+0#+%#5,-.9"#1-5*92%&.(#-.(#+"S+#5%'%&234#-3#$"''#-3#+,"#3)o"#%:##:%.+3#-.(#)/-9"3=#

I:%6%4<&45#4">>"6$1#<$74$"4.5)%4%E?"")&4%5&<%64$"41&%45#,4A1++745((%&&<?+%4$"45++41&%6&L4^16$:%646%&%56(:45#,41&%64(%#$6%,4,%&<-#4>6<#(<>+%&4#%%,4$"4<.>+%.%#$%,4$"4<.>6"3%4$:%41&%64%0>%6<%#(%L44

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

user

per

spec

tive

Page 22

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4=>.*I.=DO0%/.+91)9.L%,/.I)*8.1F:**'9

D.#+,"#b__f#&3"2#3&28"0#$"#-3*"(#+,"#%6".#M&"3;%.#qD.#0%&2#%6).)%.4#$,-+#-2"#+,"#+,2""#1)99"3+#-(8-.+-9"3#+,-+#"E1%%*3#%X"2#5%/6-2"(#$)+,#62).+"(#1%%*3rs#-.(#-.-'03"(#+,"#2"36%.3"3=##N,"#2"3&'+3#Y%66%3)+"Z#3,%$#+,-+#+,"#*"0#6"25")8"(#8-'&"#%:#"E1%%*3#)3#+,-+#&3"23#5-.#9"+#-+#+,"/#$,"2"8"2#+,"0#-2"#-.(#-+#$,-+"8"2#;/"=##>"-25,-1)')+0#)3#+,"#3"5%.(#/%3+#6%6&'-2#2"36%.3"4#2)3).9#+%#jV=cW#):#$"#).5'&("#[.-8)9-;%.T=##B8".#).#+,"#5-3"#%:#6(:#\'"34#+,"#?+2't]#:"-+&2"#$-3#/".;%."(#-3#-#:-8%&2)+"#:"-+&2"#:%2#\.().9#2"'"8-.+#5%.+".+=##?%//".+3#,"2"#).5'&("(#q?%&'(#3"-25,#$)+,).#+,"#+"S+#&3).9#*"0#$%2(3s#-.(#qB-30#'%5-;%.#%:#$%2(3#-.(#6,2-3"3#8)-#+,"#[\.(T#/"5,-.)3/=s

@-.0#%:#+,"#5%//".+3#2")+"2-+"(#+,"#:-5+#+,-+#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#%X"2#-#3%'&;%.#+%#,-2(E62"33"(#3,%2+#'%-.#5%''"5;%.3=##N,"3"#5-''3#5-/"#"36"5)-''0#:2%/#()3+-.5"#'"-2."23#-.(#6-2+E;/"#3+&(".+3=

D.#9"."2-'4#%&2#2"3"-25,#3,%$3#+,-+#&3"23#$-.+O

!/%2"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*#;+'"3#+%#1"#/-("#-8-)'-1'"

! 1"l"2#62%/%;%.#%:#"E1%%*3#10#+&+%23#-.(#+,"#')12-20#+%#2-)3"#-$-2"."33#%:#$,-+#)3#-8-)'-1'"

!/%2"#+2-).).9#).#,%$#+%#-55"33#-.(#&3"#"E2"3%&25"3

!/%2"#).+"2-5;8)+0#$)+,).#+,"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*

! &.')/)+"(#5%.5&22".+#-55"33

! "-3)"2#-.(#/%2"#2"')-1'"#2"/%+"#-55"33

! +,"#-1)')+0#+%#62).+#%&+#/%2"#+,-.#%."#6-9"#-+#-#;/"#

! +,"#-1)')+0#+%#6&+#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*#5%.+".+#%.+%#6%2+-1'"#("8)5"3#

! -992"33)8"#()9)+-'#2)9,+3#/-.-9"/".+#YJF@Z#2"3+2)5;%.3#+%#1"#')^"(

H<?656741&%6&456%4%#$:1&<5&2(45?"1$4%E?"")&4?%(51&%4"A4$:%4("#3%#<%#(%4$:%74"M%645#,4$:%4*57&4<#4*:<(:4$:%74(5#41&%4$:%.4<#4$:%<64+%56#<#-4$5&)&L44B1$4$:<&4<&4(166%#$+74(".>6".<&%,4?74>""641&5?<+<$745#,4"$:%64?566<%6&L

',35#$5-% # V

@,C7,1.%&&199 N`=NP JDa"

51%)&0%:7C7/6 =`JJN =!aD

R*9/ =`DNN =>a4

Q*)/%:7C7/6 ND! Ja!

R*,<1,71,&1 !"> DaP

E&*FI)71,-C6 !D! Da4

5/*)%(1 DJ4 DaD

E%96./*.,%<7(%/1 DJ! DaD

g+C;2C1.+91)9 D>! =a#

E%96./*.C*&%/1 =JD =a!

Z%6(%<3%,4%E?"")45,35#$5-%&.D>>4.+91).9+)<16?*2./1,.+,9*C7&7/1-.:1,1M/9`.9/%h.%,-.9/+-1,/9.X,_==`#N!Z


ve

Page 23

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4==.*I.=DH91.7,.C1%),7,(.%,-./1%&07,(

?%/6-2).9#+,"#b__f#-.(#b__k#&3"23#3&28"034#-#3)9.)\5-.+#3,)^#).#+"2/3#%:#+,"#.&/1"2#%:#+"-5,).9#3+-X#$,%#-5;8"'0#2"5%//".(#"E1%%*3#+%#+,")2#3+&(".+3#+%%*#6'-5"#Y%66%3)+"Z=##N,"#"S+".+#+%#$,)5,#+,)3#/-0#1"#-l2)1&+-1'"#+%#+,"#62%/%;%.#-.(#6&1')5)+0#-33%5)-+"(#$)+,#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#%2#3)/6'0#(&"#+%#-#2)3).9#;("#%:#9"."2-'#).+"2"3+#).#"E1%%*3#)3#&.5'"-2=##I&+#+,"2"#)3#-#2"-'#9-+,"2).9#%:#/%/".+&/=

'#4<#(6%5&<#-4#1.?%64"A45(5,%.<(&4#"*45(23%+746%("..%#,4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&4$"4$:%<64&$1,%#$&4A"646%5&"#&4"A4%P15+<$74"A45((%&&45#,4("#3%#<%#(%L4

#

4

4

4

426.6

15.9

35.7

49.4

30.2

14.9

29.4

43.9

/E?"")46%("..%#,52"#&.D>>4.%,-.D>>P.+91).9+)<169.&*8:7,1-F,'2,3')*0B-.2'-!*,3;)&-'2,3;'/+34-!+/'+,'3/-'-5(,,%'1)+-;$)./9.Q1)&1,/%(19.*I.%CC./1%&07,(.9/%h.X,_P!PZ

RSSTRSSU

RSSTRSSU

RSSTRSSU

RSSTRSSU

@%5,<#-4+<&$&

_H/&

`#+<#%46%5,<#-4.",1+%&4

a"

M'+#$!%'+#-2'Y!4'$+'B-;2'*,!B-!$-!+'PPPP'M'+#$!%'+#-2'4,'1,;-';-)4$!&'+#)!'+#-2'4$4'7#-!'M'3/-4'+,'&$B-'+#-1'E)E-;'/+3<'+,';-)4'(-*)3/-'+#-2'

*)!'&-+'+,'$+'Z3$*%.2'Xi&%-187&Z

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

user

per

spec

tive

Page 24

I:%41&%64>%6&>%(23%4=D.*I.=DQ*)/)%7/.*I.%.9+21).+91)

!,-+#-2"#+,"#5,-2-5+"2)3;53#%:#3+&(".+3#$,%#-2"#+,"#/%3+#-8)(#2"-("23#%:#"E1%%*3#Y("\."(#12%-('0Zr##Q"2"#$"#("\."#-#[3&6"2#&3"2T#,"2"#-3#3%/"%."#$,%#,-(#'%%*"(#-+#\8"#%2#/%2"#"E1%%*3#$)+,).#+,"#:%&2#$""*3#'"-().9#).+%#?DIBFT3#&3"2#3&28"03=##N,"#-.-'03)3#+,-+#:%''%$3#)3#1-3"(#%.#f4f__#3+&(".+3#).#+,"#:%&2#CD>?#()35)6')."34#%:#$,%/#je=VW#-2"#[3&6"2#&3"23T=

N,"#3&28"0#(-+-#2"8"-'#+,-+#3&6"2#&3"23#-2"O

! #%'("2#+,-.#/%3+#3+&(".+34#+06)5-''0#bbEiV#bWLUc=

! #/%2"#')*"'0#+%#1"#/-'"#b\LSc#+,-.#:"/-'"=

! #/%3+#')*"'0#+%#1"#:%&.(#%.#1&3)."33#3+&()"3#bWLdc#%2#".9).""2).9#bRLWc#5%&23"34#-.(#8"20#+,).#%.#+,"#92%&.(#%.#/"()5-'#5%&23"3#bE]SLec=

! #/&5,#/%2"#')*"'0#+%#9"+#+,")2#"E1%%*#2"-().93#:2%/#+,")2#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20#b]RLfc#+,-.#')9,+"2#"E1%%*#&3"23=

! #$)("2#-.(#/%2"#"S+".3)8"#2"-("23#%:#"E1%%*3O#-3#$"''#-3#2"-().9#:2%//#-#$)("2#2-.9"#%:#;+'"34#3"33)%.#;/"3#-2"#'%.9"2O#+,"0#-2"#/&5,#/%2"#')*"'0#+%#36".(#/%2"#+,-.#b_#/).&+"3#"-5,#3"33)%.#bTLUc#-.(#+%#&3"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#/%2"#"S+".3)8"'04#5%.3&/).9#$,%'"#1%%*3#%2#-+#'"-3+#3"8"2-'#$,%'"#5,-6+"23#b]\L]c=

! #.%+#9""*3O#+,"#3&6"2#&3"2#6,".%/".%.#5-..%+#1"#"S6'-)."(#10#-.#&.&3&-'#).+"2"3+#).#+"5,.%'%90O#+,"0#-2"#.%#/%2"#%2#.%#'"33#("6".(".+#%.#+,"#).+"2."+#2"3%&25"3#bESL]c#+,-.#')9,+"2#"E1%%*#&3"23##$,".#)+#5%/"3#+%#5%''"5;.9#).:%2/-;%.#:%2#+,")2#-33)9./".+3=##

! #+06)5-'#$)+,#2"36"5+#+%#+,")2#2"')-.5"#%.#%.')."#5%&23"#("')8"20#+,2%&9,#/-.-9"(#%2#8)2+&-'#'"-2.).9#".8)2%./".+3O#+,"0#-2"#.%#/%2"#%2#.%#'"33#("6".(".+#%.#+,)3#).:%2/-;%.#2"3%&25"#bSLRc=

! #$,"2"-3#')9,+"2#&3"23#%:#')12-20E62%8)("(#"E1%%*3#+".(#+%#()35%8"2#+,"3"#2"3%&25"3#+,2%&9,#+,"#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"#bRLWc4#3&6"2#&3"23#).3+"-(#3,%$#-#62":"2".5"#:%2#.-8)9-;.9#+%#"E1%%*#5%.+".+#8)-#')12-20#$"1#6-9"3#bRL\c=##D+#)3#5'"-2#+,-+#+,"0#-2"#62%-5;8"'0#3""*).9#%&+#"E1%%*#5%.+".+4#.%+#3)/6'0#3+&/1').9#-52%33#)+=

! #).#3&//-204#3&6"2#&3"23#%:#"E1%%*3#-2"#3"2)%&3#-.(#,)9,'0#:%5&3"(#3+&(".+3#$,%#-2"#,)9,'0#("6".(".+#%.#+,"#62"/)&/#"'"5+2%.)5#5%.+".+#bfLfc#%.#%X"2#+,2%&9,#+,")2#&.)8"23)+0#')12-204#$,)5,#+,"0#+".(#+%#8)3)+#/%2"#:2"M&".+'0#+,-.#%+,"2#3+&(".+3O#+,"0#-2"#8"20#/&5,#/%2"#')*"'0#+%#1"#(-)'0#8)3)+%23#+%#+,"#6,03)5-'#bWL]c#-3#$"''#-3#+,"#()9)+-'#')12-20#b]eLfc#-.(#+%#2"5%2(#,)9,"2#3-;3:-5;%.#'"8"'3#$)+,#2"9-2(#+%#+,"#-8-)'-1)')+0#%:#62).+#+"S+1%%*3#b3%674&52&;%,4g4eL\c=

J#,%6&$5#,<#-4&1>%641&%6&4<&4<.>"6$5#$4?%(51&%K4<#4.56)%2#-4$%6.&K4$:%7456%4+<)%+74$"4?%4%56+745,">$%6&4"A4%E?"")&K45#,4543%6741&%A1+451,<%#(%4A"64?%$54$%&2#-4#%*4"M%6<#-&45#,4"M%6<#-4(5#,<,4A%%,?5()L

?01.M(+)19.7,.9]+%)1.:)%&'1/9.:1C*L.%)1.%-3+9/1-.9/%,-%)-.)197-+%C9`.%.9782C1.81%9+)1.*I./01.90%)2,199.*I./01.-7h1)1,&1.:1/L11,.1F:**'.j9+21).+91)9^.%,-./01.)19/.*I./01.9/+-1,/.2*2+C%;*,a..i9.%.)+C1.*I./0+8:`.%.<%C+1.*I.D.*).()1%/1).2*7,/9./*.%.)1%CC6.81%,7,(I+C.-7h1)1,&1k.%.<%C+1.*I.C199./0%,./L*.90*+C-.:1.7,/1)2)1/1-.%9.j,*.-7h1)1,&1 a


ve

Page 25

97%8-(?58350)@(72#(43>,+,-(1#,)1#$&'#$+7C-7,(./01.C7:)%)6.*I./01.I+/+)1.XRT$E[Z

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

libra

ry p

ersp

ecti

ve

Page 26

I:%4+<?65674>%6&>%(23%4=.*I.JR*CC1&;*,.8%,%(181,/.799+19.I*).1F:**'9

\*).C7:)%)7%,9`./01.'16.%G)%&;*,9.*I.1F:**'9.%)1./0%/./016B

!2)*<7-1.%.(**-.2)%&;&%C.9*C+;*,./*./01.C7:)%)6.,11-9.*I.,*,.&*,<1,;*,%C.9/+-1,/9a

!*h1).1h1&;<1.9*C+;*,9./*./01.8%,%(181,/.799+19.9+))*+,-7,(.90*)/.C*%,.&*CC1&;*,9.X7,&C+-7,(.2)*:C189.*I./01l.%,-.<%,-%C798Za

!2)*<7-1.%.9*C+;*,./*.927'19.7,.-18%,-.:6.2)*<7-7,(.&*,&+))1,/.%&&199a

!*h1).I+,&;*,%C7/6.,*/.I*+,-.7,.0%)-.&*26 .7,&C+-7,(.91%)&0`.&7/%;*,.01C2.%,-.&+/F%,-F2%9/1a.

