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Padasalai
Sri Ramana Vidyalaya Montessori Matric. Hr. Sec. School, Rajapalayam
Social Mini Materials (Geography Vol - I)
Lesson-01
India- Location, Relief and Drainage
I. Give Short Answers:
1. Name the neighboring countries of India.
Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
2. Give the importance of IST.
∆ In order to avoid confusion of time in different states, Indian standard time
is calculated.
∆ The local time of the central meridian of India is the standard time of India.
∆ It is 82° 30' E Longitude passes through Mirzapur.
3. Write a short note on Deccan Plateau.
♦ It is triangular in shape.
♦ Deccan Plateau is the largest plateau in India.
♦ It is bounded by Western Ghats in the west, Eastern Ghats in the east and
Satpura ranges in the north.
♦ The area of this plateau is about 7 Lakhs. Sq.Km. It slopes from west to east.
4. State the west following rivers of India.
Narmada, Mahi, Sabarmati, Tapti
5. Write a brief note on the island group of Lakshadweep.
→ Lakshadweep is a small group of coral islands located in Arabian Sea.
→ Pitt Island of this group has a bird sanctuary.
II. Distinguish between the following:
6. Himalayan rivers and Peninsular rivers :
S.No. Himalayan rivers Peninsular rivers 1 Originate from Himalayas Originate from western Ghats 2 Perennial in Nature Non –Perennial in Nature 3 Long & wide Short and Narrow 4 Useful for navigation Not useful for navigation.
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Padasalai
7. Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats :
S.No. Western Ghats Eastern Ghats
1 Forms the western edge of the peninsular
plateau.
Forms the Eastern edge of the
peninsular plateau. 2 Continuous range of hills Non-continuous range of hills.
3 The northern part of this range is called
Sayadris
This range is called poorvadari
4 It runs parallel to the Arabian sea coast It runs parallel to the Bay of
Bengal coast
8. Himadri and Himachal :
S.No. Himadri Himachal 1 It is also known as Greater Himalayas It is also known as Lesser
Himalayas 2 It has many glaciers It has major hill stations 3 It is about 25 km wide. Its width various up to 80km 4 Ex. Gangothri, Yamunothri, Siachen etc. Shimla, Darjeeling etc…
9. Western coastal Plains and Eastern coastal Plains:
S.No. Western coastal Plains Eastern coastal Plains: 1 It extends from Rann of Katch to
Kanniyakumari.
It extends from west Bengal to
kannyakumari. 2 It lies between Western Ghats and
Arabian sea.
It lies between Eastern Ghats and the
Bay of Bengal. 3 It is narrow It is wide 4 It has sand dunes, lagoons and
backwaters.
It has rich alluvial deposits.
III. Answer in Paragraph:
10. Explain the divisions of Northern Mountains and its importance to India.
Division of Northern Mountains:
► The Trans Himalayas.
► Himalayas → Himadri
→ Himachal
→ Siwaliks
► Purvanchal
The Trans Himalayas:
♯ It is also known as western Himalayas.
♯ It contains marine sediments together with Tertiary granite.
♯ It lies in Jammu & Kashmir.
♯ Zaskar, Ladak, Kailash and Karakoram are important ranges.
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Padasalai
The Himalayas:
♯ It constitutes the core pat of northern mountains.
♯ It is an young fold mountain.
♯ It consists of many ranges.
The main divisions of the Himalayas are Greater Himalayas, Lesser Himalayas and Siwaliks
Greater Himalayas:
♯ It is also known as Himadri.
♯ It is region of Permanent snow cover
♯ It is about 25 Km wide.
♯ It has many glaciers (Ex. Gangothri, Yamunotri and Siachen).
The Lesser Himalayas:
♯ It is also known as Himachal.
♯ Its width various up to 80 Km.
♯ Many hills stations are located here (Ex. Shimla, Nainital, Darjeeling)
The Siwaliks:
♯ It is also known as Outer Himalayas.
♯ It extend from Jammu and Kashmir to Assam.
♯ It is the most discontinuous range, width varies from 10Km to 50 Km.
