jncc.defra.gov.ukjncc.defra.gov.uk/docs/HaigFras_AdviceOn… · XLS file · Web view · 2018-03-0139. 303. 70. 67. 187. 184. 63. 66. 188. 47. 46. 714. 41. 42. 43. 183. 314. 322

Before using this workbook, please read the Guidance document, available here.

December 2016

Before using this workbook, please read the Guidance document, available here:

Before using this workbook, please read the Advice on Operations guidance document:

Operation Activity Pressure

Aggregate dredging Above water noise

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging Barrier to species movement

Aggregate dredging Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging Introduction of light

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging Litter

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging Physical change (to another seabed type)

Aggregate dredging Removal of non-target species

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging

AGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTION

Abrasion/disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed

AGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTION

Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)

AGGREGATE EXTRACTION

Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats, machinery, and structures)


Emergence regime changes – local, including tidal level change considerations


Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)


Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.


Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species


Penetration and/or disturbance of the substrate below the surface of the seabed, including abrasion

AGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTION

Siltation rate changes (High), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)


Siltation rate changes (Low), including smothering (depth of vertical sediment overburden)

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging Underwater noise changes

Aggregate dredging Vibration

Aggregate dredging Visual disturbance

Aggregate dredging

Aggregate dredging Wave exposure changes - local

CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Above water noise

CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning

CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)



CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Deoxygenation



CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Introduction of light


CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Litter

CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Nutrient enrichment


Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.


Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.

AGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTIONAGGREGATE EXTRACTION

Water flow (tidal current) changes – local, including sediment transport considerations





Habitat structure changes - removal of substratum (extraction)Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.



CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Physical change (to another seabed type)




CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Underwater noise changes

CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Vibration

CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning Visual disturbance


CABLES Above water noise

CABLES

CABLES Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

CABLES

CABLES

CABLES Deoxygenation

CABLES

CABLES

CABLES Introduction of light

CABLES






Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection




Power cable: laying, burial and protection








CABLES Litter

CABLES Nutrient enrichment

CABLES

CABLES Physical change (to another seabed type)

CABLES Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)

CABLES

CABLES

CABLES

CABLES

CABLES Underwater noise changes

CABLES Vibration

CABLES Visual disturbance

CABLES


CABLES

CABLES Barrier to species movement


CABLES

CABLES

Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection


Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection








Power cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protectionPower cable: laying, burial and protection


Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance


Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance


Power cable: operation and maintenance



CABLES Electromagnetic changes

CABLES


CABLES

CABLES Litter


CABLES



CABLES

CABLES

CABLES Temperature changes - local

CABLES


CABLES Vibration


CABLES


CABLES














Power cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenancePower cable: operation and maintenance


Telecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Decommissioning


Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning

CABLES

CABLES


CABLES

CABLES


CABLES

CABLES Litter


CABLES


CABLES

CABLES

CABLES


CABLES Vibration


CABLES












Telecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Decommissioning








Telecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: DecommissioningTelecommunication cable: Decommissioning


Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection

CABLES


CABLES

CABLES


CABLES


CABLES

CABLES Litter


CABLES



CABLES

CABLES

CABLES


CABLES Vibration




Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection








Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protectionTelecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection









CABLES


CABLES


CABLES

CABLES

CABLES


CABLES

CABLES Litter

CABLES



CABLES

CABLES

CABLES


CABLES Vibration




Telecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance




Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance








Telecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance






Telecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and MaintenanceTelecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance

CABLES

Navigation markers/lights Above water noise

Navigation markers/lights




Navigation markers/lights Introduction of light




Navigation markers/lights Physical change (to another seabed type)

Navigation markers/lights Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)



Navigation markers/lights Underwater noise changes



COMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)











Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)












Navigation markers/lights Visual disturbance

Vessel anchorages Above water noise

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages Introduction of light

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages Litter

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages Physical change (to another seabed type)

Vessel anchorages Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)

Vessel anchorages
























Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages

Vessel anchorages Underwater noise changes

Vessel anchorages Visual disturbance

Vessel discharges/emissions Above water noise

Vessel discharges/emissions Deoxygenation

Vessel discharges/emissions

Vessel discharges/emissions Introduction of light



Vessel discharges/emissions Litter

Vessel discharges/emissions Nutrient enrichment

Vessel discharges/emissions Organic enrichment























Vessel discharges/emissions Visual disturbance

Vessel moorings Above water noise

Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings Introduction of light

Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings Litter

Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings Physical change (to another seabed type)

Vessel moorings Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)

Vessel moorings

























Vessel moorings

Vessel moorings Underwater noise changes

Vessel moorings Visual disturbance

Vessel movements Above water noise

Vessel movements

Vessel movements Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

Vessel movements

Vessel movements

Vessel movements Deoxygenation

Vessel movements

Vessel movements Introduction of light

Vessel movements

Vessel movements

Vessel movements Litter

Vessel movements Nutrient enrichment























Vessel movements

Vessel movements

Vessel movements

Vessel movements

Vessel movements Underwater noise changes

Vessel movements Visual disturbance

Vessel movements Wave exposure changes - local

FISHING Anchored nets/lines Above water noiseFISHING Anchored nets/lines

FISHING Anchored nets/lines Barrier to species movementFISHING Anchored nets/lines

FISHING Anchored nets/lines

FISHING Anchored nets/lines DeoxygenationFISHING Anchored nets/lines

FISHING Anchored nets/lines Introduction of lightFISHING Anchored nets/lines

FISHING Anchored nets/lines LitterFISHING Anchored nets/lines Organic enrichment



















FISHING Anchored nets/lines Removal of non-target species

FISHING Anchored nets/lines Removal of target species



FISHING Anchored nets/lines Underwater noise changes

FISHING Anchored nets/lines Visual disturbance

FISHING Demersal seines Above water noise

FISHING Demersal seines

FISHING Demersal seines Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)



FISHING Demersal seines DeoxygenationFISHING Demersal seines

FISHING Demersal seines Introduction of lightFISHING Demersal seines

FISHING Demersal seines LitterFISHING Demersal seines Nutrient enrichmentFISHING Demersal seines Organic enrichmentFISHING Demersal seines

FISHING Demersal seines Physical change (to another seabed type)FISHING Demersal seines Removal of non-target speciesFISHING Demersal seines Removal of target speciesFISHING Demersal seines












FISHING Demersal seines Underwater noise changesFISHING Demersal seines Visual disturbanceFISHING Demersal trawl Above water noiseFISHING Demersal trawl

FISHING Demersal trawl Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

FISHING Demersal trawl


FISHING Demersal trawl DeoxygenationFISHING Demersal trawl

FISHING Demersal trawl Introduction of lightFISHING Demersal trawl

FISHING Demersal trawl LitterFISHING Demersal trawl Nutrient enrichmentFISHING Demersal trawl Organic enrichmentFISHING Demersal trawl

FISHING Demersal trawl Physical change (to another seabed type)FISHING Demersal trawl Removal of non-target speciesFISHING Demersal trawl Removal of target speciesFISHING Demersal trawl













FISHING Demersal trawl Underwater noise changesFISHING Demersal trawl Visual disturbanceFISHING Dredges Above water noiseFISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

FISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges DeoxygenationFISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges Introduction of lightFISHING Dredges Introduction of microbial pathogensFISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges LitterFISHING Dredges Nutrient enrichmentFISHING Dredges Organic enrichmentFISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges Physical change (to another seabed type)FISHING Dredges Removal of non-target speciesFISHING Dredges Removal of target speciesFISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges

FISHING Dredges Underwater noise changesFISHING Dredges Visual disturbanceFISHING Electrofishing Above water noise











FISHING Electrofishing

FISHING Electrofishing Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)



FISHING Electrofishing DeoxygenationFISHING Electrofishing Electromagnetic changesFISHING Electrofishing

FISHING Electrofishing Introduction of lightFISHING Electrofishing

FISHING Electrofishing LitterFISHING Electrofishing Nutrient enrichmentFISHING Electrofishing Organic enrichmentFISHING Electrofishing

FISHING Electrofishing Physical change (to another seabed type)FISHING Electrofishing Removal of non-target speciesFISHING Electrofishing Removal of target speciesFISHING Electrofishing



FISHING Electrofishing Underwater noise changesFISHING Electrofishing Visual disturbanceFISHING Hydraulic dredges Above water noiseFISHING Hydraulic dredges

FISHING Hydraulic dredges Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)











FISHING Hydraulic dredges


FISHING Hydraulic dredges DeoxygenationFISHING Hydraulic dredges

FISHING Hydraulic dredges Introduction of lightFISHING Hydraulic dredges Introduction of microbial pathogensFISHING Hydraulic dredges

FISHING Hydraulic dredges LitterFISHING Hydraulic dredges Nutrient enrichmentFISHING Hydraulic dredges Organic enrichmentFISHING Hydraulic dredges

FISHING Hydraulic dredges Physical change (to another seabed type)FISHING Hydraulic dredges Removal of non-target speciesFISHING Hydraulic dredges Removal of target speciesFISHING Hydraulic dredges



FISHING Hydraulic dredges Underwater noise changesFISHING Hydraulic dredges Visual disturbanceFISHING Above water noise

FISHING Barrier to species movement

FISHING









Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)




FISHING

FISHING Deoxygenation

FISHING

FISHING Introduction of light

FISHING

FISHING Litter

FISHING Organic enrichment

FISHING Removal of non-target species

FISHING Removal of target species

FISHING

FISHING

FISHING Underwater noise changes

FISHING Visual disturbance

FISHING Traps Above water noiseFISHING Traps

FISHING Traps Barrier to species movement




















FISHING Traps

FISHING Traps

FISHING Traps DeoxygenationFISHING Traps

FISHING Traps Introduction of lightFISHING Traps

FISHING Traps LitterFISHING Traps Organic enrichmentFISHING Traps

FISHING Traps Removal of non-target speciesFISHING Traps Removal of target speciesFISHING Traps

FISHING Traps

FISHING Traps Underwater noise changesFISHING Traps Visual disturbance

Oil and gas decommissioning Above water noise

Oil and gas decommissioning

Oil and gas decommissioning Barrier to species movement

Oil and gas decommissioning Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)









OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE










Oil and gas decommissioning Introduction of light



Oil and gas decommissioning Litter


Oil and gas decommissioning Physical change (to another seabed type)




Oil and gas decommissioning Underwater noise changes

Oil and gas decommissioning Vibration

Oil and gas decommissioning Visual disturbance


























Above water noise

Barrier to species movement

Introduction of light

Litter




Oil and gas exploration and installation





































Underwater noise changes

Vibration

Visual disturbance

Oil and gas production Above water noise

Oil and gas production Barrier to species movement

Oil and gas production


Oil and gas production Deoxygenation


Oil and gas production Introduction of light



Oil and gas production Litter




























Oil and gas production Radionuclide contamination




Oil and gas production Underwater noise changes

Oil and gas production Vibration

Oil and gas production Visual disturbance


Pipelines Above water noise

Pipelines

Pipelines

Pipelines

Pipelines Deoxygenation

Pipelines

Pipelines

























Pipelines Introduction of light

Pipelines

Pipelines

Pipelines Litter

Pipelines Nutrient enrichment

Pipelines

Pipelines Physical change (to another seabed type)

Pipelines Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)

Pipelines

Pipelines

Pipelines

Pipelines Underwater noise changes

Pipelines Vibration

Pipelines Visual disturbance

Pipelines























RENEWABLE ENERGY Above water noise

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY Barrier to species movement

RENEWABLE ENERGY Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY Introduction of light

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY Litter

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY Physical change (to another seabed type)

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)
























RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY Underwater noise changes

RENEWABLE ENERGY Vibration

RENEWABLE ENERGY Visual disturbance

RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY



RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY











Offshore wind: during construction (if relevant see Cables also)














RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY




RENEWABLE ENERGY
























Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables also)

RENEWABLE ENERGY



RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY



























RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY




RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave exposure changes - local

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Above water noiseRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning




RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Introduction of lightRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning


RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Litter















Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species


RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Physical change (to another seabed type)RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)





RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Underwater noise changesRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning VibrationRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning Visual disturbanceRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Above water noiseRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Barrier to species movementRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction




RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Introduction of lightRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction












Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas)Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction LitterRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Physical change (to another seabed type)RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)




RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Underwater noise changesRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction VibrationRENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction Visual disturbanceRENEWABLE ENERGY Above water noise

RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY


RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY






Wave: operation and maintenanceWave: operation and maintenance




Wave: operation and maintenance











RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY




RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave exposure changes - local









Wave: operation and maintenanceWave: operation and maintenanceWave: operation and maintenanceWave: operation and maintenance



Justification

Circalittoral rock

190

302

40

712 S*

1428

1435

165 S*

185

39

303

70

67

187

184

63

66

188 S*

Annex I - Reefs: Bed rock reef

47

46

714

41

42

43 S*

183 S*

314

322 S

55 S

1410

948

320 NS

127 S

308 IE

312

232 S

229 IE

93 IE

310 S

309 S

321 S

1084 IE

317 IE

1589

231 IE

56

1171 S

1590

769 S

304 S

1408

1244

1587 NS

95 S

318 IE

771

316 S

1588 IE

53 IE

226 S

94 S

225 S

227 S

228 S

222 IE

57 IE

770

162 IE

1170

1518 S

306

311 S

313

859 S

1409

1245

224 NS

323 IE

221 IE

230

58 S

305 IE

223 IE

96 S

54 S

325 S

860 S

319 IE

307 S

220 IE

324

315 IE

163

1585 S

1494

1483 S

508 S

1491

34

1481 NS

1477 S

27 IE

1493

25 S

23 IE

1248 IE

29 S

28 S

1482 S

1488 IE

1496 IE

32

24 IE

597

1487 S

33

1484 S

26 S

1490

1489

30 NS

1480 IE

1486

1495 S

31 IE

141 IE

21 S

1469 S

20 S

22 S

19 IE

1247 IE

1485

1479 IE

35

1478 S

8

9 S

15 S

18

17

5 IE

6

1 S

7 IE

2 S

1492 S

13 S

16 S

11 IE

4 IE

12

10 IE

3

14 S

1127

1025 S

528

961

1233 IE

1126

1235 IE

1129 S

1024 S

1023 S

577 S

1234 IE

499 IE

1125

1128

1393

1389 S

1161 S

1201

959

1327 IE

1392

1159 IE

1395 S

1390 IE

1160 S

776 S

775 S

1388 S

1158 IE

1026 IE

1391

1394

1296

1270 NS

1265 IE

1295

1267 IE

1298 S

1294 IE

1268 IE

1269 S

1266 IE

1293 IE

1297

1231

1227

527

960

1300

1230

1302

348

1228

1217

1216

1215

1301

1299

1229

1232

777

944 S

942 S

1200

958

940 NS

936 IE

1292

938 IE

1249 S

1290 IE

939 IE

941 S

943 S

937 IE

931 IE

1291

1246

930 S

447

434 S

772

1429

1436

206 NS

124 IE

125

280 S

207 IE

433 S

1511 S

428 S

709 NA

1510 IE

275 IE

276

260

205

105 S

430 S

1400

1442

121 NS

397 IE

329

131 S

104 IE286 IE140 S

337 S

463 S180 S330

176 S

336 IE

462 IE

450106285

274 S

432 S

1380

1441

861 NS

707 IE

334

97 S

123 IE139 IE129 S

338 S

396 S429 S335

287 S

255 IE

395 IE

464130

1307

437 S

284 S

1379

1440

459 NS

445 IE

191706 S

394 S

460 IE1519 IE436 S

83 S

704 S84 S

254 NA

128 S

1499 IE

146 IE

705271

1462

1361

1359

1367

1368

14681364

1464

1366

1459

136314661467

1358

136214611460

1360

1465

1463

13651458708

449

1584 S*

1378

1439

327

1309

61444

145

328466448

175

44125662

467 S*

174

440

442457

465

773

1377

1438

150

283

172

439

179

393

1583

173

1306

1498

1308

261

458

148 S

1144

1430

1437

446 NS

1476 IE

253

1497 S

380 IE147 S

711 S

1145 S144 NA

710 IE

281 IE

282149

1544

1535 S

1541

1533 S

1542

1543

1531 S

1547 IE

1540

1549 IE

1530 S

1538 IE

1532 S

1537 S

1534 S

1548 IE

1546 IE

1539

1545 IE

1529

1536 S

1167

215 S

219

1405

1241

82 S

213 IE

218

1501 IE

164 S

216 IE

109 S

214 S

1500 IE

212 IE

217

1168 IE

1169

134

1528

1406

1242

1166 NS

1472 IE

1527

1164 IE

137 S

1525 IE

987 S

1165 IE

1524 S

1163 IE

1471 IE

1526

135 IE

136

1470 S

113

1586 S

1407

1243

252 NS

202 S

248 IE

112

250 IE

71 S

110 IE

251 IE

203 S

138 S

75 S

204 S

249 IE

143 IE

111

114 IE

115

72 S

978

1039 S

1322

514 S

851

1285

1107 S

1114 IE

1115

1065 IE

922 S

637 IE

653 S

1383 S

1004 S

1321 IE

1019 IE

1020

974 IE

1045

1038 S

1043

1083 S

976

1002 S

536

1283

512 S

1577 IE

1062

1012 IE

1105 S

558 IE

1343 S

1184 S

1104 S

925 S

625 S

975 IE

1562 IE

1563

824 IE

1036

1082 S

1013

60 S

1064

1344 S

850

1284

1185 S

1564 IE

1565

977 IE

1382 S

1108 IE

513 S

1106 S

1381 S

1003 S

1037 S

1063 IE

1112 IE

1113

1044 IE

816

59 S

1008 S

565

490 S

554 S

535

1282

543 S

1031 IE

1032

1354 IE

1183 S

621 IE

854 S

1578 S

999 S

1110 S

1123 S

1335 IE

1355 IE

8851187 IE921

1042 S

998

564 S

1353

1072 S

533

1280

1122 S

1180 IE

1181

672 IE

918 S

1334 IE

553 S

1030 S

917 S

489 S

1352 IE

972 IE

973920 IE

1568

1001

1007 S

884

534

1281

634 S

1121 IE

1182

1341 IE

557 S

1035 IE

492 S

563 S

883 IE

1029 IE

878

1580 IE

624

892 S

984 S

Advice on Operations sensitivity key

SENSITIVITY CATEGORY DESCRIPTION INTERACTION TYPE

S

IE

NA

NS

DIRECT1

SENSITIVE (S): The evidence base suggests the feature is sensitive to the pressure at the benchmark. This activity-pressure-feature combination should therefore be taken to further assessment.

INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE TO ASSESS (IE): The evidence base is not considered to be developed enough for assessments to be made of sensitivity at the pressure benchmark. This activity-pressure-feature combination should therefore be taken to further assessment.

NOT ASSESSED (NA): A sensitivity assessment has not been made for this feature to this pressure. However, this activity-pressure-feature combination should not be precluded from consideration.

NOT SENSITIVE AT THE BENCHMARK (NS): The evidence base suggests the feature is not sensitive to the pressure at the benchmark. However, this activity-pressure-feature combination should not be precluded from consideration (e.g. thought needs to be given to activity specific variations in pressure intensity and exposure, in-combination and indirect effects).

NOT RELEVANT (NR): The evidence base suggests that there is no interaction of concern between the pressure and the feature OR the activity and the feature could not interact.

1 An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature within the spatial and/or temporal footprint of the operation.

2An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature not associated with the immediate spatial and/or temporal footprint of the operation. Indirect activity-feature interactions are limited to 7 key pressures (travelling pressures) and are highlighted in blue in the table above (column C). They are:• Emergence regime changes;• Siltation Rate changes (low);• Wave exposure changes;• Water flow (tidal current) changes, including sediment transport considerations;• Physical loss;• Genetic modification & translocation of indigenous species; and• Changes in suspended solids.A further 11 activity-derived pressures might, in specific circumstances, also indirectly interact with a feature. Given the likelihood of such indirect interactions, these have been precluded from the Advice on Operations table in order to make the advice practicable for the end-user. This does not reduce the possible importance of such interactions and users should be mindful of the potential of these pressures to indirectly affect features when determining likely significant effect. Pressures that might result in such indirect interactions are:• Hydrocarbon & PAH contamination . • Synthetic compound contamination (incl. pesticides, antifoulants, pharmaceuticals). • Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) • Introduction of other substances (solid, liquid or gas);• Introduction or spread of non-indigenous species; • Introduction of microbial pathogens; • Litter;• Deoxygenation;• Nutrient enrichment;• Organic enrichment; and Radionuclide contamination.

Advice on Operations sensitivity key

INTERACTION TYPE

S*

IE*

NA*

NS*

INDIRECT2

An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature within the spatial and/or temporal footprint of the

An activity which exerts pressures that interact with a feature not associated with the immediate spatial and/or temporal footprint of the operation. Indirect activity-feature interactions are limited to 7 key pressures (travelling pressures) and are

Changes in suspended solids.A further 11 activity-derived pressures might, in specific circumstances, also indirectly interact with a feature. Given the likelihood of such indirect interactions, these have been precluded from the Advice on Operations table in order to make the advice practicable for the end-user. This does not reduce the possible importance of such interactions and users should be mindful of the potential of these pressures to indirectly affect features when

Operation Activity

AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging


CABLES Power cable: laying, burial and protection

CABLES Power cable: operation and maintenance

CABLES Telecommunication cable: Decommissioning

CABLES Telecommunication cable: Laying, burial and protection

CABLES Telecommunication cable: Operation and Maintenance

Navigation markers/lightsCOMMERCIAL SHIPPING (operation)

Vessel anchorages


Vessel moorings

Vessel movements




FISHING ElectrofishingFISHING

FISHING Dredges

FISHING Hydraulic dredgesOil and gas decommissioning



Pipelines

RENEWABLE ENERGY Offshore wind: decommissioning (if relevant see Cables also)

RENEWABLE ENERGY








OIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGEOIL, GAS AND CARBON CAPTURE STORAGE


RENEWABLE ENERGY



RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance


Description of activity

The regular excavation of aggregates (a mixture of sand and/or gravel sediments) for use generally in construction and beach recharge. Seabed sediments are removed through trailing suction or static grab dredgers. Dredging is associated with numerous vessel movements, sediment alteration and resuspension. NOTE: This assessment does NOT include aggregate dredging in the intertidal. Please contact Natural England for advice on intertidal aggregate dredging.

Cables sometimes need to be retrieved or accessed for repairs or maintenance, and are then reburied or protected. Additional cable protection can also be added where cable becomes unburied. Other specific pressures can also arise from power cable operation such as local temperature changes and electromagnetic field emission. The activity includes possible localised changes in physical environment as well as hydrodynamic changes through exposed cable/structures on the seabed, as well as vessel movement and anchoring during the operation.

Methods and ways of laying cables vary depending on the water depth and the diameter of the cable. Submarine power cables have a diameter between 70 and up to 450mm. Cables can be laid either directly on the seabed, covered with material for protection or buried. The method used will depend on the area, the economic/ operational risk or environmental impacts. Protection is afforded in hazardous areas to avoid cable damage, i.e. where interaction with other activities is possible or likely. The most common method of protection is cable burial. This is usually done by seabed trench excavation through ploughing and hydraulic jetting. However, cables might be laid on the surface of the seabed if the area is unsuitable for burial (e.g. exposed rock or rocky outcrops). Cable protection is added in some cases when protection is needed due to the risk of damage. This can be done through rock placement on the seabed over the cable, mattressing, the addition of split pipe, concrete shells, etc. The activity includes seabed preparation activities (e.g. preparatory dredging, pre lay grapnel runs, boulder removal, etc.), vessel movements and anchoring within the footprint.

Cables sometimes need to be retrieved or accessed for repairs or maintenance, and are then reburied or protected. Additional cable protection can also be added where cable becomes unburied. Other specific pressures can also arise from power cable operation such as local temperature changes and electromagnetic field emission. The activity includes possible localised changes in physical environment as well as hydrodynamic changes through exposed cable/structures on the seabed, as well as vessel movement and anchoring during the operation.

When a cable is no longer needed or in use the general rule is the complete removal. However, this is often not feasible or appropriate and alternative approaches exist. When removal is deemed appropriate, cables are retrieved through grabbing and raising. Cables are also frequently disconnected and left buried to minimise environmental effects when the safe use of the seabed for other users is possible. The decommissioning process includes vessel movements and anchoring along the cable route.

Methods and ways of laying cables vary depending on the water depth and the use of seabed by other activities. Telecommunication cables have a diameter similar to that of a garden hose, 17-22mm or up to 50mm when protective wire armour is used. Cables can be laid either directly on the seabed, covered with material for protection or buried. The method used will depend on the area, the economic/ operational risk or environmental impacts. Protection is afforded in hazardous areas to avoid cable damage, i.e. where interaction with other activities is possible/likely. The most common method of protection is cable burial. Seabed trench excavation through ploughing and hydraulic jetting is frequently used for burial. However, cables might be laid on the surface of the seabed if the area is unsuitable for burial (e.g. exposed rock or rocky outcrops). Cable protection is occasionally added where there is a reasonable risk of damage. This is usually done by rock placement on the seabed over the cable. The activity includes vessel movements and anchoring within the footprint.

Cables sometimes need to be retrieved or accessed for repairs or maintenance, and are then reburied or protected. Additional cable protection can also be added where cable becomes unburied. The activity also includes vessel movement and anchoring during the operation.

Operation and presence of navigation marks and lights, including navigation buoys, posts, towers, transit marks, onshore and offshore. Includes maintenance of these structures. Includes consideration of vessels/machinery/vehicles and materials associated with activity.

Sub-activity includes demersal anchor/Danish seines and Scottish seines, as well as beach seines that come into contact with the seabed.

Sub-activity includes beam trawls, demersal otter trawls, demersal pair trawls (excludes electronic pulse fishing).

Sub-activity that includes trawls that interact with the seabed and use electric fields to fish for shellfish e.g. razor shells, shrimp or fish e.g. plaice, sole.

Sub-activity includes dredging (non-hydraulic) for shellfish e.g. scallops, oysters, mussels (including seed), clams & cockles. Includes dredges towed by vessels and tractors.

Sub-activity includes hydraulic/suction dredging e.g. clams, cockles, razor shells.

Includes seismic surveys , the installation of structures above and below the sea surface followed by drilling operations. Also includes operations by supporting vessels.

Operation of production platforms including operations by supporting vessels.

Installation, maintenance and removal of pipeline including operations by supporting vessels.

A place where a vessel is anchored. Covers activity of anchoring generically and use of allocated anchorage areas where ships are permitted to anchor inside and outside harbours/ports. Including consideration of vessels when anchoring, anchored or weighing anchor.

Includes operational, incidental and accidental discharges/emissions from all types of vessels, including exhaust fumes, wastes and waste water, sewerage, oils, lubricants and chemicals, marine litter and other flotsam and jetsam.

Use of vessel moorings and activity associated with mooring of vessel. Mooring is a temporary or permanent structure to which a vessel may be secured e.g. swing mooring, trot, fore and aft mooring, pile mooring. Includes consideration of vessels when mooring or moored.

Movement of all commercial or ‘non-recreation’ vessels of all scales, from container ships, tankers, cruise liners to pilot vessels, tugs and small water craft. (Including fishing vessels when not fishing.)

Sub-activity includes gill nets, trammel nets & tangle nets, and long lines, that are fixed/anchored to, or come into contact with, the seabed. Also includes handlines and rod & line angling (*where anchoring of the vessel occurs*).

Sub-activity includes gears that do not interact with the seabed e.g. pelagic/mid water trawls, drift nets, pelagic seines and pelagic long lines. Also includes handlines and rod & line angling (vessel-based) (*where no anchoring occurs*).

The plugging and abandonment of wells, removal of structures and associated habitat, use of explosives, cutting, drilling. Disturbance of drill arisings and cuttings. Placement of rock to cover remaining structures or to provide base for jack-up legs. Includes operation by supporting vessels, vessel discharges, use of ROVs, lifting and jack-up rigs.

Vessel movement, vessel discharges, use of jack up barges, removal of structures/scour protection and associated habitat, use of explosives, cutting, drilling, excavation of seabed close to foundations. This also includes the presence of the turbine structures and foundations – large offshore windfarms may be decommissioned over long time scales and the pressures due to the presence of turbines will therefore be present during the decommissioning phase. For cabling please see and include the separate activity.

Seabed preparation (possibly dredging), cuttings/dredgings disposal, piling, drilling, anchoring, mooring, vessel movement, vessel discharges/emissions, installation of scour protection, introduction of artificial substrate. This also includes the presence of the turbine structures and foundations – large offshore windfarms will be constructed over many years and the pressures due to the presence of turbines will therefore be present during the construction phase. For cabling please see and include the separate activity.

Vessel movement, vessel discharges, removal of structures/cables and associated habitat, use of explosives, cutting, drilling.

Vessel movement, vessel discharges, lighting, operation of devices.

Regular vessel movement, vessel discharges, rotor sweep, lighting, presence of turbine and foundation structures. Also includes use of jack up barges for maintenance and deposition of additional scour protection. For cabling please see and include the separate activity.

Seabed preparation (possibly dredging), cuttings/dredgings disposal, mooring, anchoring, piling, drilling, vessel movement, vessel discharges/emissions, installation of scour protection, introduction of artificial substrate, cabling (see separate activity).

Feature type Pressure Route of impact

Habitat Mortality-fitness


Habitat Introduction of microbial pathogens Mortality-fitness

Genetic modification & translocation of indigenous species

Introduction or spread of invasive non-indigenous species (INIS)

Habitat Removal of target species Mortality-fitness

Habitat Removal of non-target species Mortality-fitness

Habitat Temperature changes Mortality-fitness

Habitat Salinity changes Mortality-fitness

Habitat Mortality-fitnessWater flow (tidal current) changes, including sediment transport considerations


Habitat Wave exposure changes Mortality-fitness

Habitat Visual disturbance No direct effects

Emergence regime changes, including tidal level change considerations

Habitat Litter Mortality-fitness

Habitat Electromagnetic changes No direct effects

Habitat Underwater noise changes No direct effects

Habitat Introduction of light Mortality-fitness

Habitat Barrier to species movement No direct effects

Habitat No direct effects

Habitat No direct effects

Habitat Above water noise No direct effects

Habitat Vibration No direct effects






Habitat Changes in suspended solids (water clarity) Mortality-fitness

Habitat Smothering and siltation rate changes (Heavy) Mortality-fitness


Habitat Smothering and siltation rate changes (Light) Mortality-fitness


Habitat Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat) Mortality-fitness


Habitat Physical change (to another seabed type) Mortality-fitness







Habitat Radionuclide contamination Mortality-fitness

Habitat Nutrient enrichment Mortality-fitness



Habitat Organic enrichment Mortality-fitness

Habitat Deoxygenation Mortality-fitness

Benchmark

Translocation/displacement outside of a geographic area; introduction of farm/hatchery-reared individuals outside of geographic area from which adult stock derives.

A significant pathway exists for the introduction or spread of one or more non-indigenous invasive species; OR there is a potential for the introduction of highly invasive/impact species.

The introduction of relevant microbial pathogens or metazoan disease vectors to an area where they are currently not present (e.g. Martelia refringens and Bonamia, Avian influenza virus, viral Haemorrhagic Septicaemia virus).

Removal of species present in the biotope targeted by a fishery, shellfishery or harvesting at a commercial or recreational scale

Removal of species present in the biotope by incidental non-targeted catch (by-catch) through a targeted fishery, shellfishery or harvesting at a commercial or recreational scale.

A decrease or an increase in 5°C for one month, or 2°C for one year.

A decrease or an increase in one MNCR salinity category outside the usual range of the biotope/habitat for one year.

A change in peak mean spring bed flow velocity of between 0.1m/s to 0.2m/s for more than 1 year

A change in the time covered or not covered by the sea for a period of ≥ 1 year. Or An increase in relative sea level or decrease in high water level for ≥ 1 year.

A change in near shore significant wave height >3% but <5% for one year

Introduction of man-made objects able to cause physical harm (surface, water column, sea floor and/or strandline)

Change in incident light via anthropogenic means.

Extraction of substratum to 30 cm (where substratum includes sediments and soft rocks but excludes hard bedrock)

Damage to sub-surface features (e.g. species and physical structures within the habitat)

A change in one Water Framework Directive (WFD) ecological status class for one year within site.