\*)./0191.)1%9*,9`.C7:)%)7%,9.:1C71<1.7,.%.87A1-.1&*,*86.*I.2)7,/.%,-.1C1&/)*,7&.&*2719`.%,-./0%/./01./L*.I*)8%/9.%)1.07(0C6.&*82C181,/%)6 .%/.C1%9/.I*)./01.8*81,/a

@,./01.*/01).0%,-`.C7:)%)7%,9.)1(+C%)C6.<*7&1.&*,&1),./0%/./01.:1L7C-1)7,(.<%)71/6.*I.C7&1,97,(.%,-.:+97,199.8*-1C9.79.;81.&*,9+87,(.%,-.,*/.%G+,1-./*./01.,11-9.*I./017).+91)9a.f7:)%)7%,9.L*+C-.L1C&*81.8*)1.-7%C*(+1.L7/0.2+:C7901)9.*,./079.782*)/%,/.799+1B./01)1.79.%.97(,7M&%,/.(%2.:1/L11,.L0%/./016.,11-.%,-.L0%/.2+:C7901)9.%,-.%(()1(%/*)9.%)1.*h1)7,(a..?01)1.%)1.%C9*.799+19.%)*+,-./01.9/%h.9'7CC9.%,-.1A21)71,&1.,11-1-./*.,1(*;%/1.&*82C1A.C7&1,&1./1)89.%,-.&*,-7;*,9.7,./079.%)1%.%,-.9+:91]+1,/C6./*.%-87,79/1)./0*91.C7&1,&19a

f7:)%)7%,9.<*7&1.L7-192)1%-.&*,&1),9.*<1).L0%/./016.21)&17<1.%9./01.07(0.2)7&19.*I.&*+)91./1A/.1F:**'9`.1921&7%CC6.7,./01.&*,/1A/.*I./018.*l1,.:17,(.%&]+7)1-./*.1%91./01.2)199+)1.*,./01.2)7,/.&*CC1&;*,a

R*,;,+7/6.*I.%&&199./*.&*+)91./1A/.1F:**'9.79.%,.782*)/%,/.799+1.I*).C7:)%)719.%,-./017).+91)9`.1921&7%CC6.7,./01.&*,/1A/.*I.L*)'m*L.799+19.%)*+,-.&%/%C*(+19`.I1-1)%/1-.91%)&0.1,(7,19.%,-.<7)/+%C.C1%),7,(.1,<7)*,81,/9.XnfE9Za

f7:)%)7%,9`.+,7<1)97/6.9/%h.%,-.2+:C7901)9.&%,.1,)7&0./01.+91).1A21)71,&1./0)*+(0.+91.*I.&*+)91./1A/.1F:**'9.<7%./01.nfEa..K*L1<1) .C7:)%)7%,9.,*/1-./0%/./079.)1]+7)19.()1%/1).&*F*21)%;*,./0)*+(0*+/./01.+,7<1)97/6.%,-.L7/0.2+:C7901)9./*.1,9+)1./0%/./01.2)*&19919.%,-.L*)'m*L9.%)1.19/%:C7901-`.7,&C+-1.:19/.2)%&;&1.%,-.811/./01./1)89.*I./01.C7&1,&1a.

U2#(43>,+,-(2+)(+($#57,+4(,/4#(35(72#(1,/'3)3/5(/6($/%,)#(7#"7(#W>//S)(7/(37)(%)#,)(>%7(37(3)($%,,#574-($/*14#"H(U2#($#57,+4(,/4#(/6(+(43$#5)350(/,0+53)+&/5X()%$2(+)(=Y9Z(Z/44#$&/5)X($+5(2#41(6+$3437+7#(72#(8#'#4/1*#57(/6(43$#5)350(+58(>%)35#))(*/8#4)(72+7(*##7(+44()7+S#2/48#,)(5##8)H

Study findings: the library perspecti

ve

Page 27

I:%4+<?65674>%6&>%(23%4D.*I.JQ)*8*;,(.1F:**'9

A)12-2)-.3#&3"(#-#$)("#8-2)"+0#%:#62%/%;%.-'#/"+,%(3#+%#2-)3"#-$-2"."33#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*34#).5'&().9#3%5)-'#."+$%2*).9#-66')5-;%.34#3&1<"5+E36"5)\5#1%%*/-2*3#-(8"2;3).9#"E1%%*34#6&g.9#3;5*"23#%.#+,"#,-2(#5%60#-(8"2;3).9#+,"#:-5+#+,-+#+,"#+"S+#$-3#-'3%#-8-)'-1'"#"'"5+2%.)5-''0#%2#6'-5).9#(&//0#"E1%%*3#%.#+,"#3,"':#+,&3#%X"2).9#&3"23#-#62%/6+#$,".#-''#+,"#62).+#5%6)"3#$"2"#%.#'%-.=

N,"#+$%#&3"2#3&28"03#Y%66%3)+"Z4#+%9"+,"2#$)+,#+,"#')12-20#:%5&3#92%&634#5%.\2/#+,-+#-#12%-(#62%/%;%.-'#3+2-+"90#)3#.""("(#+%#9"+#+,"#/"33-9"#-52%33=##N,"#')12-20#$"13)+"#)3#+,"#3).9'"#/%3+#"X"5;8"#$-0#+%#).:%2/#&3"23#-1%&+#+,"#"S)3+".5"#%:#"E1%%*34#1&+#+,)3#.""(3#+%#1"#1-5*"(#&6#$)+,#,)9,#M&-')+0#5-+-'%9&"#".+2)"3#-.(#10#".9-9).9#3+&(".+3#+,2%&9,#+,")2#+"-5,).9#-.(4#"36"5)-''04#+,%&9,#')12-20#).(&5;%.#3"33)%.3=

I2%-('0#36"-*).94#+,"#+$%#&3"2#3&28"03#+"''#+,"#3-/"#3+%204#-'+,%&9,#+,"#.&/1"2#%:#3+&(".+3#).#CD>?#()35)6')."3#$,%#3-)(#+,-+#+,"0#,-(#&3"(#-#')12-20#"E1%%*#;,/-'(2')'8)*+,;',8'!-);.2'8,3;'1"+$"".#+,"#b__f#-.(#b__k#&3"2#3&28"03=

]""(1-5*#:2%/#+,"#6-2;5)6-;.9#&.)8"23);"3#3&99"3+3#+,-+#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#,-3#1"".#3&55"33:&'#).#9"."2-''0#2-)3).9#+,"#62%\'"#%:#"E1%%*3=#Q%$"8"2#+,"2"#$"2"#3%/"#)33&"3#-1%&+#,%$#36"5)\5-''0#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#5%&'(#1"#62%/%+"(#-.(#3"8"2-'#')12-2)-.3#3-)(#+,-+#+,"0#62":"22"(#+%#/-2*"+#"E1%%*3#).#-#9"."2-'#$-0#3).5"#+,"0#-2"#5%//)l"(#+%#62%/%;.9#-''#"E1%%*34#.%+#<&3+#36"5)\5#;+'"3=

D.#+,"#')9,+#%:#).52"-3).9#&3"2#("6".(".5"#%.#%6".#5%.+".+4#)+#)3#"33".;-'#+,-+#62%/%;%.-'#3+2-+"9)"3#$%2*=

J#<3%6&<2%&4#%%,4$"4,%3%+">454&$65$%-74A"6465<&<#-45*56%#%&&4"A45++4$7>%&4"A4%E?"")&45#,4,%3%+"><#-4<#A"6.52"#4+<$%65(7L4I%5(:<#-4&$5M4&:"1+,45+&"4?%4%#("165-%,4$"4%#-5-%4."6%45(23%+74<#4>"<#2#-4"1$4$"4&$1,%#$&4$:%465#-%4"A4:<-:4P15+<$74A6%%45#,4>5<,4A"64%E?"")4("#$%#$4$:5$4<&4535<+5?+%L

H<?65674&$5AA

H<?65674*%?&<$%

a%*&+%$$%6

'4A6<%#,

'4$1$"6

H<?65674(5$5+"-1%

`$:%6"a"

D#a>

=PaD

"aD

Da>

D4a"

="aP

"

=Pa=

=#a#

Ja4

DaP

!"aP

=JaN

Z6"."2"#4"A4%E?"")&.D>>4.%,-.D>>P.+91).9+)<169[M8'2,3'#)B-'3/-4'-5(,,%/'8;,1'2,3;'3!$B-;/$+2'.$(;);2\'#,7'4$4'2,3'Y;/+'Y!4',3+')(,3+'+#-195/+-1,/9.7,.%.UT5R.-79&72C7,1.X!_==`#!"Z

RSST4&163%7RSSU4&163%7

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

libra

ry p

ersp

ecti

ve

Page 28

I:%4+<?65674>%6&>%(23%4!.*I.JS79&*<1)6.%,-.%&&199.799+19

L#5%.3)3+".+#\.().9#%:#?DIBFT3#2"3"-25,#%.#+,"#8)2+&-'#35,%'-2#)3#+,-+4#).#+%(-0T3#)/6-;".+#+$%E5')5*#()9)+-'#5&'+&2"4#&3"23#$)''#92-8)+-+"#+%$-2(3#+,"#%6".#$"1#):#')12-2)"3#%2#6&1')3,"23#6'-5"#&.."5"33-20#1-22)"23#).#+,")2#$-0=##]%2#"S-/6'"4#+,"#:%5&3#92%&63#-.(#3&28"03#3,%$#+,-+#%8"2'0#2"3+2)5;8"#()9)+-'#2)9,+3#/-.-9"/".+#YJF@Z#)3#-#/-<%2#+&2.#%X#:%2#/-.0#&3"234#-#1-22)"2#+%%#:-2=#

A)12-2)"3#-.(#6&1')3,"23#.""(#+%#$%2*#+%9"+,"2#+%#/-*"#"E1%%*3#"-3)'0#()35%8"2-1'"=##R)8".#+,"#)/6%2+-.5"#%:#+,"#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"#-3#-#/"-.3#:%2#&3"23#+%#()35%8"2#"E1%%*#5%.+".+4#)+#)3#5'"-2'0#"33".;-'#+,-+#,)9,#M&-')+0#/"+-(-+-#Y5&22".+'0#+,"#/%3+#&3"(#:%2/-+#)3#@LF?Z#)3#3&66')"(#$)+,#"E1%%*3#-3#-#/-l"2#%:#5%&23"=#N,"#:%5&3#92%&63#:%&.(#+,-+#:"("2-+"(#3"-25,#)3#.%+#/&5,#&3"(#10#3+&(".+3#+20).9#+%#'%5-+"#"E1%%*3=##>+&(".+3#-2"#5%.:&3"(#%8"2#+,"#/"5,-.)53#%:#-55"33).9#"'"5+2%.)5#5%.+".+#-.(#$,-+#')12-20#$"1#6-9"34#+,"#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"#-.(#:"("2-+"(#3"-25,#-2"#%X"2).9=##A)12-2)"3#.""(#+%#9"+#-52%33#-#3)/6'"2#/"33-9"#,"2"=##@-.0#3+&(".+3#3,%$"(#')l'"#2"-'#&.("23+-.().9#%:#+,"#()3;.5;%.#1"+$"".#+,"#"E2"3%&25"3#62%8)("(#+,2%&9,#+,")2#%$.#).3;+&;%.#%2#8)-#+,"#%6".#$"1=##N,)3#)3#-#/-<%2#5,-''".9"#:%2#')12-2)-.34#+"-5,"23#-.(#6&1')3,"23#+%#("/%.3+2-+"#+,"#-(("(#8-'&"#+,-+#+,"0#12).9#+%#+,"#'"-2.).9#62%5"33= I:%6%4<&454?%*<+,%6<#-4356<%$74"A4%E("#$%#$K45#,454>6"+<A%652"#4"A4

*57&4$"4-%$4$"4<$L44J&%6&4,"#O$4)#"*4:"*4$"4-%$4$"4*:5$4$:%74*5#$L4H<?656<%&4A5(%454?<-4(:5++%#-%4<#4>6"3<,<#-4(+%5645((%&&46"1$%&4$"4%E("#$%#$L4G<&("3%674#%%,&4$"4?%4.5,%45&4&<.>+%45&4>"&&<?+%45#,4>1?+<&:%6&45#,45--6%-5$"6&4(5#4:%+>4:%6%4<#4>6"3<,<#-4:<-:4P15+<$74.%$5,5$54*<$:4$:%<64%E?"")&L