♯ These are best suited for human settlements.
The Eastern Himalayas:
♯ It is extended in the north eastern states of India.
♯ Number of hills are found here. They are collectively known as Purvanchal.
Importants of Himalayas :
♯ Natural barrier to the sub continent.
♯ Source for many perennial rivers.
♯ Provides raw materials for forest based industries.
♯ Many hill stations and Pilgrim centers are found here.
♯ Known for rich bio diversity.
10. Give an account on the major peninsular rivers of India.
West: Narmada and Tapti East: Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri
East flowing Rivers:
Mahanadi: Flows through Odisha. Empties its water in Bay of Bengal.
Godavari : Longest river among the peninsular river. It originates from western Ghats.
Krishna : It flows through Andhra Pradesh and joins in Bay of Bengal.
It is second longest peninsular river.
Kaveri : It originates from Kudagu hills. It is called Dhakshin Ganga or
Ganga of south.
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West flowing Rivers:
Narmada : It is the largest among the west flowing rivers of peninsular river.
It outfalls into Arabian Sea
Tapti : It originates from Madhaya Pradesh. It outfalls into Arabian sea through
the Gulf of Cambay .
11. Give a detailed account on the Ganga basin.
♣ The Ganga river system is the largest drainage system of India.
♣ The Ganga plain is most densely-populated plain.
♣ The Ganga River originates from Uttarkhand state.
♣ The Ganga River is known as river Padma in Bangladesh.
♣ Ganga and Brahmaputra together create the worlds largest delta known as sundarbans
Lesson -02
Climate and Natural Vegetation of India
I. Give Short Answers:
1. Define. Meteorology.
It is a branch of science that helps in forecasting weather
2. What is mean by ‘Normal Lapse Rate’?
► When the altitude increase the temperature decreases.
► Temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5°C for every 1000 meters of ascent.
► It is called normal lapse rate.
3. What are Jet Streams?
∆ Jet streams are the fast moving winds blowing in a narrow zone in the upper atmosphere.
∆ The onset of south- west monsoon is driven by westerly jet.
4. Write a short note on ‘Monsoon wind’.
» The word monsoon has been derived from the Arabic word Mausim.
» These are seasonal reversal winds India remains in the influence of these winds
for a considerable part of a year.
5. Name the four distinct seasons of India.
→ Winter (cold weather) season –January -February
→ Pre monsoon ( Summer or hot weather) -- March – May
→ South west monsoon ( Rainy season ) – June – September
→ North east monsoon Season – October – December
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Padasalai
6. What is burst of monsoon?
The sudden approach of monsoon wind over south India with lightning and thunder
is known as break or burst of monsoon.
7. Name the areas, which receive heavy rainfall?
The western coast, Assam, south Meghalaya, Tripura , Nagaland, Arunachal Pradesh.
8. State the place of mangrove forest in India.
The delta of Ganga – Brahmaputra. The deltas of Mahanadi, Godavari and Krishna
9. Name the trees of Tropical evergreen forest in India.
Rubber, Rosewood, Ironwood, Bamboo, Palm, Coconut and Ebony.
10. Write any 5 biosphere reserves in India.
Gulf of Mannar - Tamilnadu Manas- Assam
Sunderbans – West Bengal Great Nicobar – Andaman and Nicobar islands
Panna – Madhya Pradesh Kachh – Gujarat
11. What is project tiger?
♣ Project tiger was launched in April 1973.
♣ With the aim to conserve tiger population in specifically constituted
“ Tiger Reserves” in India.
II. Give Reasons:
1. Western coastal pain in narrow:
The Rivers flowing through this coastal plain do not form any delta.
2. India has a tropical monsoon climate:
Most of India lies in the tropical belt and the climate is influenced by the monsoon winds.
3. Mountains are cooler that the plains:
As per the normal lapse rate, temperature decreases at the rate of 6.5° C for every
1000 meters of ascent.
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Padasalai
III. Distinguish between:
1. Weather & Climate:
S.No Weather Climate
1 The state of atmosphere of a place
at a given point of time
Weather conditions in an area over a long
period of time
2 Short-term atmospheric condition Long term atmospheric condition
3 It vanes constantly It does not vans constantly.
4 The study of weather is called
meteorology
The study of climate is called climatology.