‘Heavy’ deposition of up to 30 cm of fine material added to the habitat in a single discrete event

‘Light’ deposition of up to 5 cm of fine material added to the habitat in a single, discrete event

Damage to surface features (e.g. species and physical structures within the habitat)

Permanent loss of existing saline habitat within a site.

1) Change in sediment type by one Folk class (based on UK SeaMap simplified classification). 2) Change from sedimentary or soft rock substrata to hard rock or artificial substrata or vice-versa.

Compliance with all AA EQS, conformance with PELs, EACs, ER-Ls

Compliance with all AA EQS, conformance with PELs, EACs/ER-Ls

Compliance with all AA EQS, conformance with PELs, EACs, ER-Ls within site.

An increase in radionuclides of 10 µGy/h above background levels within a site.

Compliance with WFD criteria for good status

A deposit of 100gC/m2/yr.

Exposure to dissolved oxygen concentration of less than or equal to 2mg/l for 1 week (a change from WFD poor status to bad status).

Pressure description

Genetic modification can be either deliberate (e.g. introduction of farmed individuals to the wild, GM food production) or a by-product of other activities (e.g. mutations associated with radionuclide contamination). Former related to escapees or deliberate releases e.g. cultivated species such as farmed salmon, oysters, scallops if GM practices employed. Scale of pressure compounded if GM species "captured" and translocated in ballast water. Mutated organisms from the latter could be transferred on ships hulls, in ballast water, with imports for aquaculture, aquaria, live bait, species traded as live seafood or 'natural' migration.

The direct or indirect introduction of invasive non-indigenous species, e.g. Chinese mitten crabs, slipper limpets, Pacific oyster and their subsequent spreading and out-competing of native species. Ballast water, hull fouling, stepping stone effects (e.g. offshore wind farms) may facilitate the spread of such species. This pressure could be associated with aquaculture, mussel or shellfishery activities due to imported seed stock or from accidental releases.

Untreated or insufficiently treated effluent discharges & run-off from terrestrial sources & vessels. It may also be a consequence of ballast water releases. In mussel or shellfisheries where seed stock is imported, 'infected' seed could be introduced, or it could be from accidental releases of effluvia. Escapees, e.g. farmed salmon could be infected and spread pathogens in the indigenous populations. Aquaculture could release contaminated faecal matter, from which pathogens could enter the food chain.

The commercial exploitation of fish & shellfish stocks, including smaller scale harvesting, angling and scientific sampling. The physical effects of fishing gear on sea bed communities are addressed by the "abrasion" pressures above. This pressure addresses the direct removal / harvesting of biota. Ecological consequences include the sustainability of stocks, impacting energy flows through food webs and the size and age composition within fish stocks.

By-catch associated with all fishing, harvesting and extraction activities. Ecological consequences include food web dependencies, population dynamics of fish, marine mammals, turtles and sea birds (including survival threats in extreme cases, e.g. Harbour Porpoise in Central and Eastern Baltic). The physical effects of fishing gear on sea bed communities are addressed by the "abrasion" pressure type so the pressure addresses the direct removal of individuals associated with fishing/ harvesting.

Events or activities increasing or decreasing local water temperature. This is most likely from thermal discharges, e.g. the release of cooling waters from power stations. This could also relate to temperature changes in the vicinity of operational sub-sea power cables. This pressure only applies within the thermal plume generated by the pressure source. It excludes temperature changes from global warming which will be at a regional scale (and as such are addressed under the climate change pressures).

Events or activities increasing or decreasing local salinity. This relates to anthropogenic sources/causes that have the potential to be controlled, e.g. freshwater discharges from pipelines that reduce salinity, or brine discharges from salt caverns washings that may increase salinity. This could also include hydromorphological modification, e.g. capital navigation dredging if this alters the halocline or erection of barrages or weirs that alter freshwater/seawater flow/exchange rates. The pressure may be temporally and spatially delineated derived from the causal event/activity and local environment.

Changes in water movement associated with tidal streams (the rise and fall of the tide, riverine flows), prevailing winds and ocean currents. The pressure is therefore associated with activities that have the potential to modify hydrological energy flows, e.g. tidal energy generation devices remove (convert) energy and such pressures could be manifested leeward of the device, capital dredging may deepen and widen a channel and therefore decrease the water flow, canalisation &/or structures may alter flow speed and direction; managed realignment (e.g. Wallasea, England). The pressure will be spatially delineated. The pressure extremes are a shift from a high to a low energy environment (or vice versa). The biota associated with these extremes will be markedly different as will the substratum, sediment supply/transport and associated seabed/ground elevation changes. The potential exists for profound changes (e.g. coastal erosion/deposition) to occur at long distances from the construction itself if an important sediment transport pathway was disrupted. As such these pressures could have multiple and complex impacts associated with them.

Changes in water levels reducing the intertidal zone (and the associated/dependent habitats). The pressure relates to changes in both the spatial area and duration that intertidal species are immersed and exposed during tidal cycles (the percentage of immersion is dependent on the position or height on the shore relative to the tide). The spatial and temporal extent of the pressure will be dependent on the causal activities but can be delineated. This relates to anthropogenic causes that may directly influence the temporal and spatial extent of tidal immersion, e.g. upstream and downstream of a tidal barrage the emergence would be respectively reduced and increased, beach re-profiling could change gradients and therefore exposure times, capital dredging may change the natural tidal range, managed realignment, saltmarsh creation. Such alteration may be of importance in estuaries because of their influence on tidal flushing and potential wave propagation. Changes in tidal flushing can change the sediment dynamics and may lead to changing patterns of deposition and erosion. Changes in tidal levels will only affect the emergence regime in areas that are inundated for only part of the time. The effects that tidal level changes may have on sediment transport are not restricted to these areas, so a very large construction could significantly affect the tidal level at a deep site without changing the emergence regime. Such a change could still have a serious impact. This excludes pressure from sea level rise.

Local changes in wave length, height and frequency. Exposure on an open shore is dependent upon the distance of open seawater over which wind may blow to generate waves (the fetch) and the strength and incidence of winds. Anthropogenic sources of this pressure include artificial reefs, breakwaters, barrages, wrecks that can directly influence wave action or activities that may locally affect the incidence of winds, e.g. a dense network of wind turbines may have the potential to influence wave exposure, depending upon their location relative to the coastline.

The disturbance of biota by anthropogenic activities, e.g. increased vessel movements, such as during construction phases for new infrastructure (bridges, cranes, port buildings etc.), increased personnel movements, increased tourism, increased vehicular movements on shore etc. disturbing bird roosting areas, seal haul out areas etc.

Marine litter is any manufactured or processed solid material from anthropogenic activities discarded, disposed or abandoned (excluding legitimate disposal) once it enters the marine and coastal environment including: plastics, metals, timber, rope, fishing gear etc. and their degraded components, e.g. microplastic particles. Ecological effects can be physical (smothering), biological (ingestion, including uptake of microplastics; entangling; physical damage; accumulation of chemicals) and/or chemical (leaching, contamination).

Localized electric and magnetic fields associated with operational power cables and telecommunication cables (if equipped with power relays). Such cables may generate electric and magnetic fields that could alter behaviour and migration patterns of sensitive species (e.g. sharks and rays).

Any loud noise made onshore or offshore by construction, vehicles, vessels, tourism, mining etc. that may disturb birds and reduce time spent in feeding or breeding area. Only relevant to birds and sea mammals that spend time on land for breeding purposes (haul-outs). It is unlikely to be relevant to habitat sensitivity assessments.

NB: MSFD indicator (2010) states “the proportion of days within a calendar year, over areas of 15’N x 15’E/W in which anthropogenic sound sources exceed either of two levels, 183 dB re 1μPa2.s (i.e. measured as Sound Exposure Level, SEL) or 224 dB re 1μPa peak (i.e. measured as peak sound pressure level) when extrapolated to one metre, measured over the frequency band 10 Hz to 10 kHz”

Direct inputs of light from anthropogenic activities, i.e. lighting on structures during construction or operation to allow 24 hour working; new tourist facilities, e.g. promenade or pier lighting, lighting on oil & gas facilities etc. Ecological effects may be the diversion of bird species from migration routes if they are disorientated by or attracted to the lights. It is also possible that continuous lighting may lead to increased algal growth.

The physical obstruction of species movements and including local movements (within & between roosting, breeding, feeding areas) and regional/global migrations (e.g. birds, eels, salmon, and whales). Both include up-river movements (where tidal barrages & devices or dams could obstruct movements) or movements across open waters (offshore wind farm, wave or tidal device arrays, mariculture infrastructure or fixed fishing gears). Species affected are mostly highly mobile birds, fish, and mammals.

Unlike the "physical change" pressure type where there is a permanent change in sea bed type (e.g. sand to gravel, sediment to a hard artificial substratum) the "habitat structure change" pressure type relates to temporary and/or reversible change, e.g. from marine mineral extraction where a proportion of seabed sands or gravels are removed but a residual layer of seabed is similar to the pre-dredge structure and as such biological communities could re-colonize; navigation dredging to maintain channels where the silts or sands removed are replaced by non-anthropogenic mechanisms so the sediment typology is not changed.

Physical disturbance of sediments where there is limited or no loss of substratum from the system. This pressure is associated with activities such as anchoring, taking of sediment/geological cores, cone penetration tests, cable burial (ploughing or jetting), propeller wash from vessels, certain fishing activities, e.g. scallop dredging, beam trawling. Agitation dredging, where sediments are deliberately disturbed by and by gravity & hydraulic dredging where sediments are deliberately disturbed and moved by currents could also be associated with this pressure type. Compression of sediments, e.g. from the legs of a jack-up barge could also fit into this pressure type. Abrasion relates to the damage of the sea bed surface layers (typically up to 50cm depth). Activities associated with abrasion can cover relatively large spatial areas and include: fishing with towed demersal trawls (fish & shellfish); bio-prospecting such as harvesting of biogenic features such as maerl beds where, after extraction, conditions for recolonization remain suitable or relatively localized activities including: seaweed harvesting, recreation, potting, aquaculture. Change from gravel to silt substrata would adversely affect herring spawning grounds.

Loss, removal or modification of the substratum is not included within this pressure (see the physical loss pressure theme). Penetration and damage to the soft rock substrata are considered, however the penetration into hard bedrock is deemed unlikely.

Changes water clarity (or turbidity) due to changes in sediment & organic particulate matter and chemical concentrations. It is related to activities disturbing sediment and/or organic particulate matter and mobilizing it into the water column. It could be 'natural' land run-off and riverine discharges or from anthropogenic activities such as all forms of dredging, disposal at sea, cable and pipeline burial, secondary effects of construction works, e.g. breakwaters. Particle size, hydrological energy (current speed & direction) and tidal excursion are all influencing factors on the spatial extent and temporal duration. Salinity, turbulence, pH and temperature may result in flocculation of suspended organic matter. Anthropogenic sources are mostly short lived and over relatively small spatial extents. Changes in suspended sediment loads can also alter the scour experienced by species and habitats. Therefore, the effects of scour are also addressed here.

“Heavy” smothering also relates to the deposition of layers of sediment on the seabed but is associated with activities such as sea disposal of dredged materials where sediments are deliberately deposited on the sea bed. This accumulation of sediments relates to the depth of vertical overburden where the sediment type of the existing and deposited sediment has similar physical characteristics because, although most species of marine biota are unable to adapt, e.g. sessile organisms unable to make their way to the surface, a similar biota could, with time, re-establish. If the sediments were physically different this would fall under L2.

When the natural rates of siltation are altered (increased or decreased). Siltation (or sedimentation) is the settling out of silt/sediments suspended in the water column. Activities associated with this pressure type include mariculture, land claim, navigation dredging, disposal at sea, marine mineral extraction, cable and pipeline laying and various construction activities. It can result in short lived sediment concentration gradients and the accumulation of sediments on the sea floor. This accumulation of sediments is synonymous with "light" smothering, which relates to the depth of vertical overburden. “Light” smothering relates to the deposition of layers of sediment on the seabed. It is associated with activities such as sea disposal of dredged materials where sediments are deliberately deposited on the sea bed. For “light” smothering most benthic biota may be able to adapt, i.e. vertically migrate through the deposited sediment.

Physical disturbance or abrasion at the surface of the substratum in sedimentary or rocky habitats. The effects are relevant to epiflora and epifauna living on the surface of the substratum. In intertidal and sublittoral fringe habitats, surface abrasion is likely to result from recreational access and trampling (inc. climbing) by human or livestock, vehicular access, moorings (ropes, chains), activities that increase scour and grounding of vessels (deliberate or accidental). In the sublittoral, surface abrasion is likely to result from pots or creels, cables and chains associated with fixed gears and moorings, anchoring of recreational vessels, objects placed on the seabed such as the legs of jack-up barges, and harvesting of seaweeds (e.g. kelps) or other intertidal species (trampling) or of epifaunal species (e.g. oysters). In sublittoral habitats, passing bottom gear (e.g. rock hopper gear) may also cause surface abrasion to epifaunal and epifloral communities, including epifaunal biogenic reef communities. Activities associated with surface abrasion can cover relatively large spatial areas e.g. bottom trawls or bio-prospecting or be relatively localized activities e.g. seaweed harvesting, recreation, potting, and aquaculture.

The permanent loss of marine habitats. Associated activities are land claim, new coastal defences that encroach on and move the Mean High Water Springs mark seawards, the footprint of a wind turbine on the seabed, dredging if it alters the position of the halocline. This excludes changes from one marine habitat type to another marine habitat type.

The permanent change of one marine habitat type to another marine habitat type, through the change in substratum, including to artificial (e.g. concrete). This therefore involves the permanent loss of one marine habitat type but has an equal creation of a different marine habitat type. Associated activities include the installation of infrastructure (e.g. surface of platforms or wind farm foundations, marinas, coastal defences, pipelines and cables), the placement of scour protection where soft sediment habitats are replaced by hard/coarse substratum habitats, removal of coarse substrata (marine mineral extraction) in those instances where surficial finer sediments are lost, capital dredging where the residual sedimentary habitat differs structurally from the pre-dredge state, creation of artificial reefs, mariculture i.e. mussel beds. Protection of pipes and cables using rock dumping and mattressing techniques. Placement of cuttings piles from oil & gas activities could fit this pressure type, however, there may be an additional pressures, e.g. "pollution and other chemical changes" theme. This pressure excludes navigation dredging where the depth of sediment is changes locally but the sediment typology is not changed.

The increase in transition elements levels compared with background concentrations, due to their input from land/riverine sources, by air or directly at sea. For marine sediments the main elements of concern are Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Copper, Mercury, Nickel, Lead and Zinc Organo-metallic compounds such as the butyl tins (Tri butyl tin and its derivatives) can be highly persistent and chronic exposure to low levels has adverse biological effects, e.g. Imposex in molluscs.

Increases in the levels of these compounds compared with background concentrations. Naturally occurring compounds, complex mixtures of two basic molecular structures:- straight chained aliphatic hydrocarbons (relatively low toxicity and susceptible to degradation)- multiple ringed aromatic hydrocarbons (higher toxicity and more resistant to degradation)These fall into three categories based on source (includes both aliphatics and polyaromatic hydrocarbons):- petroleum hydrocarbons (from natural seeps, oil spills and surface water run-off)- pyrogenic hydrocarbons (from combustion of coal, woods and petroleum)- biogenic hydrocarbons (from plants & animals)Ecological consequences include tainting, some are acutely toxic, carcinomas, growth defects.

Increases in the levels of these compounds compared with background concentrations. Synthesised from a variety of industrial processes and commercial applications. Chlorinated compounds include polychlorinated biphenols (PCBs), dichlor-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) & 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) are persistent and often very toxic. Pesticides vary greatly in structure, composition, environmental persistence and toxicity to non-target organisms. Includes: insecticides, herbicides, rodenticides & fungicides. Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products originate from veterinary and human applications compiling a variety of products including, Over the counter medications, fungicides, chemotherapy drugs and animal therapeutics, such as growth hormones. Due to their biologically active nature, high levels of consumption, known combined effects, and their detection in most aquatic environments they have become an emerging concern. Ecological consequences include physiological changes (e.g. growth defects, carcinomas).

Introduction of radionuclide material, raising levels above background concentrations. Such materials can come from nuclear installation discharges, and from land or sea-based operations (e.g. oil platforms, medical sources). The disposal of radioactive material at sea is prohibited unless it fulfils exemption criteria developed by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), namely that both the following radiological criteria are satisfied: (i) the effective dose expected to be incurred by any member of the public or ship’s crew is 10 μSv or less in a year; (ii) the collective effective dose to the public or ship’s crew is not more than 1 man Sv per annum, then the material is deemed to contain de minimis levels of radioactivity and may be disposed at sea pursuant to it fulfilling all the other provisions under the Convention. The individual dose criteria are placed in perspective (i.e. very low), given that the average background dose to the UK population is ~2700 μSv/a. Ports and coastal sediments can be affected by the authorised discharge of both current and historical low-level radioactive wastes from coastal nuclear establishments.

Increased levels of the elements nitrogen, phosphorus, silicon (and iron) in the marine environment compared to background concentrations. Nutrients can enter marine waters by natural processes (e.g. decomposition of detritus, riverine, direct and atmospheric inputs) or anthropogenic sources (e.g. waste water runoff, terrestrial/agricultural runoff, sewage discharges, aquaculture, atmospheric deposition). Nutrients can also enter marine regions from ‘upstream’ locations, e.g. via tidal currents to induce enrichment in the receiving area. Nutrient enrichment may lead to eutrophication (see also organic enrichment). Adverse environmental effects include deoxygenation, algal blooms, changes in community structure of benthos and macrophytes.

Resulting from the degraded remains of dead biota & microbiota (land & sea); faecal matter from marine animals; flocculated colloidal organic matter and the degraded remains of: sewage material, domestic wastes, industrial wastes etc. Organic matter can enter marine waters from sewage discharges, aquaculture or terrestrial/agricultural runoff. Black carbon comes from the products of incomplete combustion (PIC) of fossil fuels and vegetation. Organic enrichment may lead to eutrophication (see also nutrient enrichment). Adverse environmental effects include deoxygenation, algal blooms, changes in community structure of benthos and macrophytes.

Any deoxygenation that is not directly associated with nutrient or organic enrichment. The lowering, temporarily or more permanently, of oxygen levels in the water or substrate due to anthropogenic causes (some areas may naturally be deoxygenated due to stagnation of water masses, e.g. inner basins of fjords). This is typically associated with nutrient and organic enrichment, but it can also derive from the release of ballast water or other stagnant waters (where organic or nutrient enrichment may be absent). Ballast waters may be deliberately deoxygenated via treatment with inert gases to kill non-indigenous species.

Comment

Genetic modification can be either deliberate (e.g. introduction of farmed individuals to the wild, GM food production) or a by-product of other activities (e.g. mutations associated with radionuclide contamination). The former is related to escapees or deliberate releases e.g. cultivated species such as farmed salmon, oysters, and scallops if GM practices or breeding programmes are employed. The scale of pressure is compounded if GM species "captured" and translocated in ballast water. GM species could be transferred on ships hulls, in ballast water, with imports for aquaculture, aquaria, live bait, species traded as live seafood or 'natural' migration.

The pressure also relates to the translocation of indigenous species which may compete with local populations of species, alter the community of the receiving habitat, or provide the opportunity for hybridization between similar species (e.g. Spartina spp. and Mytilus spp.).

Sensitivity assessment will be made against a prescribed list of INIS based on the GBNNSIP list of potential invasive species.

Any significant pathogens or disease vectors relevant to species or the species that characterize biotopes/ habitats identified during the evidence review phase will be noted in the review text.

This pressure addresses only the ecological effects of removal of species and not the effects of the removal process on the species, community or habitat itself. Food-web impacts are only relevant to higher trophic levels (birds, fish, mammals and turtles): for benthic habitats and associated species the pressure has been interpreted as specifically referring to the risk of ecological effects arising from the removal of species that are directly targeted.

The assessment considers whether species present in the biotope are likely to be directly targeted and whether this removal is likely to result in measurable effects on biotope classification, structure (in terms of both biological structure e.g. species richness and diversity and the physical structure, sometimes referred to as habitat complexity) and function. Examples of biotopes that are sensitive to this pressure are therefore i) biogenic habitats that are created by species which may be directly targeted, e.g. bivalve beds, kelp beds, Ostrea edulis reefs ii) biotopes characterized by ecosystem engineers or keystone species that strongly determine the rate of some ecological processes and that are directly targeted, e.g. Echinus esculentus as keystone grazers maintaining urchin barrens, and Arenicola marina which are key bioturbators that may be collected for bait, and iii) biotopes with key characterizing species, (e.g. those named in the biotope description or identified as important by the biotope description) that are likely to be removed as target species, e.g. collection of piddocks for bait or food from biotopes defined on the presence of piddocks.

This pressure addresses only the ecological effects of removal of species and not the effects of the removal process on the species, community or habitat itself, which results in confusion. Food-web impacts are only relevant to higher trophic levels (birds, fish, mammals and turtles): for benthic habitats and associated species the pressure has been interpreted as specifically referring to the risk of ecological effects arising from the removal of species that are not directly targeted by fisheries.

The assessment considers whether species present in the biotope are likely to be damaged or removed by relevant activities and whether this removal is likely to result in measurable effects on biotope classification, structure (in terms of both biological structure e.g. species richness and diversity and the physical structure, sometimes referred to as habitat complexity) and function. Examples of biotopes that are sensitive to this pressure are therefore i) biogenic habitats that are created by species which may be removed by fishing activities, e.g. maerl beds and hard substrata that are dominated by plant and animal assemblages, ii) biotopes characterized by ecosystem engineers or keystone species that strongly determine the rate of some ecological processes, e.g. beds of suspension feeders that cycle nutrients between the water column and substratum and iii) biotopes with key characterizing species, (e.g. those named in the biotope description or identified as important by the biotope description) that are likely to be removed or displaced as by-catch.

The increase and decrease in temperature are assessed separately.

The increase and decrease in salinity are assessed separately.

The benchmark is only relevant to the intertidal, excluding habitats below Chart Datum (CD). The pressure benchmark does not expressly identify the role of ‘desiccation’ but sensitivity to desiccation will be discussed where known or relevant. In application, the majority of intertidal communities are sensitivity to changes in emergence, whether it is for one or more hours, or a due to changes in sea level and coastal squeeze. The duration assumes that the effects on most communities would probably take a year to become apparent.

Further research is required on the correlation between significant wave height and wave exposure scales. Subject to further revision.

Visual disturbance is only relevant to species that respond to visual cues, for hunting, behavioural responses or predator avoidance, and that have the visual range to perceive cues at distance. It is particularly relevant to fish, birds, reptiles and mammals that depend on sight but less relevant to benthic invertebrates. The cephalopods are an exception but they are only likely to response to visual disturbance at close range (from e.g. divers). Sea horses are disturbed by photographic flash units but again at close range. It is unlikely to be relevant to habitat sensitivity assessments.

We are not aware of any evidence on the effects of ‘litter’ on benthic marine species. While there is documented evidence of the accumulation of micro-plastics in some species, no ecological effects have been shown to date. The only exception is the effect of ghost fishing on large crustaceans (crabs etc.). Therefore, the sensitivity to litter was not assessed for habitats and was scored ‘No evidence’ by Tillin & Tyler-Walters (2014). Clearly it is relevant for large macrofauna such as fish, birds and mammals.

The evidence to assess these effects against the pressure benchmark is very limited and the impact of this pressure could not be assessed for benthic species or habitats (Tillin & Tyler-Walters, 2014).

Increases over and above background noise levels (consisting of environmental noise (ambient) and incidental man-made/anthropogenic noise (apparent)) at a particular location. Species known to be affected are marine mammals and fish. The theoretical zones of noise influence (Richardson et al 1995) are temporary or permanent hearing loss, discomfort & injury; response; masking and detection. In extreme cases noise pressures may lead to death. The physical or behavioural effects are dependent on a number of variables, including the sound pressure, loudness, sound exposure level and frequency. High amplitude low and mid-frequency impulsive sounds and low frequency continuous sound are of greatest concern for effects on marine mammals and fish. Some species may be responsive to the associated particle motion rather than the usual concept of noise. Noise propagation can be over large distances (tens of kilometres) but transmission losses can be attributable to factors such as water depth and sea bed topography. Noise levels associated with construction activities, such as pile-driving, are typically significantly greater than operational phases (i.e. shipping, operation of a wind farm).

The introduction of light is unlikely to be relevant for most benthic invertebrates, except where it is possible to interfere with spawning cues. But we are not aware of evidence to that effect. The introduction of light could potentially be beneficial for immersed plants, but again, we are not aware of any relevant evidence. Alternatively, shading (e.g. due to overgrowth, construction of jetties or other artificial structures) could adversely affect shallow sublittoral macroalgae, seagrass, and pondweeds.

The pressure is clearly relevant to mobile species such as fish, birds, reptiles and mammals. However, it should also be considered relevant to species or macrofauna such as crabs that undertake migrations to over-winter or to breed, and where populations are dependent on larval or other propagule supply from outside the site.

Tillin & Tyler-Walters (2014) did not consider the change in one Folk class benchmark applicable to hard rock biotopes, but did assess the sensitivity of biotopes occurring on softer substrata, including chalk, peat, mud rock, and clay. The simplified Folk class referred to in the benchmark is based on the simplified classification used for UK SeaMap as described by Long (2006).

A change from sediment to hard rock (or vice versa) would affect all types of substratum, and all habitats would be assessed as highly sensitive. This pressure assumes a permanent change, while short term smothering of substrata with sediment is addressed under smothering (siltation).

Direct evidence on the effect of organic enrichment was used to make sensitivity assessments by Tillin & Tyler-Walters (2014). In the absence of direct evidence, reference was made to the AMBI index, supplemented by any other relevant evidence on the effects of organic enrichment on habitats.

There is considerable evidence on the effects on de-oxygenation in the marine environment due to ongoing work and reviews by Diaz and Rosenberg among others. Therefore, we suggest a return to the MarLIN benchmark of a reduction in oxygen to ≤2mg/l for one week. The proposed benchmark would be based on the WFD status of ‘poor’ to ‘bad’ in marine waters and the ‘action levels’ for transitional waters (UKTAG, 2014).

Activity Pressure Justification ID Operation Activity

302 AGGREGATE EXTRACTION Aggregate dredging
























322 CABLES Power cable: Decommissioning





















769 CABLES

304 CABLES

226 CABLES




228 CABLES

1590 CABLES

1408 CABLES

1244 CABLES

1587 CABLES

95 CABLES







318 CABLES

771 CABLES

316 CABLES

1588 CABLES

53 CABLES

94 CABLES







225 CABLES

227 CABLES

222 CABLES

57 CABLES

770 CABLES

162 CABLES







1170 CABLES

1518 CABLES

311 CABLES

859 CABLES

96 CABLES

860 CABLES

306 CABLES

313 CABLES









1409 CABLES

1245 CABLES

224 CABLES

323 CABLES

221 CABLES






230 CABLES

58 CABLES

305 CABLES

223 CABLES

54 CABLES

325 CABLES

319 CABLES








307 CABLES

220 CABLES

324 CABLES

315 CABLES

163 CABLES

1585 CABLES

1483 CABLES








29 CABLES

1494 CABLES

508 CABLES

1491 CABLES

34 CABLES

1481 CABLES

1477 CABLES








27 CABLES

1493 CABLES

25 CABLES

23 CABLES

1248 CABLES

28 CABLES







1482 CABLES

1488 CABLES

1496 CABLES

32 CABLES

24 CABLES

597 CABLES

1487 CABLES








1484 CABLES

21 CABLES

33 CABLES

26 CABLES

1490 CABLES

1489 CABLES







30 CABLES

1480 CABLES

1486 CABLES

1495 CABLES

31 CABLES

141 CABLES







1469 CABLES

20 CABLES

22 CABLES

19 CABLES

1247 CABLES






1485 CABLES

1479 CABLES

35 CABLES

1478 CABLES

9 CABLES

2 CABLES

8 CABLES








15 CABLES

18 CABLES

17 CABLES

5 CABLES

6 CABLES

1 CABLES







7 CABLES

1492 CABLES

13 CABLES

16 CABLES

11 CABLES






4 CABLES

12 CABLES

10 CABLES

3 CABLES

14 CABLES

1126 Navigation markers/lights































1389 Vessel anchorages






































1296 Vessel discharges/emissions
























1227 Vessel moorings




527 Vessel moorings








960 Vessel moorings




348 Vessel moorings


















777 Vessel movements




































434 FISHING Anchored nets/lines




















105 FISHING Demersal seines





















274 FISHING Demersal trawl





















1361 FISHING Electrofishing






















1583 FISHING Pelagic fishing (or fishing activities that do not interact with sea bed)

173 FISHING

465 FISHING

773 FISHING

1377 FISHING

1438 FISHING

150 FISHING







283 FISHING

172 FISHING

439 FISHING

179 FISHING

393 FISHING






1306 FISHING

1498 FISHING

1308 FISHING

261 FISHING

1535 Oil and gas decommissioning









































215 Oil and gas exploration








































1472 Oil and gas production




































1586 Pipelines

202 Pipelines

248 Pipelines







203 Pipelines

204 Pipelines

113 Pipelines

1407 Pipelines

1243 Pipelines

252 Pipelines

112 Pipelines








250 Pipelines

71 Pipelines

110 Pipelines

251 Pipelines

138 Pipelines

75 Pipelines







249 Pipelines

143 Pipelines

111 Pipelines

114 Pipelines

115 Pipelines






72 Pipelines

978 RENEWABLE ENERGY


























































































Offshore wind: operation and maintenance (if relevant see Cables

also)








also)


also)


also)


also)


also)


also)


59 RENEWABLE ENERGY


60 RENEWABLE ENERGY



also)


also)


also)


also)


also)







also)


also)


also)


also)


also)






also)


also)


also)


also)




490 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: decommissioning




also)


also)


also)




















564 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: during construction





















1007 RENEWABLE ENERGY Wave: operation and maintenance




















437 FISHING Dredges

284 FISHING Dredges

83 FISHING Dredges

84 FISHING Dredges

254 FISHING Dredges

128 FISHING Dredges

271 FISHING Dredges

1307 FISHING Dredges



459 FISHING Dredges

445 FISHING Dredges

191 FISHING Dredges

706 FISHING Dredges

394 FISHING Dredges

460 FISHING Dredges


436 FISHING Dredges

704 FISHING Dredges


146 FISHING Dredges

705 FISHING Dredges

449 FISHING Hydraulic dredges






















Pressure

Changes in suspended solids (water clarity)

Physical change (to another seabed type)

Removal of non-target species






Wave exposure changes - local

Above water noise


Collision ABOVE water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,

machinery, and structures)

Collision BELOW water with static or moving objects not naturally found in the marine environment (e.g., boats,






Litter


Vibration



Transition elements & organo-metal (e.g. TBT) contamination. Includes those priority substances listed in

Annex II of Directive 2008/105/EC.