Q3>,+,-(Z+,8(Z+7+4/0%#(1*$A+")3*3%)(89(:1%457;<57;2566'(=:3>;KQ3('$8>:R'$!?"$@'7'(:=


ve

Page 29

I:%4+<?65674>%6&>%(23%4".*I.JT82%&/.*I.1F:**'9.*,.2)7,/.&7)&+C%;*,

A)12-20#5)25&'-;%.#:%2#+,"#,-2(#5%60#8"23)%.3#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*34#-3#/"-3&2"(#10#+%+-'#(-03#%X#+,"#')12-20#3,"':4#:"''#10#3)S#6"2#5".+#1"+$"".#b__Ud_e#Y1":%2"Z#-.(#b__ed_f#Y(&2).9#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+Z=##N,)3#)3#3+-;3;5-''0#).3)9.)\5-.+4#-.(#+,"2"#)3#.%#"8)(".5"#%:#-.0#303+"/-;5#)/6-5+#%:#"E1%%*3#%.#+,"#62).+#5)25&'-;%.#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#=#

L#+06)5-'#,-2(#5%60#'%-.#;+'"#$-3#%&+#%.#'%-.#:%2#Vj=V#(-03#).#b__Ud_e#-.(#:%2#ce=c#(-03#).#b__ed_f4#+,"#3')9,+#"-3).9#%.#['%-.#62"33&2"T#1").9#(&"#+%#-#."+#).52"-3"#%:#-2%&.(#+$%#6"2#5".+#).#+,"#.&/1"2#%:#'%-.#5%6)"3#-8-)'-1'"=#B8)(".+'04#')12-2)"3#3;''#5%.;.&"(#+%#6&25,-3"#,-2(#5%60=

N,"2"#-66"-23#+%#1"#-#5%.3)3+".+#2"'-;%.3,)6#1"+$"".#62).+#5)25&'-;%.#-.(#"'"5+2%.)5#-55"334#)22"36"5;8"#%:#6&1')3,"2#%2#3&1<"5+=##BS62"33"(#-3#-.#).:%2/-'#2&'"#%:#+,&/14#:%2#"8"20#+$%E$""*#'%-.#%."#$%&'(#"S6"5+#+%#3""#V_#"'"5+2%.)5#3"33)%.3=##>"".#).#+,)3#5%.+"S+4#:2""E-+E+,"E6%).+E%:E&3"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#(%#.%+#3""/#+%#,-8"#'"(#+%#/-33)8"#5%.3&/6;%.#E#+,"#5%%*)"#<-2#$-3#.%+#2-)("(u

I:%&%4;#,<#-&4$%#,4$"4&1>>"6$4543<%*4$:5$4+<?656<5#&4"h%#4562(1+5$%,=4$:5$4$:%74?%+<%3%4<#454.<0%,4%("#".74A"64:56,4(">745#,4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&L44I:%4$*"4A"6.5$&45>>%56K4A6".4$:<&4%3<,%#(%K4$"4?%4(".>+%.%#$56745#,4$"4&2.1+5$%4"3%65++41&%4A"64$:%4("#$%#$L

RSSWiSf RSSfiST

jUb4kc_jei4b__

D.>5($4"#4:56,4(">74(<6(1+52"#?*/%C.C*%,.-%69.%/.!#.+,7<1)97;19

B%A"6% 'h%6

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

libra

ry p

ersp

ecti

ve

Page 30

I:%4+<?65674>%6&>%(23%4J.*I.JK*L.1F:**'9.M/.7,./*./01.C7:)%)6.1A21)71,&1

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

N,"#"8)(".5"#:2%/#+,)3#3+&(0#3&99"3+3#+,-+#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-2"#1").9#&3"(#()X"2".+'0#:2%/#,-2(#5%604#-.(#+%#3&66%2+#()X"2".+#*).(3#%:#-5;8)+0O#:%2#:-5+#5,"5*).94#12)":#).:%2/-;%.4#-.(#-3#-#3%&25"#%:#8-'&-1'"#[5&+#-.(#6-3+"T#/-+"2)-'3#3&5,#-3#M&%+"34#+-1'"34#)/-9"3#-.(#1)1')%92-6,)5#2":"2".5"3=##L3#3&5,4#+,"0#-2"#.%+#-#()2"5+#3&13;+&+"#:%2#+,"#"S+".("(#2"-().9#%66%2+&.);"3#+,-+#,-2(#5%60#3;''#-X%2(3=##

H<?656741&%6&4<#:5?<$454*"6+,4"A4A5#$5&2(4(:"<(%45#,4,<3%6&<$74"#4$:%4">%#4*%?K45#,456%4:1#-674A"64,<-<$5+4("#$%#$L44G%+<3%6<#-4$:%4N+<?65674"A4$:%4A1$16%O46%P1<6%&4$:%4+<?656<%&45#,4>1?+<&:%6&4"A4$:%4A1$16%4$"4"M%645((%&&4$"4.5#74."6%4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&L

[5/72#,(;+-(35(72#(Q3>,+,-(1*$9'#5D#,S(+SQ:>5>5O*$T:1(3(*$3F$FQ'$I(''$U7:)'(&:F*-$M'(>:702('34)'$256657&


ve

Page 31

97%8-(?58350)@(72#(1%>43)2#,(1#,)1#$&'#d1L.*22*)/+,7;19`.,1L.&0%CC1,(19.XRT$E[Z

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

publ

ishe

r exp

erie

nce

Page 32

I:%4>1?+<&:%64>%6&>%(23%4=.*I.N?01.9/+-1,/.8%)'1/.I*).&*+)91./1A/9

D.#+,"#+2-();%.-'#,-2(#5%60#%.'0#/%("'#%:#+"S+1%%*#6&1')3,).94#3-'"3#()2"5+'0#+%#3+&(".+3#+06)5-''0#-55%&.+#:%2#1"+$"".#e_Ek_#W#%:#6&1')3,"23T#2"8".&"34#+,"#2"3+#1").9#("2)8"(#:2%/#).3;+&;%.-'#3-'"34#).5'&().9#-5-("/)5#')12-2)"3=##D+#)3#()p5&'+#+%#M&-.;:0#+,"#KG#/-2*"+#8-'&"#:%2#+"S+1%%*3#:%2#-#8-2)"+0#%:#2"-3%.34#.%+#'"-3+#)33&"3#%:#("\.);%.#-.(#&.5"2+-).;"3#-1%&+#+,"#3)o"#%:#+,"#3"5%.(#,-.(#/-2*"+4#1&+#+,"#\9&2"3#1"'%$#-2"#12%-('0#).()5-;8"#%:#-#62%1'"/#:-5).9#6&1')3,"23OI6%#,&4<#4$:%4Jj4.56)%$4A"64$%0$?"")&]3;;-!+'E;$*-/

5*+)&19B.X%Z.?01.Ho.$**'.Q+:C7907,(.T,-+9/)6.7,.5/%;9;&9.D>>4.XQ+:C7901)9.i99*&7%;*,Za.X:Z.i&%-187&.%,-.Q)*I1997*,%C.g%)'1/.5/%;9;&9.D>>P.XQ+:C7901)9.i99*&7%;*,Z

>-'"3#-2"#2"'-;8"'0#`-+#-.(#+,"#5%.;.&).9#62"33&2"3#%.#3+&(".+#()36%3-1'"#).5%/"#/-*"#)+#&.')*"'0#+,-+#+,)3#+2".(#$)''#5,-.9"#3&13+-.;-''0#).#+,"#)//"()-+"#:&+&2"=#ap5)-'#\9&2"3#:2%/#+,"#J"6-2+/".+#:%2#D..%8-;%.4#K.)8"23);"3#-.(#>*)''3#YJDK>4#%66%3)+"Z#3,%$#+,-+#:&''#;/"#3+&(".+3#36".(#-2%&.(#vji_#"-5,#0"-2#%.#5%&23"#+"S+1%%*3=##

"#$/'Y&3;-'#)/'4-*.$!-4'(2'!-);.2')'Y^##3).5"#+,"#62"8)%&3#3&28"0#Yb__cd_VZ#-.(#3+&(".+3#2"6%2+"(#+,")2#).-1)')+0#+%#-X%2(#+"S+1%%*3#-3#-#/-<%2#3+2"33#:-5+%2=I"$5+4&$1,%#$4,<6%($4("16&%4("&$&i<1)%(1.921,-.7,.9/1)C7,(.:6.0*81.9/+-1,/9`.D>>#p>4.X!_D`!!NZ

5*+)&1B.5/+-1,/.T,&*81.%,-.EA21,-7/+)1.5+)<16.D>>#p>4.XS12%)/81,/.I*).T,,*<%;*,`.H,7<1)97;19.%,-.5'7CC9`.i2)7C.D>>PZa

A)12-20#1&(9"+3#:%2#1%%*3#-2"#-'3%#9"g.9#8"20#+,).'0#3+2"+5,"(4#.%+#'"-3+#1"5-&3"#%:#+,"#&6$-2(#62"33&2"#%.#<%&2.-'#62)5"3#-.(#"S5,-.9"#2-+"#)33&"3=

8$57<#-4&2++4<&4#"$45#4">2"#L44I:%4>6%&&16%4$"4;#,43<5?+%45#,4&1&$5<#5?+%4?1&<#%&&4.",%+&4A"64("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&4<&4+<)%+74$"4<#$%#&<A7K45&4("#&1.%64%0>%($52"#&4A"64<..%,<5$%45((%&&4$"4,<-<$5+4("#$%#$4("#2#1%4$"46<&%L

q1%)D>>!pD>>

"D>>"pD>

>JD>>JpD>

>ND>>NpD>

>#

H,7<1)97/6.%,-.KE.R*CC1(1.C7:)%)719.X%Z

rJ>a=8 rJ>a"8 rJ>a=8 ,a%a

Ho.+,-1)F()%-+%/19.X:Z ,a%a rD=PaJ8 rD=4a>8 rD>PaD8

B"")&

!".>1$%6&

/P1<>.%#$

Z6<#$<#-45#,4>:"$"(">7<#-

`$:%6 rN

rJ!

r==

r=J>

rP4

r=#

rN#

rDP

r=!4

r=!>

^1++42.%4&$1,%#$&Z56$42.%4&$1,%#$&

Study findings: the publisher experience

Page 33

I:%4>1?+<&:%64>%6&>%(23%4D.*I.NH91.*I.UT5R.1F:**'9.:6.9+:31&/.%)1%

?DIBF#3+&()"3#,-8"#5%.3)3+".+'0#3,%$.#+,-+#).:%2/-;%.E3""*).9#1",-8)%&2#-.(#&3"#8-2)"34#%^".#3)9.)\5-.+'04#10#3&1<"5+#()35)6')."=

N,"#\8"#1&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+#;+'"3#62%8"(#+,"#/%3+#6%6&'-2#%X"2).9#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*34#-55%&.;.9#:%2#-1%&+#cVW#%:#-''#&3"#%.#+,"#1-5*#%:#<&3+#jkW#%:#+,"#;+'"3=##N,"#3"8".#/"()-#3+&()"3#"E1%%*3#-'3%#[6&.5,"(#-1%8"#+,")2#$")9,+T4#$)+,#ijW#%:#&3"#-.(#-#M&-2+"2#%:#+,"#;+'"3=#B.9).""2).9#;+'"34#$,)5,#/-("#&6#-1%&+#,-':#YViWZ#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#9"."2-+"(#'"33#+,-.#-#M&-2+"2#YbbWZ#%:#&3"=

>/-''4#1&+#3+-;3;5-''0#,)9,'0#3)9.)\5-.+4#3&1<"5+#()X"2".5"3#$"2"#"8)(".+#).#+,)3#3+&(0#$)+,#2"9-2(#+%O

! _-)/,!).'E)`-;!/a#&3"#%:#1&3)."33#-.(#/"()-#3+&()"3#;+'"3#6"-*"(#-+#()X"2".+#;/"3#%:#+,"#0"-2O#1&3)."33#).#L&9&3+#-.(#/"()-#3+&()"3#).#L62)'=

! P-9"#8)"$#;/"3O#-2%&.(#V_W#%:#/"()-#3+&()"3#&3"23#8)"$"(#6-9"3#:%2#'"33#+,-.#\8"#3"5%.(34#-#8"20#,)9,#6"25".+-9"=#D.#5%.+2-3+4#".9).""2).9#-.(#1&3)."33#&3"23#36".+#/&5,#'%.9"2=#

! "2E$*).'/-//$,!'.-!&+#/a#-3#5-.#1"#3"".#%66%3)+"4#&3"23#-'3%#()X"2#).#+"2/3#%:#+06)5-'#3"33)%.#'".9+,4#$)+,#VkW#%:#1&3)."33#3"33)%.#'-3;.9#:%2#/%2"#+,-.#jb#/).&+"3#5%/6-2"(#$D+,#VjW#$,".#".9).""2).9#%2#/"()-#3+&()"3#1%%*3#$"2"#8)"$"(=

! b,*)0,!a#1&3)."33#&3"23#-2"#:-2#/%2"#')*"'0#+%#5%.(&5+#"E1%%*#3"33)%.3#%X#5-/6&34#/"()-#3+&()"3#&3"23#:-2#'"33#')*"'0=