2. Tropical Evergreen forest and Deciduous forest
S.No Tropical Evergreen forest Deciduous forest
1 These forest are found in the areas
where the average rainfall is more
than 200 cm
These forest are found in the areas where
the rainfall is between 100-200cm.
2 These trees do not shed their leaves They shed their leaves
3 Ex. rubber, Bamboo, Ex. Teak, Sal, Sandalwood.
4 Kerala, Karnataka Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh.
3. North east monsoon and South east monsoon
S.No North east monsoon South east monsoon
1 They blow from the land to sea They blow from the sea to land
2 It occurs from October to December It occurs from June to September
3 It is dry wind It is moisture bearing wind
IV. Answer in Detail:
1. Write about southwest monsoon:
The south west monsoon winds is divided into Arabian branch and Bay of Bengal branch
Arabian Sea Branch:
♦ This branch gives heavy rainfall to the west coast.
♦ In the north, it gives heavy rainfall, as it is abstructed by Himalayas.
♦ Aravalli mountain lies parallel to this branch
♦ So Rajasthan and western part do not receive much rainfall,
Bay of Bengal Branch:
♦ This branch moves towards north east and gives heavy rainfall to Mawsynram
♦ Tamil Nadu which is located in the leeward side receives only a little rainfall.
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Padasalai
2. Describe the forests of India:
►Tropical Evergreen Forest:
Rainfall ( 200cm or more )
Temperature ( More than 22° C)
Area : Western Ghats, Karnataka, Kerala, Assam, West Bengal
Trees found: Rubber, Ebony, Mahogany
► Tropical Deciduous Forest ( Monsoon forest)
Rainfall : (100cm to 200cm)
Temperature (27° C)
Area : Central India and south India
Trees found: Rosewood, Sandal wood, Teak, sal
► Tropical Dry Forest:
Rainfall : (50cm to 100cm)
Area : Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Punjab, Madhya Pradesh
Trees found: Bamboo, Babool
Mountain ( Montane) Forest
Eastern Himalayan forest:
Rainfall : (More than 200cm)
Evergreen Vegetation
Area : North east states in India
Trees found: Sal, Fir, Fine, Oak
Western Himalayan Forest:
Rainfall : Moderate Semi Desert Vegetation
Area : Jammu & Kashmir,
Trees found: Bushes and small trees, Blue pine, Jamun
Alpine Forest: (Also called Mangrove forest)
Area: Himalayas with 2400M altitude
Trees: Oak, Pine
Tidal Forest ( Delta or Swamp forest)
Area: Deltas and Estuaries, also called Mangrove Forest
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Padasalai
Coastal Forest: (Littoral forest)
Area: Coasts of Kerala and Goa
Trees: Palm and Coconut
River line Forest:
Area: Khadar areas
Trees: Tamarind
20. Write the names of the biosphere reserves and their location in India.
S.No. Biosphere Reserves Location
1 Great Nicobar Andaman and Nicobar Island
2 Gulf of Mannar Tamil Nadu
3 Kachch Gujarat
4 Sundarbans West Bengal
5 Panna Madhya Pradesh
6 Manas Assam
Lesson 03
Components of Agriculture
I. Give Short Answers:
1. Define Soil:
Soil is the uppermost layer of the land surface composed of minerals, organic
matter living organisms and water.
2. Name the types of soil found in India.
Alluvial soil, Red soil, black soil, Laterite soil, Forest and Mountain soil,
Arid and Desert soil, Alkaline soil, Peaty and Marshy soil.
3. State the two characteristics of black cotton soil.
♣ Consists of calcium and magnesium, carbonates
♣ High quantities of iron, Aluminum, Lime and Magnesia.
♣ Poor in Nitrogen and humus.
4. What is multipurpose project?
→ It is a scientific management of water resources in our country.
→ Construction of dam, across river is aimed at many purposes.
→ So it is called as multipurpose river valley project.