Visual disturbance

Above water noise






Deoxygenation







Litter

Nutrient enrichment







Vibration

Visual disturbance





Above water noise

Deoxygenation









Litter

Nutrient enrichment



Physical loss (to land or freshwater habitat)


Vibration





Visual disturbance


Above water noise






Deoxygenation

Electromagnetic changes








Litter

Nutrient enrichment




Temperature changes - local


Vibration

Visual disturbance





Above water noise


Deoxygenation









Litter

Nutrient enrichment




Vibration

Visual disturbance






Above water noise








Deoxygenation



Litter

Nutrient enrichment









Vibration

Visual disturbance

Above water noise












Litter






Vibration

Visual disturbance


Above water noise
















Visual disturbance






Above water noise










Litter








Visual disturbance

Above water noise

Deoxygenation





Litter

Nutrient enrichment

Organic enrichment


Visual disturbance


Above water noise













Litter



Visual disturbance




Above water noise


Visual disturbance





Deoxygenation







Litter

Nutrient enrichment






Removal of target species

Above water noise





Deoxygenation








Litter

Organic enrichment



Visual disturbance









Above water noise






Deoxygenation




Litter

Nutrient enrichment

Organic enrichment



Visual disturbance









Above water noise




Deoxygenation






Litter

Nutrient enrichment

Organic enrichment



Visual disturbance





Electromagnetic changes





Above water noise

Deoxygenation








Litter

Nutrient enrichment


Organic enrichment




Visual disturbance





Above water noise


Deoxygenation







Litter

Organic enrichment



Visual disturbance
















Above water noise








Litter

Vibration

Visual disturbance





Vibration




Above water noise









Litter




Visual disturbance






Vibration

Above water noise






Deoxygenation



Litter

Radionuclide contamination


Visual disturbance







Above water noise

Deoxygenation










Litter

Nutrient enrichment




Vibration

Visual disturbance




Above water noise







Visual disturbance












Litter


Vibration

Above water noise










Visual disturbance












Litter



Vibration












Visual disturbance

Above water noise










Litter






Vibration









Above water noise









Litter




Vibration

Visual disturbance












Above water noise









Litter

Vibration





Visual disturbance



Vibration








Above water noise




Litter





Visual disturbance








Visual disturbance

Above water noise





Deoxygenation


Introduction of microbial pathogens





Litter

Nutrient enrichment

Organic enrichment











Visual disturbance

Above water noise

Deoxygenation








Introduction of microbial pathogens


Litter

Nutrient enrichment

Organic enrichment






Activity Pressure justification text

Aggregate extraction can change both the bathymetry and the physical characteristics of the seabed. The extraction can result in the remaining sediment being of a different particle size composition to that prior to extraction [3102; 3080].

Aggregate extraction removes the surface layers of sediment from the seabed. The method of dredging determines magnitude and depth of the structural damage. Trailer hopper suction dredging creates shallow furrows that may extend for several kilometres in length. The depressions are generally 2-3 m wide and initially only around 0.5 m deep. Static dredging tends to create deep (5-10 m) depressions in the seabed. On occasion this might result in the damage of seabed

features or biologically important structures [3081; 3102; 3080].

Marine aggregate extraction increases suspended solids in the water column. This occurs at the draghead, via the spill was or by screening. Plumes generated by the draghead tend to be of small magnitude. The sediment overspilled or screened is dispersed laterally and vertically by waves and tides and forms a turbid plume. Particles generally settle within 250 - 500 m but can travel up to 5 km where currents are strong [3080; 3102; 4336].

Aggregate extraction removes the surface layers of sediment from the seabed. The method of dredging determines the topographical and bathymetrical changes: Trailer hopper suction dredging creates shallow furrows that may extend for several kilometres in length. The depressions are generally 2-3 m wide and initially only around 0.5 m deep. Static dredging tends to create deep (5-10 m) depressions in the seabed. [3081; 3102]

Aggregate extraction removes the surface layers of sediment from the seabed. The method of dredging determines the magnitude and depth of the structural damage. Trailer hopper suction dredging creates shallow furrows that may extend for several kilometres in length. The depressions are generally 2-3 m wide and initially only around 0.5 m deep. Static dredging tends to create deep (5-10 m) depressions in the seabed. [3081; 3102; 3080]

Suction dredging is a non-selective extractive method where sediment and associated organisms are removed from the seabed. Very few benthic invertebrates are able to escape entrainment. Differences in benthic assemblages can be observed under the path of the draghead (reduced species diversity, number of individuals and biomass) [5155; 5146].

During marine aggregate dredging operations, sediment is released into the water column by the physical disturbance of seabed sediments by the draghead and by the dredger overflow. This sediment will be dispersed by tide and current and settle by gravity to the seabed. Sand deposition is likely to be limited to 250-500 m or up to 3 km where particles are re-mobilised by the local hydrodynamic conditions [3102; 3080].

Marine aggregate extraction typically creates elongated depressions of between 2 and 5 m depth. As the majority of dredging is carried out in deep water, the relative increase in depth is very small. However, numerical modelling studies have demonstrated that flow speeds increase through the dredged area with a corresponding reduction in flows along both sides [4009].

Bird collision with vessels occurs and is particularly a risk at night with lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337].

Seabed lowering from aggregate dredging can cause changes in wave propagation over the dredged areas leading to changes in wave height and orientation to the coast. Typically in the majority of cases, changes in the wave climate of greater than 2 % are restricted to the immediate vicinity of the licence area [3080; 3097]. Aggregate extraction regulations should minimise the pressure. Generally speaking, if the activity occurs where the water depth is of at least 14 m then

changes to wave environment will be negligible and very localised [3102].

Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158;

3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.

The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. A variety of activities have the potential of being a barrier to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrents), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085;

3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when occurring on or in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].

Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death [2750]. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].

Collision is most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].

The lowering of the sea floor by marine aggregate dredging can alter the way that waves travel over the area of dredged seabed. Changes in waves will often be small, except in the immediate vicinity of the dredging area. The magnitude of the changes will depend on the depth of the seabed, depth and area of extraction, proximity to shore and character of the surrounding seabed. [3097]

The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur

annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].

Antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].

The pressure is potentially associated with navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity

to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399].

Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].

Marine litter can be released into the marine environment by shipping vessels including cargo, bulk carrier, military, surveillance, research, passenger ships and non-commercial vessels, either accidentally (inappropriate storage) or deliberately [4974; 3160]. Shipping litter includes pallets, strapping bans and drums, as well as litter derived from containers lost at sea. Cargo may also be washed overboard during stormy weather and contribute to coastal litter levels.

Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160].

During marine aggregate dredging operations, sediment is released into the water column via one of the following: physical disturbance of seabed sediments by the drag head; dredger overflow or deliberate screening of the dredged material. This sediment will be dispersed by tide and current and settle by gravity to the seabed. Sand deposition is likely to be limited to 250-500 m or up to 3 km where particles are re-mobilised by the local hydrodynamic conditions.

[3102; 3080]



Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.

Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].

The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].

Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.

Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. If removal is required, then a pit is excavated to reach the cable to either attach a gripper to the cable or install a cable “under roller” to run the full length of the buried cable to recover it [4926;

4345; 4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at

depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable

protection are either removed or left buried [4926; 4345]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150m. The pressure exerted by

anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.

Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition. If removal is required, then a pit is excavated to reach the cable to either attach a gripper to the cable or install a cable “under

roller” to run the full length of the buried cable to recover it [4926; 4345; 4344]. Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156].

Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.

Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most

likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].

The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc. [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the intensity of the activity, the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases

short lived and localised [4891; 4899].

The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried. If removal is required, then the habitat that was created by the structure through time will be removed [4926; 4345; 4344].


annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 3101; 4333; 4985].

The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern

where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.

Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Moreover, thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].


Shipping related litter contributes approximately 2 % of the litter found on UK beaches. Shipping related litter contributed approximately 45 litter items per kilometre around the UK on average between 2003 and 2007 [4915; 3160]. Litter should not be a licensing issue as all vessels adhere to MARPOL requirements, managed under the International Safety Management (ISM) Code which provides an International standard for the safe management and operation of ships and

for pollution prevention.

There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging/trenching can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Sediments can have elevated levels of nutrients and organic matter locked

within them (for example near aquaculture facilities or estuaries) and activities disturbing the sediment will release these nutrients making them available [4899].

Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users, and in some circumstances this means just the disconnection of the cable and leaving it buried [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156; 4344].

Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance might occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users [4926; 4345; 4344].





Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, on-board machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas.

[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].

The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for example trenching for cable laying [3101; 3804], dredging as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; military activities and other developments involving explosives [3144], oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128;

3154].

Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity (e.g., location and timing of operation).

Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow) and the possible formation of scour pits around the structure. The impact of this is expected to be very localised and limited [4345]. The removal if required during decommissioning will result in

reversed impact.

The laying of cables will lead to seabed abrasion and disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed in any circumstance, either if the cable is buried, protected or not [3156]. Ploughing, trenching, rock placement, anchor placement and pre-sweep dredging will all result in abrasion and disturbance. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the cable installation machinery could be up to 20 m wide where pre-sweep dredging is required, or

between 5-10m wide per cable trench for ploughing, and trenching [4926; 4345]. Beyond this direct foot print, low intensity physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Cables laid at the surface can result in some degree of abrasion mainly where there is high wave activity (in shallow waters of <20 m marks ranged from 6-45cm wide) [4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, low intensity

physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon engaging, dragging and embedding. The chain also causes abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be

low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction, the equipment used and background levels [3156]. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases

measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas the depth-averaged and near bed concentration increases modelled for ploughing in sand at Goodwin Knoll (which has less than 3% fines) were significantly less, being < 0.5 mg/l above background [4345].

Direct penetration and disturbance of habitat will occur as a result of ploughing, trenching, rock placement, anchor placement and ground preparation dredging if required. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the seabed disturbed by the cable installation machinery could be up to 20 m wide where pre-sweep dredging is required, or between 5-10m wide per cable trench for ploughing and trenching. On average the marine cables will be buried to a depth between 1.5 to 2 m [4926; 4345].The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low

when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

During cable installation sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions and the sediment particle size distribution. A greater sediment dispersion distance means the sediment will be more thinly dispersed over a wider area, whilst a smaller sediment dispersion distance gives a high deposition depth over a smaller distance. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas at South Falls the impact was

only predicted to extend to 500m but with predicted deposition levels of <0.1 mm [4345]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].

Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.






During cable laying, burial is the main methodology used to avoid cable damage and this burial process often results in the removal of substratum. For example trenching and seabed ploughing are common practices and in addition if a subsea cable is buried on a mobile seabed, such as an area of sandwaves, pre-sweeping by dredging can be used. This produces a flat surface for installation. Cabling activity is localised and usually restricted to a 2-3 m with track [3101; 4345].

Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156].











During cable installation and when ground preparation pre-sweep dredging is conducted, dredged sediments can be disposed of within the limits of the activity licence area resulting in high siltation rate changes [4347].

The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable laying protection measures alternative to burial are used to avoid cable damage resulting in habitat loss. These can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156], for example when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or where the rock

is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.






[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].


3154].


Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow) and the possible formation of scour pits around the structure. The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345]. Non-backfilled trenches dug for cable burial will result in

localised flow speed changes until the trench is backfilled. The backfill usually occurs soon after ploughing but in some ground conditions this can take longer. These will have limited impact and depend on the water depth and overall water depth change, similar to what has been modelled for marine aggregate extraction [4009].

If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors

cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156]. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The frequency of the activity will be low.

If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels comparable to those used in some cable repair operations have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to

approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance resulting in sediment re-suspension and deposition will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will

depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].

Noise can arise from many activities in the associated with cable laying and operation. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, and people will result in an increase of above water noise. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.

Electromagnetic fields have the potential to disrupt migratory routes of species that use earth magnetic field to navigate [4345; 4346]. For example, in Kentish Flats the modelled magnetic and induced electric fields emitted at normal operating wind speeds were expected to be at detectable levels (even attractant) at sediment surface for certain sensitive species (e.g. elasmobranchs, Atlantic salmon, European eel) [4995].






Power cables have the potential to emit electromagnetic fields (EMF) in the range of detection of sensitive species In a study modelling 24 submarine cable projects assuming 1 m burial depth, the average predicted magnetic field intensity was a function of voltage. Out of the 10 AC cables included (ranging from 33 to 345 kV) the average maximum magnetic field value directly over the cable was 7.85 μT and decreased rapidly with vertical and horizontal distance. The average

for DC cables (ranging from 75 to 500 kV) DC cables showed a maximum average value directly above the cable of 78.27 μT declining again with vertical and horizontal distance from the cable. However, as pointed by the authors “the magnetic field from DC cables can influence the intensity of the local geomagnetic field, as well as its inclination and declination, thus the orientation of the cable relative to the geomagnetic field should be accounted for when considering

the effects of DC cables” [4347]. Five AC cables were modelled (10–145 kV, 100–500 A) and their emitted and induced fields estimated. The maximum magnetic field was 2–35μT, and the induced electric field was 0.3–4mV/m depending on cable setup and current load. These field strengths decrease rapidly with the distance from the cable. For example, a maximum of 35 μT immediately above the cable will be reduced to 2.2μT at a distance of 2 m from the cable [5013].












The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable maintenance additional protection measures alternative to reburial are used to avoid cable damage resulting in habitat loss. These can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156], for example when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or

where the rock is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.



Operation of the cables will result in some heat being emitted from the cable and subsequent warming of the surrounding environment, reducing the efficiency. Therefore, the cables have been designed to minimise thermal loss. Heating effects will be localised to the proximity of the cable and quickly dissipate though the water column [4926; 4345]. Thermal emission and its impacts will depend on the type of cables, transmission rate and the receiving environment [3156]. For example, cable thermal emissions have been empirically measured in the Nysted wind farm in Denmark. The maximum temperature increase measured in the sediment was 2.5°C at 25cm directly above the cable (132KV buried at 1 m)

[4346].




[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].


3154].


Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow) and the possible formation of scour pits around the structure. The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345].

Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used [4926; 4345; 4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels

have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable

protection are either removed or left buried [4926; 4345]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by



Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed (cable protection) or buried The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance will occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition [4926; 4345; 4344]. Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair

or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156].

Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.

Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. Collision risks are most




The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users. Cables and cable protection are either removed or left buried. If removal is required, then the habitat that was created by the structure through time will be removed [4926; 4345; 4344].




where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4399]. Telecommunication operations close to shore do not usually occur during dark hours due to safety considerations. Therefore, the pressure will be relevant if night operations are planned in SPAs where sensitive species could be present and at sensitive times of the year.







Cables and the protective structures such as concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout mattress, frond mattresses, etc. will result in a change of habitat type. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users, and in some circumstances this means just the disconnection of the cable and leaving it buried [4926; 4345; 3101; 3156; 4344].

Cables and cable protection are either removed or left on the seabed. If the cable needs to be removed or cut for decommissioning, sediment disturbance might occur resulting in re-suspension and deposition. For example to recover cables from the seabed to the surface a combination of towed grapnels and ROV techniques are used. The decommissioning process aims to minimize environmental effects allowing safe use of the seabed for other users [4926; 4345; 4344].






[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].


3154].


Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow). The impact of this is expected to be very localised and limited [4345]. The removal if required during decommissioning will result in reversed impact.

The laying of cables will lead to seabed abrasion and disturbance of the substrate on the surface of the seabed in any circumstance, either if the cable is buried, protected or not [3156]. Ploughing, trenching, rock placement, and anchor placement will all result in abrasion and disturbance. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the seabed disturbed by telecommunication cable installation machinery could be between 5-10 m wide per cable trench for

ploughing and trenching [4926; 4345]. Cables laid at the surface can result in some degree of abrasion mainly where there is high wave activity (in shallow waters of <20 m marks ranged from 6-45 cm wide) [4344]. Beyond this direct foot print, low intensity physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon engaging, dragging and embedding. The chain also causes abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by


Direct penetration and disturbance of habitat will occur as a result of ploughing, trenching, rock placement and anchor placement. Depending on the installation method used, the footprint of the seabed disturbed by telecommunication cable installation machinery could be between 5-10 m wide per cable trench for ploughing and trenching. On average, the marine cables will be buried to a depth between 1 to 2 m [4926; 4345]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep

penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.


Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction, the equipment used and background levels [3156]. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700 m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases

measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas the depth-averaged and near bed concentration increases modelled for ploughing in sand at Goodwin Knoll (which has less than 3 % fines) were significantly less, being < 0.5 mg/l above background [4345].



likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].














The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable laying protection measures alternative to burial are used to avoid cable damage resulting in habitat loss. These can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156]. For example, when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or where the

rock is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.

During cable installation sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions and the sediment particle size distribution. A greater sediment dispersion distance means the sediment will be more thinly dispersed over a wider area, whilst a smaller sediment dispersion distance gives a high deposition depth over a smaller distance. For example, in one particular case ploughing on chalk in the English Channel was expected to increase suspended sediment to a distance of 700m (<1 mg/L above background levels) with largest increases measurable at up to 100 m (10-20 mg/L) of the trench; whereas at South Falls the impact was only predicted to extend to 500 m but with predicted deposition levels of <0.1 mm [4345]. For the Western HVDC Link the calculation of sediment dispersion predicted that all the displaced sediment will settle to form an even layer 50 m

either side of each cable trench This would produce a temporary sedimentation layer 3 mm thick for trenching, which is the methodology most likely to be used in shallow high energy environments, and 0.75 mm for ploughing, which is most likely to be used for the majority of the deeper, low energy environments [4926]. For telecommunication cables the magnitude of the pressure is expected to be smaller due to the smaller size of the operation.






[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].


3154].


Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow). The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345]. Non-backfilled trenches dug for cable burial will result in localised flow speed changes until the trench is backfilled. The

backfill usually occurs soon after ploughing but in some ground conditions this can take longer. These will have limited impact and depend on the water depth and overall water depth change, similar to what has been modelled for marine aggregate extraction [4009].

If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. Beyond this direct foot print, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the cable. Anchors

cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.

If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels comparable to those used in some cable repair operations have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to

approximately 1 m in trials [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m. The pressure exerted by anchors will be low when smaller anchors are used and not applicable if Dynamic Positioning is used.


Though modern equipment and techniques reduce the re-suspension of sediment during cable burial, repair or removal, an increase in suspended sediment will occur but the magnitude depends on the silt fraction and background levels [3156]. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. The frequency of the activity will be low.













The pressure relates to changes in coastal or marine habitat due to manmade structures. During cable maintenance laying cables might need to be reburied or protected if they become unburied. Protection measures can be concrete mattresses, rock dumping, grout bags, frond mattresses, etc. resulting in a permanent loss of habitat where the structures are placed [3156]. For example, when using concrete mattressing or rock placement in soft sediment or where the

rock is distinctly different from the natural rock i.e. granite protection on chalk bedrock.

If the cable needs to be reburied or uncovered for repair, abrasion and physical disturbance resulting in sediment re-suspension and deposition will occur. The frequency of the activity will be very low. Usually, free-swimming ROV burial machines are deployed for repair and maintenance to shallow bury exposed sections of cable into the seabed [3101]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will

depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].



Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].




[4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].


3154].


Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The use of external cable protection which sits proud of the seabed can potentially result in localised changes in water flow resulting in localised turbulence (especially at peak flow). The impact of this is expected to be much localised and limited [4345].


where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].



Collisions with vessels can occur particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas and when visibility is poor.

Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890].

Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890].

Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].

A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds

[4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].Torpedoes have also the potential of producing physical trauma to marine mammals [5077].



Some of the main pressures on the marine environment from oil and gas activities include operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].


Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide.

The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Typical maximum

water depths for anchoring are between 100 m and 150 m.

The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials [4971].











Anchors cause damage to the seabed upon deploying the anchor and the subsequent dragging and locking in and also through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery. [3223].



Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility.








Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]

Placement of structure(s) can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]





Abrasion and physical disturbance can result in sediment re-suspension and deposition. [3101]. During the process sediment re-suspension will occur and subsequent re-deposition on the seabed. The siltation rates will depend on the hydrological conditions, the amount of interaction with the seabed and the sediment particle size distribution of the seabed [4926; 4345].










The pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation and increased of suspended sediments as well as the deposition of organic matter. The pressure can result from a variety of activities including dredging, aquaculture, outflow, etc [1441; 1436; 2834; 3096; 3153; 3154; 3161; 3163; 3186]. The extent and nature of the changes will depend on the dynamic nature of the area, the temperature and the sediment type, making changes in many cases short lived and localised [4891].









There are several sources of organic and nutrient enrichment in the marine environment: outflows of domestic/industrial origin, sludge, sediment resuspension, aquaculture food and faeces, and others. Sediment mobilisation during dredging can increase the levels of organic matter and nutrients [3145; 5121]; however, the effect is usually highly restricted in time and space [4899]. Fish farming generates large amounts of particulate organic waste products, and

surrounding sediments are affected by this surplus of organic matter. The extent of impacts is determined from the quantity and quality of the input and environmental conditions at the location [4939]. Deposition of faeces and pseudo-faeces may lead to organic enrichment of seabed. Nutrient waste may be generated through excretion by reared organisms or direct enrichment by or remineralisation of feed inputs. However, magnitude of pressure would depend on intensity/scale of activity and hydrographic conditions [2834; 3276; 3198; 4939]. Disposal of waste material into the marine environment includes the regulated discharge of wastewater and the disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous

waste [4915].



waste [4915].



Mooring chains from swinging moorings may scour the seabed as the mooring slackens and rotates with the tide [3223]

Placement of structure(s), including moorings, can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]





















Placement of structure(s), including moorings, can lead to permanent loss of habitat [4890]










Propellers from ships can cause localised scour of the seabed around the berth pockets in Port locations [5174]. Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].

























waste [4915].






Ship movements can also result in erosion at the margins of the channel [3145].



The pressure can result from surface disturbance caused by contact between the nets or lines themselves and any footropes and anchors. This is most likely to happen during retrieval of the gear if it is dragged along the seabed before ascent, although disturbance of the seabed can occur while the gear is fishing if movement (particularly of any anchors) occurs during rough weather, for example, or otherwise. Such physical disturbance can result in epifauna, especially

emergent species such as erect sponges and coral, being dislodged (including snagged in the net) or damaged, although there are limited studies of such effects [3168; 3172; 1436; 4458; 4875].

Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food

resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Anchored nets and lines including gill and trammel nets and longlines can result in the entanglement and bycatch of a range of fauna including mammals, turtles, fish, elasmobranchs, crustaceans and other invertebrates and birds [1419; 3130; 3202; 4455; 4354; 5125], the consequences of which can be significant to species and populations [4453; 4454; 2786].

Anchored nets and lines are used to target pelagic, demersal and benthic fish and crustacean species. They can result in the targeted removal of features of conservation importance (e.g. spiny lobster ( Palinurus elephas), salmon (Salmo salar) and also species which form part of the community composition of features or sub-features e.g. species such as crab and lobster ( Homarus gammarus) which may be associated with reef features and other species such as whelks

[1419; 1436; 4362].

Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707]

may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.

This pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barriers or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The likelihood of impact will depend on factors such as the spatial/temporal scale of the activity and its location in relation to migratory routes, and so the pressure will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to a given feature/site. Whilst it is considered that examples of the association between this sub-activity and pressure will be rare, potential causes include fixed fishing gear in confined water bodies/estuaries, or behavioural effects from the use of acoustic deterrents [3121; 3152; 4921; 4445]. However,

the impacts from the latter may be better considered by the pressure 'Underwater noise changes'.

Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4378; 2826]. Bird collisions with vessels, including fishing vessels [4476; 2826], have been recorded with the risk being greatest at night for lighted ships near coastal areas and when the vessel is relatively close to large breeding aggregations of seabirds (rather than further offshore). However, there are relatively few sources of quantified information relating to seabird strikes on vessels. Nocturnal bird strikes on vessels tend to occur when bright, artificial light sources are used at

times of poor visibility, typically during bad weather, often angled outwards or upwards from the vessel [4466; 4378].

Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. Collision with fishing gear (e.g. nets) can also occur but the consideration of this would be better done through the pressure 'Removal of non-target species'. Vessels are documented to have collided with mobile marine species (particularly mammals). Almost all vessel sizes and classes have been involved in collisions with marine mammals, including cargo ships, recreational vessels, and research vessels. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull. The most lethal and serious injuries are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots [5120]. Most minor injuries, by

contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].

In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localised hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter with the same effect [5103; 5123].

Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the

Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985].

Pressure relates to vessels and potentially gear associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195; 4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates,

amphibians and fish [4444].

Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177].

Marine litter is items made or used by people and deliberately discarded or unintentionally lost into the sea and on beaches. Despite international legislation such as Annex V of the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973 [3140], maritime activity is still a major source of litter. Fishing is an important source of marine litter. For example, 14 % of the litter identified during the UK Beachwatch survey (2006) was fishing related [3160], net loss in

UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34 % of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such

litter include entanglement of marine wildlife including mammals and birds, ingestion and ghost fishing [3202; 3160; 2752; 3096; 5123; 5103]. Ghost gears can also damage benthic habitats (through abrasion, ‘plucking’ of organisms or meshes closing around them, and the translocation of seabed features) [5103]. Alongside existing legislation, potential mitigation measures are discussed in various sources of literature [2752; 3160; 5103].

In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].

The pressure is likely to be associated with any anchors, which can cause damage to the seabed surface and subsurface layers upon deployment/recovery and due to dragging. The anchors of large vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed up to 1 m, but of course depth of penetration by smaller inshore vessel anchors (or indeed those associated with static fishing gear) is expected to be less [4971]. Small vessel anchors have been found to cause surface ‘scars’ of

typically 1-4 m2 [5175].


Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in

heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985].




Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and

echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1 μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Acoustic deterrents/harassing devices are an additional potential source of underwater noise [3152; 3096; 4921]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074; 3069; 3121; 4445; 4869]

The movement of vessels and people, as well as that of gear, can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as fish, marine mammals, seabirds and coastal birds. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity, plus other factors such as species present and age, weather conditions and degree of habituation to disturbance source [3134; 2497; 3202; 2825; 3269; 2707;

5106; 4977].

The pressure results where the gear makes contact with the seafloor. The area affected is determined by the footprint of the gear and the amount of movement across the seabed. The different gear components will make variable contributions to the total physical disturbance of the seabed and its associated biota, and hence the pressure will vary according to factors such as gear type, design/modifications, size and weight, method of operation (including towing

speed) and habitat characteristics (e.g. topography) [3168; 3172; 4458]. Towed bottom fishing gears are used to catch species that live in, on or in association with the seabed and therefore are designed to remain in close contact with the seabed. That interaction with the seabed can lead to disturbance of the upper layers of the seabed (e.g. see pressures ‘Siltation rate changes (low’), ‘Changes in suspended solids’); direct removal (e.g. see pressures ‘Removal of target

species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Benthic seines are generally of lighter construction as there are no trawl doors or warps, resulting in less disturbance of the seabed than trawling [3172; 4359; 4458]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance

and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].

This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material and its spatial and temporal persistence will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Turbid plumes can reduce light levels and smother feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition through suspension and transport of finer material. There are also concerns over resuspension of phytoplankton cysts and copepod eggs [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further

effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.



species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Benthic seines are generally of lighter construction as there are no trawl doors or warps, resulting in less disturbance of the seabed than trawling [3172; 4359; 4458]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance



resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. As with other benthic towed gears, discarding of fish species from demersal seine net fisheries can be significant [3172; 4358]. There are relatively few studies of the non-fish bycatch composition, however, it is probably similar to that of demersal trawls e.g. crustaceans and other invertebrates, etc, although quantities of such bycatch are likely to be lower than that of other gear types such as beam

trawls [4458; 4358; 4359; 4360].

Demersal seines, including the use of anchor/Danish seines and Scottish seines, target commercially valuable species including demersal fish and flatfish. Incidental non target catch may also be retained as part of targeted fisheries due to its commercial value e.g. lobster (Homarus gammarus) and crabs. These species may be considered part of the wider community associated with features or sub-features of designated sites [1419; 1436; 4362].

This pressure may result from physical disturbance of the sediment, along with hydrodynamic action caused by the passage of towed gear, leading to entrainment and suspension of the substrate behind and around the gear components and subsequent siltation [3186; 1419; 3168; 4448; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4451]. The quantity of suspended material, its spatial and temporal persistence and subsequent patterns of deposition will depend on factors associated with the gear (such as type/design, weight, towing speed), sediment (particle size, composition, compactness), the intensity of the activity and the background hydrographic conditions [3186; 4448; 4446; 4451]. Sediment remobilisation and deposition can affect

the settlement, feeding, and survival of biota through smothering of feeding and respiratory organs. Prolonged exposure of an area to the pressure may result in changes in sediment composition [3137; 3186; 1419; 4448; 4451]. Further effects are also considered under the pressures: Deoxygenation, Nutrient enrichment and Organic enrichment.







This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. Resuspension of organic rich sediments in the wake of towed gears can result in

localised removal of oxygen in the water column or more anoxic conditions in the remaining substrate [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4448; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers or conversely anaerobic sediments may be exposed to aerobic conditions by such mixing [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localized

hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].

Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any

impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].

Pressure relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity e.g. operational and navigation lighting. Marine birds are frequently attracted to or become disorientated by artificial light sources, which can result in collision and therefore injury or death [4399; 4476; 4378; 2826]. Disturbance caused by light from vessels may also be of concern, particularly where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3195;

4399]. However, there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates, amphibians and fish [4444].





This pressure may result from disturbance and resuspension of the sediment in the wake of towed gears [3186; 4407; 4446], which can trigger considerable productivity pulses due to the rate of release of dissolved and particulate nutrients and have consequences for biogeochemical cycling [3172; 4448; 4449; 4450]. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance and

primary production, and the type/composition of the substrate and biota (including abundance of filter feeders) [4446; 5121; 4449; 4450].

This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Additionally, ghost fishing associated with lost gear

could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].

Mobile fishing gear is one of the best known sources of anthropogenic degradation of seabed habitat and associated benthic communities (see 'Abrasion' pressure). Whilst the physical damage caused by persistent interaction with bottom towed gear could result in loss of certain sensitive habitats such as seagrass, the change is unlikely to be permanent if the activity were to cease, although recovery rates may be slow in some cases. Therefore there may be few examples of

where the association between the activity and this particular pressure is actually realised, but it should be taken into consideration [3137; 4448].

Pressure primarily relates to vessels associated with this sub-activity and their movement, but potentially also mobilisation of contaminated sediments. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled annually by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically

from large shipping vessels and tankers). Antifouling compounds like tributyltin (TBT; banned on vessels under 25 m in the UK since 1987, however) and copper wash from ship coatings enter and persist in the marine environment, with highest concentrations generally found in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3096; 3164; 3155; 2788; 3194; 4985]. Further, sediment disturbance by fishing activities could result in the remobilisation of

contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482].




Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels [3152; 3096; 4921]. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1 μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074;

3069; 4869]


5106; 4977].



species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. As a relative comparison of gear types, otter trawls tend to have less physical impact on the seafloor than the notoriously damaging beam trawls (and dredges) with their heavy tickler chains, although the doors of an otter trawl do create recognisable scour of the seabed [4452; 3172; 3168; 4364]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly

according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].





species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. As a relative comparison of gear types, otter trawls tend to have less physical impact on the seafloor than the notoriously damaging beam trawls (and dredges). The heavy tickler chains of

beam trawls can penetrate up to 8 cm into the seabed, whereas it is the trawl door of an otter trawl that creates the greatest amount of scour of the seabed [4452; 3172; 3168; 4364]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471;

4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].


resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Mixed-species and shrimp/prawn demersal trawl fisheries are associated with the highest rates of discarding and pose the most complex problems to resolve [4408; 4464; 4465]. Benthic trawls most frequently result in bycatch of fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates and less frequently turtles and birds [1419; 1436; 3130; 4354; 4462; 4463; 4361].

Demersal trawls target a range of demersal fish species and also remove species which may themselves be of conservation importance or may form part of the biotope (e.g. Norway lobster - Nephrops norvegicus) or wider community composition associated with designated features/sub-features. As part of targeted fisheries, incidental non target catch may also be retained and landed due to its commercial value (e.g. spiny lobster ( Palinurus elephas), lobsters (Homarus gammarus), crabs, scallops (Pecten spp.), etc). These species may be considered part of the wider community composition associated with features or sub-features of designated sites or may themselves be of conservation importance (e.g.

crawfish) [1419; 1436; 4362].















4399]. However there are also concerns about the potential wider impacts of light pollution in the aquatic, particularly coastal, environment on the behaviour, reproduction and survival of marine invertebrates, amphibians and fish [4444].


















3069; 4869]


5106; 4977].



species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. The reduced towing speed and replacement of tickler chains with electrodes reduces the physical disturbance and penetration depth of the seafloor by electrotrawls compared to other

gears such as beam trawls [2784; 3172]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].



Pressure results from the electric fields and pulses created by the gear. Electrotrawling, for example, uses electrodes to produce electric pulses rather than using the mechanical stimulation of tickler chains. This will result in spatially and temporally restricted electromagnetic field changes, the nature of which will depend on the gear and species targeted [3108; 2784; 3172; 4357]. There is uncertainty over mortality rates of escapees (e.g. small fish not retained in the net of electrotrawls or benthos not entering the net) due to exposure to the electric field. Further, effects on development, growth and reproduction of surviving discarded catch or escapees are possible [2784; 3172; 3131; 4356]. Similar potential

impacts could result from electrofishing for razor clams (currently illegal), although limited field studies have suggested such effects on non-target (non-retained) species may be minimal and short-lived [3108; 3201; 4357].



species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. The reduced towing speed and replacement of tickler chains with electrodes reduces the physical disturbance and penetration depth of the seafloor by electrotrawls compared to other

gears such as beam trawls [2784; 3172]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].

Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Studies of the impacts of electrotrawling are relatively limited, however similarly to conventional beam trawling bycatch of fish, elasmobranchs, crustaceans and invertebrates occurs, although at notably reduced rates due to the lack of tickler chains, lower towing speeds and other potential factors [2784; 3172; 3131]. Limited field studies of electrofishing for razor clams (currently illegal) have

suggested low rates of bycatch [3108].

Electrofishing can be used to catch a variety of fish, shellfish and crustacean species. Electro or pulse trawling are similar to conventional beam trawling although the gear is lighter, towed at slower speeds and does not use tickler chains [2784]. As part of targeted fisheries, incidental non target catch may also be retained and landed due to its commercial value. These species may be considered part of the wider community composition associated with features or sub-

features of designated sites or may themselves be of conservation importance. Similarly, bivalves such as razor clams (Ensis spp.) may be targeted by electrofishing (currently illegal) and may themselves be features of conservation importance or may be associated with designated features/sub-features, for example as part of the associated biotope [4357].








contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987].























contaminants/substances [4481; 4448]. However, the likelihood and severity of any impact depends upon factors such as the type and degree of existing contamination, the sediment type and intensity of activity. In many cases, natural disturbance may contribute the majority of contaminated sediment resuspension [4482]. For electrofishing specifically, the action of electrolysis on the electrodes used in the electric fishing gears will release copper and metal ions into the

marine environment. The fate of these metals is poorly understood, although the deleterious effects of copper and other metals on marine organisms is well established [4357].


3069; 4869]


5106; 4977].

Bycatch (i.e. discarded catch) is associated with almost all fishing activities and is related to factors such as the gear type and its design (i.e. its selectivity), the targeted species and effort. There are significant concerns over the impacts of discards on marine ecosystems, including changes in population abundance and demographics of affected species and altered species assemblages and food web structures [4408; 3137]. However, discards also provide important food resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Pelagic/mid water trawls, drift nets, pelagic seines and long lines can result in the entanglement and bycatch of a range of fauna including mammals, turtles, fish,

elasmobranchs, crustaceans and other invertebrates and birds [1419; 3130; 3202; 4455; 4354], the consequences of which can be significant to species and populations [4453; 5125; 4454; 2786].

Pelagic fishing' includes a wide range of activities that are not intended to interact with the seabed including drift nets, longlines and rod and line angling. These activities can result in the direct removal of features of conservation importance e.g. salmon (Salmo salar) and other species of conservation concern [1419; 1436; 4362].



This pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barriers or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The likelihood of impact will depend on factors such as the spatial/temporal scale of the activity and its location in relation to migratory routes, and so the pressure will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to a given feature/site. Whilst it is considered that examples of the association between this sub-activity and pressure will be rare, potential causes include fixed fishing gear in confined water bodies/estuaries, or behavioural effects from the use of acoustic deterrents [3121; 3152; 4921; 4445]. However,

the impacts from the latter may be better considered by the pressure 'Underwater noise changes'.





In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may cause localised hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter with the same effect [5103; 5123].


Maritime and Coastguard Agency. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that lead to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers) [3096; 3164; 3194; 4985].







In fisheries where discards are spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805]. Further, ghost fishing associated with lost gear could result in concentrations of organic matter [5103; 5123].







Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and

echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Acoustic deterrents/harassing devices are an additional potential source of underwater noise [3152; 3096; 4921]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074; 3069; 3121; 4445; 4869]


5106; 4977].

During decommissioning, abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional rock protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried structures or enable removal of structures at or below seabed level [4387]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the oil and gas installation, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion

and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].

During decommissioning it may be necessary to clear the redundant foundation and well templates of any overlying cuttings material to enable removal operations

This pressure relates to operational and accidental discharges of chemicals, crude oil and produced water containing substances such as oil components, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, alkyl phenols and heavy metals [4941].

any overlying cuttings material to enable removal operations.

The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. Excavation around jacket legs from the seabed and excavation at the pipeline ends will physically disturb the sediment in the local area. Depending on methods used, the removal of structures and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387].


annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985]. Cuttings arise from drilling operations and these cuttings are often discharged at the location of the well in piles. Cuttings may contain traces of the drilling fluids used in the wells from which they are derived. Drilling fluids are categorised into either water-based or organic-phase fluids. Old cuttings piles may contain organic-phase drilling fluids and have been identified as

possible sources of hydrocarbon releases into the marine environment, due to remobilisation of residues of oil still found in the piles and natural leaching into the water column [5004] although evidence indicates that disturbance of cuttings piles does not appear to lead to increased impacts on the marine environment.

Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. Additional rock may be placed on the seabed during decommissioning to cover exposed structues or provide a stable rock berm for the placement of jack-up legs [4387].

The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. The settling out of suspended sediments is only expected to cause negligible increases in siltation. Excavation around jacket legs from the seabed and excavation at the pipeline ends will physically disturb the sediment in the local area. Depending on methods used removal of turbines foundations and scour protection

may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387].







Sources of underwater noise from decommissioning activities include vessel movements/ operations, well plugging and abandonment activities, pipeline and jacket cutting (including explosives), pipeline rock-placement, lifting and removal operations, as well as helicopter traffic [4387]. Vessel noise is thought to be the main source of persistent noise during decommissioning activities [4387]. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard

machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of

underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].

Bird collision with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent under poor visibility [4337].

Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. Machinery, vessels, explosives and people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164],

pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity. In offshore windfarm environmental statements decommissioning noise is considered to be similar to that of construction although levels will be lower overall as it is assumed that percussive piling will not be used [e.g. 4386]. Above and underwater noise may come from cutting and lifting operations [4387].

The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration

routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].

Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures, especially for birds. The response of birds will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures. The risk of collision

may be increased if the devices alter the characteristics of the current, especially if such changes create new foraging opportunities, since this may impact on the manoeuvrability and underwater swimming agility of birds [4959; 5075]. Collision risks are most likely to pose the greatest risk in areas of strong water movement, such as areas of strong tidal flow or wave motion [3098].

The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Removal of structures during decommissioning should reduce light levels as lighting on infrastructure will be removed, however during decommissioning activities there will be lighting associated with decommissioning vessels. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and

structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].

Cuttings can build up into piles around the platforms in areas where currents are generally weak. Cuttings may contain traces of the drilling fluids used in the wells from which they are derived.

Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164]. There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of

which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The oil and gas industry provides a direct and indirect pathways for alien invasive species, through vessel movements and structures [5000].




Vibration may occur due to decommissioning of oil and gas installations depending on the methods used to remove turbines and foundations.

Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity. Removal of structures will remove any visual disturbance to bird species.

Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Removal of structures during decommissioning will allow local currents to return to those of the surroundings environment, unaffected by interaction with structures.

The seabed currents and the type of sediment will affect the accumulation and scouring of the sediment around the pipeline










Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]



The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase

noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. Coastal defences can also result in barrier to species by restricting access to rivers/streams/estuaries or to species adapted to sea level rise and coastal change [2817; 3096; 3154]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when

occurring on or in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].




The discharge of drill cuttings and water-based fluids may cause some smothering in the near vicinity of the well location. The impacts from such discharges are localised and transient, but may be of concern in areas with sensitive benthic fauna, for example corals and sponges.
























The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase

noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. Coastal defences can also result in barrier to species by restricting access to rivers/streams/estuaries or to species adapted to sea level rise and coastal change [2817; 3096; 3154]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when

occurring on or in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].










Data on low level radioactive discharges from non-nuclear sources, including the oil and gas industry, are collated annually by OSPAR. The main source of discharge is associated with produced water. Other sources are descaling operations and use of radioactive tracers. It has been calculated that 7.4 Tbq of alpha activity and 4.9 Tbq of beta activity were discharged in 2007.







Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Suspended aquaculture structures or pens have the potential of altering flow rates [4891; 4887]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local flow

conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].

The width of this disturbance zone is assessed to be at maximum 100 m on each side of the pipelines. Beyond this, physical disturbance will also occur due to anchor handling inside the anchor corridor to a maximum of 1 km on each side of the pipeline. [4998]

















If the installation of a pipeline crosses an intertidal habitat, the trenching operation will cause temporary loss of habitat.







waste [4915].









Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. Suspended aquaculture structures or pens have the potential of altering flow rates [4891; 4887]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local flow


Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity. In offshore windfarm environmental statements decommissioning noise is considered to be similar to that

of construction although levels will be lower overall as it is assumed that percussive piling will not be used [e.g. 4386]. Above and underwater noise may come from cutting and lifting operations [4387].

During decommissioning, abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed level [4387]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour

whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].

Decommissioning is likely to require removal of all structures including foundations and cables and leaving the seabed in a similar state to that found before the project was started. Dredging may be required and removal of other material including habitats within a localised area that may have developed during the lifetime of the project. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate

[3122].

During decommissioning penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery

[3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076]. Temporary

excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed level [4387].

Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. Additional rock may be placed on the seabed during decommissioning to cover exposed structues or provide a stable rock berm for the placement of jack-up legs [4387].

The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. The settling out of suspended sediments is only expected to cause negligible increases in siltation. Depending on methods used removal of turbines foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387], although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower

than during construction [4388].

Vessel noise is thought to be the main source of persistent noise during decommissioning activities [4387] Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have

the potential of impacting larger areas. Above and underwater noise may also come from cutting and lifting operations [4387]. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].

Offshore wind farms can have a potential visual effect on birds, whereby birds change behaviour by avoiding the vicinity of the turbines as a response to a visual stimulus [5162]. Species such as red-throated diver are particularly sensitive to disturbance at sea, displacement from windfarms [2430; 4389] and usually avoid vessels [2496]. Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine

mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity. Removal of wind turbines will remove any visual disturbance to bird species.

The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. The presence of offshore wind farms can lead to a behavioural response (displacement from habitat and extension of flights) for seabirds,

effectively causing a barrier to movement [5162; 5166]. This pressure will continue until turbines are fully removed and therefore remains present during the decommissioning process as this may take place over several months/ years. Offshore windfarms may represent a barrier to movement of migrating or feeding birds and may potentially result in displacement of migration routes and displacement of feeding birds. Such displacements may incur heavier energetic costs,

which may ultimately affect survival or breeding success [3125]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096;

3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].

The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. Depending on methods used removal of turbines foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387] although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower than during construction [4388].

The collision risk of offshore wind farm structures is well recognised, although often difficult to assess/quantify and predominantly for seabird receptors. Several reports have concluded that offshore wind farms pose a collision risk, particularly at migratory “bottleneck” locations, to a range of bird receptors (e.g. 4954; 5161; 5164; 5165], and therefore could require mitigation measures. The collision risk of marine birds is deemed to be higher at night than during the

day, but overall is deemed to be low because of their high visibility even in poor light conditions [3098]. Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337].






The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Removal of wind turbines during decommissioning should reduce light levels as lighting on turbines will be removed, however during decommissioning activities there will be lighting associated with decommissioning vessels. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant

levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].


which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that

the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385].








Vibration may occur due to decommissioning of offshore windfarms depending on the methods used to remove turbines and foundations.




Installation of turbine foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to abrasion and disturbance of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion


The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations can lead to both the removal and addition of sediment within a localised area [4384; 3127; 3148]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of

factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].

Installation of turbine foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to penetration and abrasion of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Turbine foundations (e.g. monopiles or pin piles for jacket/ tripod foundations) penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Typical pile diameter for offshore wind farms currently installed in

the OSPAR area is between 4 and 5 m [3125]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne

anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].

Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including turbine foundations, meterological masts, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. The habitat may be changed to steel, concrete, rock or other substances depending on the type of foundation or scour protection. Piles are driven into the seabed (buried) and can change the seabed type within the footprint of the piling works from soft sediment to an artificial substratum

[4898; 4997; 4890; 4892].

Habitat loss will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including turbine foundations, meterological masts, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083]. Turbine foundations penetrate into the seabed (e.g. monopiles) to provide a sound structure base. Typical pile diameter for offshore wind farms currently installed in the OSPAR area is between 4 and 5 m; construction can potentially lead to temporary and permanent habitat loss [3125].

The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in siltation rate [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors

including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].

The construction and operation of an offshore wind farm can create noise that may impact marine mammals and fish spawning and other sensitive life cycle stages. Important parameters are peak pressure, received energy (received sound pressure level), signal duration, spectral type, frequency (range), duty cycle, directionality and signal rise times. Possible effects on marine mammals can be divided into behavioural disturbance (including displacement), masking, and injury either as temporary threshold shift (TTS), permanent threshold shift (PTS) or other injuries such as tissue damage and, in extreme cases, death if the animal very close to pile-driving activities [3125]. One of most significant activities during windfarm construction is foundation installation, with measurements available of pile installation using both impact and vibro pile hammers. The most relevant of these is a measurement of wind turbine monopile foundation installation,

giving Source Levels of 215 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m. Both physical and behavioural effects on marine wildlife have been noted [4906]. The available information indicates an average figure for ambient noise in the marine environment of approximately 70 dB. The available information also indicates that pile driving noise (for 4 to 5 m diameter piles) can be as high as of 260 to 270 dB re 1 μPa at source [4964] at a range of 20 Hz to > 20 kHz with most energy around 100 to 200 Hz [4906; 5166]. However, factors such as pile diameter, water depth, geology and sea bed topography can all influence noise generation and propagation so values are likely to vary from site to site [3125].Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry,

acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].


mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.

The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The presence of offshore wind foundations and structures may cause a barrier to species movement that can be temporary or longer term [3125; 3148]. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or

military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when occurring on or in

proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].

The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for gravity base foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in suspended solids within the water column [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact

depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].


The collision risk of offshore wind farm structures is well recognised, although often difficult to assess/quantify and predominantly for seabird receptors. Several reports have concluded that offshore wind farms pose a collision risk, particularly at migratory “bottleneck” locations, to a range of bird receptors [4954; 5162; 5164; 5165], and therefore could require mitigation measures. The collision risk of marine birds is deemed to be higher at night than during the day, but overall is deemed to be low because of their high visibility even in poor light conditions [3098]. Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more

frequent also under poor visibility [4337].



During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area,

established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur





which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that

the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385].











The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for dredging (which may be used in seabed preparation) as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; oil and gas drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154]. Note most vibration transmitted into the water column will radiate as

underwater noise, most vibration is transmitted through the ground/seabed [4366].

Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The physical presence of a wind turbine could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960]. This may lead to the development of scour pits adjacent to turbine foundations or secondary scour around scour protection [3148]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local

flow conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].

The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. The presence of offshore wind farms can lead to a behavioural response (displacement from habitat and extension of flights) for seabirds,

effectively causing a barrier to movement [5162; 5166]. They may represent a barrier to movement of migrating or feeding birds and may potentially result in displacement of migration routes and displacement of feeding birds. Such displacements may incur heavier energetic costs, which may ultimately affect survival or breeding success [3125]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increase noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality

and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].

Maintenance works can require dredging/extraction, which results in the pressure [2838; 4890].

Habitat loss will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed. During operation and maintenance the placement of additional scour protection where needed could lead to habitat loss [3122; 3127; 3083].

The collision risk of offshore wind farm structures is well recognised, although often difficult to assess/quantify and predominantly for seabird receptors. Several reports have concluded that offshore wind farms pose a collision risk, particularly at migratory “bottleneck” locations, to a range of bird receptors (e.g. 4954; 5161; 5164; 5165], and therefore could require mitigation measures. The collision risk of marine birds is deemed to be higher at night than during the

day, but overall is deemed to be low because of their high visibility even in poor light conditions [3098]. Bird collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337].

During operation penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Turbine foundations (e.g. monopiles or pin piles for jacket/ tripod foundations) penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Typical pile diameter for offshore wind farms currently installed in the OSPAR area is between 4 and 5 m [3125]. Damage to

the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintanance of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft

sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].

Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. Additional scour protection may be added where needed during operation and maintenance. The habitat may be changed to concrete, rock or other substances depending on the type of scour protection

Scour will occur around the base of the foundations during operation due to hydrological changes caused by the turbine foundation which will lead to the liberation of sediment to the water column and formation of sediment plumes. Once the foundations have been scoured to their equilibrium depth, they are unlikely to refill and there will be therefore be an absence of sediment for further scouring under typical conditions in the future. [4388] The dragging of anchors used by

vessels involved in maintenance and repair activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223].


mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.

Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The physical presence of a wind turbine could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960]. This may lead to the development of scour pits adjacent to turbine foundations or secondary scour around scour protection [3148]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local

flow conditions. In particular, cross shore structures such as groynes and harbour arms can intercept flow paths, causing flows to divert around or across the structures [4892; 4893; 4894; 4873; 5075; 4960; 3125; 4961].

Noise from wind turbines comes in two forms: the first is aerodynamic noise from the blades slicing through the air leading to the characteristic swish-swish noise; the second is mechanical noise associated with machinery housed in the nacelle of the turbine. The majority of noise in the marine environment due to wind turbines is related to mechanical vibration in the drive train [4958]. By far the longest phase of a windfarm's lifecycle is the operational phase. Noise can arise from many activities in the marine environment. The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149],

vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.

During operation abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintenance of the windfarm, the subsequent

dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].

Scour will occur around the base of the foundations during operation due to hydrological changes caused by the turbine foundation which will lead to the liberation of sediment to the water column and formation of sediment plumes. Once the foundations have been scoured to their equilibrium depth, they are unlikely to refill and there will be therefore be an absence of sediment for further scouring under typical conditions in the future. [4388] The dragging of anchors used by

vessels involved in maintenance and repair activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223].



Although there are no significant discharges associated with wind farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still

occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper

wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].

The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light emissions associated with offshore wind turbines could have a potential impact through attraction of birds due to illumination by navigational lights and subsequent increase in the risk of collision [3125]. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity

occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].

There is a world-wide concern of the expansion of non-indigenous species because they alter local biodiversity and sometimes compete with native species, some of which of commercial interest. This is especially the case in shallow coastal waters, subject to a multitude of human activities, including the construction of artificial hard substrata. The construction of numerous windmills off the Belgian coast was used to study the colonisation of non-indigenous species on these

new artificial structures, monitoring the fouling communities of the wind farms on a regular basis from the beginning of their installation [4385]. They demonstrated that the new artificial hard substrata of the windmills offer new opportunities for non-indigenous species (introduced and southern Northeast Atlantic range-expanding species) to enter the Southern North Sea. Or, if already present, to expand their population size and hence strengthen their strategic position in the Southern North Sea. This is particularly important for the obligate intertidal hard substrata species, for which other offshore habitat is rare to non-existing [4385]. Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as

biofouling and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. Thousands of marine species can be carried in ships’ ballast water [3164].











The physical presence of a wind turbine could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960].

The majority of noise in the marine environment due to wind turbines is related to mechanical vibration in the drive train. Monopile turbines produced the highest sound pressure level (SPL) of the foundations at lower frequencies (<200 Hz), with levels of 149 dB re 1 μPa within 5 m of the foundation at 560 Hz. The jacket produced the highest SPL at high frequencies (>500 Hz) with 177 dB re 1 μPa at 700 Hz and 191 dB re 1 μPa at 925 Hz within 5 m of the jacket. These high SPL at

high frequency produced by the jacket are associated with structural resonances for which the high SPL is strongly localised to volumes very close to the jacket and dissipate rapidly moving away from the foundation. [4958]. By far the longest phase of a windfarm's lifecycle is the operational phase. Two measurements of offshore wind turbine noise show low frequency sound levels, with a Source Level spectra showing a maximum of 153 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m at 16 Hz. The measurements are of individual turbines of a relatively low power (less than 1 MW). Despite the low level, low frequency nature of the sound, behavioural reactions have been observed in a study of harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) response to the reproduction of wind turbine noise [4906]. Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can

also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of impacting larger areas. Small sea going vessels typically produce broadband noise at source levels of 160-180 dB re 1μPa-m (RMS) [4915; 4908].Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic

deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].

The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. The majority of noise in the marine environment due to wind turbines is related to mechanical vibration in the drive train [4958]. Note most vibration transmitted into the water column will radiate as underwater noise, most vibration is transmitted through the ground/seabed [4366].

During decommissioning, abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed

level [4387]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the device/ array, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].

As energy generating devices are decommissioned, there is a risk of vessels and other structures presenting a collision risk to mobile species. Species can collide with the propeller or other parts of the hull causing collision injury or death. In general, the most lethal and serious injuries to mobile species such as marine mammals are caused by large ships (e.g. 80 m or longer) and vessels travelling at speeds faster than 14 knots. Most minor injuries, by contrast, involved collisions with vessels less than 45 m long. Collisions are rarely reported for vessels doing less than 10 km/hour [5120; 4987]. A lack of information exists regarding collision risk of animals (e.g. birds, fish, marine mammals) with underwater structures.

The response of animals will depend on their detection of a device and any associated structures [5084; 5194; 5195].

Decommissioning is likely to require removal of all structures including foundations and cables and leaving the seabed in a similar state to that found before the project was started. Dredging may be required and removal of other material including habitats within a localised area that may have developed during the lifetime of the project. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate

[3122].

Habitats which may have developed during the lifetime of a project may be removed as part of the decommissioning process [5197].

During decommissioning penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out decommissioning works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in decommissioning of the devices/array, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery

[3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].

Temporary excavation pits may be required to access buried cabling or enable removal of foundations at or below seabed level [4387].

Habitat change will occur due to removal of structures on the seabed including foundations, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. The seabed type within the footprint of the works may be changed from artificial substratum to a more natural pre-exisiting habitat [4898; 4997; 4890; 4892; 5197].

Vessel noise is thought to be the main source of persistent noise during decommissioning activities [4387]. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different part of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have

the potential of impacting larger areas. Above and underwater noise may also come from cutting and lifting operations [4387]. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].


3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity. In offshore renewable environmental statements decommissioning noise is considered to be similar to that of construction although levels will be lower overall as it is assumed that percussive piling will not be used [e.g. 4386]. Above and underwater noise may come from cutting and lifting operations [4387].

The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. Depending on methods used removal of foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387] although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower than during construction [4388].

The collision risk of wave and especially tidal stream structures is well recognised for marine mammals, birds and fish, and although often difficult to assess/quantify could require mitigation measures [3098; 5083]. Bird (and mammal) collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. The main collision risk is, however, underwater




Removal of structures, scour protection and cables will temporarily create increased siltation. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].

The pressure is potentially associated with decommissioning activities. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light emissions associated with offshore structures could have a potential impact through attraction of birds due to illumination

by navigational lights and subsequent increase in the risk of collision [3125]. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].






The dragging of anchors used by vessels involved in decommissioning activities can cause localised and temporary increases in suspended sediments [3223]. The settling out of suspended sediments is only expected to cause negligible increases in siltation. Depending on methods used removal of foundations and scour protection may lead to temporary increases in suspended solids and siltation [4387], although levels of sediment disturbed are likely to be lower than

during construction [4388].

Although there are no significant discharges associated with wave/tidal farm operation activities, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still







Vibration may occur due to decommissioning of arrays depending on the methods used to remove devices and foundations.

Vessels, devices, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.


Installation of device foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to abrasion and disturbance of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation of the windfarm, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion


The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The presence of vessels and structures as they are installed may cause a barrier to species movement that can be temporary or longer term [3125; 3148]. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given

feature/site. Noise generated during sonar operations have been linked with behavioural changes even stranding in marine mammals [5077]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Development near the coast can result in barriers to species movement through increased noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151]. The noise and turbidity arising from dredging operations may pose a barrier to migration when occurring on or

in proximity of specific migratory routes [3152; 3080; 2757].

The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in suspended solids within the water column [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised

hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122]. Probably only temporarily and localised during construction.

The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of monopiles and jacket foundations can lead to both the removal and addition of sediment within a localised area [4384; 3127; 3148]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised

hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].

Installation of device foundations and associated infrastructure will lead to penetration and abrasion of the seabed through the placement of the infrastructure itself, associated scour protection and the use of jack up barges and other installation vessels [3184; 3127]. Foundations will penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in installation, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m

in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].

Habitat loss will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including foundations, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 5083]. Foundations penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base.

Habitat change will occur due to placement of structures on the seabed including foundations, substations and scour protection [3122; 3127; 3083; 3125]. The habitat may be changed to steel, concrete, rock or other substances depending on the type of foundation or scour protection. Foundations can change the seabed type within the footprint of the piling works from soft sediment to an artificial substratum [4898; 4997; 4890; 4892].

The construction and operation of wave or tidal energy projects can create noise that may impact marine mammals and fish spawning and other sensitive life cycle stages. Important parameters are peak pressure, received energy (received sound pressure level), signal duration, spectral type, frequency (range), duty cycle, directionality and signal rise times. Possible effects on marine mammals can be divided into behavioural disturbance (including displacement), masking, and injury either as temporary threshold shift (TTS), permanent threshold shift (PTS) or other injuries such as tissue damage and, in extreme cases, death if the animal is very close to pile-driving activities [3125]. One of most significant activities during construction is foundation installation, with measurements available of pile installation using both impact and vibro pile hammers. The most relevant of these is a measurement of wind turbine monopile foundation installation, giving Source Levels of 215 dB re 1 mPa @ 1 m. Both physical and behavioural effects on marine wildlife have been noted [4906]. The available information indicates an average figure for ambient noise in the marine environment of approximately

70 dB. The available information also indicates that pile driving noise (for 4 to 5 m diameter piles) can be as high as of 260 to 270 dB re 1 μPa at source [4964] at a range of 20 Hz to > 20 kHz with most energy around 100 to 200 Hz [4906; 5166]. However, piles for wave and tidal projects are likely to be smaller than this. Also, factors such as pile diameter, water depth, geology and sea bed topography can all influence noise generation and propagation so values are likely to

vary from site to site [3125].Shipping is an important source of underwater noise. Although the majority of this will come from the propeller cavitation, onboard machinery and turbulence around the hull can also result in underwater noise being transmitted underwater. Different parts of the vessel and different vessels emit at different frequencies. Generally, lower frequency with increasing size. Low frequency sounds generally travel farther and have the potential of

impacting larger areas. Seismic prospecting in the oil and gas industry, acoustic deterrents/harassing devices, turbine operation, piling, explosives, etc are all sources of underwater noise [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].



The collision risk of wave and especially tidal stream structures is well recognised for marine mammals, birds and fish, and although often difficult to assess/quantify could require mitigation measures [3098; 5083]. Bird (and mammal) collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. During construction, there is a risk of collision as structures are

installed and as a result of vessel movement.





During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953].






The use of dredging in the preparation of the seabed for foundations to ensure a smooth, horizontal seabed for foundation installation and subsequent deposition of the cleared material [3122], and the deposition of drill arisings following drilling of the seabed for installation of foundations have the potential to lead to localised and temporary increases in siltation rate [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics,

type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].




During construction, accidental spillage may occur directly into the water column from where materials spilled may disperse as a plume on the water surface, within the water column or fall directly to the seabed [e.g. 4953]. For tidal stream, impacts are unlikely to be significant given open and exposed nature of sites. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water

mixtures from ships are prohibited within the North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover,

antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].

The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. Activities resulting in vibration are for dredging (which may be used in seabed preparation) as the draghead is carried over the seabed or grab is operated [3804]; drilling [3111; 3149], and activities involving piling (especially if vibropiling is used) [3078; 3128; 3154].

Vessels, devices, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.

During operation abrasion and/or disturbance of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Additional scour protection may be placed on the seabed where required leading to abrasion/ disturbance [3148]. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintenance of the array, the subsequent

dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223].

The pressure refers to obstructions to species movement caused by physical barrier or prolonged exposure to noise, light, visual disturbance or changes in water quality. The scale of the impact will depend on scale of activity and the location and will need to be considered on case-by-case basis to determine relevance to given feature/site. The presence of tidal/ wave farms can lead to a behavioural response (displacement from habitat and extension of flights/movement) for

mobile species, effectively causing a barrier to movement [5162; 5166]. They may represent a barrier to movement of migrating or feeding animals and may potentially result in displacement of migration routes and displacement of feeding animals. Such displacements may incur heavier energetic costs, which may ultimately affect survival or breeding success [3125]. Noise arising from other long-lived operations using explosives such as harbour construction or military

activities can also alter migration routes of sensitive species [4990]. Coastal development can result in barriers to species movement through increased noise (e.g. construction, shipping, acoustic deterrants), lighting, presence of structures, changes to water quality and suspended sediments [2817; 3085; 3096; 3106; 3195; 2763; 3111; 3149; 2834; 3151].

The collision risk of wave and especially tidal stream structures is well recognised for marine mammals, birds and fish, and although often difficult to assess/quantify could require mitigation measures [3098; 5083]. Bird (and mammal) collisions with vessels occurs and it is documented to be higher particularly at night on lighted ships near coastal areas. These are more frequent also under poor visibility [4337]. The main collision risk is, however, underwater.


Operational noise of any of these installations is unlikely to be ecologically significant although there is very little information on the sound levels produced by the operation of tidal stream farms or wave energy farms. There are also very few (if any) directed studies of the response of fish and marine mammals to noises and vibrations produced by operational [5195]. In the case of tidal stream farms the operational noise from a small number of units may not exceed threshold

levels, but the cumulative noise production from large numbers of units has the potential to mask the communication and echolocation sounds produced by aquatic organisms in the vicinity of the structures. Resolution of the significance or otherwise of noise impacts will require information about the device's acoustic signature (e.g., sound pressure levels across the full range of frequencies) for both individual units and multiple-unit arrays, similar characterization of ambient noise in the vicinity of the farm, the hearing sensitivity of fish and marine mammals that inhabit the area, and information about the behavioural responses to anthropogenic noise (e.g., avoidance, attraction, changes in schooling behaviour

or migration routes) [ 5194]. Underwater noise impacts may result from vessel movement [4921; 4995; 5173; 5172].

The pressure relates to the vibration produced by certain activities and does not include vessels as it assumed not to be significant. The operation of marine devices will cause vibration which may lead to the disturbance and potential displacement of marine wildlife or seabirds. [5195]

Structures placed in the marine environment immediately interact with the local current regime. The physical presence of an energy generating device could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960]. This may lead to the development of scour pits adjacent to foundations or secondary scour around scour protection [3148]. Artificial reefs may have directly negative impacts through changes in current velocities and direction [4980; 5018; 5021; 2293]. Structures added to the coastal environment as a result of coastal defence schemes, coastal developments, artificial reefs, etc., can change local flow


The physical presence of wave and tidal turbines which pierce the surface/ near surface could lead to diffraction or funnelling of waves and currents between the turbines, reductions in the wave energy reaching the coast and changes in local wave patterns [4960].

Operation of wave devices at or very close to the shoreline have the potential to create small, localised changes to the tidal regime through alteration of the energy reaching the shore [5195].



The use of machinery, vessels, explosives, people will result in an increase of above water noise. Some examples of sources of airborne noise are drilling rigs and support [3111; 3149], vessels used to service aquaculture facilities [2834; 3151], vessels used in coastal developments and flood defences [2817; 3085; 2838; 3136; 3153; 3154; 3132], military activities, aggregate extraction [3152], cabling operations [3158; 3164], pilling [1329; 3082], etc. However, the magnitude of

pressure would depend on the scale, intensity and duration of the activity.

The pressure is potentially associated with construction, maintenance, operational lighting, plus navigation and operational lighting on vessels and structures. Lighting can cause disorientation or displace sensitive species. Lighted vessels and structures in open waters may pose a collision risk to many species of birds. Birds drawn to light may become disoriented and collide with these structures, which may result in injury and death. Light emissions associated with offshore

structures could have a potential impact through attraction of birds due to illumination by navigational lights and subsequent increase in the risk of collision [3125]. Light from vessels may also be of concern where significant levels of activity occur in close proximity to sensitive bird habitats including coastal inshore waters [3083; 3088; 3195; 2797; 3107; 4334; 4339].