N,"3"#()X"2".5"3#2"`"5+#()X"2".+#3+0'"3#-.(#6-l"2.3#%:#$%2*#-.(#()X"2".+#$-03#%:#5%.3&/).9#"E5%.+".+=##]%2#"S-/6'"4#$"#*.%$#+,-+#/-.0#1&3)."33#3+&(".+3#-2"#6-2+E;/"#%2#()3+-.5"#'"-2."23#-.(#36".(#/&5,#%:#+,")2#3+&(0#;/"#%X#5-/6&3=##D.#5%.+2-3+4#".9).""2).9#3+&(".+3#36".(#-#92"-+#("-'#%:#+,")2#;/"#).#62-5;5-'#'-1%2-+%20#3"33)%.3#-.(#/-0#"8".#-55"33#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#:2%/#+,"2"=

@%2"#2"3"-25,#)3#5'"-2'0#.""("(#%.#$,-+#&3"23#-5+&-''0#(%#$,)'"#+,"0#-2"#5%.(&5;.9#-.#"E1%%*#3"33)%.#YCD>?#,-3#2"5".+'0#5%//)33)%."(#-.#%13"28-;%.-'#3+&(0#%:#-''#"E2"3%&25"3#+%#"S6'%2"#+,)3#).#/%2"#("+-)'#:%2#1&3)."33#3+&(".+3Z=

B1&<#%&& /#-<#%%6<#- Q%,<5

k4\S4&%(& k4\4.<#&k4]R4.<#& k4\S4.<#&l4\S4.<#&

8%&&<"#4+%#-$:&4?74&1?F%($Q1)&1,/.*I.g67f7:)%)6.91997*,9

81?F%($4,<M%6%#(%&456%46%5+L4B1&<#%&&4.",%+&45#,4>1?+<&:<#-4>6<"6<2%&4#%%,4$"46%[%($4$:%&%4356<52"#&4$"4%#:5#(%4$:%41&%64%0>%6<%#(%L

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

publ

ishe

r exp

erie

nce

Page 34

I:%4>1?+<&:%64>%6&>%(23%4!.*I.NH91.*I.UT5R.1F:**'9.:6.;/C1

N,"2"#$-3#5%.3)("2-1'"#8-2)-;%.4#-3#/)9,+#,-8"#1"".#"S6"5+"(4#).#+,"#5%/6-2-;8"#'"8"'3#%:#"'"5+2%.)5#-55"33#:%2#+,"#bU#;+'"3#-8-)'-1'"#+,2%&9,#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/#Y%66%3)+"Z=##>%/"#;+'"3#5'"-2'0#(%/).-+"(O#).#:-5+4#+,"#+%6#\8"#;+'"3#-l2-5+"(#/%2"#+,-.#,-':#YVbWZ#%:#-''#&3"=

I&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+#;+'"3#62%8"(#+,"#/%3+#6%6&'-2#$)+,#-''#\8"#;+'"3#:"-+&2"(#).#+,"#+%6#+".#/%3+#&3"(#CD>?#"E1%%*3=#@"()-#>+&()"3#$"2"#-'3%#6%6&'-2#$)+,#i#;+'"3#).#+,"#+%6#+".#-.(#-''#3"8".#).#+,"#+%6#b_=#N,"#&3-9"#\9&2"3#:%2#".9).""2).9#;+'"3#-2"#5%/6-2-;8"'0#'%$4#$)+,#<&3+#+$%#;+'"3#).#+,"#+%6#+".=#

a8"2#+,"#5%&23"#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#3)S+"".#%:#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#:"-+&2"(#).#+,"#+%6#V_#/%3+#&3"(#"E1%%*3#-52%33#-#5%.+2%'#3-/6'"#%:#j_4___#%+,"2#"E1%%*3#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/=

D.+"2"3;.9'04#CD>?#"E1%%*3#3""/#+%#,-8"#1"".#&3"(#3')9,+'0#()X"2".+'0O#+06)5-''04#+,"0#-l2-5+"(#:"$"2#6-9"#8)"$3#6"2#;+'"#-.(#3"33)%.3#$"2"#5%.3)("2-1'0#3,%2+"2=

I:<&4>6"F%($4:5&4,%."#&$65$%,4$:5$4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&K4<A4$:%7456%4$:%46<-:$4"#%&K4(5#4?%43%674>">1+564*<$:4+<?656741&%6&L44

U374# A+0#('3#D) R(7/7+4(%)#

c;&)!$/)0,!).'T-#)B$,3;')!4'W!).2/$/a D!-VDV B"?#

d-4$)'e-!4-;')!4'M4-!0+2 DB-!"/ B"?V

d)!)&-1-!+'],!*-E+/'f':;)*0*-/ VV-VCA B"?!

M!+-&;)+-4'd);%-0!&'],113!$*)0,! VV-!#D B"?!

d);%-0!&'_+;)+-&2'f'],1E-00B-':,/$0,!$!& VC-"BD #?V

]$!-1)'_+34$-/a'"#-'g-2'],!*-E+/ A!-/VC D?!

:,7-;'7$+#,3+'h-/E,!/$($.$+2 C!-"B. /?/

]#-1$*).'i!&$!--;$!&'j,.31-'ka']#-1$*).'i!&$!--;$!&'F-/$&! .A-/CB C?D

"#-'F2!)1$*/',8'i1E.,2--'h-.)0,!/ .B-D.. C?!

i!&$!--;$!&'d)+-;$)./'I !V-A.C .?A

:3(.$*'h-.)0,!/'L)!4(,,% !.-/DC .?B

_+;3*+3;).')!4'_+;-//'W!).2/$/ BD-A"D !?C

]#-1$*).'i!&$!--;$!&'j,.31-'= B/-BB! !?"

d-4$)'M!/0+30,!/')!4'W34$-!*-/ BC-A!. B?#

d-)/3;-1-!+')!4'M!/+;31-!+)0,!':;$!*$E.-/ B.-!V. B?V

W-;,42!)1$*/'8,;'i!&$!--;$!&'_+34-!+/ B!-.#B B?A

i!&$!--;$!&'d)+-;$)./'= BB-.B# B?/

i!&.$/#'8,;'l,3;!).$/+/ #-AVA B?.

U;$0!&'8,;'l,3;!).$/+/ #-A!" B?.

m3!4)1-!+)./',8'U$;-.-//'],113!$*)0,! D-DD. B?!

d,4-;!'_+;3*+3;).'W!).2/$/ D-!AC B?B

W'_#,;+'],3;/-'$!'m,3!4)0,!'i!&$!--;$!& /-V!/ "?D

T-`-;':.)*-/'+,'b$B- /-""B "?V

],!*-E+3).'_+;3*+3;).'F-/$&! C-#CC "?A

W'_#,;+'],3;/-'$!'_,$.')!4'h,*%'_.,E-'i!&$!--;$!& .-V.A "?/

T-`-;':.)*-/'+,'U,;% !-#CC "?C

U/7+4 KTGXLIJ GVVHV

J&%4"A4CD8!4%E?"")&g67f7:)%)6.2C%V*)8`.d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4`.2%(1.<71L9


Page 35

I:%4>1?+<&:%64>%6&>%(23%4".*I.N?01.782%&/.*,.2)7,/.9%C19

J&2).9#+,"#5%&23"#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#6&1')3,"23#12%&9,+#%&+#."$#62).+#"();%.3#%:#")9,+#%:#+,"#;+'"3#).5'&("(#).#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+=##BS5'&().9#+,"3"4#3%#+,-+#-#()2"5+#5%/6-2)3%.#5-.#1"#/-("4#KG#62).+#3-'"3#:%2#+,"#2"/-).).9#bf#;+'"3#:"''#10#jc=bW#1"+$"".#b__U#-.(#b__e#Y1":%2"#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+Z#-.(#10#e=VW#1"+$"".#b__e#-.(#b__f=##N,)3#\.().9#)3#3+-;3;5-''0#).3)9.)\5-.+O#+,"#()X"2".5"#1"+$"".#+,"3"#+$%#3"+3#%:#\9&2"3#5%&'(#1"#"S6'-)."(#10#2-.(%/#8-2)-;%.=##Q%$"8"24#+,"2"#-2"#3%/"#).()5-;%.3#+,-+#b__f#3-'"3#,"'(#&6#1"l"2#+,-.#62"()5+"(#1-3"(#&6%.#3-'"3#%:#-#1-3*"+#%:#3)/)'-2#62).+#;+'"3#62%8)("(#10#H)"'3".#I%%*J-+-#KG#Y%66%3)+"Z=#

N,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#2"62"3".+#-2%&.(#%."#6"2#5".+#%:#+%+-'#KG#3-'"3#8%'&/"#).#+,")2#2"36"5;8"#62).+#/-2*"+34#-.(#+,"#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#3+&(0#2-.#:%2#-#')l'"#%8"2#-#0"-24#3%#)+#)3#()p5&'+#+%#9"."2-')3"#%&+3)("#%:#+,)3#5%.+"S+=##N,)3#3+&(0#3,%$3#+,-+4#3%#:-24#)+#)3#&.')*"'0#+,-+#:2""E-+E+,"E6%).+E%:E&3"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#,-8"#/-+"2)-''0#)/6-5+"(#KG#62).+#3-'"3=

I:%6%456%4#"4&:"6$E$%6.4<#,<(52"#&4$:5$4A6%%45$4$:%4>"<#$4"A41&%4%E?"")&4.5,%4535<+5?+%4$:"1-:4$:%41#<3%6&<$74+<?65674<.>5($4#%-523%+74"#4>6<#$4&5+%&4$"4&$1,%#$&L4!166%#$+74("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&456%4&1>>+%.%#$5674$"4>6<#$=4%+%($6"#<(43%6&<"#&456%41&%,4A"64P1<()4A5($4%0$65(2"#45#,4<A4$:%41&%64*5#$&4$"46%5,45$4+%#-$:4$:%74.574*%++4&2++4>16(:5&%4$:%4>6<#$4%,<2"#L

RSSW

RSSf

RSST4>6%,<($%,

RSST45($15+

]KfdS \KdSS dKRdS fKSSS

B1&<#%&& /#-<#%%6<#- Q%,<54&$1,<%&Q%,<(<#%

MC1'3/-4'+,'3/$!&'-.-*+;,!$*';-/,3;*-/'(3+'8,;'/,;+',8'S/,3!45($+-/C',;'8,;')!'$!E3+',8')'E);0*3.);'($+',8'$!8,;1)0,!6'7#-;-)/'M'3/-'[E;$!+\'(,,%/'$!')'1,;-'&-!-;).'7)2'Q'M')(/,;('+#-'$!8,;1)0,!',B-;')'

/-*0,!'Xi&%-187&Z

Jj4>6<#$4&5+%&4m("><%&4&"+,4$"4<#,<3<,15+4("#&1.%6&4$:6"1-:454>5#%+4"A46%$5<+4?"")&:">&45#,4%E6%$5<+%6&n4&5.%4%,<2"#&o4A"64$:%4\W4?"")&4<#(+1,%,4<#4$:%4&$1,7d*<18:1).D>>#./*.S1&18:1).D>>4.XS%/%.2)*<7-1-.:6.d71C91,.$**'S%/%.HoZa

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

publ

ishe

r exp

erie

nce

Page 36

I:%4>1?+<&:%64>%6&>%(23%4J.*I.N?01.782%&/.*,.2)7,/.9%C19

L3#$"#,-8"#3"".4#$,".#5%/6-2"(#+%#-#1-3*"+#%:#3)/)'-2#;+'"34#KG#2"+-)'#62).+#3-'"3#62%1-1'0#,"'(#&6#2-+,"2#$"''#%8"2#+,"#6"2)%(#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+=##!,".#$"#:%5&3#%.#+,"#+".#/%3+#,)9,'0#&3"(#;+'"3#Y%66%3)+"Z4#$"#\.(#).#+,"3"#5-3"3#+,-+4#$)+,#+$%#"S5"6;%.34#62).+#3-'"3#$"2"#-5+&-''0#8"20#6%3);8"=

L'+,%&9,#+,"2"#)3#.%#"8)(".5"#%:#-.0#5%22"'-;%.#1"+$"".#"'"5+2%.)5#&3-9"#-.(#3-'"3#%:#+,"#62).+#"();%.#Y$"#-2"#("-').9#5-&;%&3'04#9)8".#+,"#3/-''#.&/1"23Z4#.")+,"2#)3#+,"2"#-.0#"8)(".5"#+,-+#')12-20E')5".3"(#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-2"#')*"'0#+%#'"-(#+%#-#("5')."#).#62).+#3-'"3=

B8)(".5"#:2%/#%+,"2#3+&()"34#3&5,#-3#+,-+#5-22)"(#%&+#10#+,"#F%0-'#>%5)"+0#%:#?,"/)3+204#-2"#5%.3)3+".+#$)+,#+,"#/"33-9"#,"2"O#"E1%%*3#-2"#.%+#."5"33-2)'0#-#+,2"-+#+%#,-2(#5%60#3-'"3#-.(4#).#5"2+-).#3)+&-;%.34#/-0#-5+&-''0#1%%3+#+,"/=

!+%56+7K4$:%6%4<&4.1(:4."6%4$"4+%56#4:%6%45#,4CD8!4!"++%(2"#&4<&4$%&2#-4$:<&4<&&1%4A16$:%64$:6"1-:454&%6<%&4"A4?1&<#%&&4.",%+4$6<5+&4*<$:4>1?+<&:%6&K4%E?"")45--6%-5$"6&45#,4+<?656<%&L

Z6<#$4&5+%&45#,4%E?"")41&%4D>>4EA21&/1-.%,-.%&/+%C.Ho.2)7,/.9%C19.)%,'1-.:6.1F:**'.+9%(1.XS%/%.2)*<7-1-.:6.d71C91,.$**'S%/%.HoZ