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Padasalai
5. Define Agriculture:
It is the process of producing food, feed, fibre and many other desired products by
the cultivation of plants.
6. State the types of agriculture practices in India.
Subsistence farming, Dry farming, Shifting Agriculture,
Mixed farming, Intensive Farming, Terrace Farming
7. Name the seasons of agriculture in India.
Kharif Season June – Spetember Rice, Cotton
Rabi Season October – March Wheat, Mustard
Zaid Season April - June Vegetables, fruits
8. Mention the plantation crops in India.
Plantation crops are cultivated in large estates on hilly slopes,
Ex. Tea, Coffee, Rubber and Spices.
9. What do you mean by Livestock?
Livestock is an integral component of the farming system in India.
It is socially and economically important due to its multi functional outputs.
10. Write a brief note on the categories of fisheries in India
Marine or Sea fisheries:
♯ It includes coastal, offshore, deep sea fisheries.
♯ Kerala leads in Marine fisheries.
Example: Catla, tor
Inland or Fresh water fisheries:
♯ It includes river, lakes, ponds etc.
♯ Andhra Pradesh lead in Inland fisheries.
Example: Mumbai duck, Shark
II. Give Reasons:
11. Agriculture is the backbone of India.
It employs more than 50% of the population and accounts for 25% of the national income
12. Rain water harvesting is necessary.
Indian rainfall is erratic nature. To meet the ever growing demand for water.
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13. Small farms are predominant in India.
A major portion of farmers are poor and have small agricultural land holdings.
III. Distinguish between:
14. Rabi Crop and Kharif Crop Season
S.No Rabi Crop Kharif Crop
1 Seeds are sown in October
Seeds are sown in June
2 Crops are harvested in March Crops are harvested in September
3 Ex. Rice, Wheat Ex. Rice, Cotton
15. Inundation Canal and Perennial Canal
S.No Inundation Canal Perennial Canal
1
Water is taken out directly from the
rivers without making any kind of dam
These are developed from perennial
rivers by constructing barrage to
regulate the flow of water.
2 Useful for diversion of flood water Useful for irrigation
16. Marine Fishing and Inland fishing:
S.No Marine Fishing Inland fishing
1 It is carried on in coastal off shore
and deep sea
It is carried on in rivers, lakes
2 Kerala is the leading producer Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer
3 Ex. Catla, tor Ex. Mumbai duck, Shark
17. Alluvial Soil and Black Soil
S.No Alluvial Soil Black Soil
1 It is formed by the deposition of
rivers
It is formed by weathering of Igneous
rocks
2 It is sandy cley It is sticky when wet
3 It is found in Northern Plains It is found in Deccan Plateau
IV. Answer in a Paragraph:
18. State the types of soil in India and explain the characteristics and distribution of
Soil: Characteristics (Alluvial Soil)
Formation Sediments deposited by streams and rivers.
Chemical Properties Rich in Potash
Nature: Sandy- loam- silt-clay
Distribution Ganga and Brahmaputra river valleys
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Characteristics (Black Soil)
Formation Deccan Trap
Chemical Properties Consist of calcium and magnesium
Nature: Sticky when wet
Distribution Maharashtra and Malwa Plateaus
Characteristics (Red Soil)
Formation Decomposition of Ancient crystalline rocks
Chemical Properties Rich in minerals
Nature Light texture
Distribution Deccan Plateau, Kerala, Tamil Nadu
Characteristics (Laterite Soil)
Formation Formed by the process of leaching
Chemical Properties Composed mainly of hydrated oxides of iron
and aluminum
Nature Loam and cley
19. Write about any two Multipurpose project of India.
Bhakra Nangal Project:
→ This Project is constructed across the river Sutlej.
→ It is the highest gravity dam in the world.
→ The states benefited are the Punjab, Haryana and Rajasthan
→ The area of irrigation is 52,609 sq K.M
→ It produces 1500Megawatts of Hydro Power.
Hirakud Project:
→ This project is constructed across the river Mahanadi.
→ It is the largest dam in the world.