During operation penetration of the seabed may occur due to the use of vessels carrying out maintenance and repair works with either jackup legs which cause depressions on the seabed [3148] or anchors [3127]. Foundations penetrate into the seabed to provide a sound structure base. Damage to the seabed may be caused by deployment of anchors from vessels used in maintanance, the subsequent dragging and locking in of anchors and through the chain causing

abrasion and scour whilst at anchor and upon recovery [3223]. The anchors of large shipping and cargo vessels have been found to penetrate the seabed at depths up to approximately 1 m in trials. For example, for an 11.5 tonne anchor penetration of up to 0.88 m occurred in soft sediment when the anchor was dropped and dragged 87 m [4971]. There is a tendency for the anchor to penetrate to deep depths in softer sediment as the opening of the anchor flukes prevents

deep penetration in harder sediment [5076].

Operation and maintenance of energy generating devices may require cable and foundation scour protection and has potential to interrupt or change local siltation rates as well as the operation fo the devices themselves. [4384; 3127]. The level and area of impact depend on a number of factors including localised hydrodynamics, type of foundation and seabed substrate [3122].

Although there are no significant discharges associated with wet renewable arrays, lubricants, oils and greases are required to ensure the operational parts of the device to work efficiently and there is a potential that accidental spillages of these materials may occur [4953]. The primary chemicals of environmental concern in vessel oil and fuel are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Deliberate discharges of oil or oil/water mixtures from ships are prohibited within the

North West European Waters Special Area, established by the International Maritime Organization under MARPOL Annex I in 1999. This includes all waters around the UK and its approaches. However, accidental discharges still occur. Information on accidental discharges of oil from ships and offshore platforms is compiled by the Advisory Committee on Protection of the Sea (ACOPS) on behalf of the Maritime and Coastguard Agency each year. Although the majority of

incidents are minor, several incidents occur annually that have led to the actual or potential release of significant amounts of oil (typically from large shipping vessels and tankers). Moreover, antifouling compounds like TBT and copper wash from ship coatings with larger concentrations in heavily used shipping routes or within harbours [3032; 3096; 3107; 3164; 4333; 4985].




Offshore energy arrays can have a potential visual effect on mobile species , whereby they change behaviour by avoiding the vicinity of the turbines as a response to a visual stimulus [5162]. Vessels, vehicles and people movement can create visual stimuli which can evoke a disturbance response in mobile species such as marine mammals and seabirds [5106; 5117]. The magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature and scale/intensity of the activity.



species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Due to their penetrative nature and close contact with the seabed, scallop dredges cause substantial physical disruption to the seafloor by ploughing sediments and damaging organisms. The Newhaven dredges used by the UK king scallop fishery are likely to be one of the most damaging types of scallop dredge due to the effect of their long teeth, which can penetrate 3-10 cm into the seabed [4927; 4452]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance






species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Due to their penetrative nature and close contact with the seabed, scallop dredges cause substantial physical disruption to the seafloor by ploughing sediments and damaging organisms. The Newhaven dredges used by the UK king scallop fishery are likely to be one of the most damaging types of scallop dredge due to the effect of their long teeth, which can penetrate 3-10 cm into the seabed [4927; 4452]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance



resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Dredging can result in bycatch of fish, crustaceans and other invertebrates, turtles and even marine mammals [1419; 1436; 4412; 4452; 5109]. Of all the fishing gears, scallop dredges are considered to be the most damaging to non-target benthic communities [4927].

Dredges are used to collect a variety of shellfish species. Examples of species that can be directly removed from intertidal and subtidal habitats as result of a targeted fishery include oysters (Ostrea edulis), mussels (Mytilus edulis), scallops (Pecten spp.), cockles (Cerastoderma edule), and razor clams (Ensis spp.). These may themselves be features/sub-features of designated sites (e.g. mussel beds/oyster beds/biogenic reefs), or may be species forming part of the biotope (e.g.

bivalves in sediment features) or wider community composition associated with the designated feature [1419; 1436; 4362].




5106; 4977].

Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707;

1436; 3186] may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.







hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].





Bivalve parasites such as Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae can devastate populations of species such as Ostrea edulis with diseases marteiliosis and bonamiosis. The methods of infection transmission are not well understood. Direct transmission can occur but it is likely that secondary, intermediary, agents (such as zooplankton) are also required. Environmental conditions also play a key role in determining disease prevalence [4349; 4411]. Therefore, shellfish fisheries

occurring in areas of parasite prevalence have the potential of transmitting the disease to infection free areas, although the likelihood of this is probably quite low.

Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. In addition, this pressure could result from intentional or accidental release of seed stock associated with shellfishery activities [4348].






This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are

spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].









Vessel movement is an important source of underwater noise, with noise emitted typically varying with vessel size whereby larger vessels generate lower frequency sound. Although propeller cavitation is the main source of such noise, gear deployment/towing/hauling, turbulence around the hull and the use of fish finding sonars will also result in noise being transmitted underwater by fishing vessels [3152; 3096; 4921]. For example, the source levels associated with small sea going vessels and echosounders are typically 160-180 dB and 235 (Peak) re 1μPa-m (RMS), respectively [3152]. Underwater noise can result in disturbance particularly to mobile receptors such as fish, birds and mammals [3152; 4921; 2074;

3069; 4869]



species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Hydraulic dredging fluidises the seabed which can persist over many weeks after dredging, whereas the trenches created by the dredge can remain visible over a number of years [3108;

4460]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].





species’, ‘Removal of non-target species’), damage, displacement or death of the benthic flora and fauna; short-term attraction of scavengers; and the alteration of habitat structure (e.g. flattening of wave forms, removal of rock, removal of structural organisms) [3137; 1419; 1436; 4471; 4448]. Hydraulic dredging fluidises the seabed which can persist over many weeks after dredging, whereas the trenches created by the dredge can remain visible over a number of years [3108;

4460]. The magnitude of the immediate response to fishing disturbance, cumulative effects and recovery times varies significantly according to factors such as the type of fishing gear and fishing intensity, the habitat and sediment type, levels of natural disturbance and among different taxa [4471; 4472; 4473; 4410; 3137].


resources for some scavenging species, including seabirds [4467; 4468]. Hydraulic dredging can result in high rates of invertebrate bycatch, along with other benthic species such as small fish [1419; 1436; 3108; 4355; 4460; 4461].

Species that are directly removed from intertidal and subtidal habitats as result of a targeted fishery using hydraulic dredges include cockles (Cerastoderma edule), razor clams (Ensis spp.), mussels (Mytilus spp.) and a range of other bivalve species. These may themselves be features/sub-features of designated sites (e.g. mussel beds/biogenic reefs), or may be species forming part of the biotope (e.g. bivalves in sediment features) or wider community composition associated

with the designated feature [1419; 1436; 4362].




4977].

Noise arises from many activities in the marine environment which can evoke a disturbance response in marine mammals and birds [2825; 3269; 3227; 2074; 4869]. In relation to fishing, the operation of gear and vessels, as well as presence of people, may result in an increase in above water noise [4352]. However, the magnitude of the pressure will depend on the nature, scale, intensity and duration of the activity. Further, the impact of such disturbance on birds [3202; 2707;

1436] may be considered better captured by the pressure 'visual disturbance'.







hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].





Bivalve parasites such as Marteilia refringens and Bonamia ostreae can devastate populations of species such as Ostrea edulis with diseases marteiliosis and bonamiosis. The methods of infection transmission are not well understood. Direct transmission can occur but it is likely that secondary, intermediary, agents (such as zooplankton) are also required. Environmental conditions also play a key role in determining disease prevalence [4349; 4411]. Therefore, shellfish fisheries

occurring in areas of parasite prevalence have the potential of transmitting the disease to infection free areas, although the likelihood of this is probably quite low.

Aquatic organisms may be transferred to new locations as biofouling on vessels and gear and can be harmful and invasive in locations where they do not naturally occur [3164; 3132; 2798; 4338; 4339]. All craft have some biofouling, even if recently cleaned or anti-fouled [4978; 5177]. In addition, this pressure could result from intentional or accidental release of seed stock associated with shellfishery activities [4348].


UK fisheries has been estimated at 36 km per year [5103] and surveys across 32 sites in European waters (continental shelves to canyons) found that derelict fishing gear was the second most abundant item encountered (34% of total) [4459]. Various types of litter result from fishing in general including galley waste, fish boxes, floats/buoys, nets, ropes, lines, pots, weights and micro-plastic particles resulting from disintegration of plastic gear [3160; 3118]. Impacts of such




This pressure is associated with sediment mobilisation as well as the deposition of organic matter. The spatial and temporal persistence of any change will depend on factors such as the gear type and intensity of the activity, levels of natural disturbance, temperature and the sediment type/composition, resulting in many changes being relatively short lived and localised [4891; 4899; 4351; 4446]. For fishing, the pressure may result from disturbance of the sediment in the wake of towed gears and resuspension of organic rich sediments [1419; 3186; 1436; 4350; 4407; 4351; 4446; 4899]. Further, organic matter at the surface may be buried within anaerobic subsurface layers [4450]. In fisheries where discards are

spatially concentrated, particularly in areas of low current flow, discards may result in localised increases in organic matter and potentially hypoxia or anoxia of the seabed [3120; 3805].










3069; 4869].

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3 2009

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5 J. W. Pearce-Higgins and D. W. Yalden 2004

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9 R. D. Gregory 1987

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11 2002

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16 J. Smart, J. A. Gill, W. J. Sutherland and A. R. Watkinson 200617 1997

18 2000

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20 J. D. Goss-Custard, D. G. Kay and R. M. Blindell 1977

21 M. Ausden, A. Rowlands, W. J. Sutherland and R. James 2003

22 D. Liley and W. J. Sutherland 2007

23 T. Bregnballe, J. Madsen and P. A. F. Rasmussen 200424 P. Nummi and H. Poysa 199525 N. E. Buxton and C. M. Young 198126 P. H. Becker, D. Frank and S. R. Sudmann 1993

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Marine Ecological Surveys Ltd. (MESL) and Natural England (NE)

4632 Unknown 20104633 Unknown4634 Isles of Scilly Wildlife Trust 20104635 DONG Energy 20094636 Natural England (NE) 20054637 Natural England (NE)4638 Unknown 20064639 Marine Aggregate Levy & Sustainability Fund (MALSF)4640 Marine Aggregate Levy & Sustainability Fund (MALSF)4641 Unknown4642 F. a. A. S. C. Centre for Environment 20084643 Seasearch and Cornwall Wildlife Trust (CWT) 20114644 Cornwall Wildlife Trust (CWT) 20114645 The Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies (IECS) 20154646 Ecology Land and People 20114647 Alde & Ore Wildfowlers Association 2011

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Cornwall Wildlife Trust, Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust, Devon Seasearch, Kent Seasearch and K. W. Trust

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4724 Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) and English Nature (EN) 19994725 Environment Agency (EA) 20004726 2001

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4838 Centrica 20024839 EMU Ltd. 2011

4840 Envision Mapping Ltd. 20114841 A. Pearson, P. Carter and B. Baily 2005

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Title

Recreational disturbances of breeding golden plovers Pluvialis apricariusTesting the effects of recreational disturbance on two upland breeding waders

The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms

Time budgets and foraging of breeding golden plover Pluvialis apricariaObservations on the Breeding of the Golden Plover in Great BritainVariation in the upland heathlands of Great Britain: Conservation importance

Impacts of Man-Made Landscape Features on Numbers of Estuarine Waterbirds at Low Tide

Diet of the Dunlin Calidris alpina in the Severn Estuary

The importance of freshwater flows over estuarine mudflats for wintering waders and wildfowl

Grassland-breeding waders: identifying key habitat requirements for managementManaging coastal grazing marshes for breeding waders and over wintering geese: Is there a conflict?

Habitat models of bird species' distribution: an aid to the management of coastal grazing marshes

Effects of temporal and spatial hunting control in waterbird reservesBreeding success of ducks in relation to different habitat factorsThe food of the Shelduck in north-east ScotlandTemporal and spatial pattern of common tern (Sterna hirundo) foraging in the Wadden Sea

Variation in the use of pasture by breeding European Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria in relation to prey availabilityHabitat selection, diet, arthropod availability and growth of a moorland wader: the ecology of European Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria chicks

Comparative winter feeding ecology of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus and Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria on cereals and grasslands in the Lower Derwent Valley, North YorkshireWinter field use and habitat selection by Eurasian Golden Plovers Pluvialis apricaria and Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus on arable farmland

What determines the densities of feeding birds on tidal flats? A case study on dunlin, Calidris alpina, in the Wadden Sea

Importance of drainage channels for waders foraging on tidal flats: relevance for the management of estuarine wetlands

The management of lowland neutral grasslands in Britain: effects of agricultural practices on birds and their food resourcesThe density of migratory and overwintering redshank, Tringa totanus (L.) and curlew, Numenius arquata (L.), in relation to the density of their prey in south-east EnglandDiet of breeding Lapwing Vanellus vanellus and Redshank Tringa totanus on coastal grazing marsh and implications for habitat management: Capsule Management of coastal grazing marshes for these breeding wading birds should prescribe maintaining shallow pools in May and June instead of until the end of April as currently set out in most coastal grazing marsh ESA agri-environment schemes

Predicting the population consequences of human disturbance for Ringed Plovers Charadrius hiaticula: a game theory approach

Summer sandeel consumption by seabirds breeding in the Firth of Forth, south-east Scotland

Seabird foraging ranges as a preliminary tool for identifying candidate Marine Protected Areas

Establishment of territories in two species of gull on Walney Island, Cumbria

The effects of quantity and quality of prey on population fluctuations in three seabird speciesManaging grassland for wild geese in Britain: a review

Impact of disturbance on field utilization of pink-footed geese in West Jutland, DenmarkFeeding site selection by Wigeon Anas penelope in relation to waterPredicting the effect of disturbance on coastal birds

The breeding ecology of coastal and inland Oystercatchers in north Lancashire

The effect of ‘mosaic management’ on the demography of black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa on farmland

Use of feeding habitats by breeding Eurasian wigeon

De verstoring van vogels op de slikken van de Oosterschelde.Breeding waders of the Somerset Moors: Factors affecting their distribution and breeding success.

The effects of recreation on the Wadden Sea ecosystem: many questions but few answers.

The ecology of breeding waterfowl at the Ouse Washes, England."

Field feeding by dabbling ducks around the Ouse Washes, England.Some considerations on the social requirements of ducks in winter.

Habitat use by different-aged duck broods and juvenile ducks.

Feeding distribution and behaviour of Shelduck in relation to food supply.Differential. effects of reduced Sandeel availability on 2 sympatrically breeding species of tern.

A comparison of Herring Gull Larus argentatus and Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus nest sites: their characteristics and relationships with breeding successLesser Black-backed Gulls Larus fuscus nesting in an inland urban colony: the importance of earthworms (Lumbricidae) in their diet: Capsule Earthworms can be an important food of birds breeding inland and on the coast

Effects of wind turbines and other physical elements on field utilization by pink-footed geese (Anser brachyrhynchus): A landscape perspective

Experiments on selection of feeding site and food size in oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, of different social status

Experimental disturbance by walkers affects behaviour and territory density of nesting Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa

Links between the Water Framework Directive (WFD 2000/60/EC) and Natura Directives (Birds Directive 2009/147/EC) and Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC).The Roseate tern Sterna dougalli in the east Atlantic. Proceedings of a workshop held at the Lodge, Sandy, Bedfordshire, England, 3 October 1987.

Changing balance between survival and recruitment explains population trends in Red Knots Calidris canutus islandica wintering in Britain, 1969 - 1995.

The density of Redshank Tringa totanus breeding on the salt marshes on the Wash in relation to habitat and its grazing management.The effect of introducing cattle grazing to saltmarsh on densities of breeding redshank Tringa totanus at Frampton Marsh RSPB Reserve, Lincolnshire, England.

Habitat usage of wintering ducks at the Ouse Washes, England. Wildfowl Ecology Symposium, Norwich 1975.

An experimental study of numerical and behavioural responses of spring staging dabbling ducks to human pedestrian disturbance.

The abundance and distribution of intertidal invertebrates, and an estimation of their selection by Shelduck.

Towards predicting wading bird densities from predicted prey densities in a post-barrage Severn estuary.

Cygnus colombianus Bewick’s Swan and Whistling Swan.

Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan.

Anser brachyrhynchus Pink-footed Goose.Habitat selection of farmland feeding geese in west Jutland, Denmark: an example of niche shift.

Escape distances from human pedestrians by staging waterbirds in a Danish wetland.

The feeding ecology and conservation of wigeon wintering at the Ouse Washes, England.Factors affecting selection of nitrogen-fertilized grassland by breeding wigeon, Anas penelope.Nest-site selection in riverside nesting oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus.

The effects of environmental conditions on feeding rates and prey selection of shore plovers.

Studies on Sanderling at Teesmouth, NE England.The ecology of black-tailed godwits at an Irish south coast estuary.Floods threaten Black-tailed godwits breeding at the Ouse Washes.Breeding waders of lowland grasslands.Verspreiding van Grutto's Limosa limosa over verschillende typen grasland in het broedseizoen.The Wet Grassland Guide: Managing Floodplain and Coastal Wet Grasslands for Wildlife.Grazing and other management of upland vegetation: a review with special reference to birds.Water level requirements of wetland plants and animals.Waterbirds & Wetland Recreation Handbook: A review of issues and management practice.The Ecology and Behaviour of Mixed Species Groups - Gulls and Plovers.Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol 3: Hoatzin to Auks.Birds, Bogs and Forestry: the Peatlands of Caithness and Sutherland.

Managing Habitats For Conservation.Handbook of the Birds of the World, vol 1: Ostrich to Ducks.Ducks, geese and swans Volume 2: species accounts (Cairina to Mergus).Wildfowl in Great BritainThe Birds of the Western Palearctic. Concise EditionWildlife After GravelWinter status, distribution and habitat use by Teal in the United Kingdom.The Seabirds of Britain and Ireland.

Studies of shorebirds at Lindisfarne, Northumberland. 1. Feeding ecology and behaviour of the Bar-tailed Godwit.

Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii utilising the changing resources of Potamogeton pectinatus during autumn in the Netherlands.Bewick's swans, Cygnus columbianus bewickii, in the Netherlands: numbers, distribution and food choice during the wintering season.

Habitat use by Whooper swans Cygnus cygnus and Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering in Denmark: increasing agricultural conflicts.

Feeding behaviour of breeding wigeon, Anas penelope, in relation to seasonal emergence and swarming behaviour of chironomids.A study of the impact of human disturbance on wigeon Anas penelope and Brent geese Branta bernicla hrota on an Irish sea loch.

Wigeon conservation and salting pasture management at Bridgewater Bay National Nature Reserve, Somerset.

Diet and energy intake of grey and ringed plovers, Pluvialis squatorola and Charadrius hiaticula, in the non-breeding season.

The ecology of the Morecambe Bay III. The food and feeding habits of the knot (Caldris canutus) in Morecambe Bay.

The Common TernThe Ruff: Individuality in a Gregarious Wading Bird.

Ducks, geese and swans Volume 1: general chapters; species accounts (Anhima to Salvadorina).The Atlas of Wintering Birds in Britain and Ireland.The Management of Lowland Wet Grassland for Breeding Waders.Construction of rafts and islandsHabitat requirements of breeding Golden Plover Pluvialis apricaria.Feeding strategies of Bewick's Swans (Cygnus columbianus bewickii) in winter.

The Ecology and Conservation of Lapwings Vanellus vanellus.

Waterbirds in the UK 2011/12: The Wetland Bird Survey.

Site Characterisation of European Marine Sites - The Mersey Estuary SPA

Ornithological Technical Report: Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind FarmDepartmental Brief Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore pSPA and pRamsarMersey Estuary SPA citation version 1.1 UK9005131 (updated May 2004)Ribble & Alt Estuaries Regulation 33 Advice Package - DRAFT

Condition Assessment of the Ribble Estuary SSSI: Littoral SedimentsLytham St Annes Beach Management Plan 2011/2020 - Draft.

Event Management Plan: European Sandyachting Championships.The Urban Mersey Basin Natural Area: A nature conservation profile.Draft report of the condition of bird species using the Mersey Narrows and North Wirral ForeshoreMersey Narrows and North Wirral Foreshore pSPA Compensation Study

Saltmarsh vegetation of the Mersey EstuaryThe Dee & Mersey Estuaries - Environmental BackgroundSaltmarsh survey of Great Britain; Merseyside and Cheshire county reportEstuaries Management Plans Coastal Processes and Conservation - Mersey EstuaryThornton to Switch Island Link, Merseyside. Winter Bird Survey 2007-08 and 2008-09Speke Garston Coastal Reserve: Soft Cliff Erosion Study.

Protecting Internationally Important Bird Sites: A Review of the EEC Special Protection Area Network in Great Britain.

Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 3: Waders to Gulls

Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks.Review and analysis of changes in water-bird use of the Mersey Estuary SPA, Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore SPA and Ribble & Alt Estuaries SPA (BTO Research Report No. 648)

Analysis of waterbird population trends in the Mersey Estuary SPA, Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore pSPA and Ribble & Alt Estuaries SPA (BTO Research Report No. 640)Assessment of the number and distribution of little gulls in and around the Outer Thames SPA, Liverpool Bay/Bae Lerpwl SPA and in the Greater Wash Area of SearchNorth West Region European Marine Sites Monitoring of Littoral Features: Intertidal Survey Technical Report.

Southport & Crosby Marine Lakes: Water Quality & Ecological Monitoring to develop a long term management strategy.

New Ferry SSSI – potential extension to the Mersey Estuary Special Protection Area and proposed extension to the Mersey Estuary Ramsar site.

Mersey Narrows feasibility study: To explore and determine the possibilities of restoring turnstone habitat on the Mersey Narrows with a focus at Egremont Foreshore.Mersey Estuary baseline survey. Analysis of macroinfaunal samples, literature review and database production.

Draft report of the condition of bird species using the Mersey Estuary SPAMersey Tidal Power Feasibility Study: Stage 3. Feasibility Study ReportThe distribution and abundance of waders wintering on the Alt Estuary, Merseyside, England.Wet dredge cockle harvesting: trials in the Ribble Estuary.Birds in Cheshire and Wirral: A Breeding and Wintering AtlasThe UK SPA network: its scope and contents. Volume 2: Species Account.

The Mersey Estuary - Naturally OursThe Wetland Bird SurveyMersey Narrows and North Wirral Foreshore SPA citation UK9020287 (updated July 2013)A6.70b Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa islandica (non- breeding)Seaforth Nature ReserveA6.74b Redshank Tringa totanus (non-breeding)Species factsheet: Larus minutus.Seaforth Nature Reserve - a local treasure.Common TernThe Common Tern - far from common.A6.90 Common Tern Sterna hirundoJNCC Seabird Monitoring ProgrammeMersey Narrows and North Wirral Foreshore Boundary MapThe importance of the Mersey estuary for waders in the cold weather of February 1991A Four-year Census of Wading Birds on the Ribble Estuary, Lancashire/MerseysideThe status of Icelandic Redshank Tringa totanus robusta in north Kent during autumnBird Atlas 2007-11: The breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland

Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland: results of the Seabird 2000 census (1998-2002)The Migration Atlas: Movements of the birds of Britain and Ireland

Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula breeding population of the United KingdomAn atlas of seabird distribution in north-west European waters.

BirdFacts: profiles of birds occurring in Britain & Ireland (BTO Research Report 407).Species factsheet: Anas acutaSpecies factsheet: Anser brachyrhynchusSpecies factsheet: Calidris albaSpecies factsheet: Charadrius hiaticulaSpecies factsheet: Cygnus columbianusSpecies factsheet: Haematopus ostralegusSpecies factsheet: Hydrocoloeus minutusSpecies factsheet: Larus fuscusSpecies factsheet: Philomachus pugnaxSpecies factsheet: Sterna hirundoSpecies factsheet: Calidris canutusKnot Calidris canutusBar-tailed godwit

Mersey Estuary - European marine site - English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994, as amended.

Birds of Conservation Concern 3: The population status of birds in the United Kingdom, Channel Islands and the Isle of Man

Bewick's swanBlack-tailed godwitDunlinGolden ploverGrey ploverKnotOystercatcherPink-footed gooseRedshankRuffSanderlingShelduckWigeon

Spartina anglica: a review of its status, dynamics and management.

Interpretation Manual of European Union Habitats, version EUR 28.Coastal Saline Lagoons and the Water Framework Directive.

UK Biodiversity Action Plan; Priority Habitat Descriptions.The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.

Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1130 EstuariesHabitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1320 Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae)

Vertebrate species - fish: 1102 Allis shad (Alosa alosa)

Vertebrate species - mammals: 1355 Otter (Lutra lutra)Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1170 ReefsVertebrate species - mammals: 1364 Grey seal (Halicoerus grypus)Habitat Account - Rocky habitats and caves: 8330 Submerged or partially submerged sea caves

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1320: Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1310: Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Peterborough: JNCC. Conservation status assessment for: H1160: Large shallow inlets and bays.

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1160: Large shallow inlets and bays.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for H1130: Estuaries.Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1130 – Estuaries.

Saltmarsh Review. An overview of coastal saltmarshes, their dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation and management.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H1140 – Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide

Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1420 Mediterranean And Thermo-Atlantic Halophilous Scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi)

Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats; 1150 Coastal lagoons.Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1160 Large shallow inlets and bays.Marine Monitoring Handbook

BWPi: Birds of the Western Palearctic interactive (Version 2.0)

The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birdsThe Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 - Regulation 35The Offshore Marine Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) (Amendment) Regulations 2010Report of the Habitats and Wild Birds Directives Implementation Review.

Commission note on setting conservation objectives for Natura 2000 sites.Natural England Standard: Conservation Objectives for European Sites in EnglandDeclines in midwinter counts of waders roosting on the Dee estuaryRSPB Handbook of British BirdsLancashire & Cheshire Fauna SocietyAir Pollution Information SystemReview of overwintering swans and geese in the SEA 6, 7 & 8 areas.

Ribble and Alt Estuaries SPA Citation November 2002 Version 0.7 UK9005103Ribble Estuary National Nature Reserve Management Plan 2010.RSPB Marshide Reserve 5 year Management Plan.Lancashire Bird Report 2009: The Birds of Lancashire and North Merseyside. Publication No. 113.

The Ribble & Alt Estuaries SPA/Ramsar and SSSI Conservation Objectives.Cheshire & Wirral Ornithological Society Bird Reports (2004-2009)Vision, brain and behaviour in birds.SPA bird species accounts.Places to see - Seaforth Nature Reserve

The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05

Case reports for the OSPAR list of threatened and/or declining species and habitatsBackground document for Zostera beds, seagrass beds.Mersey Estuary SPA descriptionWaterbirds in the UK 2010/11: The Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS).

RE: Site Lead Knowledge.

Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1140 Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide

Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1330 Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae)Habitat Account - Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1310 Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand

Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 2 Interpretation. BTO Research Report No. 347.

Ribble and Alt Estuaries European Marine Site Draft Advice Regulation 33 (2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994, as amended May 2001

The UK SPA network: its scope and contents.

Newton Marsh SSSI citationWet grassland and breeding waders: additional guidance for HLS agreements.Density-dependent starvation in a vertebrate without significant depletion

December 2010 SSSI Condition AssessmentRibble Estuary SSSI UnitsStudies on the sanderling at Tessmouth, NE England.Pink-footed goose extent and distributionRSPB Ribble Reserves Management PlanRE: Senior Reserve Manager KnowledgeMersey Estuary WeBS counts 2014

Species factsheet: Acrocephalus paludicola.Aquatic warbler.Arctic Tern.Species factsheet: Recurvirostra avosettaSpecies factsheet: Puffinus mauretanicus.Balearic shearwater.Species factsheet: Branta leucopsis.Barnacle goose.Species factsheet: Anser fabalis.Species factsheet: Botaurus stellaris.Bittern.Black-headed gull.Species factsheet: Podiceps nigricollis.Species factsheet: Numenius arquataSpecies factsheet: Branta berniclaBrent goose.White-fronted goose.Gadwall.Gannet.Species factsheet: Bucephala clangula.Species factsheet: Larus marinus.Species factsheet: Podiceps cristatus.Species factsheet: Gavia immer.Great skua.Species factsheet: Tringa nebulariaGreenshank.Greylag goose.Species factsheet: Circus cyaneus.Species factsheet: Larus argentatus.Species factsheet: Rissa tridactyla.Kittiwake.Species factsheet: Vanellus vanellus.Species factsheet: Egretta garzetta.RBBP Reports Online – Little Egret.

International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Northwest European population of Bewick’s Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii.

Species factsheet: Sterna albifrons.Little tern.Species factsheet: Clangula hyemalis.Mallard.Species factsheet: Puffinus puffinus.Manx shearwater.Species factsheet: Larus melanocephalus.Species factsheet: Circus pygargus.Species factsheet: Cygnus olor.Mute swan.Species factsheet: Aythya ferina.Pochard.Species factsheet: Fratercula arcticaPuffin.Species factsheet: Calidris maritimaRazorbill.Species factsheet: Mergus serrator.Red-breasted merganser.Species factsheet: Gavia stellata.Species factsheet: Sterna dougalliiRoseate tern.Species factsheet: Sterna sandvicensis.Shag.Species factsheet: Anas clypeata.Shoveler.Species factsheet: Podiceps auritus.Slavonian grebe.Species factsheet: Mergellus albellus.Smew.Species factsheet: Platalea leucorodia.Spoonbill.Species factsheet: Tringa erythropus.Spotted redshank.Species factsheet: Hydrobates pelagicus.Storm petrel.Species factsheet: Aythya fuligula.Species factsheet: Arenaria interpresMelanitta fusca. In: IUCN (2013). IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2.Species factsheet: Rallus aquaticus.Water rail.Species factsheet: Numenius phaeopus.Important bird areas for seabirds in the North Sea including the Channel and the Kattegat.Collins Birds Guide 2nd EditionWintering areas of Great Skuas Stercorarius skua breeding in Scotland, Iceland and Norway

Earlier colony attendance by guillemots and razorbills.

CootSpecies factsheet: Fulica atra

Conservation biology of the critically endangered Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus: bridging the gaps between breeding colonies and marine foraging grounds.

CurlewTurnstoneAlosa alosa and Alosa fallax spp. Literature review and Bibliography.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1150: Coastal lagoons.Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1160: Large shallow inlets and bays.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1170: ReefsSecond Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1310: Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1330: Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae).

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1420: Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi).

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H8330: Submerged or partially submerged sea caves.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: S1102: Alosa alosa – Allis shad.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: S1355: Lutra lutra – Otter.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1150: Coastal lagoons.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H8330: Submerged or partially submerged sea caves.

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1102: Allis shad (Alosa alosa).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: 1355: Otter (Lutra lutra).Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1130: Estuaries.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1170: Reefs.Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1320: Spartina swards (Spartinion maritimae).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1330: Atlantic salt meadows (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae).

Ecology of the Allis and Twaite shad.Ecology of the River, Brook and Sea Lamprey.Otter: European Protected Species. Species Information Note SIN006 – 2nd edition January 2011.

Background document for Allis shad Alosa alosa.Scientific Advice on matters relating to the management of seals.Saline lagoons: a guide to their management and creation (interim version).Fifth Otter Survey of England 2009–2010.Background information on species of shad and lamprey.Habitat Account - Estuaries

Habitat Account - Spartina swards

Species Account - Allis shad

Habitat Account - Atlantic salt meadows

Habitat Account - Coastal lagoons

Habitat Account - Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic Halophilous scrubs

Species Account - Otter

Habitat Account - Reefs

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H1420: Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic halophilous scrubs (Sarcocornetea fruticosi).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1095: Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1364: Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1365: Harbour seal (Phoca vitulina).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1103: Twaite shad (Alosa fallax).

Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1103 – Twaite shad (Alosa fallax).

Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1095 – Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus).

Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1102 – Allis shad (Alosa alosa).

Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1355 – Otter (Lutra lutra).

Habitat Account - Sea lamprey

Species Account - Twaite shad

Species Account - Grey seal

Species Account - Harbour seal

Habitat Account - Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand

Habitat Account - Submerged or partially submerged sea caves

Habitat Account - Large shallow inlets and bays

Habitat Account - Mudflats and sandflats not covered by seawater at low tide

Pêche biologie ecologie des Aloses dans le Systeme Gironde-Garonne-DordognePopulation genetic structure of protected allis shad (Alosa alosa) and twaite shad (Alosa fallax)

Ecology of allis shad Alosa alosa and twaite shad Alosa fallax in the Solway Firth, Scotland.A Guide to the Management and Restoration of Coastal Vegetated Shingle. Habitat Account - Annual Vegetation of Drift Lines

Habitat Account - Dunes With Hippophae Rhamnoides

Habitat Account - Embryonic Shifting Dunes

Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Sand dune Habitats. Version August 2004.