Usage rank

Title Expected sales

Actual sales

Difference

1 Organisational Behaviour and Analysis 271 883 +612

2 Media, Gender and Identity 213 291 +78

3 Management Concepts and Practices 191 360 +169

4 Integrated Marketing Communication 572 741 +338

5 Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning 337 640 +641

6 Cinema Studies: The Key Concepts 336 508 +172

7 Power without Responsibility 561 528 -33

8 Chemical Engineering, Volume 6 219 317 +98

9 The Dynamics of Employee Relations 352 283 -69

10 Engineering Materials, Volume 1 206 417 +211


Page 37

I:%4>1?+<&:%64>%6&>%(23%4N.*I.NO0%/.8%'19.%.(**-.1F:**'9.2C%V*)8W

]2%/#%&2#2"3"-25,#$"#5%.5'&("#+,-+4#+%#1"#"X"5;8"4#-#9%%(#"E1%%*3#6'-7%2/#3,%&'(#%X"2O

! #"-30#()35%8"20#8)-#+,"#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"#%2#8)-#-#6%6&'-2#"S+"2.-'#3"-25,#".9)."#3&5,#-3#R%%9'"#>5,%'-2=

! #-#52);5-'#/-33#%:#2"'"8-.+#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+%#".5%&2-9"#')12-20#&3"23#+%#'%%*#).#+,"#\23+#6'-5"=

! #+,"#/%3+#2"5".+#"();%.#%:#+,"#5%&23"#+"S+#-8-)'-1'"#$)+,%&+#"/1-29%=

! #-8%)(#+,"#&3"#%:#%8"2E2"3+2)5;8"#()9)+-'#2)9,+3#/-.-9"/".+#YJF@Z#+"5,.%'%9)"3#-.(#,-23,#5%602)9,+#$-2.).93#+,-+#3)/6'0#:2&3+2-+"#-.(#35-2"#&3"234#+&2.).9#+,"/#%X=

! #,)9,#M&-')+0#3%^$-2"#:"-+&2"3#+,-+#".-1'"#".'-29).94#,06"2').*).94#-.(#+,"#).5'&3)%.#%:#-&()%#-.(#8)3&-'#/-+"2)-'=

! #-#:-3+#".8)2%./".+#).#$,)5,#6-9"3#'%-(#M&)5*'0=

! #9%%(#&3"#%:#+,"#-8-)'-1'"#352"".#36-5"O#.%+#+%%#5'&l"2"(#-.(#-''%$).9#-#'-29"#62%6%2;%.#%:#+,"#[62).+"(#6-9"T#+%#1"#8)3)1'"=#

! #&3"23#$)+,#62).+#2"'-+"(#()3-1)');"3#+,"#-1)')+0#+%#6"23%.-')3"#+,"#"E1%%*3#).+"2:-5"#-.(#/-.)6&'-+"#+,"#5%.+".+#+%#/""+#+,")2#6-2;5&'-2#.""(3=

! #-33&2-.5"3#-.(#5%.;.&)+0#%:#-55"33#+%#-''#"E1%%*3#6&25,-3"(=

! #\.-''04#-.(#-1%8"#-''4#1"#`"S)1'"#-.(#("8"'%6"(#%.#62).5)6'"3#%:#&3"2#5".+2"(#("3)9.#E#&3"23#3,%&'(#.%+#.""(#+%#1"#+2-)."(#+%#&3"#-.#"E1%%*3#6'-7%2/4#.%E%."#2"5")8"3#+2-).).9#+%#&3"#L/-o%.u

Z1?+<&:%645#,45--6%-5$"64>+5Y"6.&4#%%,4$"4("#A"6.4$"454(".."#4&%$4"A4&$5#,56,&4$:5$45++"*41&%6&4$"45((%&&45++4("#$%#$K4%E?"")&K4%EF"16#5+&K4<.5-%&K4%$(LK4%5&<+745#,4<#$1<23%+7L

H<?656<%&K4>1?+<&:%6&K45--6%-5$"6&45#,41&%6&4#%%,4$"4("++5?"65$%4$"4.5)%4$:<&43<&<"#4546%5+<$7L

#

i<-*0B-'E;,1,0,!'*)!',!.2'(-'4,!-',!'-<-*0B-'E;,43*+/'YA)12-2)-.Z

;-)4#"3+(1*(U3>#,3%([5%(2('34)'$256657&

Stud

y fin

ding

s: t

he

publ

ishe

r exp

erie

nce

Page 38

\#$/**#58+&/5)(6/,(6%,72#,(,#)#+,$2R)1%;,(./01.1<7-1,&1.:%91./*.8%'1.1F:**'9.%.2)*-+&;<1.)1%C7/6.XRT$E[Z

Recomm

endations

for further research

Page 39

@%("..%#,52"#&4A"64A16$:%646%&%56(:O01)1.,1A/W

]&2+,"2#2"3"-25,#)3#.""(#%.#+,"#:%''%$).9#-2"-3#-3#-#/-l"2#%:#62)%2)+0O

! J"36)+"#/-33)8"#).8"3+/".+#-52%33#+,"#,)9,"2#"(&5-;%.#5%//&.)+04#-.(#3%5)"+0#).#9"."2-'4#$"#*.%$#8"20#')l'"#-1%&+#,%$#"'"5+2%.)5#5%.+".+#)3#2"-(#Y%2#8)"$"(Z=##L33&/6;%.3#-1%&+#).:%2/-;%.#3+2&5+&2"#-.(#("3)9.#+,-+#5-220#%8"2#:2%/#+,"#62).+#"2-#/-0#%2#/-0#.%+#1"#8-')(#:%2#+,"#()9)+-'#5%.3&/"2=##!"#3)/6'0#(%.T+#*.%$#$,-+#9%%(#).:%2/-;%.#("3)9.#/"-.3#).#+,)3#."$#"2-#1"5-&3"#+,"#2"3"-25,#-.(#"8)(".5"#1-3"#)3#).-("M&-+"=##>+&()"3#Y"/6)2)5-'#-.(#5%.5"6+&-'Z#-2%&.(#+,"#.%;%.#%:#[%.')."#2"-().9T#-.(#)+3#)/6')5-;%.3#:%2#'"-2.).9#-.(#).:%2/-;%.#2"+".;%.#-2"#.""("(=##a."#3&5,#62%<"5+#$%&'(#+%#1"#+%#).8"3;9-+"#+,"#()X"2".5"3#1"+$"".#+,"#"'"5+2%.)5#-.(#62).+"(#+"S+1%%*#).#3&66%2;.9#'"-2.).9=

! ]&2+,"2#&3"2#5".+2"(#2"3"-25,#%.#).+"2:-5"#("3)9.#)3#52);5-'#):#352"".E1-3"(#"E1%%*3#-2"#+%#1"#-3#&3":&'#).#62-5;5"#-3#+,"0#-2"#).#+,"%20=##?%.3)("2-1'"#"8)(".5"#"S)3+3#+,-+#5&22".+#("3)9.3#-2"#3&1E%6;/-'#-.(4#).#-''#62%1-1)')+04#-#3+&/1').9#1'%5*#+,-+#)3#,%'().9#1-5*#+,"#("8"'%6/".+#%:#+,"#/-2*"+=##R"+#+%#*.%$#0%&2#&3"23u

! J""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#2"8"-'3#5%.3)("2-1'"#3&1<"5+#()8"23)+0#).#).:%2/-;%.#3""*).9#1",-8)%&2#$)+,#2"36"5+#+%#"E1%%*3=##@%2"#2"3"-25,#,"2"#5%&'(#1"#8"20#,"'6:&'#).#9&)().9#2"3"-25,#M&"3;%.3#:%2#+,"#62"8)%&3#)+"/=

!!"#*.%$#8"20#')l'"#-1%&+#3+&(".+#6&25,-3).9#1",-8)%&2#$)+,#2"9-2(#+%#5%&23"#+"S+3#).#")+,"2#62).+#%2#"'"5+2%.)5#:%2/34#.%2#,%$#:-2#+,"#3"5%.(#,-.(#/-2*"+#-.(#5'&11).9#+%9"+,"2#+%#1&0#+"S+1%%*3#)/6-5+#3-'"3=##@-2*"+#2"3"-25,#,"2"#$%&'(#1"#%:#92"-+#8-'&"#+%#')12-2)-.3#-3#$"''#-3#6&1')3,"23#+%#"/1"(#5,-.9"3=

! m)2+&-'#'"-2.).9#".8)2%./".+3#YmAB3Z#-.(#%.')."#2"-().9#/%(&'"3#%X"2#"S5);.9#."$#/%("3#%:#'"-2.).9#-.(4#6%+".;-''04#."$#/-2*"+3#:%2#"E5%.+".+=##I&+#%&2#&.("23+-.().9#%:#-#$,%'"#2-.9"#%:#)33&"3#.""(3#+%#1"#5'-2)\"(O#+,"#).+"2:-5"#1"+$"".#')12-2)-.34#+"5,.)5-'#3+-X#-.(#-5-("/)53#)3#%^".#&.5'"-24#-3#-2"#+,"#-662%62)-+"#1&3)."33#/%("'3#-.(#')5".3).9#-22-.9"/".+3=#

! ?2);5-''04#$"#.""(#/%2"#2"3"-25,#).+%#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#1&3)."33#/%("'3#+,-+#-2"#62"()5+-1'"4#3)/6'"#+%#&.("23+-.(4#5,"-6#+%#-(/).)3+"2#-.(#+,-+#%X"2#8-'&"#:%2#/%."0#-.(#3&3+-).-1)')+0#:%2#1%+,#3)("3#%:#+,"#-92""/".+#Y).5'&().9#-25,)8).9#)33&"3Z=

! R)8".#+,"#2"6%2+"(#5%.:&3)%.#+,-+#3+&(".+3#"S6"2)".5"#$,".#+20).9#+%#-55"33#"E1%%*34#$"#.""(#+%#("+"2/)."#,%$#3+&(".+3#-5+&-''0#"/6'%0#aPL?34#:"("2-+"(#3"-25,#-.(#')12-20#$"1#6%2+-'3#+%#-55"33#+,"#"E2"3%&25"3#/-("#-8-)'-1'"#+%#+,"/= Re

com

men

dati

ons

for

furt

her

rese

arch

Page 40

97+S#2/48#,(,#$/**#58+&/5)i.)192*,91./*.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2

Recomm

endations

to stakeholders

Page 41

8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4=.*I.Ni.)192*,91./*.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.

>).5"#b__b4#+,"#CD>?#BE1%%*3#!%2*).9#R2%&6#,-3#1"".#/"";.9#$)+,#6&1')3,"234#&.("2+-*).9#3+&()"3#-.(#"S6'%2).9#."$#')5".3).9#-.(#+"5,.)5-'#3+-.(-2(3#).#%2("2#+%#5,-/6)%.#+,"#-8-)'-1)')+0#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+,2%&9,#+,"#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20=

!,0r#!"''#1"5-&3"#')12-2)-.3#$-.+#+%#62%8)("#"M&)+0#%:#-55"33#+%#5%&23"#+"S+3#+%#-''#+,")2#3+&(".+3#-.(#3+-X=#D.#b__e4#+,"#R2%&6#2"'"-3"(#)+3#m)3)%.O

N,"#KG#"(&5-;%.#5%//&.)+0#$)''#,-8"#-55"33#+%#M&-')+0#"E1%%*#5%.+".+#+,-+#)3#%:#,)9,#2"'"8-.5"#+%#+"-5,).94#'"-2.).9#-.(#2"3"-25,#-52%33#+,"#12%-("3+#2-.9"#%:#3&1<"5+#-2"-3=

]'"S)1'"#1&3)."33#-.(#')5".3).9#/%("'3#$)''#3&66%2+#-#()8"23)+0#%:#.""(34#-''%$).9#&3"23#+%#(%#$,-+#+,"0#$-.+#$,".#+,"0#$-.+#-.(#,%$#+,"0#$-.+#:%2#"(&5-;%.-'#6&26%3"3=#L''#"E1%%*3#$)''#1"#"-3)'0#()35%8"2-1'"#-.(#5%.3)3+".+#3+-.(-2(3#$)''#-''%$#-''#5%.+".+#+%#1"#:&''0#).+"92-+"(#).+%#')12-204#'"-2.).9#-.(#2"3"-25,#".8)2%./".+3=i5T,,%/'U,;%$!&'e;,3E'=>>O

N,"#m)3)%.#'"(#+%#+,"#CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#+,"#'-29"3+#"8)(".5"#1-3"#%.#"E1%%*3#).#KG=#J2-$).9#%.#+,)3#,&9"#"8)(".5"#1-3"4#\.().93#%:#62"8)%&3#2"6%2+3#-.(#+,")2#%$.#"S6"2;3"#-.(#"S6"2)".5"4#+,"#R2%&6#62"3".+3#+,")2#2"5%//".(-;%.3#+%#3+-*",%'("23=

N,"3"#2"5%//".(-;%.3#-2"#62-5;5-'#-.(#5%.3+2&5;8"=#D:#$"#5%.;.&"#+%#$%2*#5%''-1%2-;8"'04#+%#3,-2"#)("-3#-.(#3%'&;%.3#)+#)3#6%33)1'"#+%#.%+#%.'0#-5,)"8"#+,"#m)3)%.#1&+#+%#)/62%8"#&6%.#)+=

?-2".#@)''%0

CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#/-.-9"2

Reco

mm

enda

tion

s to

sta

keho

lder

s

Page 42

8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4D.*I.Ni.)192*,91./*.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.