→ The state benefited is Orissa
→ The area of irrigation is1, 41,600 sq. km
→ It produces 347.5 mw of Hydro power.
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20. Bring out the characteristics of Intensive and plantation farming :
Intensive farming:
Intensive farming is an agriculture intensification and mechanization system.
It had been applied to the raising of livestock.
It aims to maximize yields.
They are also known as factory farms.
Areas : Punjab, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh
Plantation farming:
Plantation farming is followed in hilly area.
It is both labour and capital intensive Crops cultivated are Tea, Coffee and rubber.
21. Examine the geographical conditions favorable for the cultivation of rice and wheat.
Rice:
Tropical Crop
Temperature : -24°C
Annual Rainfall : - 150 cm
Soil : Fertile, cley
Labour : Cheap
Areas: West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra
Pradesh, Tamil Nadu
Wheat:
Temperate Crop
Temperature : 10-15°C at the time of
pining and 20-25°C
Annual Rainfall : - 150 cm
Soil : Black Soil
Labour : Mechanized
Areas:Uttar pradesh, Punjab, Haryana
Lesson -04
Resources and Industries
II. Give Short Answers:
1. Define the resources and state its types:
Any matter or energy derived from the environment that is used by living things
including humans is called natural resources.
Types: Renewable resources : sun, wind etc.
Non- renewable resources: coal, petroleum etc.
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2. Name the states that lead in the production of Iron ore in India.
Assam, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarish, Goa, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha,
Uttar Pradesh, Tamil Nadu.
3. What are the minerals and its types?
Minerals are natural substances of organic or non-organic origin with definite chemical
and physical properties.
Types: Metallic ( Iron, Gold, Copper )
Non- Metallic ( Mica, Lime stone)
4. State the uses of magnesium.
It is used for making iron and steel,
It serves as basic raw material for alloying.
5. What is natural gas?
It is naturally occurring hydro carbon gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, but
commonly includes varying amount of other higher alkenes.
6. Name the different types of coal with their carbon content.
Anthracite Contains 80% to 90% carbon
Bituminous Contains 60% to 80% carbon
Lignite Contains 40% to 60% carbon
Peat Contains less than 40% carbon
7. Mention the major areas of jute production in India.
Jute producing areas: West Bengal, Budge, Haora.
Jute Industry: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Assam, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Chhattisgarh.
8. Name the important oil producing regions of India.
Mumbai high, Gujarat Coast, Cambay, Digboi.
III. Distinguish between:
9. Renewable and Non- Renewable resources:
S.No Renewable resources Non- Renewable resources
1 It can be renewed easily It cannot be renewed easily
2 They do not cause pollution They cause pollution
3 Ex. Solar energy, Wind energy Ex. Coal ,Petroleum
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10. Metallic and Non- Metallic minerals:
S.No Metallic Minerals Non- Metallic Minerals
1 Contains one or more metals Do not contain metals in them
2 Ex. Iron, copper Ex. Coal, Petroleum
11. Agro based Industry and Mineral based Industry
S.No Agro based Industry Mineral based Industry
1 These Industries use agricultural
products as their basic raw
material.
These Industries use both metallic
and Non-metallic minerals as raw
material
2 Ex. Cotton industry, Jute industry Ex. Iron and Steel industry
12. Jute Industry and Sugar Industry:
S.No Jute Industry Sugar Industry
1 India is the largest producer of jute
goods.
India is the second largest producer
of sugar industry
2 Major jute producing areas are in
West Bengal
Major sugarcane producers are in
Uttar Pradesh.
13. Conventional Energy and Conventional Energy:
S.No Conventional Energy Non- Conventional Energy
1 Causes pollution to the
environment
It do not cause pollution to the
environment
2 Non-renewable sources of energy Renewable sources of energy
3 Ex. Coal, Petroleum Ex. Solar energy,Wind energy
IV. Answer the following Paragraph:
14. Write about the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.
► The cotton Textile industries contribute
7% of industrial output , 2% of India’s GDP, 15% of country’s export earning
► 1,719 textile mills in the country.
► India is the 3rd
largest producer of cotton
► Mumbai Manchester of India.