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H1210 - Annual vegetation of drift lines.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1210: Annual vegetation of drift lines.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2160: Dunes with Hippophae rhamnoides.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2110: Embryonic shifting dunes.

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H2110: Embryonic shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’)

Council Directive 92/43/EEC of 21 May 1992 on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and floraManagement of Natura 2000 habitats. 2130 *Fixed coastal dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2130: Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).

Habitat Account - Fixed Dunes With Herbaceous Vegetation (“Grey Dunes”)

Habitat Account - Shifting Dunes Along The Shoreline With Ammophila Arenaria (“White Dunes”)

The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Sublittoral Sediment Section.

The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Infralittoral Rock Section.

The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Circalittoral Rock Section.

Movements and foraging areas of grey seals in the North Sea

Harbour seal movement patterns.

The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Littoral Sediment Section.

The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05 - Littoral Rock Section.

Species Account - River lamprey

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H2130 - Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).

Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for H2130: Fixed dunes with herbaceous vegetation (‘grey dunes’).

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H2120: Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (`white dunes`).

Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H2120 - Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (‘white dunes’).

Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: H2120 - Shifting dunes along the shoreline with Ammophila arenaria (`white dunes`).

The identification of the main characteristics of stony reef habitats under the Habitats Directive. Summary report of an inter-agency workshop 26-27 March 2008.Modiolus modiolus. Horse mussel. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.Best methods for identifying and evaluating Sabellaria spinulosa and cobble reef. Aggregate Levy Sustainability Fund Project MAL0008.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: S1099: Lampetra fluviatilis - River lamprey.

Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Sea Caves. Version August 2004.The origin, classification and modelling of sand banks and ridges - Ord River, Western Australia

Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Inshore Sublittoral Sediment Habitats. Version August 2004

Orfordness NNR Bird ReportSuffolk Birds: Records of breeding Sandwich TernHavergate and Orfordness aggregated bird counts 1983-2013Annual ReportA rationale for the need to control large gulls predating avocet chicks. Havergate Island RSPB Reserve.

Orfordness NNR breeding summary for birds 2012WeBS Counts 2007-2011 five year meanWeBS data for sector 12(33926) of Butley Creek 2011WeBS Alde-Ore CountEcological Assessment Hinterland of the Alde & Ore Estuaries

Natural England aggregated WeBs Core Counts; the Wash baseline to 2010The Wash and North Norfolk Coast SAC: Intertidal mud and sand flats assessment.Hunstanton Heacham Beach Management Ecological Monitoring Annual Report 2010-2011Analysis of wetland bird survey (WEBS) data for the WASH SSSI/NNREIFCA Research Report 2010The birds of Africa vol. II.The Norfolk Bird Atlas: Summer and Winter Distributions 1999-2007Assessing the disturbance of birds by aircraft in The Wash: Part 1Alde-Ore Estuary SPA descriptionSeabird Population Trends and Causes of ChangeBird facts - Little ternSPA Species Accounts – SPA Review PagesAvocetSpecies factsheet: Circus aeruginosusRaptors – a field guide for surveys and monitoring - Marsh HarrierCommon redshank Tringa totanus factsheetAlde, Ore and Butley Estuaries Natura 2000 Standard Data FormSuffolk Coast and Estuaries Coastal Habitat Management Plan

Alde, Ore and Butley EstuariesMarine, coastal and halophytic habitats: 1150 coastal lagoons The Wash Standard Natura 2000 Data Form Version 1.1

Supporting documentation for the Third Report by the United Kingdom under Article 17 on the implementation of the Directive from January 2007 to December 2012. Conservation status assessment for: S1099 - River lamprey (Lampetra fluviatalis).

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for: H1110: Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time.

Marine, coastal and halophytic habitats - 1110 Sandbanks which are slightly covered by sea water all the time

Statistical comparisons of waterbird site trends with regional and national trends for incorporation within the WeBS Alerts system.

An NVC of the Alde-Ore Estuary SSSI, Suffolk. An ecological survey including flora and fauna observations undertaken for Natural England by Abrehart Ecology.

Second Report by the UK under Article 17 on the Implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006

The Wash SPA Description

Population estimates for waders Charadrii wintering in Great Britain, 1987/88 - 1991/92Creation and management of artificial nesting sites for wetland birdsRare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 1996Overwinter population estimates of British waterbirds.

Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2011

The status of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) at Lundy, 2008-2009Lundy Diving Monitoring Studies 2010. 31 August - 3 September 2010. Final report to Natural England

Lundy European Marine Site Sublittoral Monitoring 2003-2004Lundy SAC Regulation 33 Conservation Advice PackageLundy Marine Conservation ZoneLundy Natura 2000 Standard Data FormLundy: Site details and General site characterLundy Marine Conservation Zone - Sea CavesLundy Marine Conservation Zone - SealsLundy Island - SealsLundy Marine Conservation Zone Factsheet

Skerries Bank and Surrounds rMCZ Intertidal Rock Sediment Survey

About the Wetland Bird SurveyGlossary of terms used in Common Standards Monitoring and ReportingProtected Sites Monitoring - What is Common Standards Monitoring?Marine Conservation Zone Project - Conservation Objective Guidance

Conservation Advice document for the Mersey Narrows & North Wirral Foreshore, SPA, UK9020287.The Criteria for Identifying Wetlands of International ImportanceNational Nature ReservesThe changing faces of Europe's coastal areas UK Biodiversity Indicators - C2. Habitat ConnectivityGeogenic Reefs and the Marine Aggregate IndustryWhat Are Ramsar Sites?England's Biodiversity - SpeciesCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for BirdsEnvironmental Terminology and Discovery Service (ETDS) - Marine HabitatsPrinciples of Systematic ZoologyWhat are invasive non-native species? - Definition of terms

Alde-Ore Estuary European Marine Site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994.

Literature Review for the Lundy Candidate Speial Area of Conservation (cSAC) and Marine Nature Reserve (MNR)

Natural England's advice to Defra on proposed Marine Conservation Zones for designation in 2013 (MCZ027) - MCZ advice Annex 5 site specific advice November 2013South Devon Reef Video Baseline Surveys for the Prawle Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone cSAC and Surrounding Areas.Acquisition of survey data and preparation of site briefing statement for draft marine special areas of conservation within the 0-12 Nautical Mile Zone

Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Start Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone. Incorparating Prawle Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone cSAC and Prawle Point to Start Point cSAC. SAC Selection Assessment

Biological Diversity: The coexistence of species.Migration routes of Whooper Swans and geese in relation to wind farm footprints: Final report. Lancashire Bird Report 2008: The birds of Lancashire and North Merseyside.

Pink-footed goose seasonality

The Birds Directive - Selection guidelines for Special Protection AreasSeabirds and Seaduck

The conservation of lowland wet grassland in England.

Marine Biodiversity Wiki - Coastal Grazing Marsh

European Wet Grassland: Guidelines for management and restoration.Coastal grazing marsh fact sheets 1-5Promoting habitat mosaics for invertebrates: coastal grazing marshes (Buglife)The distribution of lowland wet grassland in EnglandGrazing marsh assemblages and site classification using invertebrates

A review of the ecology, hydrology and nutrient dynamics of floodplain meadows in England

UK Biodiversity Action PlanPriority Habitat Descriptions: Coastal and Floodplain Grazing MarshTargeting areas for the restoration and re-creation of coastal and floodplain grazing marsh

Chapter 4. Effects of ocean warming and acidification on rhodolith/maerl bedsSpecies factsheet: Sterna paradisaeaBackground document for Maerl BedsChesil & the Fleet EMS: Survey of shingle springline communities.

Survey for Caecum armoricum in Pagham HarbourPink sea fans in Lyme Bay, 29-31 July 2006Lyme Bay Reefs - a 16 year search for sustainabilityEast Tennants Reef Seafan Study: a report to Project Aware.Determining the reproductive cycle of Eunicella verrucosaRosehill sea fan anemone project, 2006 - 2012

The Habitats and Wild Birds Directives in England and its seas. Core guidance for developers, regulators & land/marine managers

An analysis of the numbers and distribution of seabirds within the British Fishery Limit aimed at identifying areas that qualify as possible marine SPAs.

Assessing the risk of offshore wind farm development to migratory birds designated as features of UK Special Protection Areas (and other Annex 1 species) Project SOSS-05.

Designating Ramsar Sites: Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance

Methods for targeting the restoration of grazing marsh and wet grassland communities at a national, regional and local scale

The ecological status of ditch systems: an investigation into the current status of the aquatic invertebrate and plant communities of grazing marsh ditch systems in England and Wales

Molluscs: Prosobranchs and Pyramidellid Gastropods. Keys and notes for the identification of the species.Meeting the MPA Network Principle of Viability. Feature specific recommendations for species and habitats of conservation importance.

Pink sea fan surveys in Devon, June/July 2005: Bigbury Bay and LundyKent's Marine Wildlife.A recovery / conservation programme for marine species of conservation importance.Marine Conservation Society Seasearch Dives in Lyme Bay 14/15 August & 16/17 October 2004Report on the Lundy and Isles of Scilly marine monitoring programmes, 1984-1991.Survey of Leptopsammia pruvoti populations at Lundy, 4-6 September 2007.Lundy Diving Monitoring Studies, 31 August – 3 September 2010.

Report of the MCS Diving Working Parties to Lundy, 1997-2001Isles of Scilly survey, September 2004 - Summary ReportIsles of Scilly survey, May 2007 - Summary ReportIsles of Scilly survey, September 2008 - Summary ReportIsles of Scilly survey, May 2010 - Summary ReportPlymouth Drop-Off Survey, 2006-2009Seasearch surveys in Lyme Bay, June 2007Status and sensitivity of the BAP marine alga Padina pavonicaSelected Reports from the Marine Conservation Society's Diving Working Party to Lundy, 3-10 June 1995.

Seaweeds of the British Isles. Volume 1. Rhodophyta, Part 2B Corallinales, Hildenbrandiales.British Anthozoa - Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series) No. 18 (revised)Seasearch Guide to Sea Anemones and Corals of Britain and IrelandUK priority species pages – Version 2 Cruoria cruoriaeformisEUNIS habitat types and descriptionsBiotope classification - maerl biotopesArkive on-line resource - Sea-fan anemone (Amphianthus dohrnii)Amphianthus dohrnii - Sea fan anemone.

The future of the NE Atlantic benthic flora in a high CO2 world.

Ban on maerl extractionEffects of salmon farming on benthic crustacea.

Maerl; its value as a habitat for commercial species.

A short report on the current status of the yellow cup coral Leptopsammia pruvoti at the Knoll Pins Cave site at Lundy, October 2012.

Studies on the maerl species Phymatolithon calcareum (Pallas) nov. comb. and Lithothamnion corallioides Crouan in the Ria de Vigo.

Community structure and food web based on stable isotopes (15N and 13C) analyses of a North Eastern Atlantic maerl bed.

The importance of maerl grounds for recruitment of queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis) and other invertebrates.

Attachment of the juvenile queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis (L.)) to maerl in mesocosm conditions; juvenile habitat selection.Primary production, respiration and calcification of the temperate free-living coralline alga Lithothamnion corallioides.

Detecting low-level sewage pollution using rocky shore communities as bio-indicators

Congratulations! It's an anthozoan

Distribution of intertidal molluscs in lagoonal shingle (the Fleet, Dorset, UK).

Lasaea rubra in an unusual habitat, the Fleet, Dorset.A new addition to the British marine mollusc fauna living in the Fleet, Dorset.

Caecum armoricum (Prosobranchia: Rissoacea) new to the British marine fauna.European marine Mollusca: notes on less well-known species. VIII: Caecum armoricum De Folin, 1869.

The Fleet, Dorset - a seasonal study of the watermass and its vegetation.

A new species of Simnia from England (Caenogastropoda: Ovulidae)Eunicella verrucosa: investingating growth and reproduction from a population ecology perspective

Climate change impacts of seafan populationsThe fauna and flora of Valencia Harbour on the west coast of Ireland. IX. - Report on the Lucernaridae.

On the variation of Haliclystus octoradiatus.Rocky shores of Lundy, sixty years on: the records of L.A. Harvey and initial comparisons.

Zur Entwicklungsgeschichte der Lucernaria.Leptopsammia pruvoti at Lundy - teetering on the brink?

The status of the sunset cup coral Leptopsammia pruvoti at LundyThe life-history of Padina pavonica (1) The structure and cytology of the tetrasporangial plant

Conservation and management of northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean maerl beds

Lithophyllum spp. form unusual maerl beds in the North East Atlantic: the case study of L. fasciculatum in Brittany.Porcupine autumn field trips to Marazion/St Michael's Mount and Castle Beach, Falmouth. The records from Cornwall.

On the systematics and distribution of the marine gastropod Caecum armoricum de Folin, 1869 (Prosobranchia, Caecidae).

Two further UK sites for Caecum armoricum, de Folin, 1869, formerly known only in the Fleet, Dorset, as a member of the interstitial ""spring"" community.

Caecum armoricum de Folin 1869, new to the British marine molluscan fauna, living in the Fleet, Dorset, within an unusual habitat.

A new hydropolyp without tentacles, Microhydrula limopsicola n. sp., epibiotic on bivalve shells from the Antarctic.Haliclystus californiensis, a "new" species of stauromedusa (Cnidaria: Staurozoa) from the northeast Pacific, with a key to the species of Haliclystus.

On the presence of fertile gametophytes of Padina pavonica (Dictyotales, Phaeophyceae) from the Iberian coasts.The distribution of Padina pavonica (L.)Lamour. (Phaeophyta: Dictyotales) on British and adjacent European shores

Environmental tolerances of free-living coralline algae (maerl): implications for European marine conservation

Problems facing maerl conservation in Brittany

Maerl growth, carbonate production rates and accumulation rates in the ne atlantic

Scallop dredging has profound, long-term impacts on maerl habitats

Limaria hians (Mollusca: Limacea): a neglected reef-forming keystone species

Upogebia deltaura (Crustacea: Thalassinidea) in Clyde Sea maerl beds, Scotland

Impact of fish farms on maerl beds in strongly tidal areas

An experimental study of the ecological impacts of hydraulic bivalve dredging on maerl

Substratum heterogeneity of dredged vs un-dredged maerl grounds

Coralline algal structure is more sensitive to rate, rather than the magnitude, of ocean acidification

The diversity of seaweeds on maerl in the NE Atlantic

Effects of crustacean traps on benthic fauna

Diseases affect cold-water corals too: Eunicella verrucosa (Cnidaria: Gorgonacea) necrosis in SW England

The biology of three New England stauromedusae, with a description of a new species.The seasonal abundance of four species of Stauromedusae (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae) at Plymouth

Do Staurozoa bloom? A review of stauromedusan population biologyEarly Development and Planula Movement in Haliclystus (Scyphozoa: Stauromedusae)

Maerl grounds provide both refuge and high growth potential for juvenile queen scallops (Aequipecten opercularis L.)

Setting nutrient thresholds to support an ecological assessment based on nutrient enrichment, potential primary production and undesirable disturbance

Seasonal and depth-driven changes in rhodolith bed structure and associated macroalgae off Arvoredo island (southeastern Brazil)

Detection of Gametophytes in the Maerl-Forming Species Phymatolithon calcareum (Melobesioideae, Corallinales) Assessed by DNA BarcodingRhodolith beds (Corallinales, Rhodophyta) and their physical and biological environment at 80°31 N in ′Nordkappbukta (Nordaustlandet, Svalbard Archipelago, Norway)

Prioritizing action for recovery and conservation of marine species: a case study based on species of conservation importance around EnglandLocal Competition and Metapopulation Processes Drive Long-Term Seagrass-Epiphyte Population DynamicsTaxonomic review of Haliclystus antarcticus Pfeffer, 1889 (Stauromedusae, Staurozoa, Cnidaria), with remarks on the genus Haliclystus Clark, 1863Molecules Clarify a Cnidarian Life Cycle – The “Hydrozoan”Microhydrula limopsicola Is an Early Life Stage of the Staurozoan Haliclystus antarcticus

Recherches sur le developpment des Lucernaires.

Diet of the stauromedusa Haliclystus auricula from southern Chile

Population biology and habitat of the stauromedusa Haliclystus auricula in southern Chile

A New Species of the Stauromedusan Genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae)

Connectivity within and among a Network of Temperate Marine Reserves

A tidal flushing model of the Fleet—an English tidal lagoonSea-level fluctuations in the fleet, an English tidal lagoon

Fishes of the SeaCollins Pocket Guide: Fish of Britain and Europe.

South Coast Regional Environmental Assessment. Fisheries Activity Survey. Draft Report.The South Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation.P. British Geological Survey Open Report

Report of the Sussex Seasearch Project, 1992-1998.

Marine Sites of Nature Conservation Importance.Sussex Sublittoral Survey: Selsey Bill to Beachy Head.

The Marine Habitat Classification for Britain and Ireland Version 04.05

Kingmere draft MCZ, Sussex dive survey report

Kingmere rMCZ Survey Report (C5784A).

Sexual reproduction of the solitary sunset cup coral Leptopsammia pruvoti (Scleractinia, Dendrophylliidae) in the Mediterranean. 2. Quantitative aspects of the annual reproductive cycle

Assessment of the ecological status of north-eastern Adriatic coastal waters (Istria, Croatia) using macroalgal assemblages for the European Union Water Framework DirectiveOverwintering of dictyota dichotoma (phaeophyceae) near its northern distribution limit on the east coast of North America.

Young cuttlefish Sepia officinalis (Mollusca: Sepiidae) in the Morbihan Bay (south Brittany, France): accessory prey of predators

The MALSF Synthesis Study in the Central and Eastern English Channel. British Geological Survey Open Report.

Report on the Chalk Reefs of Sussex, Exemplified by the Recreational Dive Sites: South West Rocks (mSNCI), Looe gate (mSNCI) and Ship Rock (mSNCI). Descriptions of the ecosystem services provided by broadscale habitats and features of conservation importance that are likely to be protected by Marine Protected Areas in the Marine Conservation Zone Project area

Marine Conservation Zones: Consultation on proposals for designation in 2013. Annex A1 – Part 1. – Balanced Seas - Sites proposed for designation in 2013

Biogeographical identification of English Channel fish and shellfish stocks, Fisheries Research Technical Report (#99)

Securing the benefits of the Marine Conservation Zone Network: A case study of Kingmere rMCZ. A report to The Wildlife Trusts by the Centre for Marine and Coastal Policy Research, Plymouth University

Report to provide details and further information and comment on the FOCI and broadscale habitats in the Kingmere rMCZs.

Survey DetailsBlack bream nesting habitat in the English Channel, U.K. Poster. Kingmere recommended Marine Conservation Zone. Poster.Area 435/396 Monitoring Report 2013.

Area 453 and Area 488 Geophysical Survey 2013.

The Sussex Inshore Fisheries.

Regional Report 2: Balanced Seas Region: May 2009 - February 2011.

South West Rocks Complex : Recommendation for Designation as a Broad Area of Interest.Notes to Balanced Seas Regional Stakeholders Group: South West Rocks Complex Proposed MCZ.

Sussex Coastline and Sites of InterestA study of the black bream spawning ground at Littlehampton. Report No: 95/2/1147.Coastal Vegetation, 2nd edition. Seahorses Conservation and CareBroad habitats: Intertidal coarse sediment.Features Catalogue: Littoral chalk communitiesSussex Habitats

Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) bedsBlue Mussel (Mytilus edulis) bedsNative oyster - Ostrea edulis - Reproduction and longevity.

Areas 396 and 435, Owers Region: Benthic Monitoring Survey 2013. A report to MarineSpace Ltd by Seastar Survey Ltd.

Benthic and epibenthic characterisation survey of aggregate areas 453 and 488 - Benthic grab sampling survey 2013. A report to GoBe Consultants Ltd by Seastar Survey Ltd. 72 pages.Area 435/396 Inner Owers Benthic Ecological Monitoring Study. A Report for: Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Draft Report. Report No. 09/J/1/03/1384/0892. October 2009. Job No. J/1/03/1384.

Area 488 Geophysical Survey for United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No 08/J/1/02/1170/0771 May 2008 Job No J/1/02/1170.Area 435/396 Seabed Monitoring Survey. A Report to: Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No. 09/1/02/1377/0899. October 2009.Area 435/396 Monitoring Report 2011. A Report for: Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group & Tarmac. Emu 11/J/1/02/1843/1184 & 11/J/1/06/1850/1232.

Area 435/396 Annual monitoring report for Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No. J/1/06/12140860. September 2008 Job No. J/1/06/1214.Area 435/396 Annual monitoring report for Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No.07/J/1/02/0711. December 2007 Job No. J/1/02/1071.Area 435/396 Annual monitoring report for Hanson Aggregates Marine Ltd & United Marine Dredging Ltd. Report No.06/J/1/02/0951/0641. February 2007 Job No. J/1/02/0951.Inner Owers Environmental Assessment for Aggregate Extraction from Inner Owers, English Channel. Fisheries Formal Response.

Accessing and Developing the Required Biophysical Dataset and Data Layers for Marine Protected Areas Network Planning and Wider Marine Spatial Planning Purposes. Report No 16: Mapping of Protected Habitats (Task 2C).

Accessing and Developing the Required Biophysical Dataset and Data Layers for Marine Protected Areas Network Planning and Wider Marine Spatial Planning Purposes: Mapping of species with limited mobility (Benthic species). (Task 2B).

Key Inshore Biodiversity Areas in the Balanced Seas Region for Recommendation as Marine Conservation Zones.

Sussex Sea Fisheries Committee Recommendation to the Regional Stakeholder Group (RSG) re Kingmere Reef.

Native Oyster Beds

On the formation of banks of Mytilus edulisFaithful pair bonds in wild seahorses, Hippocampus whiteiThe ecology of Mytilus edulis L. (Lamellibranchiata) on exposed rocky shoresA Note on the Status of Indigenous Species of Sea Horse

Seaford to Beachy Head Site of Special Scientific Interest Citation.Balanced Seas Marine Conservation Zone Project: Final Recommendations.JNCC and Natural England’s advice to Defra on recommended Marine Conservation Zones.

Beachy Head West 13.2: Marine Conservation Zone : Selection Assessment Document

Oyster Fisheries of England and WalesBritish Seahorse Survey Report 2004

Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Beachy Head West rMCZ. Final Report July 2013

The Marine Biodiversity of south east England.

Marine Fish Nursery Function in the Adur Estuary.Seven Sisters Voluntary Marine Conservation Area Visitor GuideMarine juvenile fish in estuaries - a contribution to Balanced SeasFirst Annual Report

SNCI citations for the Ouse and CuckmereOuse and Cuckmere bird species listPortsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition AssessmentSolent and South Wight Mapping of Intertidal and Subtidal Marine cSACs

Coastal Squeeze, Saltmarsh Loss and Special Protected AreasSolent Waders and Brent Goose Strategy.Inventory of eelgrass beds in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight (Version 6) Section OneSpecies factsheet: Limosa limosaSpecies factsheet: Calidris alpinaSpecies factsheet: Pluvialis apricariaSpecies factsheet: Tringa totanusSpecies factsheet: Tadorna tadorna

Evidence for the direct settlement of Mytilus edulis L. larvae on adult mussel beds.

Important Plant Areas for algae: a provisional review of sites and areas of importance for algae in the United KingdomCuckmere Pathfinder Project – Options Impact Assessment (Ecology). Ecological Interest within the Cuckmere Estuary and the Potential Implications of Proposed Changes in Estuary Management.

Sublittoral Chalk Habitats in southern England. Report of the Marine Conservation Society, SE Group Chalk Cliffs project 1985-1991.

Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic

Seahorses: an identification guide to the world's species and their conservation.

Biological survey of the intertidal chalk reef at Seaford to Beachy Head and Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) to set a baseline for SSSI condition assessment. Contract No FST20/75/026. Draft v1.1 January 2010.

Summary of evidence of feature presence and extent from The Widlife Trusts: response to Defra's Marine Conservation Zone Consultation: Beachy Head West rMCZ.

Beachy Head West Extension – Estuaries (Cuckmere & Ouse) and SSVMCA boundary. Recommendation to the Regional Stakeholder Group

Species factsheet: Anas creccaSpecies factsheet: Limosa lapponicaSpecies factsheet: Pluvialis squatarolaSpecies factsheet: Cygnus cygnusSpecies factsheet: Anas penelopeReview of coverage of the National Vegetation Classification

Site Selection Report for the Inshore Marine SACs Project - Salcombe to the Yealm & EddystoneSurvey of the reef habitat around Eddystone Rocks, Plymouth. Sea Star Survey Marine Data Acquisition

Finding Sanctuary final report and recommendations

Breeding abundance of ruff.The Vegetation of British SaltmarshesSaltmarsh EcologyManaging BAP habitats for invertebrates: reedbedsManaging BAP habitats for invertebrates: saltmarsh

British plant communities volume 4: Aquatic communities, swamps and tall-herb fens.Sagina maritima Don (Caryophyllaceae) and other halophytes in London.New flora of the British Isles 2nd Edition.

Assessment of the Torbay Biogenic Reef within the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSACUpdate of Annex 1 habitat mapping in the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSAC

Condition assessment of the Lyme Bay Annex I reef habitats in the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSAC.Lyme Bay Rocky Reefs - A Report on Four Seasearch Dives, October 2013.

Lyme Bay Underwater Video Survey ReportAtlantic Grey Seals (Halichoerus grypus) at Lundy, 2006-2013Marine Benthic Biotope Mapping of Sedimentary Environments, Lundy Marine Protected Area.

The National Tidal and Sea Level Facility,The Marine Fauna of the British Isles and Western EuropeMacrobenthos of the subtidal Wadden Sea: revisited after 55 yearsAnnual Macrofauna Production in A Hard-Bottom Reef Community

Bewick's Swans: Their Feeding Ecology and Coexistence with Other Grazing AnatidaeAgonistic behaviour in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) in relation to the availability of haul-out space.

Phragmites australis swamp and reed beds. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

Pilot Study to Develop Monitoring Methodologies and Establish a Baseline Survey for the Submerged or Partially Submerged Sea Caves in the Lyme Bay and Torbay Candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)

Lyme Bay - A case study: Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of towed demersal fishing gear in Lyme Bay; 4 years after the closure

Lyme Bay – A case study: Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of towed demersal fishing gear in Lyme Bay; 5 years after the closure, March 2014.

Lundy 2011 Intertidal Biotope Monitoring Survey Report 2013 - A Survey Comparison: 2000, 2010 and 2011Vertical distribution of pre-settled sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) in the North Sea in relation to size and environmental variables. The coastal temperature network and ferry route programme: long-term temperature and salinity observations.

A study of Common seals in the WashThermal constraints on hauling out by harbour seals (Phoca vitulina)Wash littoral grab survey report 1991, 1993, 1999, 2002Saline lagoon survey, Snettisham Lagoons, Norfolk, November 2006

North Norfolk Coastal Trends Analysis. Anglian Coastal Monitoring Programme

Nematostella vectensis in North Norfolk.Establishing a monitoring baseline for The Wash sub-tidal sandbanks.Research on the population structure of harbour seals. Report to Natural England November, 2011.Baseline monitoring survey of large shallow inlet and bay for The Wash and North Norfolk.Condition Assessment for Gibraltar Point 27.05.08

Position of harbour seal haul-outs in The Wash 2007-2009NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in The Wash European Marine Site Vol 11.Scientific advice on matters related to the management of seal populations.Little terns in Britain and Ireland: 2002 Little Tern Newsletter

Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan Non-technical Summary.

Invertebrate survey of lagoons at Orford Ness. Version 2: 2nd April 2013.

Survey of Stubborn and Ferrier Sand cockle beds, The Wash 2012. Report to Natural England.Otters; The Journal of Otter Trust Vol. 3-4Fifth otter survey of England 2009-2010

Historical and current status of cockle and mussel stocks in The Wash.

Population dynamics of harbour seals Phoca vitulina in England: monitoring growth and catastrophic declines

Coastal lagoons. Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region Six Eastern England - Flamborough Head to Great Yarmouth

Wash and North Norfolk Coast European marine site, English Nature's advice for the Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

Natural England survey of coastal lagoon habitat within the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, 2009-2010.

Distribution and abundance of harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) during the breeding season in the Wash and along the Essex and Kent coasts. Report to Natural England covering surveys carried out in 2004 to 2012.

Benthic diversity and spatial patterns of macrofaunal assemblages of coastal lagoons at Cley Marshes NWT, North Norfolk.Survey of eelgrass species (Zostera sp.) in the intertidal habitats on the North Norfolk coast within the Wash and North Norfolk Coast marine SAC. Report to Natural England

Low Tide Survey of The Wash Special Protection Area. Final report of the winter 2002-2003 shorebird survey.

Site selection by swans wintering in Britain and Ireland; the importance of geographical location and habitat

Analysis of Invertebrate Communities and Sediment Composition of the Subtidal Sandbanks of The Wash and North Norfolk Coast.

Survey of Eelgrass species (Zostera spp.) on intertidal habitats within The Wash and North Norfolk Coast Marine Special Area. Just Ecology Limited Report.Proceedings from The Wash Sabellaria spinulosa reef workshop, 10th November 2009. Natural England, Peterborough.Sabellaria spinulosa in The Wash and north Norfolk cSAC and its approaches: Part I: Mapping techniques and ecological assessment.The sensitivity and vulnerability to man-induced change of selected communities:intertidal brown algal shrubs, Zostera beds and Sabellaria spinulosa reefs.

Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 6. Inlets in Eastern England: Area SummariesLittle Tern NewsletterWeBS counts for bar-tailed godwit at Gibraltar PointWeBS counts for grey plover at Gibraltar Point

The Natural History of SealsDefining and managing Sabellaria spinulosa reefs: Report of an inter-agency workshop 1-2 May 2007.

Sabellaria spinulosa Reef Ecology and Ecosystem Services.

Grazing The WashNorfolk Mammal Report 2012

The current status of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis in England

British plant communities Volume 5: maritime communities and vegetation of open habitats.SPA description Gibraltar PointNorth Norfolk Coast - Natura 2000 Standard Data FormSPA description North Norfolk CoastGibraltar Point - Natura 2000 Standard Data FormNorth Norfolk Coast Site details

List of lagoonal specialistsSPA Species Accounts; A6.68b Ruff Philomachus pugnax (non-breeding)Saline LagoonsOrfordness Shingle Street SACThe Wash and North Norfolk CoastDistribution of SAC/SCIs/cSAC containing habitat 1170 ReefsCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for MammalsVertebrate Species: Mammals,Orfordness - Shingle StreetMarsh Harrier - Circus aeruginosusOtters and stillwater fisheriesInshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority Research Report 2012

Fisheries mapping project.

The Wash and North Norfolk Coast SAC Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Measuring the effects of suspended particulate matter and smothering on the behaviour, growth and survival of key species found in areas associated with aggregate dredgingWash Zone Report Part 2: Analysis of macroinvertebrate samples from a survey of The Wash in August 1991.

Survey of Eelgrass species (Zostera spp.) on intertidal habitats within the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Marine Special Area of ConservationPrevalence of phocine distemper virus specific antibodies: bracing for the next seal epizootic in north-western Europe Emerging Microbes & Infections

Broad scale remote survey and mapping of sub-littoral habitats and biota of The Wash and the Lincolnshire and the North Norfolk coastsSubtidal brittlestar beds (volume IV). An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.

Proposed new fisheries management measures for The Wash and North Norfolk Coast Special Area of Conservation

Pink Sea Fan Survey 2001/02. A report for the Marine Conservation SocietySeasearch sea fan surveys 2004 - 2006Records of Stauromedusae made at Kimmeridge, Dorset.A review of the supposedly circumboral species of stauromedusa, Halyclystus auricula (Rathke, 1806).

Lucernariopsis cruxmelitensis version 2 updated on 15/12/2010.The marine fauna of Lundy: CoelenterataChanges in the marine life of Lundy

Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for LagoonsWidewater Lagoon Management Plan.

Guidelines for the Conduct of Benthic Studies at Marine Aggregate Extraction Sites. 2nd edition.