>%/"#,"-(')."#3+-+"/".+3O

j= N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#62"3".+3#5'"-2#"8)(".5"#+,-+#+,"#&.)8"23)+0#')12-20#,-3#-#2%'"#+%#6'-0#).#+,"#3&66'0#5,-).#:%2#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=

b= A)12-20#')5".3"(#5%.+".+#$)''#).52"-3).9'0#5%/6"+"#:%2#-l".;%.#-9-).3+#5%.+".+#%.#+,"#%6".#$"1=

i= N,"#()9)+-'#).:%2/-;%.#'-.(35-6"#)3#5%.:&3).9=#L5-("/)5#')+"2-50#+2-).).9#-.(#5'"-2#3+-.(-2()3"(#3)9.-9"#)3#2"M&)2"(#+%#/-*"#()35%8"2).94#-55"33).9#-.(#&3).9#"E1%%*3#Y-.(#-''#"E5%.+".+Z#-#3)/6'"#62%5"33=

c= N,"#&3"2#"S6"2)".5"#-33%5)-+"(#$)+,#"E1%%*3#5-.#1"#)/62%8"(=#L#9%%(#"S6"2)".5"#)3#*"0#+%#12-.(#2"5%9.);%.#-.(#5&3+%/"2#2"+".;%.w#1%+,#:%2#+,"#')12-20#-.(#:%2#+,"#6&1')3,"2d-992"9-+%2=

V= N,"#-8-)'-1)')+0#%:#-''#5%&23"#+"S+3#%.')."#5%/1)."(#$)+,#).+&);8"#6'-7%2/3#$)''#:%3+"2#,)9,#'"8"'3#&3"#-.(#).52"-3"#+,"#-(%6;%.#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#).#+"-5,).9#-.(#'"-2.).9=#N,)3#).#+&2.#$)''#62%8)("#"M&)+0#%:#-55"33#+%#-''#&3"23#-.(#).52"-3"#3+&(".+#3-;3:-5;%.=

U= N,"#5&22".+#:2-9/".+-;%.#$)+,).#+,"#"E1%%*3#3&66'0#5,-).#3;`"3#)+3#92%$+,=#N,"#:&+&2"#%:#"E1%%*34#$,-+"8"2#+,-+#/-0#1"4#2"M&)2"3#3,-2).9#%:#*.%$'"(9"#-.(#).:%2/-;%.=

e= N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#,-3#62%8)("(#-#,&9"#"8)(".5"#1-3"#%:#&3"2#1",-8)%&2=#N,"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*#/-2*"+#)3#3;''#).#)+3#h+"".-9"#0"-23T#1&+#10#,-2."33).9#+,"#"8)(".5"#1-3"#-.(#+,2%&9,#5%.;.&-'#5%''-1%2-;%.#1"+$"".#-''#3+-*",%'("234#+,"#/-2*"+#5-.#/-+&2"#M&)5*'0#-.(#).#')."#$)+,#&3"2#"S6"5+-;%.3=

D+#)3#$)+,).#+,"#5%.+"S+#%:#+,"#\.().93#2"6%2+"(#-.(#+,"#-1%8"#3+-+"/".+34#+,-+#+,"#:%''%$).9#2"5%//".(-;%.3#-2"#/-("=

Recomm

endations

to stakeholders

Page 43

8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4!.*I.Ni.)192*,91./*.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.

^<#,<#-45#,4?17<#-4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&

L3#3,%$.#).#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#')12-2)-.3#$-.+#+%#1&0#"E1%%*3#d#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+%#62%8)("#"M&)+0#%:#-55"33=#?&22".+'0#')12-2)-.3#,-8"#+%#9%#+%#-#8-2)"+0#%:#3%&25"3#+%#\.(#%&+#):#+,"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+,"0#$-.+#+%#6&25,-3"#-2"#-8-)'-1'"4#,%$#/&5,#+,"0#5%3+4#).#$,-+#:%2/-+3#+,"0#-2"#-8-)'-1'"#-.(#%.#$,)5,#6'-7%2/3=#P&1')3,"234#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%234#"E1%%*#8".(%234#1)1')%92-6,)5#3"28)5"3#-.(#')12-2)"3#.""(#+%#5%%2().-+"#+%#52"-+"#-#h%."#3+%6#3,%6T#:%2#+,)3#).:%2/-;%.=#N,)3#3"28)5"#$)''#".-1'"#/%2"#"E1%%*3#+%#1"#1%&9,+=

!)+,#UVW#%:#+,"#-5-("/)5#6%6&'-;%.#&3).9#"E1%%*34#"E1%%*3#-2"#3"+#+%#1"5%/"#/-).3+2"-/=#D+#)3#)/6%2+-.+#+,-+#+"-5,).9#3+-X4#$,%#-2"#5".+2-'#+%#+,"#&3"#%:#5%&23"#+"S+3#10#3+&(".+34#')-)3"#$)+,#+,")2#')12-20#+%#2"5%//".(#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#:%2#6&25,-3"=

A)12-20#1&(9"+3#-.(#6&1')3,"23T#2"8".&"#-2"#).52"-3).9'0#&.("2#62"33&2"=#P2)5"3#+,-+#-2"#-X%2(-1'"#:%2#')12-2)"3#-.(#62%\+-1'"#:%2#6&1')3,"23#-.(#-992"9-+%23#)3#"33".;-'=#P&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#1"#".5%&2-9"(#10#+,"#\.().93#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#-.(#'%%*#+%#"S6-.(#-.(#1&)'(#&6%.#+,")2#3-'"3#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=

J"36)+"#+,"#).52"-3"#).#+,"#-/%&.+#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-8-)'-1'"#:%2#6&25,-3"#10#')12-2)"3#-.(#3+&(".+34#+,"2"#3;''#2"/-).3#-#'-5*#%:#52);5-'#/-33#%:#;+'"3#2"'"8-.+#+%#KG#5%&23"3=#D.#-(();%.4#')12-2)-.3#%^".#3;''#3""#+,"#'-+"3+#"();%.#%.'0#-8-)'-1'"#).#62).+#2-+,"2#+,-.#"'"5+2%.)5=#P&1')3,"23#-2"#".5%&2-9"(#+%#/-*"#-''#+,")2#5%&23"#+"S+3#-8-)'-1'"#"'"5+2%.)5-''0=

N,"#)/6%3);%.#%:#mLN#%.#()9)+-'#5%.+".+#)3#-#3)9.)\5-.+#%13+-5'"#+%#+,"#("8"'%6/".+#%:#-#/-2*"+6'-5"#:%2#"E1%%*3#-.(#"8"20%."#3,%&'(#'%110#:%2#o"2%#2-;.9#%.#"E1%%*3=

H<(%#&<#-4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&

P&1')3,"234#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#-.(#')12-2)-.3#3,%&'(#$%2*#$)+,#CD>?#?%''"5;%.3#-.(#+,"#P&1')3,"23#L33%5)-;%.#+%#2"-5,#-92""/".+#%.#-#5%//%.#3"+#%:#')5".3).9#+"2/3#-.(#5%.();%.3#:%2#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+,-+#-2"#"-30#+%#&.("23+-.(=#N,)3#$%&'(#,"'6#2"(&5"#+,"#'-29"#-/%&.+3#%:#;/"#-.(#"X%2+#+,-+#)3#36".+#%.#')5".3).9#-.(#-'3%#".-1'"#')12-2)-.3#+%#1"l"2#62%/%+"#+%#+,")2#&3"23#$,-+#5-.#-.(#5-.#.%+#1"#(%."=

L25,)8-'#-55"33#-.(#5%.;.&)+0#%:#-55"33#+%#')5".3"(#"E1%%*3#$-3#-#5%.5"2.#%:#+,"#')12-20#5%//&.)+0=#N,)3#$-22-.+3#:&2+,"2#()35&33)%.#10#6&1')3,"234#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#-.(#')12-2)"3#-.(#2"M&)2"3#+,"#("8"'%6/".+#%:#-#+2-.36-2".+#6%')50#-.(#+,"#).5'&3)%.#%:#2"'"8-.+#5'-&3"3#).#"E1%%*#')5".5"3=#N,)3#$%2*#3,%&'(#1"#'"(#10#CD>?#?%''"5;%.3#-.(#+,"#P&1')3,"23#L33%5)-;%.=

Reco

mm

enda

tion

s to

sta

keho

lder

s

Page 44

8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4".*I.Ni.)192*,91./*.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.

8$5#,56,&

D+#)3#"S+2"/"'0#)/6%2+-.+#+,-+#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-2"#-55"33)1'"#+%#-''#&3"23=#K3"23#$)+,#62).+#2"'-+"(#()3-1)');"3#5&22".+'0#:-5"#62%1'"/3#).#-55"33).9#-.(#6"23%.-')3).9#+,"#+"S+#-.(#2"-().9#).+"2:-5"#-.(#+,)3#,-3#+%#1"#2"3%'8"(#M&)5*'0=#P&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#+-*"#%.#1%-2(#+,"#5%//".+3#:2%/#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#-.(#')-)3"#$)+,#).3;+&;%.3#-.(#CD>?#N"5,J)3#).#%2("2#+%#".3&2"#+,-+#6'-7%2/3#-2"#-55"33)1'"#+%#-''#&3"23#$)+,#62).+#2"'-+"(#()3-1)');"3=

A)12-2)-.3#-.(#6&1')3,"23#$)3,#+%#-55&2-+"'0#-33"33#+,"#&3-9"#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+%#("8"'%6#62)5).9#/%("'3#-.(#+%#5-'5&'-+"#8-'&"#:%2#/%."0=#?aKHNBF#)3#+,"#3"+#%:#3+-.(-2(3#-.(#62%+%5%'3#9%8"2.).9#+,"#2"5%2().9#-.(#"S5,-.9"#%:#&3-9"#(-+-=#L''#6&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#1"5%/"#/"/1"23#%:#?aKHNBF=

N,"#?aKHNBF#?%("#:%2#BE1%%*3#.""(3#+%#1"#("8"'%6"(#).#')."#$)+,#-5+&-'#&3"2#1",-8)%&2#+%#$%2*#%&+#$,-+#)3#+,"#1"3+#-.(#/%3+#2"-')3;5#$-0#%:#5%&.;.9#&3-9"#:%2#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3=

P&1')3,"23#3,%&'(#).5'&("#+,")2#1%%*#5%.+".+#).#6'-9)-2)3/#5,"5*).9#3"28)5"3#+%#-)(#+,"#)(".;\5-;%.#%:#6'-9)-2)3/#).#3+&(".+#$%2*=#J%).9#3%#$%&'(#-)(#+"-5,"23#-.(#,"'6#+%#).52"-3"#3+&(".+T3#&.("23+-.().9#%:#%$."23,)6#%:#5%.+".+=

J)9)+-'#2)9,+3#/-.-9"/".+#YJF@Z#303+"/3#3,%&'(#")+,"2#1"#2"/%8"(#%2#("8"'%6"(#).#')."#$)+,#-5+&-'#&3"2#1",-8)%&2=

Q%$5,5$54<&&1%&

D.#%2("2#:%2#-#5".+2-'#"E1%%*3#5-+-'%9&"#E#-#%."#3+%6#3,%6#E#+%#1"#52"-+"(4#M&-')+0#/"+-(-+-#/&3+#1"#3&66')"(#-.(#-.#-92""/".+#%.#+,"#)(".;\5-;%.#62%5"33"3#:%2#"E1%%*3#3&5,#-3#+,"#&3"#%:#-.#D>IH#:%2#"-5,#:%2/-+#-.(#6'-7%2/#/&3+#1"#-55"6+"(#10#-''#).#+,"#).(&3+20=#N,)3#)3#-'3%#-#2"5%//".(-;%.#%:#+,"#2"5".+#F"3"-25,#D.:%2/-;%.#H"+$%2*#2"6%2+#h?2"-;.9#5-+-'%9&"3O#1)1')%92-6,)5#2"5%2(3#).#-#."+$%2*"(#$%2'(T=

P&1')3,"23#-.(#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#5%''-1%2-+"#$)+,#')12-2)"3#-.(#')12-20#/-.-9"/".+#303+"/#62%8)("23#+%#("8"'%6#-.(#)/6'"/".+#/"+-(-+-#3+-.(-2(3#+,-+#$)''#3&66%2+#+,"#()35%8"20#%:#"E1%%*3#10#&3"234#$,"+,"2#8)-#+,"#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"#%2#%+,"2#()35%8"20#+%%'3=#>&5,#/"+-(-+-#)3#"33".;-'#).#62%8)().9#5'"-2#3)9.6%3+3#-3#+%#$,-+#5%.+".+#)3#-8-)'-1'"=

G<&("3%6<#-4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&

N,"#2"3&'+3#:2%/#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#3,%$#+,-+#&3"23#$"2"#5%.:&3"(#10#+,"#/&';6')5)+0#%:#-55"33#2%&+"3#+%#"E1%%*3#Y5-+-'%9&"4#$"1#6-9"4#:"("2-+"(#3"-25,xZ#-.(#3+2&99'"(#+%#&.("23+-.(#$,-+#"E5%.+".+#+,"#')12-20#$-3#/-*).9#-8-)'-1'"#+%#+,"/=#A)12-2)-.3#3,%&'(#,-2."33#+,"#$"-'+,#%:#5%//".+3#-.(#:""(1-5*#9-+,"2"(#).#+,)3#62%<"5+#+%#("8"'%6#')12-20#2"3%&25"#()35%8"20#3+2-+"9)"3#).#')."#$)+,#&3"2#.""(3#-.(#"S6"5+-;%.3=#N,)3#$)''#-'3%#).8%'8"#()35&33)%.3#$)+,#')12-20#/-.-9"/".+#303+"/#62%8)("234#6&1')3,"234#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#-.(#*""6).9#-12"-3+#%:#+,"#)..%8-;8"#("8"'%6/".+3#).#')12-20#5-+-'%9&"3=

Recomm

endations

to stakeholders

Page 45

8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4J.*I.Ni.)192*,91./*.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.