► Coimbatore – Manchester of South India.
► About 16% of Industrial capital, 14% of industrial production, 20% of
industrial labour of the country are engaged in this industry.
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15. Explain factors responsible for the concentration of jute industries in the hoogle region.
♦ Nearness to jute production area.
♦ Good network of railways and road ways.
♦ Lot of water supply .
♦ Cheap Labour .
♦ Banking, insurance and port facilities provided by Kolkata.
16. Write an account on the major iron and steel industries of India.
S.No Name of the Industry Place Product
1 Tata Iron & Steel Company ( Tisco) Jamshedpur Pig Iron
2 Indian Iron and Steel Company Burnpur Pig Iron and crude steel
3 VISL Karnataka Alloy and spouses steel
4 HSL with Russia Bhilai Railway equipments
5 HSL with Germany Odisha Electrical plates
6 HSL with United Kingdom West Bengal Railway equipments
7 HSL with Russia Bokaro Sludge and slog
8 Salem Steel Ltd Salem Stainless Steel
9 Vijayanagar Steel Plant Karnataka Flat steel
10 VSP Andhra
Pradesh
Hot Metal
Lesson -5
India-Population, Transport, communication & Trade
I. Answer the following Questions:
1. What is human development?
Human development is the process of enlarging the range of people’s choice, increasing
their opportunities for education, healthcare, income and empowerment.
It also covers the economic, social and political freedom.
2. What is migration? State its type.
Migration is the movement of people across regions and territories.
Types: Internal ( Within the country)
External : ( Between the countries)
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3. Write any four advantages of railways.
1. It promotes national integration by bringing the people together.
2. It promotes trade, tourism, education etc.
3. It helps in transporting raw materials and finished goods.
4. It helps in quick movement of perishable goods.
4. Write a note on Pipeline network transport in India.
∆ Pipelines connects oil and natural gas fields, refineries to the markets.
∆ It can be laid through difficult terrain and under water.
∆ The initial cost of laying pipeline is high but maintenance is very low.
5. State the major Inland waterways of India.
National Waterway -1 Ganga- Bhagirathi -Hooghly
National Waterway -2 Bharhmaputra- Dhubri – Sadiya
National Water way - 3 Kollam- Kottapuram
6. What is communication? What are its types?
Communication is a process that involves exchange of information, thoughts and ideas.
Types: Personal Communication ( Telephone, Fax)
Mass Communication ( T.V , News paper)
7. Define. “International Trade”
Trade carried on between two or more countries is called international trade.
It is also called as external trade or foreign trade.
8. State the merits of roadways.
→ Roadways are universal, cost efficient and used by all sections of the people.
→ It provide door-to-door transport service.
→ It is easy and cheap to construct and maintains roads.
→ It plays an important role in carrying goods and passengers.
II. Distinguish between:
9. Density of Population and Growth of population
S.No Density of Population Growth of population
1 It is expressed as number of
persons per unit area.
It refers to the change in the number of
in habitants of a country.
2 It is influenced by natural factors. It is influenced by birthrate, death rate
and migration.
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10. Personal communication and Mass communication:
S.No Personal Communication Mass Communication
1 Exchange of information between
two individuals
Information to a large number of
people
2 Ex. Telephone, Mobile Ex. Radio, T.V
11. Print Media and Electronic Media:
S.No Print Media Electronic Media
1 Viewed through print resources Viewed through electronic resources
2 Content available on hard copy Content available on soft copy
3 Ex. News paper, Journals Ex. Radio, R.V
12. Road ways and Railways:
S.No Roadways Railways
1 Suitable for short distance Suitable for long distance
2 India has the second largest road
network in the world
Indian railway is the largest in Asia
and second largest in the world.