Assessment of saline lagoons within Special Areas of Conservation (SACs).Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for EstuariesHumber Estuary SSSI Notification Package Part 1 & 2Charting Progress 2 - 3.7 Suspended Particulate Matter and Turbidity

Enhanced UK Estuaries database: Explanatory notes and metadata.

Co-ordinated Environmental Monitoring Programme (CEMP) 2011 Assessment Report.Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Littoral Sediment HabitatsUK priority species data collation – Version 2 Cruoria cruoriaeformis.

Historical seabed mobility in an outer estuary - sea basin environment.Introduction to physical oceanographySpartina anglicaThe estuary guide. Chapter 3: Estuary setting - CharacterisationWater Framework Directive Monitoring ProgrammeEUNIS - Factsheet for maerl bedsMaerl beds - Marine habitat classification.Estuary Processes Research ProjectShoreline Management Plans (SMPs)Strategic Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammesIdentification of submarine banks in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea with the aid of TIN modelling

Dissolved oxygen as a physico-chemical supporting element in the Water Framework Directive

Maerl (V) - An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.

Practitioners Guide to the Infaunal Quality Index - Water Framework Directive: Transitional and Coastal Waters.

Volume II Intertidal Sand and Mudflats & Subtidal Mobile Sandbanks. An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Littoral Rock and Inshore Sublittoral Rock Habitats. Version August 2004.

The structure and functioning of marine ecosystems: an environmental protection and management perspective.

Practitioners Guide to the Coastal Water Phytoplankton Tool, Water Framework Directive: Coastal WatersPractitioners Guide to the Opportunistic Macroalgal Blooming Tool - Water Framework Directive: Transitional and Coastal Waters.

Investigating and managing water quality in saline lagoons based on a study of nutrients in the Chesil and the Fleet European Marine Site.

The use of macroalgal species richness and composition on intertidal rocky seashores in the assessment of ecological quality under the European Water Framework Directive

Calcified macroalgae – critical to coastal ecosystems and vulnerable to change: a review

Small-scale distribution of juvenile gadoids in shallow inshore waters; what role does maerl play?

Potential limits to anthropogenic mortality for harbour porpoises in the Baltic region

The hearing threshold of a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) for impulsive sounds (L)Aspects of the biology of the harbour porpoise, Phocoena phocoena, from British watersHarbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in the North Atlantic: Biological parameters.

Atlas of cetacean distribution in north-west European waters.The diet of the harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) in the Northeast Atlantic

The Quarterly Newsletter for the Project: Issue 8 - September 2006

Mapping of the benthic biotopes in the proposed Sound of Arisaig Special Area of Conservation.Conservation issues relating to maerl beds as habitats for molluscs.Ecological studies on two unattached coralline algae from western IrelandEffects of naturally acidified seawater on seagrass calcareous epibionts.

Chemical aspects of ocean acidification monitoring in the ICES marine area.Live and dead faunas from coralline algal gravels, Co. Galway.Fish gill structural changes induced by toxicants and other irritants: a statistical review.

Rampion Offshore Wind Farm; ES Section 8 - Fish and Shellfish Ecology; Document 6.1.8.

Notes from the Plymouth Aquarium. III.

An evaluation of narrow hybrid zones in vertebrateWorthing Lumps

Marine Monitoring for Cleveland Potash Ltd. 1979-1980St. Abbs Head Seabird ReportSt. Abbs Head National Nature Reserve Seabird ReportSt. Abbs Head NNR Seabird Report

Implications of dredging induced changes in sediment particle size composition for the structure and function of marine benthic macrofaunal communities

Effects of fine-scale oceanographic features on the distribution and movements of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena in the Bay of Fundy.Temporary threshold shifts and recovery in a harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) after octave-band noise at 4 kHz

Harbour porpoise ( Phocoena phocoena) foraging strategy at a high energy, near-shore site in south-west Wales, UK

Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 10 South-west England: Seaton to the Roseland Peninsula.

'Off-bottom' trawling techniques for the sustainable exploitation of non-pressure stocks in Cornish inshore waters. Defra Cornish Objective 1 Programme; Project reference No. FEP 592

Black Bream in the Eastern English Channel off the Sussex Coast. Final report for RSK Group PLC. Rampion Offshore Wind Farm; ES Section 8 - Fish & Shellfish Ecology - Appendix 8.1.

'Drafting of the site specific conservation objective for Kingmere' 9th July 2014 Shoreham-by-Sea (NE, IFCA, CEFAS)'Presentation for Areas 453 and 488' 23rd July 2014 London (NE, Larfarge Tarmac, Cemex, GoBe Consultants)

1997 Survey, assessment and mapping of submerged and partly submerged sea caves in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC

Water quality standards along the Berwickshire CoastBerwick Marine: Habitat StudyBeach litter monitoring project report: Berwickshire and North Northumberland CoastStock assessment of the littoral mussel (Mytilus edulus) beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island)NESFC Lobster FisheryAn insight into the fisheries throughout the Committee's districtPilot shellfish fisheries strategic environmental assessment: Scoping ReportLobster V - Notching ReportManaging Natura 2000 Sites: The Provisions of Article 6 of the 'Habitats' Directive 92/43/EECAn insight into the fisheries throughout the committee's district

Mapping survey of the sublittoral and littoral biotopes of the Berwickshire coast: Appendix

Review of Marine Nature Conservation

Charting Progress: An integrated assessment of the state of UK seasReview of marine fisheries and environmental enforcementImpact of intermittent discharges on the microbiological quality of shellfish

Durham Geodiversity Audit

Ecological status report: results from CPR survey 2006/2007

Return to abundance: A case for marine reserves in the North SeaManaging our marine resources - licensing under the Marine BillDesigns for nature: Regional conservation planning, implementation and management

Marine biological survey of the coastline of south-east Scotland from North Berwick to the River Tweed.

Distribution of the marine molluscs of north west Europe

UK ship recycling strategy

The tides of time: Archaeology on the Northumberland Coast

Site Condition Monitoring: Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast (BNNC) littoral and sublittoral caves, June 2003

Safeguarding our Seas: A strategy for the conservation and sustainable development of our marine environmentThe BIOMAR programme at the University of Newcastle: An introduction to the methodology used for mapping marine benthic biotopesIs the RoxAnn ground discrimination system a useful tool for remote sensing and mapping of subtidal benthic marine biotopes?

Marine species protection: A review of risk and considerations for improvement - Building the evidence base for the Marine Bill

Flood and coastal defence R&D programme: Guidance notes for assessing morphological change in estuaries

Report of the 1st UK Marine Protected Areas Centre workshop, 28 February 2007, York. Uk Marine Protected Areas Centre

Marine nature conservation review sector 5. South-east Scotland and north-east England: Biotope classificationMarine Nature Conservation Review: marine biotope classification for Britain and Ireland. Volume 2. Sublittoral biotopes. Version 97.06

Benthic marine ecosystems in Great Britain: a review of current knowledge. Orkney, north Scotland, east Scotland and north east England (MNCR coastal sectors 2 to 5)Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 5. South-east Scotland and north-east England: area summaries

Deficiencies in the current legislation relevant to nature conservation in the marine environment in the United Kingdom

Marine Climate Change Impacts Annual Report Card 2006Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2004Training Manual: An introduction to shellfish aquaculture - an east coast perspectiveInvestigating the Oceans: Tenth report of session 2006-07 Volume 1 Report together with formal minutes

The Science of Marine Reserves

Basic Fishing MethodsBiotechnology of petroleum pollutant biodegradation

Petroleum biodegradation and oil spill bioremediationFisheries and the environment: Introductory statementThe lobster fiefs: Economic and ecological effects of territoriality in the Maine lobster industry

Distributional aspects of multispecies management: The Barents Sea large marine ecosystemAssessing the sensitivity of seabed species and biotopes - The Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN)

When enough is not enough: shorebirds and shellfishing

Dispersal patterns of the eggs and larvae of spring-spawning fish in the Irish Sea, UK

Marine Natural Products: Diversity in molecular structure and bioactivtyDevelopment of a trawl efficiency device (TED) for Australian prawn fisheries. I. The AusTED designIdentifying priorities for Marine Protected Areas in the Insular PacificTotal Allowable Catch (TAC) and quota management system in the European UnionAmounts of discards by commercial fisheries and their significance as food for seabirds in the North Sea

Far-field control of long-term changes in Northumberland (NW North Sea) coastal zooplanktonVariability and stability in benthos: twenty-two years of monitoring off NorthumberlandMarine debris and northern fur seals: a case study

The effects of repeated small oil spillages and chronic discharges

Life in the Maelstrom: The biomechanics of wave-swept rocky shoresChanges in the North Sea ecosystems and their causes: Arhus 1975 revisited

Integrated coastal zone management: The Pacific wayImpact of Enteromorpha intestinalis mats on near-bed currents and sediment dynamics: flume studies

The effects of beam-trawl disturbance on iunfaunal communities in different habitats

Bioenergetic responses of the marine bivalve Venus verrucosa on long-term exposure to petroleum hydrocarbons

Future challenges for international management of ocean resources sustainable yield of fish stocks: Future international management

Biologically generated habitat provision and diversity of rocky shore organisms at a hierarchy of spatial scalesNorth-South shifts of the Gulf Stream and their climatic connection with the abundance of zooplankton in the UK and its surrounding seas

Environmental crisis management: The role of a scientific organisation in relation to the North Sea from 1987 to 1993

Degradation of phenanthrene and pyrene by microorganisms isolated from marine sediment and seawater

Schoolchildren as educators: the indirect influence of environmental education in schools on parents' attitudes towards the environment

Implications of climate change for fisheries management policy

Individual transferable quotas: theory and practiceEcosystem effects of fishing activities in the North SeaRelevance of the behaviour of seabirds to the conservation of marine environmentsImpacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services

Guide to the identification of Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises in European Seas

Intertidal monitoring of a muddy gravel community (VsenMtru) in Pen Llyn a'r Sarnau in 2004Solent disturbance and mitigation project: Phase 1 report. Report to the Solent Forum

Solent recreation and disturbance project: Winter bird survey, first year reportPredicting the impacts of disturbance on shorebird mortality using a behaviour-based model

North Shields Fish Quay Bird Surveys

Effects of human activity on the foraging behavior of sanderlings Calidris albaWintering bird and disturbance survey, North Sands, Hartlepool, County DurhamNorth Wales Recreational Sea Angler (RSA) pilot surveys: Winter results December 2007 to March 2008

Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxideCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeCell 1 Coastal Monitoring Programme Update Report 1: 'Partial Measures' Survey 2009Cell 1 Regional Coastal Monitoring ProgrammeTracking of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea reveals longest animal migration

Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site Management Scheme

Sandhaven Beach: Phase 1 Habitat Survey

Marine Spatial Planning: a step-by-step approach toward ecosystem-based managementCoastal and Marine Spatial Planning Framework for the Irish Sea Pilot ProjectA Marine Spatial Plan for the Shetland Islands Part Two: Marine Atlas Consultative Draft

Effectiveness of marine reserve networks in representing biodiversity amd minimizing impact to fisherman: a comparison of two approaches used in California

Striking a balance between biodiversity conservation and socioeconomic viability in the design of marine protected areas

The effects of wind farms on shorebirds (waders: Charadrii), especially with regard to wintering golden plovers

Impacts on biodiversity of exploitation of renewable energy sources: the example of birds and bats - facts, gaps in knowledge, demands for further research, and ornithological guidelines for the development of renewable energy exploitation

The Rame Head Study: The impact of offshore sediment dumping activity on the health of the mussel population in Whitsand Bay, Cornwall

Wintering areas of adult Atlantic puffins Fratercula artica from a North Sea colony as revealed by geolocation technology

Sailing Tourism in North East England Feasibility Study: A Market Assessment, Economic Impact Study and Action Plan

Marine Spatial Planning Literature ReviewMarine Spatial Planning Pilot Final Report

Marine Protected Areas in the context of Marine Spatial PlanningImportance of fish biodiversity for the management of fisheries and ecosystems

Choose or Lose: A recovery plan for fish stocks and the UK fishing industry

Human activities in UK offshore waters: an assessment of direct, physical pressure on the seabed

The effect of small prohibited trawling areas on the abundance of fishes

Effective discard reduction in European fisheries: Options for fishers and fisheries managersEcological responses to climate change

The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems

A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systemsChanges in the range of some common rocky shore species in Britain - a response of climate change?

Indexing variability: A case study with climate change impacts on ecosystemsEcological and evolutionary responses to recent climate change

Ecological hindcasting of biogeographic responses to climate change in the European intertidal zone

Modelling the response of populations of competing species to climate change

European Policy Review: Biodiversity and climate changeConsensus on climate change

Why corals care about ocean acidification: Uncovering the mechanism

Point-of-View: Arguments for conventional fisheries management and against no-take marine protected areas: only half the story?

Tempeature control of larval dispersal and the implications for marine ecology, evolution, and conservation

Marine Protected Areas for Management of Temperate North Atlantic Fisheries: Lessons learned in MPA use for sustainable fisheries exploitation and stock recoveryDeveloping indicators of MPA effectiveness: finfish abundance and diversity in a Yorkshire prohibited trawl area

Role of biological habitat amelioration in altering the relative responses of congeneric species to climate change

Potential interactions among ocean acidification, coccolithophores, and the optical properties of seawater Research priorities for understanding ocean acidification: Summary from the second symposium on the Ocean in a High -CO2 World

Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms

European project on ocean acidification (EPOCA): Objectives, products, and scientific highlightsEffect of ocean acidification on the speciation of metals in seawaterObserving ocean acidification from spaceOcean acidification: Present conditions and furture changes in a high-CO2 worldOcean acidification at high latitudes: The Bellwether

An accounting of observed increase in oceanic and atmospheric CO2 and an outlook for the furtureNutrient cycles and marine microbes in a CO2-enriched oceanOcean acidification: A critical emerging problem for the ocean sciencesOcean acidification and the increasing transparency of the ocean low-frequency soundOcean acidification in deep timeOcean acidification's potential to alter global marine ecosystem servicesPotential impacts of sea-level rise for Great-BritainClimate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands

Climate change and deepening of the North Sea fish assemblage: a biotic indicator of warming seas

Do distributional shifts of northern and southern species of algae match the warming pattern?

Population resistence to climate change: modelling the effects of low recruitment in open populations

Climate change and the migration capacity of species Climate change and distribution in marine fishesTees Seals Research Programme: Monitoring Report No. 21 (1989-2009)

3D Environmental Survey on Behalf of Cleveland Potash Controls on carbon cycling in two contrasting temperate zone estuaries: The Tyne and Tweed, UK

Discriminatory classification of natural and anthropogenic waters in two UK estuaries

Modelling solute transport in the Tweed Estuary, UK using ECoSDissolved nutrients in the Tweed Estuary, UK: inputs, distributions and effects of residence timeSeasonal variability of salinity, temperature, turbidity and suspended chlorophyll in the Tweed Estuary

Temporal variability in the benthos: Does the sea floor function differently over time?

Brent Geese Branta bernicula and Zostera: factors affecting the exploitation of a seasonally declining food source

Evaluating the sources and fate of anthropogenic dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in two contrasting North Sea estuaries

Turnover and trends in butterfly communities on two British tidal islands: stochastic influences and deterministic factorsThe restoration of mud flats invaded by common cord-grass (Spartina anglica, CE Hubbard) using mechanical disturbance and its effects on the macrobenthic fauna

St. Abbs Head to River Tyne Shoreline Management Plan Broadscale mapping of the reefs of the Berwickshire and Northumberland. EA 2012 Benthic Infauna Quality Index

Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2010Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2011

Coquet Island yearly breeding totals 1975 – 2006Coquet Island Reserve. Annual Report for 2008/09. Management Plan Year 3

Coquet Island Reserve. Annual Report for 2009/10. Management Plan Year 4

Coquet Island Reserve. Annual Report for 2010/11. Management Plan Year 5Coquet Island Season 2010 Species InformationCoquet Island Season 2011 Species InformationCoquet Island Season 2012 Species InformationRSPB Coquet Island Management PlanCapt’n Coquet’s Special Edition – The Final 2010 CountdownEider data summary

Eider Population on Farne Islands 1970-2004Breeding Populations of the Farne Islands from Bird Reports of P. Hawkey, Warden NaturalistFarne Islands Newsletter Issue 3Farne Islands Newsletter Issue 5Farnes East rMCZ Post-survey Site Report

Intertidal Biotopes of the Farne Islands: A conservation assessment and monitoring exercise

EA WFD Zostera and Macroalgae extents

Northumberland and North Tyneside Shoreline Management Plan 2. Northumbrian Coastal Authority Group

The Mid North Sea Marine Natural Area: A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England

Effectiveness of disturbance methods and egg removal to deter large gulls Larus spp. from competing with nesting terns Sterna spp. on Coquet Island RSPB reserve, Northumberland, EnglandThe Farne Islands: Property Manager/Head Warden Report to the Farne Islands Advisory Committee - 2005The Farne Islands: Head Warden/Property Manager Report to the Farne Islands Advisory Committee - 2006The Farne Islands: Property Manager/Head Warden Report to the Farne Islands Advisory Committee - 2008

Monitoring of the BNNC Sands and Mud Flats – with respect to the size and location of the Zostera spp. beds, the Enteromorpha spp.

Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation.Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1

Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2012Effects of human trampling on tidal flat infauna

Managing The Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast European Marine SiteWader Population Data - Peak Counts 1997-2002

North Shields Fish Quay Development Co. Ltd: North Shields Fish Quay Bird Surveys

Identifying important marine areas for terns: JNCC 3rd interim report

Maintenance Dredging Baseline Document Port of TyneNorthumbria Coast SPA Habitats Directive Site Characterisation

A study into recreational disturbance at the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine SiteA scientific understanding of the Tees Estuary to determine the cause of macroalgal mats at Seal Sands

Preliminary Ornithological Report: Bird Use of Bran Sands Lagoon and Dabholme Gut

Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2002Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2005Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2006Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2008Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2009Little Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2010Ornithological report: Bransands lagoon and riverfront, South Tees 2006/2007Ornithological report: Dabholm Gut, South Tees 2006/2007Bransands Lagoon Breeding Bird Survey 2007

The impact of seacoaling activity on the shore wildlife at HartlepoolAppropriate Assessment with regard to Teesside offshore wind farm

Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation.

Impacts of changes in sewage disposal on waterbirds wintering on the Northumbrian coast - final report: BTO Research Report No. 442

Report on waders using North Sunderland Harbour during breakwater construction: 1st -10th December 2008Proposed methodology for identifying important marine areas for the little tern Sternula albifrons: Little tern SPA sites in EnglandReport on over-winter bird activity at Littlehaven, South Shields for Royal Haskoning: October 2009 – March 2010

Mobile oil rig project and the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coasta SPA/SSSI: A review of the evidence of disturbance effects on key bird Supporting ecological information for re-development of former Britmag site, Hartlepool: Addendum to the Environmental Statement

Air Products Tees Valley Renewable Energy Facility - Information to support a Habitats Regulations Assessment: Stage 1 Screening

Recreational Disturbance at the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site: Bird disturbance field work - Winter 2011/2012

A study of over-wintering waterbirds of the Durham Coast for Durham County Council: December 2011 - March 2012Site Characterisation: A review of existing information relating to the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA and Ramsar siteCreation of temperate-climate intertidal mudflats: factors affecting colonisation and use by benthic invertebrates and their predators

Report to inform an appropriate assessment for the proposed Teesside offshore wind farm

Redcar vertical pier. Assessment of impacts on tessmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA and Ramsar site

Bird and sound monitoring during piling operations at the ConocoPhillip jetties, Seal Sands, 2004Seaton Channel Rig Storage Bird CountsTERRC Dry Dock – environmental assessment. Final ReportINCA Bird Surveys 2010Seal Sands Low Tide Counts 2003-2009Estuarine Bird Monitoring - TERRC FacilityEstuarine Bird Monitoring - TERRC Facility

Environmental Impacts of Revetments on the Teesmouth & Cleveland Coast SPAEcological Monitoring in the Lower Tees Estuary: September 1999Tees Estuary: Ecological Monitoring 1997Seaton Channel Macroinvertebrate SamplingLower Tees Estuary: A Scoping Study of the Intertidal Ecosystem

Tees Upper Estuary: Investigation of the Causes of Dissolved Oxygen Depletion

Marine Landscape Ecology of the Farne Islands: A Holistic Approach to Conservation Management

Redcar flood alleviation scheme. Assessment of impact on Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA and Ramsar site

Teesside offshore wind farm - technical note of observations of the responses of birds to cable percussive drillingTeesside proposed offshore wind farm: Progress report no. 2 on ornithological surveys, October 2002- February 2003

A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 2001 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 2000 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1999 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising From the River Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1997 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1995 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990An Overview of the Results of the Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990 for the Years 1990 - 1994 Before Commissioning of the Barrage

An Overview and Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1990 to 1993 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising From the River Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990An Overview and Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1990 - 1992 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising From the River Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990Biological Effects of Metals Associated with Contaminated Sediments on Estuarine Benthic Organisms: Whole Sediment Bioassays of Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site - SPA

Assessment of the Communities of Larger Invertebrate Species in Seaton Channel: Intertidal and Subtidal AssemblagesAssessment of the Communities of Larger Invertebrate Species in Seaton Channel: Intertidal and Subtidal AssemblagesA Review of Some Factors Involved in Macroalgal Blooms on Tidal Flats and Comments on the Possible Causes of Macroalgal Blooming at Seal Sands

A Review of Investigative Work Undertaken Since the Commissioning of the Tees Barrage

Assessment of the spatial distribution of tyres in the Bran Sands littoral zone for bait gathering

Estuarine Bird Monitoring TERRC Facility: Bird Flight Plot FiguresEstuarine Bird Monitoring TERRC Facility: Final Report

Tees Maintenance Dredging Baseline DocumentTeesmouth Sediment StudyUse of Action Levels in Dredged Material Assessments

Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2011.


What’s in your backyard?Berwick upon Tweed Estuary Study: Stage 1 'Conceptual Understanding' Report.Berwick upon Tweed Estuary Study: Stage 2 - Estuary Modelling Study Report

Fish Data for the Tweed: 2008-2011The Tweed Invaisives ProjectNorth East Coastal Observatory websiteRiver Tweed elevation change (2003-2009) - InnerRiver Tweed elevation change (2003-2009) - OuterSalinity, Particle Size Analysis and benthic invertebrate data for the Tweed: 2008 and 2011Survey of the Littoral Sediments of the Tweed Estuary cSAC.

Farne Island Marine Report 2012Farne Islands Cetacean Report 2012Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast SAC Appropriate AssessmentStock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2008

Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). March 2007


The Farne Islands The Grey Sea (Halichoerus grypus)l Breeding Season - 1997The Farne Islands The Grey Sea (Halichoerus grypus)l Breeding Season - 1998The Farne Islands The Grey Sea (Halichoerus grypus)l Breeding Season - 2000The Farne Islands The Grey Seal Breeding Season - 2004

Evidence of Change in the Macrofauna of Tidal Flats Subject to Anthropomorphic Impacts in North-East England

An Investigation into the Causes, Effects and Implications of the Growth of the Green Macroalga Enteromorpha spp. on Seal Sands, TeesmouthAn Investigation of Sediment Budget, the Fate of Contaminants, and Dating Sediment Contamination in the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA

Effect on shorebird numbers of disturbance, the loss of a roost site and its replacement by and artificial island at Hartlepool, Cleveland.

Information to Support Appropriate Assessment: Storage of One Mobile Offshore Unit (MOU) within Able Seaton Port (ASP) Holding Basin

Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast SAC: An assessment of concentrations and sources of nutrients in near-coastal waters

Stock assessment of the littoral mussel (Mytilus edulis) beds on Fenham Flats (Holy Island). Report for Northumberland Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority

The Farne Islands The Grey Seal Breeding Season - 2005Chowderness Realignment monitoring - Changes to intertidal invertebratesChowderness topographic survey

Leisure Marina Feasibility Study – Tweedmouth Harbour

Defining the Northumberland Lobster Fishery.Northumberland and North Tyneside Rocky Foreshore ‘Coastal Squeeze’ Study

Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2012

Bran Sands Bait Collection Project Phase 2

Bran Sands bait collection studyBerwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC, Rocky shore monitoring sites

Fishing effort in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site in 2001 - 2003

Establishing a monitoring programme on caves in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland cSACBerwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC sublittoral monitoring 2002/3

Review and gap analysis of environmental indicators for fisheries and aquaculture

A review of the effects of fishing within UK European Marine SitesLiterature review on the impact on bird populations of disturbance due to human access on footIdentification of marine habitats relevant to Special Areas of Conservation

Lindisfarne NNR: Survey of the Zostera and other intertidal vegetation

Intertidal Survey: Northumbria Coast SPA bird food availability study

An Investigation of Sediment Budget, the Fate of Contaminants, and Dating Sediment Contamination in the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast SPA - Work Package 2: Analysis of Sediment Cores from North Tees Mudflats

Infralittorral reef biotopes with kelp species. An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs

Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.4.1 Marine Mammal Technical Report.

Survey, Assessment and Mapping of Submerged and Partly Submerged Sea caves in the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSACThe Assessment of lamprey distribution and abundance in the River Tweed candidate Special area of Conservation/ Site of Special Scientific Interest. Summer 2004.A Preliminary Evaluation of the Results of the 1998 Monitoring Programmes Related to Nature Conservation Concerns Arising from the Rivers Tees Barrage and Crossing Act 1990A preliminary evaluation of the results of the 2001 monitoring programmes related to nature conservation concerns arising from the River Tees barrage and Crossing Act 1990

A preliminary evaluation of the results of the 2002 monitoring programmes related to nature conservation concerns arising from the River Tees barrage and Crossing Act 1990

The Farne Islands Marine Monitoring Schemes - The use of the sea area in Farne Island waters: 10 years of boating activity (1996 - 2005)

Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSAC sub-tidal monitoring: A targetted study of diving and anchoring impacts on the Farne Islands

Utilisation of Geographical Information System software to record fishing and enforcement activity within the district of North Eastern Sea Fisheries Committee

Monitoring of the BNNC sands and mudflats with respect to the size and location of the Zostera spp. beds, the Enteromorpha spp. mats, the mussel beds and the seaward boundary of the Spartina sp zone

Adopting an ecosystem approach for the improved stewardship of the maritime environment: some overarching issues

Marine Protected Areas: A review of their use for delivering marine biodiversity benefitsThe development of remote sensing techniques for marine SAC monitoringEndocrine disrupters and European Marine Sites in EnglandIdentification of marine habitats relevant to Special Areas of ConservationMaritime cliffs and slope inventoryAssessment of risks posed by toxic contamination to waterbirds on Special Protection Areas (SPAs)Estuary Special Protection Areas: Establishing baseline targets for shorebirds

Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: Guidance for nature conservation agencies

Marine LBAP guidance manual for EnglandThe role of Regional Development Agencies in sustainable development in the marine environment

A biodiversity audit of the North East

Planning at the Coast

Review of fisheries management regimes and relevant legislation in UK watersSea Fisheries: steps to sustainabilityOcean Acidification: The Facts

Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site: Grey Seal Population Status

Rocky Shore Survey: An Analysis of Bird Food AvailabilityBerwickshire and North Northumberland Coast: sublittoral monitoring 2011

Identifying possible marine SPAs for terns breeding on Coquet Island SPA

Intertidal survey: Northumbria Coast SPA bird food availability studyStudy of long term changes in bird usage of the Tees EstuaryTeesmouth and Cleveland Coast rocky shore survey: an analysis of bird food availabilityTeesside offshore wind farm, Redcar: seabird count details

Networks of protected areas in the maritime environment. A report for the review of marine nature conservation and the marine stewardship process on a stakeholder workshop held in London on 19th June 2003.

Giving fresh momentum to marine Biodiversity Action Planning in south east England: The case for change

Towards a coherent network of Marine Protected Areas. Report conference held on the 2-4th October, 2007, Scarborough, UK.Guidelines for managing the collection of bait and other shoreline animals within UK European Marine SitesEuropean Marine Sites - ecological sensitivity and management requirements. Managing activities and impacts within the UK's networks of marine Special Areas of Conservation (SACs)

Investigating the existing coverage and subsequent gaps in protection and providing guidance on representativity and replication for a coherent network of Marine Protected Areas in England’s territorial waters.

A baseline study of Recreational Sea Anglers: the species and areas targeted, techniques used and acceptability of proposed Marine Conservation Zones

Methods for managing Marine Protected Areas: Options for establishing and managing a marine protected area system in the UK

Condition Monitoring of the Intertidal Reefs Reature: Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast Special Area for Conservation (European Marine Site)

Berwickshire and North Northumberland European Marine Site Survey of the Intertidal Sand and Mud flats, Characterisation of the Large Shallow Inlets and Bays.



Tees Seals Research Programme Monitoring Reports no 14

EPOCH 2. MAPS(R) imagery sourced from GeoPerspectives (c) Infoterra Ltd - Geoperspectives

Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site (BNNC EMS) Survey Report 2012

MarClim Report 2009/10

The Ecological Impacts Of The Collection Of Animals From Rocky Intertidal ReefsFarne Islands Marine Monitoring Programme: Report of the 1997 Season

Tweed Estuary SAC lamprey assessment 2013. Report.Tees Estuary Inter-tidal Project 2013Tweed Estuary SAC: Biotope Survey 2013.Condition monitoring form -- SNHFarne Islands head Warden/ Property Manager report to the Farne Island Advisory Committee

Survey Humberstone Fitties Lagoon (part of RSPB Tetney Marshes Reserve).Immingham Oil Terminal Approach Channel Dredging Environmental StatementAble Marine Energy Park - HRA ReportAMEP - ES ReportGrimsby RoRo (Grimsby River Terminal) - ESHumber Estuary Managed Realignments: Summary Lessons for the FutureABPmer Green Port Hull - ES

Water Framework Directive (WFD) Tees Estuary Intertidal Project – Nutrient level and benthic habitat monitoring

Berwickshire and North Northumberland European Marine Site - Survey of the intertidal sand and mud flats.EPOCH 1. MAPS(R) imagery sourced from UK Perspectives c) Copyright UK Perspectives - Infoterra Limited 1999 - 2003.

Acoustic and Video Survey of transects within the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast European Marine SiteAnalysis of the results from benthic sampling in Embleton Bay and Beadnell Bay (Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast European Marine Site), April 2009Assessing the ecological impact of nutrient stripping from a coastal sewage treatment plant and its effects on the ecosystem of a designated site (Budle Bay area of Lindisfarne SPA)Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast SAC Sub-tidal Monitoring: The impacts of diving and anchoring on the Farne islands

Importance of the Farne Deeps and surrounding waters off the Northumberland coast for White-beaked Dolphin and other cetaceans and seabirds of Conservation Concern

Marine Biodiversity and Climate Change Monitoring in the UK: Establishing a baseline for the rocky intertidal coastline within the Berwickshire and Northumberland Coast Special Area for Conservation

Subtidal Monitoring Surveys 2005 for English Nature: Berwickshire & North Northumberland Coast cSAC. Sub-tidal Monitoring. A targeted study of diving and anchoring impacts on the Farne Islands .Survey of the Littoral Sediments at Lindisfarne NNR & Budle Bay on the Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast. Draft Report.

An observational study of bird responses to a novel disturbance on the Holy Island Sands, Lindisfarne NNR site, September 2010A baseline assessment of wildfowl summer disturbance at Fenham Flats, Lindisfarne National Nature Reserve

Survey of the Marine Environment of North Northumberland : An assessment of the conservation interest of the marine biotopes. A Biomar report prepared for English Nature and the National Trust

A study of the availability of the intertidal food resource for birds using the Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast Special Protection Area

Ecosystem Management Bioindicators (ECOMAN)

Environment Agency Review of Information on Lamprey Populations in the Humber Basin. Final Report.

Humber European Marine Site Water Quality Appropriate Assessment: Organic Loading Part A-DScientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2002Subtidal Condition Assessment 21st Dec 2010Case Study on the Welwick Realignment SchemeManaged realignment as a tool for compensatory habitat creation - A re-appraisal

Site Characterisation of European Marine Sites - Humber Estuary pSAC, pSPA, RamsarMarine Fish Nursery Function in the Humber Estuary

Survey of adult river lamprey, migration, spawning and habitat availability in the River Ure 2005.

Biogeochemical value of managed realignment, Humber estuary, UK.