L5-("/)5#3"-25,#".9)."3#3&5,#-3#R%%9'"#>5,%'-2#-2"#2-6)('0#1"5%/).9#+,"#()35%8"20#+%%'#%:#5,%)5"#:%2#/-.0#3+&(".+3#-.(#+,")2#+"-5,"23O#P&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#:%5&3#%.#%6".).9#&6#5%.+".+#:%2#).("S).9#-3#+,)3#)3#"33".;-'#+%#()35%8"20=

N"-5,).9#3+-X#3,%&'(#5%.;.&"#+%#1"#62%-5;8"#).#-(().9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#+%#%.')."#2"-().9#')3+3#-.(#mAB3#+%#-)(#+,")2#3+&(".+3#+%#-55"33#5%&23"#+"S+3#-+#-#;/"#-.(#6'-5"#5%.8".)".+#+%#).52"-3).9'0#1&30#&3"23=#!,"+,"2#+,"#3+&(".+#+,".#&3"3#+,"#"'"5+2%.)5#5%60#%2#&3"3#+,"#62).+#).#+,"#')12-204#6&25,-3"3#-#62).+#%2#"'"5+2%.)5#5%60#%2#3,-2"3#-#:2)".(3#5%60#)3#&6#+%#+,"/=

N,"#3&55"33:&'#).5%26%2-;%.#%:#"E1%%*3#).+%#mAB3#2"M&)2"3#92"-+"2#5%E%6"2-;%.#-.(#()-'%9&"#1"+$"".#')12-2)-.34#'"-2.).9#+"5,.%'%9)3+3#-.(#-5-("/)5#3+-X=#K.("23+-.().9#+,"#62%5"33"3#).8%'8"(#).#3"'"5;.94#')5".3).94#-(().9#-.(#2"/%8).9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*#5%.+".+#:2%/#+,"#mAB#)3#."5"33-20#:%2#-''#).8%'8"(=#N,"#')12-20#5-.#5%%2().-+"#+,"#3,-2).9#%:#+,)3#*.%$'"(9"=

Z6"."2"#

N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#("/%.3+2-+"3#+,-+#-5;8"#62%/%;%.#'"-(3#+%#,)9,"2#&3"=#A)12-2)-.3#3,%&'(#3,-2"#1"3+#62-5;5"#:%2#62%/%;%.#%:#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-.(#".9-9"#$)+,#+,")2#+"-5,).9#3+-X#-.(#3+&(".+3=

P&1')3,"23#-2"#".5%&2-9"(#+%#("8"'%6#/-2*";.9#/-+"2)-'3#:%2#"E1%%*3#+,-+#5-.#1"#5&3+%/)3"(#-.(#2"6&26%3"(#10#')12-2)-.3#+%#3&)+#-#8-2)"+0#%:#-&()".5"3=

?DIBF#2"3"-25,#).+%#+,"#()9)+-'#5%.3&/"2#3+2%.9'0#3&99"3+3#+,-+#&3"23#.%#'%.9"2#,-8"#-.0#2"-'#3".3"#%:#q5%''"5;%.s#).#+,"#"'"5+2%.)5#')12-20O#/-+"2)-'3#-2"#%^".#'%(9"(#).#).-662%62)-+"#3)'%3#+,-+#2"`"5+#')12-20#-.(#6&1')3,"2#$%2*`%$3#2-+,"2#+,-.#).#5%,"2".+#5%''"5;%.3#/"-.).9:&'#+%#&3"23=#A)12-2)-.3#.""(#+%#("8"'%6#12-.().9#3+2-+"9)"3#+,-+#-')9.#$)+,#-5-("/)5#')+"2-504#62%/%+"#M&-')+0#-.(#+2&3+#-.(#\+#$)+,#+,"#/".+-'#/-63#%:#&3"23=

J&<#-4("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")&

N,"#2"3&'+3#:2%/#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#3,%$#+,-+#&3"23#"S6"2)".5"(#-#.&/1"2#%:#62%1'"/3#&3).9#"E1%%*3#-.(#+,")2#).+"2:-5"3=#P&1')3,"23#-.(#"E1%%*#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#,-2."33#+,"#2"3"-25,#62%8)("(#10#+,)3#62%<"5+#+%#".3&2"#+,-+#&3"2#"S6"5+-;%.3#-2"#/"+#).#+,"#-5-("/)5#".8)2%./".+=

P&1')3,"23#-.(#-992"9-+%23#3,%&'(#).8"3+#:&2+,"2#).#&3"2E5".+2"(#("3)9.#-.(#+"3;.9#+%#\.(#%&+#,%$#&3"23#-5+&-''0#$-.+#+%#&3"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-.(#$,-+#+%%'3#+,"0#8-'&"=#K.("23+-.().9#&3"2#1",-8%)&2#)3#"33".;-'#+%#+,)3#62%5"33#-.(#$"#,%6"#+,-+#+,"#2"3&'+3#%:#+,)3#62%<"5+#$)''#1"#&3":&'=

Reco

mm

enda

tion

s to

sta

keho

lder

s

Page 46

8$5)%:"+,%646%("..%#,52"#&4N.*I.Ni.)192*,91./*.RT$E[ 9.M,-7,(9.:6./01.UT5R.EF:**'9.O*)'7,(.Y)*+2.

N,"#-&+,%23#%:#5%&23"#+"S+3#-2"#%^".#+"-5,"23#$)+,).#&.)8"23);"3=#N"-5,).9#3+-X#3,%&'(#$%2*#$)+,#6&1')3,"23#+%#("8"'%6#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#).#')."#$)+,#+,"#"S6"5+-;%.3#%:#&3"234#,-2."33#+,"#(-+-#62%8)("(#).#+,)3#62%<"5+#).#+,"#("3)9.#-.(#("8"'%6/".+#%:#"E1%%*3#-.(#&29"#+,")2#6&1')3,"23#+%#/-*"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#-8-)'-1'"#+,2%&9,#+,"#')12-20=

I65<#<#-

K.;'#()35%8"20#/"+,%(3#-.(#"E1%%*#6'-7%2/3#1"5%/"#).+&);8"4#')12-2)-.3#$)''#.""(#+%#5%.;.&"#+%#62%8)("#+2-).).9#+%#+,")2#&3"23=#N,"2"#$-3#-#,)9,#5-''#:%2#+,)3#).#+,"#&3"2#:%5&3#92%&63=

N"-5,).9#3+-X#-.(#')12-2)-.3#.""(#+%#5%.;.&"#+%#+"-5,#-5-("/)5#')+"2-50#+%#+,")2#3+&(".+3#+%#".3&2"#+,-+#+,"0#&3"#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#$"''#-.(#&.("23+-.(#)33&"3#%:#6)2-504#6'-9)-2)3/#-.(#5%602)9,+=

!"++5?"65$%45#,4%0>%6<.%#$

N,"#36""(#$)+,#$,)5,#+,"#"E1%%*3#/-2*"+#)3#("8"'%6).9#/"-.3#+,-+#')12-2)-.3#5-.#3+2&99'"#+%#*""6#&6#+%#(-+"#$)+,#8-'&-1'"#."$3#-.(#).:%2/-;%.4#:%2#"S-/6'"#%.#+,"#6%+".;-'#)/6-5+#%:#+,"#62%6%3"(#R%%9'"#I%%*3#>"l'"/".+=#a29-.)3-;%.3#3&5,#-3#CD>?#-.(#CD>?#?%''"5;%.3#3,%&'(#$%2*#+%#9-+,"2#).:%2/-;%.#).+%#%."#5".+2-'#'%5-;%.#-.(#()33"/).-+"#+%#&.)8"23);"3=

P&1')3,"23#-.(#-992"9-+%23#-2"#".5%&2-9"(#+%#3,-2"#9%%(#62-5;5"#-52%33#-''#-2"-3#+%#,"'6#%8"25%/"#+,"#5&22".+#:2-9/".+-;%.#).#+,"#/-2*"+#-.(#3&66'0#5,-).=#N,)3#).5'&("3#3,-2).9#2"3"-25,#$)+,#%."#-.%+,"2#-.(#$)+,#+,"#')12-20#-.(#-5-("/)5#5%//&.);"3=

N,"#("8"'%6/".+#%:#3,-2"(#3"28)5"#$)+,#-#3&)+#%:#+%%'3#+%#-.-'03"#?aKHNBF#3+-;3;53#:%2#"E1%%*3#-.(#"3+-1')3,#8-'&"#:%2#/%."0#$%&'(#1"#%:#,)9,#8-'&"#+%#+,"#')12-20#5%//&.)+0#).#+,"#5&22".+#"5%.%/)5#".8)2%./".+=

A)12-2)-.3#-.(#6&1')3,"23#3,%&'(#5%.;.&"#+%#"S6"2)/".+#$)+,#"E1%%*#1&3)."33#/%("'3#-.(#-55"33#/%("'3=#>,-2).9#)("-34#3&99"3;%.3#-.(#2"3&'+3#%:#).+"2.-'#62%<"5+3#$)''#1"#"33".;-'#$,".#("-').9#$)+,#+,"#"S6"5+-;%.#%:#-55"33).9#5%&23"#+"S+#"E1%%*3#%.#6%2+-1'"#-.(#/%1)'"#("8)5"3=

Recomm

endations

to stakeholders

Page 47

<+$S0,/%58(5/7#)[191%)&0.-197(,.%,-.I+)/01).7,I*)8%;*,.XRT$E[Z

Back

grou

nd

note

s

Page 48

B5()-6"1#,4#"$%&4=.*I."[191%)&0.-197(,

G%%>4+"-45#5+7&<&

J""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#)3#-#62%62)"+-20#?DIBF#/"+,%(%'%90#+,-+#,"'63#')12-2)-.34#6&1')3,"23#-.(#%+,"2#3&66')"23#%:#$"1E1-3"(#5%.+".+#+%#-#1"l"2#&.("23+-.().9#%:#,%$#5%.3&/"23#-5+&-''0#&3"#+,")2#3"28)5"3=##I0#-.-'03).9#2-$#+2-.3-5;%.-'#3"28"2E3)("#'%934#?DIBF#)3#-1'"#+%#("8"'%6#-#3"2)"3#%:#&3"2#/"+2)53#+,-+#("352)1"#,%$#&3"23#).+"2-5+#$)+,#+,"#303+"/O#:%2#"S-/6'"4#3"33)%.#'".9+,4#.&/1"23#%:#5%.+".+#%2#%+,"2#6-9"3#8)"$"(4#$,"+,"2#%2#.%+#-.#).+"2.-'#3"-25,#".9)."#$-3#&3"(4#$,)5,#;+'"3#-.(#3&1<"5+3#$"2"#8)"$"(4#-.(#$,".#-.#-55"33#+%%*#6'-5"=##N,)3#(-+-#2"`"5+3#$,-+#6"%6'"#-5+&-''0#(%#%.')."O#.%+#$,-+#+,"0#+,).*#+,"0#()(4#-.(#.%+#$,-+#+,"0#+,).*#+,"0#%&9,+#+%#3-0#+%#-#2"3"-25,"2=##L#:&2+,"2#-(8-.+-9"#%:#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#)3#+,-+#)+#)3#6%33)1'"#+%#-8%)(#3-/6').9#1)-3"3#-.(#"22%23O#?DIBF#-.-'03"(#&3"#%:#-''#+,"#"E1%%*3#Y).5'&().9#CD>?#"E1%%*3Z#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/#+,2%&9,%&+#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+=

J&%64&163%7&

N$%#'-29"E35-'"#%.')."#&3"2#3&28"03#$"2"#5%.(&5+"(#).#+,"#6"2)%(#C-.&-20#+%#@-25,#).#b__f#-.(#b__k4#$)+,#+,"#"-2')"2#3&28"0#:%2/).9#-#1".5,/-2*#-9-).3+#$,)5,#+%#/%.)+%2#5,-.9"=##

N,"#M&"3;%..-)2"#$-3#6)'%+"(#"S+".3)8"'0#-.(#()3+2)1&+"(#+%#6-2;5)6-;.9#')12-2)"3#-3#-#$"1#').*#+%#+,"#3&28"0#(-+-1-3"#Y>&28"0#@%.*"0#P2%:"33)%.-'Z=#A)12-2)"3#&3"(#-#8-2)"+0#%:#/"+,%(3#+%#()33"/).-+"#+,"#).8)+-;%.#+%#<%).#+,"#3&28"0O#:2%/#()2"5+#/-)').93#+%#').*3#%.#')12-20#,%/"#6-9"3#%2#).5'&3)%.#).#3+-X#-.(#3+&(".+#."$3'"l"23=##N,"#"S"25)3"#9"."2-+"(#Vb4jVc#&3-1'"#2"36%.3"34#/-*).9#)+#-'/%3+#5"2+-).'0#+,"#'-29"3+#3&28"0#).+%#"E1%%*#&3"4#-g+&("3#-.(#1",-8)%&2#"8"2#5%.(&5+"(=#L'+,%&9,#+,"#3-/6'"#:2-/"#)3#-#5%.8".)".5"#3-/6'"4#+,"#3)o"#%:#+,"#2"36%.3"#-.(#)+3#("/%92-6,)5#62%\'"4#/"-.#+,-+#$"#5-.#1"#62"l0#3&2"#+,-+#+,"#\.().93#2"6%2+"(#/-0#1"#9"."2-')3"(#-52%33#+,"#$,%'"#KG#,)9,"2#"(&5-;%.#3"5+%2=