3
Types:
Village road, District road, State
highways and International
highways
Types:
Meter Gauge, Narrow Gauge, Light
Gaugeand Broad Gauge
13. Waterways and Airways:
S.No Waterways Airways
1 Oldest and cheapest means of
transport
Costliest, quickest, most modern and
comfortable means of transport
2 Types: Inland waterways and
ocean transport
Types: Domestic airways and
International airways
14. Internal trade and International trade:
S.No Internal Trade International trade
1 Carried within the country Carried between two or more countries
2 It also called as domestic or local
trade
It also called as external or foreign
trade
3 Local currencies is used Foreign currency is used
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III. Answer the following in a paragraph:
15. What is urbanization? Explains its impacts.
The process of society’s transformation from rural to urban is known as Urbanization.
Impact of Urbanization:
→ Urbanization is increasing in the developing countries.
→ Urbanization leads to population explosion.
Major problems of Urbanization:
→ It creates Urban Sprawl
→ It leads to over crowing
→ It leads to shortage houses
→ Formation of slums
→ It increases traffic congestion
16. Explain the importance of satellite communication in India.
» Satellite images are used for weather forecasting
» It is used for monitoring natural calamities, surveillance of border areas etc…
» The INSAT series are used for relaying signals to television, telephone, radio,
mobile phones.
» It is also useful in weather detection, internet and military applications.
» The major communication satellite are used for communication purpose.
17. Bring out the distribution and density of population in India.
The term Population distribution refers to the way the people are spaced over the
earth’s surface.
Population distribution :
Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state of India.
Sikkim is the least populous state in India.
Delhi tops among the union territories.
The uneven distribution is due to the several factors such as physical, socio-
economic and historical ones.
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Padasalai
Density of Population:
→ Population density is a better measure of understanding the variation in
distributing of population.
→ It is expressed as number of persons per unit area usually per sq.km
→ Very low density area – Arunachal Pradesh
→ Very High density area – West Bengal, Bihar
18. Explain the process of measuring human development.
Human Development:
► Human development is the process of enlarging the range of people’s choice,
increasing their opportunities for education, healthcare, income and empowerment.
► Human development index is a composite index on three basic dimensions of
human development.
♣ Health - Life expectancy at birth
♣ Education - Expected years of schooling for school age children and average
years of schooling for the adult population.
♣ Income – Measured by gross national income and per capita income.
19. Classify and explain the roadways in India.
►National Highways: ( NH)
→ Ministry of road transport and highways in India is responsible for the development
and maintenance of national highways of India.
→The longest national highway is NH-7
→ The shortest national highway is NH 47-A
► State Highways:
→ State highways are usually road that link important cities, towns and district
headquarters within the state and connect them with national highways.
→ These roads are administered and financed by state government.
► District Roads:
→ District road provide connectivity between district and taluk headquarters.
→ District roads are constructed and maintained by the PWD of the state.
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Padasalai
► Rural Roads ( Village Roads)
→ It links the different village with their neighboring towns
→ They are maintained by village panchayats
► Border Roads:
→ These are the roads of strategic importance in border areay
→ They are constructed and maintained by Border Road Organization.
► Golden Quadrilateral :
→ Road of 4/6 lanes connecting, India’s four metropolitan cities.
→ Delhi –Kolkata- Chennai- Mumbai- Delhi. This project was launched in 1999.
► North- South and East- West corridors:
→ North- South corridor aims at connecting Srinagar in Jammu and Kashmir with
Kaniyakumari in Tamil Nadu.
→ The East-West corridor has been planned to connect Silchar in Assam with the port
town of Porbandar in Gujarat.
► Express Ways:
→ These are multi-lane good quality highways for high-speed traffic.
→ Some of the important expressways are : Mumbai – Pune Road.
→ Kolkatta- Dumdum Airport road, Durgapur- Kolkatta road,
Yamuna express way – Delhi and Agra
► International Highways:
→ These are the roads that link India with neighboring countries for promoting
harmonious relationship with them.
→ Road density is the highest in Kerala and lowest in Jammu and Kashmir.
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Padasalai
Prepared by,
Mrs. R. Girija M.A, B.Ed.,
Department of Social Science
&
L. Karthick, M.A, M.Phil., B.Ed.,
Department of Economics
Cell: 9486125739
Sri Ramana Vidyalaya Montessori Matric. He. Sec. School,
Rajapalayam. Virudhunagar. (Dist.)
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