H<?65674(<6(1+52"#4"A4:56,4("><%&

J-+-#%.#.&/1"23#%:#'%-.#5%6)"3#%:#+,"#"M&)8-'".+#62).+"(#5%&23"#+"S+3#$"2"#5%''"5+"(#:2%/#-#3-/6'"#%:#ie#&.)8"23);"3#:%2#+,"#-5-("/)5#0"-23#b__Ud_e#Y)="=#1":%2"#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+Z#-.(#:%2#b__edb__f4#-9-).#&3).9#-.#%.')."#3&28"0#/"+,%(=##>).5"#()X"2".+#).3;+&;%.3#,-8"#()X"2".+#'%-.#6"2)%(34#-#62-9/-;5#("5)3)%.#$-3#+-*".#+%#2"5%2(#'%-.#(-03#Y+,"#+%+-'#.&/1"2#%:#(-03#+,-+#'%-.#5%6)"3#E#%:#-.0#3+-+&3#E#$"2"#%X#+,"#3,"':#-.(#1").9#1%22%$"(Z#-3#-#3+-.(-2(#-52%33#).3;+&;%.3=

Background notes

Page 49

B5()-6"1#,4#"$%&4D.*I."[191%)&0.-197(,

Jj4>6<#$4&5+%&

J-+-#%.#KG#2"+-)'#62).+#3-'"3#-+#;+'"#'"8"'#$"2"#3&66')"(#10#H)"'3".#I%%*>5-.#KG#:%2#5-'".(-2#0"-23#b__e#-.(#b__f=##D.#62-5;5"4#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#()(#.%+#5%/"#:&''0#%.#3+2"-/#&.;'#"-2'0#).#b__f4#3%#b__e#5-.#2"-3%.-1'0#1"#2"9-2("(#-3#[1":%2"#+,"#"S6"2)/".+T=##N,"#3-'"3#(-+-#2":"2#+%#KG#3-'"3#%:#."$#5%6)"3#+,%&9,#-#6-."'#%:#/-<%2#1%%*3"''"234#).5'&().9#L/-o%.=##H%#).:%2/-;%.#$-3#-8-)'-1'"#%.#+,"#3"5%.(#,-.(#/-2*"+4#-'+,%&9,#+,)3#)3#')*"'0#+%#1"#-#3)9.)\5-.+#).`&".5"#%.#6&25,-3).9#1",-8)%&2=

N,"2"#-2"#/-.0#&.*.%$.3#$,".#$"#5%.3)("2#62).+#3-'"34#M&)+"#-6-2+#:2%/#+,"#)/6-5+#%:#+,"#3"5%.(#,-.(#/-2*"+=##R"."2-''0#36"-*).94#5%&23"#+"S+3#&.("29%#-#62%5"33#%:#-l2);%.#-^"2#+,")2#3-'"3#6"-*4#+06)5-''0#).#0"-2#+$%=##N,"#2-+"#%:#-l2);%.#)3#("+"2/)."(#10#-#2-.9"#%:#:-5+%234#).5'&().9#+,"#-66"-2-.5"#%:#."$#5%/6";.9#;+'"34#1-5*')3;.94#-.(4#%:#5%&23"4#8-2)-;%.#).#("/-.(#-3#5%&23"3#-.(#/%(&'"3#-2"#).+2%(&5"(4#5,-.9"4#%2#-2"#$)+,(2-$.=

N%#62%8)("#-#8-')(#1-3)3#:%2#&.("23+-.().9#62).+#3-'"3#).#b__f4#-.(#-.0#6%+".;-'#)/6-5+#%:#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#$"#5%/6-2"(#3-'"3#%:#"-5,#;+'"#$)+,#-#1-3*"+#%:#3)/)'-2#5%&23"#+"S+3O#+,%3"#+,-+#$"2"#6&1')3,"(#).#+,"#3-/"#3&1<"5+#-2"-#).4#3-04#b__c4#+,-+#$"2"#3;''#-8-)'-1'"#).#-#b__c#"();%.=##N,)3#%X"23#-.#).(&3+20#1".5,/-2*#-9-).3+#$,)5,#-.0#5,-.9"3#).#3-'"3#8%'&/"#:%2#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#5%&'(#1"#5%/6-2"(=

D#$%63<%*&45#,4A"(1&4-6"1>&

y&-')+-;8"#(-+-#".2)5,4#-.(#62%8)("#"S6'-.-;%.3#+%#&.("26).4#2-$#M&-.;+-;8"#(-+-=##N,"0#%X"2#,&/-.#2"-3%.3#:%2#-5;%.3#%13"28-1'"#).#+,"#(""6#'%9#3+-;3;53=#

a.#+,"#1-3)3#%:#+,"#(""6#'%9#(-+-4#")9,+#&.)8"23);"3#$"2"#).);-''0#3"'"5+"(#10#?DIBF#-3#5-3"#3+&()"3#:%2#).+"28)"$3#-.(#:%5&3#92%&63#10#D.:%2/-;%.#L&+%/-;%.#A)/)+"(=##L#:&2+,"2#3"8".#).3;+&;%.3#$"2"#-(("(#:%2#+,"#3+&(".+#-.(#-5-("/)5#:%5&3#92%&63=##N,"#\23+#6-2+#%:#+,)3#3+&(0#$-3#+%#).8"3;9-+"#+,"#)33&"3#3&22%&.().9#+,"#-5M&)3);%.#%:#"E1%%*3#:2%/#-#')12-20#5%''"5;%.#/-.-9"/".+#6"236"5;8"=##N,)3#5%/6%.".+4#$,)5,#).8%'8"(#("6+,#).+"28)"$3#$)+,#-#2-.9"#%:#')12-20#3+-X4#"S6'%2"(O#3"'"5;%.w#')5".3).9#-.(#62)5).9#/%("'3w#5-+-'%9&).9#-.(#@LF?#2"5%2(3w#$-03#%:#-55"33).9#"E1%%*3w#62%/%;%.w#"8-'&-;%.w#-.(#+,"#3%^$-2"#).+"2:-5"=

N,"#%+,"2#5%/6%.".+4#).+"28)"$3#-.(#:%5&3#92%&63#$)+,#3+&(".+3#-.(#-5-("/)5#3+-X#-+#+,"#5-3"#3+&(0#-.(#%+,"2#).3;+&;%.34#-)/"(#-+#-#1"l"2#&.("23+-.().9#%:O#$%2*#6-l"2.3#-3#+,"0#2"'-+"#+%#"E#-.(#6E1%%*3w#-g+&("3#+%#2"-().9w#3"'"5;%.#Y+"-5,"23#%.'0Zw#'%5-;%.#-.(#5%.+".+#()35%8"20#)33&"3w#-(("(E8-'&"#-.(#%.E352"".#("3)9.#)33&"3w#)/6-5+3#%.#+"-5,).9#-.(#'"-2.).9w#&3"23T#8)"$3#%.#+,"#62%/%;%.#%:#"E1%%*3w#6&25,-3).9#1",-8)%&2#Y3+&(".+3#%.'0Z=

Back

grou

nd

note

s

Page 50

8%9#-4$:%4&(%#%4!.*I."S1M,7;*,9.%,-.9/+-6.C787/%;*,9

G%;#<2"#&

N,"#CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#)3#2":"22"(#+%#).#+,)3#2"6%2+#-3#+,"#p`?&%635$"674>6"F%($LO#

N,"#pCD8!4,<&(<>+<#%&O#-2"#1&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+#3+&()"34#".9).""2).94#/"()5)."#-.(#/"()-#3+&()"3=

!,"2"#+,"#+"2/#p%E?"")O#)3#&3"(4#)+#2":"23#+%#9"."2)5#"E1%%*3#-8-)'-1'"#8)-#+,"#')12-204#2"+-)'#5,-.."'3#%2#%.#+,"#$"1=

!,"2"#+,"#+"2/#p("16&%4$%0$4%E?"")O4)3#&3"(4#)+#2":"23#+%#"'"5+2%.)5#8"23)%.3#%:#5%&23"#+"S+3#+,-+#3&66%2+#+-&9,+#5%&23"#3+&(".+3#Y"=9=#&.("292-(&-+"3Z#

!,"2"#+,"#+"2/#pCD8!4%E?"")O4)3#&3"(4#)+#)3#36"5)\5#+%#+,"#iU#;+'"3#')5".3"(#:%2#+,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+=

?DIBF#$-3#62%8)("(#$)+,#+,"#2-$#3"28"2#'%93#:%2#+,"#%+,"2#"E1%%*3#-8-)'-1'"#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/#+,-+#$"2"#-5;8"'0#1").9#&3"(#10#+,"#jbe#&.)8"23);"3=#N,)3#$-3#-1%&+#j_4___#"E1%%*3#-.(#62%8)("(#-#5%.+2%'#92%&6#-9-).3+#$,)5,#&3"#+,"#CD>?#"E1%%*3#5%&'(#1"#5%/6-2"(=#N,"3"#-2"#2":"22"(#+%#-3#+,"#p#"#4CD8!4%E?"")&O=

8$1,74+<.<$52"#&=

N,"#.&/1"2#%:#CD>?#"E1%%*3#)3#2"'-;8"'0#3/-''#YiUZ4#,%$"8"2#+,"#"8)(".5"#1-3"#%:#&3"#)3#'-29"#Yjbe#&.)8"23);"3Z=#

N,"#a13"28-+%20#62%<"5+#()(#/"-3&2"#+,"#)/6-5+#%.#2"+-)'#62).+#3-'"3#+%#3+&(".+3#$,".#+,"0#-2"#62%8)("(#$)+,#:2""#-+#+,"#6%).+#%:#&3"#-55"33#8)-#+,"#')12-20=#D+#()(#.%+#/"-3&2"#).3;+&;%.-'#3-'"3#+%#&.)8"23)+0#')12-2)"3#%2#')12-20#6&25,-3).9#1",-8)%&2=#

J""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#$-3#&.("2+-*".#%.#+,"#bU#1&3)."33#-.(#/-.-9"/".+4#/"()-#3+&()"3#-.(#".9).""2).9#CD>?#"E1%%*3#%.#+,"#@0)A)12-20#6'-7%2/=#K.:%2+&.-+"'04#(&"#+%#+"5,.)5-'#)33&"3#-+#!%'+"23#G'&$"2#d#a8)(4#?DIBF#$-3#&.-1'"#+%#&.("2+-*"#-#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#%:#+,"#/"()5-'#;+'"3=#

N,"#.&/1"2#%:#6-2;5)6-.+3#).#+,"#3+&(".+#-.(#-5-("/)5#:%5&3#92%&63#)3#3/-''"2#+,-.#$-3#%2)9).-''0#3"+#%&+#,%$"8"2#+,"#'"8"'#%:#("+-)'#9-+,"2"(#).#+,"#:%5&3#92%&63#$-3#,)9,=

N,"#62).+#3-'"3#-.-'03)3#&3"(#H)"'3".#(-+-#2-+,"2#+,-.#(-+-#3&66')"(#10#+,"#6&1')3,"23#).8%'8"(#).#+,"#62%<"5+=#H)"'3".T3#/"+,%(%'%90#)3#+2-.36-2".+#-.(#2"`"5+3#-5+&-'#2"+-)'#3-'"3#-.(#62%8)("(#5%.3)3+".50#:%2#-.-'03)3=#

Background notes

Page 51

B5()-6"1#,4#"$%&4".*I."\+)/01).7,I*)8%;*,

^16$:%64<#A"6.52"#4"#4$:%4`?&%635$"674Z6"F%($45#,45++46%>"6$&456%4535<+5?+%45$4***LF<&(%?"")&>6"F%($L"6-

! CD>?#.-;%.-'#"E1%%*3#%13"28-+%20#62%<"5+4#G"0#]).().93#-.(#F"5%//".(-;%.34#]).-'#F"6%2+4#H%8"/1"2#b__k

! >5,%'-2'0#"E1%%*3#&3-9"#-.(#).:%2/-;%.#3""*).9#1",-8%)&2O#-#(""6#'%9#-.-'03)3#%:#@0)A)12-204#]).-'#F"6%2+4#?DIBF#

! Q"-(')."#\.().93#:2%/#+,"#&3"2#3&28"034#?DIBF

! L33"33).9#+,"#)/6-5+#%:#"'"5+2%.)5#5%&23"#+"S+3#%.#62).+#3-'"3#-.(#')12-20#,-2(#5%60#5)25&'-;%.4#?DIBF

! BE1%%*#&3"#10#-5-("/)5#3+-X#-.(#3+&(".+3#).#KG#&.)8"23);"34#]%5&3#R2%&63#F"6%2+4#D.:%2/-;%.#L&+%/-;%.#A)/)+"(

! BE1%%*#5%''"5;%.#/-.-9"/".+#).#KG#&.)8"23);"34#]%5&3#R2%&63#F"6%2+4#D.:%2/-;%.#L&+%/-;%.#A)/)+"(

! B3+-1')3,).9#/"+,%(3#:%2#:&+&2"#3+&()"3#%.#+,"#)/6-5+#%:#"E1%%*34#D.:%2/-;%.#L&+%/-;%.#A)/)+"(

]%2#:&2+,"2#).:%2/-;%.#5%.+-5+O?-2".#@)''%0CD>?#?%''"5;%.3R2%&.(#]'%%2I2"l".,-/#Q%&3"V#A-.5-3+"2#P'-5"A%.(%.4#!?bB#eBH

"/-)'O#5=/)''%0z<)35=-5=&*

$$$=<)35E5%''"5;%.3=-5=&*

Back

grou

nd

note

s

Page 52

Page 53

Further information about JISC Collections: Web: www.jisc-collections.ac.ukEmail: [email protected]

JISC Collections is the trading name for the JISC Content Procurement Company Limited.

JISC Collections Brettenham House 5 Lancaster Place London WC2E 7EN United Kingdom Tel: +44 (0)20 3006 6000

Version 1.1, November 2009

Documents

JISC national e-books observatory final report