Able Marine Energy Park Estuary Modelling Studies ReportHumberston Fitties Coastal Defence Refurbishment. Phase One Habitat Survey 2009.Annex 7.2 South Humber Channel Marine Studies: Water & Sediment QualityAnnex 9.1 South Humber Channel Marine Studies: Bathymetry & Hydrography Survey ReportTrophic and Organic Status of the Humber Estuary - Phase 2Review of the Geomorphological Dynamics of the Humber Estuary. Final Report.Cherry Cobb Sands Compensation Site. Evolution of the existing foreshore.

Annex 10.1 South Humber Channel Marine Studies: Intertidal and Subtidal Benthic and Fish Surveys 2010

Coastal and Estuarine ProcessesMarine Ecology and Nature Conservation

Immingham Gas Jetty Appropriate Assessment Reproductive ecology of the river lamprey

Review of High Tide Waterfowl Roosting and Foraging Sites on the Humber Estuary (IECS)Construction and Waterfowl: Defining Sensitivity, Response, Impacts and Guidance

Managed realignment as compensation for the loss of intertidal mudflat: A short term solution to a long term problem?Spatial patterns of benthic macrofauna in relation to environmental variables in an intertidal habitat in the Humber estuary, UK: Developing a tool for estuarine shoreline management

Survey of adult and river sea lamprey spawning and habitat avaiability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe and Nidd 2003.Survey of adult river and sea lamprey spawning and habitat availability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe and Nidd 2004.

Cleethorpes Beach Monitoring: Assessment of Saltmarsh Development and Intertidal Biodiversity in Relation to Possible Future Management Targets. 2007 Baseline Report

Historical storage budgets of organic carbon, nutrient and contaminant elements in saltmarsh sediments: Biogeochemical context for managed realignment, Humber Estuary, UK.

Fish Pilot Studies in the Humber Estuary, UK. Institute of Estuarine & Coastal Studies (IECS), University of Hull, UK. Report produced as part of the European Interreg IIIB HARBASINS project.

Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan for Immingham Outer Harbour, Quay 2005 and Accompanying Habitat Creation and Enhancement Proposals

Supporting Factual Data Appendix. Geophysical survey report. 'South Humber Channel Marine Studies. Geophysical & Geotechnical report' in Annex 7.3 - Report on a ground investigation for South Humber Channel Marine Studies.

Humber Estuary SPA Waterbird populations: Trend Analyses by Count Sector - BTO Research Report No. 497

Predicting site quality for shorebird communities: a case study on the Humber Estuary, UK

Exploring behavioural responses of shorebirds to impulsive noiseRecreational disturbance to birds on the Humber Estuary

The 2008 Little Tern Project: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East Yorkshire2009 Little Tern Breeding Season Report: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireLittle Tern Protection Scheme: Beacon Lagoons 2010 Breeding ReportEasington Little Tern Protection Scheme: Breeding Report 2011Easington Little Tern Protection Scheme: Breeding Report 2012Temporal and Age-specific Limitations upon Reproductive Success of Little Terns, Sterna albifronsNest site selection and its impact on the reproductive success of Little Terns, Sterna albifronsHumber Estuary Low Tide Programme 2011/2012

Avifaunal Disturbance Assessment: Flood Defence Work, SaltendHumber Management Scheme Visitor SurveyWaterbird Monitoring at Paull Holme Strays: Interim Findings - October 2011 to March 2012 (Year 9)

Able Marine Energy Park: Habitats Regulations Assessment Information

Alkborough Flats Annual Bird Report for 2010Alkborough Flats Bird and Wildlife Surveys 2007Alkborough Flats Winter Wildfowl and Wader Surveys: October 2008 - March 2009Maintaining Favourable Condition at Read's IslandSouth Humber Bank Zone Final Report: Field Usage by Bird Species from the Humber Estuary SPAHumber Estuary Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan: Data 2007Humber Estuary Coastal Habitat Management Plan

Immingham Outer Harbour Development: Bird Monitoring ReportsLittle Tern Feeding Flight Lines 2012Ornithological Monitoring Surveys at Saltend

Unravelling Coastal Nature Conservation Policy: Managing Change on the HumberAble Marine Energy Park Draft Environmental Statement: Chapter 11 - Ecology and Nature Conservation

Humber Gateway OWF, EON Climate & Renewables: Little Tern Foraging & Prey Preference Survey Report; Humber Gateway OWF: Addendum to the Little Tern Foraging and Prey Preference Survey Report

A Report on the 2006 Little Tern Breeding Season: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireA Report on the 2007 Little Tern Sterna albifrons Breeding Season: Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East Yorkshire

Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2009 to March 2010Updated Analysis of Wetland Bird Survey (WeBS) Data for the Humber Estuary SSSI, SAC, SPA and Ramsar site - BTO Research Report No. 636

Habitat Mapping and Development at the Paull Holme Strays Managed Realignment Site on the Humber Estuary

A Report on the 2002 Breeding Season at the Little Tern colony, Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East Yorkshire

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #32: October 2006 to December 2006, Early Winter

Natura 2000 Risk Assessment: A review of the risk to the international designated avifauna population at Easington Lagoons

Winter Bird Survey of Land in Goxhill Marshes, North Lincolnshire

Able Humber Ports Facility, Killingholme: 'Area E' Breeding Bird SurveyHull Waste Water Treatment Works: Wintering Bird Survey - Final ReportMonitoring of the Hull WwTW Outfall, Saltend - Summary ReportOrnithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #25 April 2004 to June 2004, Spring Passage

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #28 January 2005 to March 2005, Late Winter

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #29 April 2005 to June 2005, Spring Passage

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #32 January 2006 to March 2006, Late Winter

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #33 April 2006 to June 2006, Spring Passage

Monitoring of the Hull WwTW Outfall, Saltend - Summary Report: Final

Blacktoft Sands Annual Reports 2004 - 2010Ornithological Monitoring, Thorngumbald: Annual Report #1 January to December 2002

Breeding Bird Survey Results: Cherry Cobb Sands (fields)Inland Bird Usage on the Humber Estuary

A Report on the 2003 Breeding Season at the Little Tern colony, Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireA Report on the 2004 Breeding Season at the Little Tern colony, Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve, Easington, East YorkshireIdentifying Important Marine Areas for the Little Tern Sternula albifrons: JNCC little tern interim report 2012

Environmental Impact Statement Accompanying an Application for Temporary Planning Consent for Port Related Storage Facilities on Land East of Roper Road, South Killingholme, known as Area E: Supplementary Report on Non-Breeding (Migratory) Birds

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #26 July 2004 to September 2004, Autumn Passage Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #27 October 2004 to December 2004, Early Winter

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #30 July 2005 to September 2005, Autumn PassageOrnithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #31 October 2005 to December 2005, Early Winter

Ornithological Monitoring, Saltend: Summary Trend Report #34 July 2006 to September 2006, Autumn Passage

Ecological Development of the Alkborough Flats Managed Realignment Site: Fifth Year of Monitoring, September 2011

Methodologies and Preliminary Results of Ornithological Surveys Undertaken at the Proposed Welwick Wind Farm, East Yorkshire

Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Black-Tailed Godwit use of the Humber Estuary, with Reference to Historic Planning and Development at Killingholme PitsEffect of the Loss of Farmland on Waterfowl from the Humber Estuary SPA/Ramsar Site due to the Creation of the Proposed AMEP Intertidal Compensation Site

Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Wintering and Migratory Waterfowl on the Humber Eastuary and Implications for Their ConservationEnvironmental Assessment of a 1,320 MWe CCGT Power Station at Killingholme: Ornithological Survey and Assessment

Surveillance of Breeding Activity on the Avocet Colony at Paull Holme Strays, 2008Surveillance of Breeding Activity on the Avocet Colony at Paull Holme Strays, 2007Avifaunal Disturbance Assessment: Urgent Work (UW 15-17)Island Wharf: Ornithological Monitoring and AssessmentSaxby Wold Wind Farm: Environmental Statement

Able Humber Ports Facility Initial Ornithology Survey Report: Area 2, SSSI Section (Drawing KI-12224 A)

Grimsby Bioethanol Plant: Wintering Bird Report 2007/2008, Revision 03Environmental Statement for a Managed Realignment Scheme at ChowdernessAssessing the development of newly created habitat for wintering estuarine birdsThe value of wader foraging behaviour study to assess the success of restored intertidal areasThe recreation of estuarine ecosystem: a case study at Paull Holme Strays, Humber Estuary, UKLittle Tern Newsletter. Little terns in Britain and Ireland, 2011

Wildfowl and Wader Usage of Pywipe Mudflats, Humber Estuary Wetland Bird Survey Sector Mid South A

Hull Quay 2005 Bird Monitoring: Monthly bird monitoringWelwick Managed Realignment Site: Ornithological Survey Results, September 2006 to May 2007Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Ornithological Survey Results, September 2007 to March 2008Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Ornithological Survey Results, September 2008 to March 2009

Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Breeding Bird Survey ResultsHabitat Creation Measures at Chowder Ness/Barton Cliff: Monthly Bird Monitoring ReportsHabitat Creation Measures at Freshney Channel, Pyewipe: Monthly Bird monitoringGreen Port Hull: Bird Monitoring - Monthly Bird Monitoring, August 2011 to May 2012Novartis Renewable Energy Project - Vantage Point bird surveys 2005-2006Novartis Vantage Point surveys February - March 2009Avian Impact Assessment: Novartis Renewable Energy Project, Grimsby, LincolnshireHumber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Baseline AssessmentHumber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 1999/2000

Humber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 2004/2005

Status and Distribution of Icelandic Breeding Geese

Benthic Infauna Quality Index

Able Humber Ports Facility Initial Ornithology Survey Report: Area 3, Southern Section (Drawing KI-12224 A)

Able Humber Ports Facility Initial Ornithology Survey Report: Area 1, Northern Section (Drawing KI-12224 A)

Black-tailed Godwits Limosa limosa on the Humber Estuary: Status, distribution and habitat use - a paper for Associated British Ports

Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2010 to March 2011Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2011 to March 2012Welwick Managed Realignment Site: Waterbird Monitoring Survey Results, September 2012 to March 2013

Humber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 2000/2001 (Post Construction)Humber International Terminal (HIT) Ornithological Survey: Annual Monitoring Report, 2001/2002 (Post Phase 1 Construction)

Summary Report of Movements of Marsh Harriers, Pink-footed Geese and gulls around a designated site at Winterton North Lincolnshire

Reviewing the Impact of Agency Permissions and Activities on Bird Populations in Special Protection Areas: Level 1 Interpretation. BTO Research

The particle size characteristics of fluvial suspended sediment in the Humber and Tweed catchments, UK.

Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Seal count 04Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Seal count 05

Immingham Outer Harbour: Dredge Monitoring ReportEnvironment Agency data from local intertidal benthic surveys. Invert species lists, 2006/07/08Environment Agency data from local intertidal benthic surveys. PSA data 2006/7/8Environment Agency data from local intertidal benthic surveys. Sediment description, 2006/07/08Environment Agency Humber Estuary SAC elevation change (2001-2010)Humb SBank Inverts 06-07Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust grey seal colony report 2011Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust Seal colony habitat map 2008Habitat Status of the Humber Estuary, UK..Keadby Power Station fish entrainment study.Ecological Development of the Alkborough Flats managed realignment site 2007 -2008.

A study of morphological changes within managed realignment sites along the Humber Estuary (UK).

Aquatic invertebrate monitoring of foreshore pools at Outstray Farm, Sunk IslandAssessment of metal mining-contaminated river sediments in England and Wales

Baseline Invertebrate and Sediment Survey: Saltend, Spring 1998Baseline surveys 1998 to 2000 - Topographic Monitoring of Saltend Mudflat. Biological responses to contaminants in the Humber Estuary: Disentangling complex relationships

Blacktoft Sands Management Plan Channel Coastal Observatory Map Viewer and Data Search engine

Data. Dissolved oxygen levels in the Tidal Ouse - Summer 2013Doig's Creek - changes to intertidal invertebratesOnline managed realignment guide - database Welwick Realignment monitoring - Changes to intertidal invertebratesWelwick topographic surveyHumber International Terminal (HIT) Benthic Monitoring ReportHumber International Terminal (HIT) Benthic Monitoring Report for 1999, 2000 and 2001Saltmarsh Management Manual

Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.4.1 Marine Mammal Technical Report.

An assessment of the Benthic Invertebrate Communities of the Humber Estuary. Humber Estuary Review of Consents for the Habitats Directive. Review of Benthic Data Stage 1.

A review of sediment contamination by trace metals in the Humber catchment and estuary, and the implications for future estuary water quality.

Annex 32.5 Cherry Cobs Sands Compensation Site Sedimentation, Erosion and Saltmarsh Growth in Able UK Ltd Marine Energy Park Environmental StatementAnthropogenic factors affecting European river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis in the Humber River Basin, north-east England.

Condition assessment of lamprey populations in the Yorkshire Ouse catchment, north-east England, and the potential influence of physical migration barriers.

Saltend Benthic Invertebrate and Sediment survey 2005 & 2006 & Assessment of Variability in Baseline Benthic Community from 1998-2006

Topographic Survey 2005 - Monitoring of the Saltend Mudflat. Report to Cascade ConsultingTopographic Survey 2006 - Monitoring of the Saltend Mudflat. Report to Cascade ConsultingOrganic matter and nutrient inputs to the Humber Estuary, England.Topographic Survey 2004 - Monitoring of the Saltend Mudflat. Report to Cascade Consulting

Hydroecological Desk Study For Barton and Barrow Clay Pits

UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Habitat Descriptions Coastal SaltmarshManaged realignment in the Humber estuary: factors influencing sedimentation.

The Humber Estuary, Eastern England: Strategic planning of flood defences and habitats.Development of estuary morphological models. Annex C1: Area and volume changes in an estuary.Environment Agency Water Framework Field Work DataEnvironment Agency Water Framework Field Work DataEnvironment Agency: What’s in your backyard. 2012Review of fish population data in the Humber EstuaryRiver Basin Management Plan Humber River Basin District Annex A: Current State of WatersHumber intertidal surveys (South Bank). Trends in biological communities.

Humber Estuary Flood defence strategy. Paull Holme Strays. Environmental monitoring report 2005.Humber Estuary Flood defence strategy. Paull Holme Strays. Environmental monitoring report 2006.Saltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm Patrington: 2004Saltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm, Patrington (2003)Saltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm, Patrington: 2005

Managed Realignment in the Humber Estuary, UK.

River lamprey. Brief summary of Humber basin informationHumber Management Scheme WebsiteThe dynamics of intertidal mudflats and saltmarshes within estuaries

Saltend Benthic Invertebrate and Sediment survey 2004 & Assessment of Variability in Baseline Benthic Community from 1998-2004

Topographic monitoring of a middle estuary mudflat, Humber estuary, UK – Anthropogenic impacts and natural variation.

Humber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2007/08 Final Report

GIS-based methodologies for assessing nitrate, nitrite and ammonium distribution across a major UK basin, the Humber.

Extreme inefficiency of two conventional, technical fishways used by European river lamprey (Lampetra fluviatilis)

Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2007Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2009Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2010Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2008Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2011Vegetation development on new inter-tidal habitats at Outstray Farm (Sunk Island) and Chowderness (Barton-on-Humber) in 2012

Transco plc. Evaluation of the Potential Impact of Remedial Works: No.1 Gas Feeder Pipeline, Humber Estuary.

Saltend Benthic Invertebrate and Sediment Survey 2000 & Assessment of Variability in Baseline Benthic Community from 1998 to 2000

Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Studies Report Portfolio The Humber Estuary: Salt Marsh VegetationThe Humber Estuary - An Environmental Assessment.

Priors for the grey seal population model

The causes, extent and implication of intertidal change - a regional view from eastern England

Environmental Statement for a Managed Realignment Scheme at WelwickThe effect of freshwater flow on siltation in the Humber Estuary, north east UK.Gauging weirs impede the upstream migration of adult river lamprey Lampetra fluviatilisThe Humber Estuary: Environmental Background Marine freight terminal North Killingholme. Ecological Monitoring. Annual Report 1997/98.

Eelgrass survey at Horseshoe Point, north-east LincolnshireSummary of sea lamprey spawning in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2008Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning in the Rivers Ure, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2009Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning in the Rivers Ure, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2010

Humber Estuary outreach fact file

The River Humber (Upper Burcom tidal stream generator) order. Environmental Statement.

The geomorphology of the Humber Estuary.

Millennial to annual volume changes in the Humber Estuary

Spurn Eelgrass Survey

The commercial exploitation of a protected anadromous species, the river lamprey (Lamprey fluviatilis (L.)), in the tidal River Ouse, north-east EnglandThe influence of a petrochemical discharge on the bioturbation and erosion potential of an intertidal estuarine mudflat (Humber estuary, UK).Physical and biological development of a newly breached managed realignment site, Humber estuary, UK.

The strategic significance of wastewater sources to pollutant phosphorus levels in English rivers and to environmental management for rural, agricultural and urban catchments

Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 2 Benthic Subtidal and Intertidal EcologyHornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 4 Marine Mammals,Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 7 Commercial Fisheries.Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.2.1. Benthic Ecology technical report.Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 5 - offshore annexes. Annex 5.2.2. Water Framework Directive Assessment.

Survey of adult spawning in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2011 AND Summary of distribution and numbers of sea lamprey in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2003 to 2011 inclusive

Estimating the size of the UK grey seal population between 1984 and 2011, using revised priors on demographic parameters

Runoff and tidal influences on the estuarine turbidity maximum of a highly turbid system: The upper Humber and Ouse Estuary, UKTurbidity maximum in the macrotidal, highly turbid Humber Estuary, UK: Flocs, fluid mud, stationary suspensions and tidal boresNon-Linear Interactions Determine the Impact of Sea-Level Rise on Estuarine Benthic Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes

Filey Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2009: Final ReportFiley Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2010: Final Report.Filey Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2011: Final Report.Filey Bay Fishery Bycatch Monitoring 2012. Draft Report.RSPB Bempton Cliffs & Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme. 2011 Report.

Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2009The Flamborough Head and RSPB Cliffs SPA Seabird Colony Census 2008Summary of Filey-Cayton Bay Seabird Colony Counts

Report on the Inspection of Filey BriggFlamborough Head sublittoral surveyChalk Cliff Algal Communities: 2 - Outside Southern Eastern England

Mapping the Distribution of Benthic Biotopes at Flamborough HeadFlamborough Visibility StudyFlamborough Head and Robin Hood's Bay SSSI. Condition monitoring of the vegetated sea cliff feature

Seasearch Survey Report of Flamborough Head No Take Zone

Flamborough Head No Take Zone: intertidal habitat mappingBathymetric survey. Spurn Point to Flamborough Head.

Environment Agency Flamborough Water Temperature DataEnvironmental Influences on the Fish Assemblage of the Humber Estuary, U.K.

The status of lamprey species in the River Trent with particular regard to the Humber Estuary SAC

Humber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2003 Final Report

Fish Impingement Assessment: South Humber Bank Power Station 1999 - 2000Fish Impingement Assessment: South Humber Bank Power Station 2000 - 2001.Grange Wind Farm Environmental Statement. Volume 2: Main TextSaltmarsh vegetation monitoring at Outstray Farm, Sunk Island (2006)

Foraging ranges of northern gannets Morus bassanus in relation to proposed offshore wind farms in the UK: 2011Foraging ranges of northern gannets Morus bassanus in relation to proposed offshore wind farms in the UK: 2010-2012Habitats Directive Review of Consents. Appropriate Assessment. Flamborough Head Special Area of Conservation, Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs Special Protection Area

Hornsea Offshore Wind Farm. Project One. Environmental Statement. Volume 2 - Offshore. Chapter 5: Ornithology.

The Macrobenthos of Chalk Shores in North Norfolk and Around Flamborough Headland (North Humberside)

Record of Appropriate Assessment. Disposal of Marine Dredged Material at Disposal Site HU015 (Bridlington Bay)

SLAB5 Monitoring at Bridlington dredged material disposal site (HU015): implications for the integrity of the Flamborough Head SAC

Adult river lamprey occurrence and migration in the River Trent in relation to barriers and environmental conditions, 2006 - 2007

Humber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2004/05 Final ReportHumber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2005/06 Final ReportHumber Sea Terminal North Killingholme Environmental Monitoring - Annual Report 2002/2003 Final Report

The Humber Ecosystem. Proceedings of a Conference in Supoort of European Year of the Environment 17 March 1988 at the University of Hull

A Survey of the Bird Usage of Created Grassland and Scrub Habitats at Chowder Ness

Overwintering bird survey (nine areas in North East Lincolnshire)Humber Subtidal SandbanksBiological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Humber EstuaryAnalysis of the results from benthic sampling in the Humber EstuaryReview of High Tide Waterfowl Roosting and Foraging Sites on the Humber EstuaryHumber Estuary SSSI: Supporting Information - A supplement to the notification packageNorth Lincolnshire Coast Survey of Potential Saline Lagoons. Final Report.A survey of brackish coastal lagoons, South Humberside to Boston Haven, Lincolnshire.An NVC survey of the North Lincolnshire Coast SSSI.

Monitoring the River, Brook and Sea Lamprey.

Resurvey of Humberston Fitties Lagoon.Spurn Head Zostera nolti condition assessment following WFD protocols.Survey of adult river lamprey spawning sites and habitat availability. Humber Estuary population 2012.

Humber Estuary Low Tide Count Programme 2003-2004Humber Estuary: Quantification of High Tide Waterfowl Roost Sites and Wildfowling ActivityImpact of Bait Digging on the Wintering Birds of Spurn Bight - Phase 1: Desk Study of Wintering Bird Data

Humber Biodiversity Action Plan. Draft 3. Marine - sub-tidal habitat.Validation Network Project SaltmarshesEcological assessment of Hippophae rhamnoidesCondition assessment monitoring of Barton and Barrow Clay Pits.

Morphological response of estuaries to nodal tide variation

Humber Estuary EMS - Conservation Advice Feature Map

The Humber Estuary: A comprehensive review of its nature conservation interest

Humber Estuary SSSI – 2010 Condition Assessment: Ornithological Interest features - DRAFTAlkborough Flats Managed Realignment Site: The Birds, Their Conservation Status and WildfowlingConservation objectives and definitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest

Habitats Regulations Humber Estuary SAC- Dissolved Oxygen in the tidal Ouse.

A desk study on the use of northern Lincolnshire's terrestrial habitat by three species of wader: golden plover, northern lapwing and Eurasian curlew

Humber Estuary: Maintenance Dredge Protocol and Water Framework Directive Compliance Baseline Document

Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning and habitat availability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2005.Habitat use and migration of adult anadromous lampreys in the tidal Yorkshire Ouse and Derwent in relation to environmental conditions.

Condition assessment monitoring of Far Ings, Barton upon Humber (part of the Humber Estuary Site of Special Scientific Interest)

Survey of adult sea lamprey spawning and habitat availability in the Rivers Ure, Swale, Wharfe, Nidd and Derwent 2007.

Effects of reductions in organic and nutrient loading on bird populations in estuaries and coastal waters of England and Wales: Phase 2 report Humber Estuary Wetland Bird Survey: 12 months of high and low tide counts, September 1998 to August 1999

National Vegetation Classification (NVC) of Humber Estuary.Temporal & Spatial Changes in Habitat and Waterfowl Assemblage, Upper Humber

RSPB Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2012Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme: 2012 ReportFlamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs SPA/SSSI Seabird Monitoring Programme: 2010Flamborough Head SAC Sea Caves SurveyFlamborough Head cSAC Intertidal SurveyBiotope Mapping of the Intertidal Reef Feature at Flamborough Head Special Area of ConservationFlamborough Head cSAC Sea Cave SurveyThe Marine Nature Conservation of British Coastal Chalk Cliff HabitatsFlamborough Head: Sublittoral Monitoring Report

Acoustic Survey of Sublittoral Reefs in FlamboroughSurvey of River Lamprey Ammocoetes and Transformers in the Humber Estuary SAC Autumn 2013North Killingholme Haven Pits SSSI: Condition Monitoring of the Saline Lagoon FeatureCondition assessment of Flamborough Head Special Area of Conservation

Datasets used to determine total extent of Humber Estuary interest featuresThe Lagoons: Natura 2000 Long Term Plan & Options Development ReportThe Implications of Coastal Change on Natura 2000 Features on The Lagoons at EasingtonBrighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest Notification Document.British Geological Society (BGS) detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classificationBackground document for littoral chalk communities

Beachy Head West Marine Conservation ZoneFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal Chalk.Broad Habitats: Low Energy Infralittoral Rock.Broad Habitats: Subtidal Mud.Broad Habitats: Subtidal Sand.Otter Breeding Sites. Conservation and Management

The Distribution, Biology and Ecology of Shad in South-West EnglandBirds in EnglandPoole Harbour Disturbance StudyHandbook of the birds of the world, Vol. 2. New World vultures to guineafowl. The Birds of ScotlandThe birds of Shetland.

The Birds of the Western Palearctic Volume IV.Tamar Avocets – how many now?Conservation of Seals ActCornish Crawfish InvestigationsSmelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.) in rivers and estuaries in England.WeBS data for Poole Harbour (sector 12421) from 01/09/2003 - 01/09/2014

Proposed Extensions to and Change of Name of the Humber Flats, Marshes and Coast (Phase 1) Special Protection Area and Ramsar SiteThe Southern North Sea Marine Natural Area. A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England.

The impact of disposal of marine dredged material on the Flamborough Head Candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)

Piddocks (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pholadidae) increase topographical complexity and species diversity in the intertidal

Population-scale drivers of individual arrival times in migratory birds

Isle of Wight Bird Report 2010.Hampshire Bird Report 2010. Bonamia ostreae and Ostrea edulis: A Stable Host-Parasite System in France?Spread of the slipper limpet crepidula fornicata (L.1758) in Europe. Current state and consequences

The breeding of Crepidula fornicata (L) in the River Blackwater, Essex

The Fecundity of Ostrea edulis

Bonamia Ostreae in the Native Oyster Ostrea edulisBackground document for Ostrea edulis and Ostrea edulis bedsThe feeding behaviour of starfish on Essex oyster beds

Oyster Survey on 10 April 2014, Ray Sand Channel, Bachelors Spit and Mersea ShoreBivalve cultivation: criteria for selecting a siteA feasibility study of native oyster (ostrea edulis) stock regeneration in the United KingdomReturn of the native - is European oyster (ostrea edulis) stock restoration in the UK feasible? Conservation of the Native Oyster Ostrea edulis in Scotland

Growth of Oysters (Ostrea edulis)

Observations on the food value of seven species of algae to the larvae of Ostrea edulis

UK Biodiversity Action Plan Native Oyster Species Information Review

Biological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Essex Estuaries SAC and Swale SSSI

The hydrography of the estuary of the River BlackwaterQuaternary of the ThamesShad conservation in England and Wales

Ostrea edulis. Native oyster.

A Guide to the Identification of Seahorses

British Seahorse Survey Report 2007Life history and ecology of seahorses: implications for conservation and management

Response-Surface Analysis of the Combined Effects of Exposure and Acclimation Temperatures on Filtration, Oxygen Consumption and Scope for Growth in the Oyster Ostrea edulis

Quantification of the physiological responses of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis L. to temperature and salinity

Assessment of year class and stock levels of European Flat Oyster Ostrea edulis in the Ray Sand Channel, part of the Blackwater rMCZ complex

Verification surveys of intertidal habitats within the Stour and Orwell Estuaries RMCZ and Blackwater Crouch Roach and Colne Estuaries RMCZ

Biogenic Reefs (volume IX). An overview of dynamic and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs

Distribution of sympatric seahorse species along a gradient of habitat complexity in a seagrass-dominated community.Historical and contemporary population genetic connectivity of the European short-snouted seahorse Hippocampus hippocampus and implications for management

Sound, stress, and seahorses: The consequences of a noisy environment to animal health

Seahorses exhibit conventional sex roles in mating competition,despite male pregnancy.

Partial fin-clipping as an effective tool for tissue sampling seahorses, Hippocampus spp

Life history, ecology and conservation of European seahorses

Skerries Bank and Surrounds MCZ (Inshore) Survey ReportLife History of Black Seabream, Spondyliosoma cantharus, off the Canary Islands, Central-east Atlantic

Patterns of spatial distribution and behaviour of fish on a rocky intertidal platform at high tideObservations on the biology of the giant goby Gobius Cobitis PallasEmbryonic and larval development of the giant goby Gobius cobitis (Pisces: Gobiidae)

Gobius capito as a British fishThe distribution of Gobius cobitis in the British Isles

New records of some rare British and Irish gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae)A multidisciplinary approach to a new species of Gobius (Teleostei: Gobiidea) from southern Cornwall

Chapter 11: Coastal Margins UNEP-WCMC

Charting Progress 2 Healthy and Biological Diverse Seas Feeder Report: Section 3.5: Seals.

Lundy Warden reports show seal pups present on the island all year round over a number of years.Site Lead Nicola Edwards (29/09/2014) information based on WeBs counts

Life history of an unusual marine fish: survival, growth and movement patterns of Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier 1829The functions of sound production in the lined seahorse, Hippocampus erectus, and effects of loud ambient noise on its behavior and physiology in captive environments.

Diet composition of the seahorses, Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier, 1829 and Hippocampus hippocampus (L., 1758) (Teleostei, Syngnathidae) in the Aegean SeaA sedentary fish on the move: effects of displacement on long-snouted seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus Cuvier) movement and habitat use

Social structure and space use in a wild population of the Australian short-headed seahorse, Hippocampus breviceps Peters, 1869. Population characteristics, space use and habitat associations of the seahorse Hippocampus reidi (Teleostei: Syngnathidae).

Population Genetics and Mating Systems of European Seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus and Hippocampus hippocampus

Effects of temperature on the food processing of three species of seaweed-eating fishes from European coastal watersChanges in benthic fish assemblages as a consequence of coastal works in a coastal lagoon: The Mar Menor (Spain, Western Mediterranean)

First record of Calma gobioophaga Calado and Urgorri, 2002 (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) in the Mediterranean Sea

A Marine Biotic Index to Establish the Ecological Quality of Soft-Bottom Benthos Within European Estuarine and Coastal Environments

Report to Natural England re. Balanced Seas Project to provide details and further information and comment on the FOCI and broadscale habitats in Kingmere rMCZ

Impacts of nutrients in estuaries - Phase 2 summary report.

Nature Conservation and Estuaries in Great Britain.

Connectivity of Marine Habitats – identification of vulnerable species.NOBANIS - Marine invasive species in Nordic waters - Fact Sheet: Alkmaria romijni

Tranche 2 Action Plans - Volume V: Maritime species and habitatsConnectivity of benthic priority marine species within the Scottish MPA network.The status of smelt Osmerus eperlanus in England.A review of the status of Smelt Osmerus eperlanus (L.) in England and Wales

Management measure for self-propagated future recover of crawfish, Palinurus elephas in Welsh waters.

Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Marine MammalsMarine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) Proposals for UK Marine Monitoring ProgrammesMaintaining Favourable Conservation Status of Harbour Porpoise in UK WatersThe lagoon sandworm Armandia cirrhosaFreshwater Fishes of the British IslesThe Natural history and larval anatomy of Armandia brevis (Polychaeta: Opheliidae)Polychaetes

The interactions between bed structure of Mytilus edulis L. and the predator Asterias rubens L

The Physiological Ecology of the Specialist Lagoon Amphipod Gammarus insensibilis

New records: World's oldest animal is 507 years old.MCZ Features: Giant GobyMCZ Features: Couch's GobyUK Priority Species data collation - Palinurus elephas version 2

UK Priority Species data collation - Armandia cirrhosa version 2

UK Priority Species data collation Gammarus insensibilis version 2

Fanshell survey at West Hoe, Plymouth Sound. A collaborative survey between: The Marine Conservation Society, Seasearch and the Marine Biological Association.

Situation of the smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) in the Ems estuary with regard to the aspects of spawning grounds and recruitment.

Distribution and threats of Arctica islandica - A.islandica as an example for listing of species and habitats subject to threat or rapid decline.Tree of the Sea. The use of the internal growth lines in the shell of Arctica islandica (Bivalvia, Mollusca) for the retrospective assessment of marine environmental change.The reproductive processes of a wild population of the European flat oyster Ostrea edulis in the Solent, UK

A Study on Dynamics of the Benthic Community on an Intertidal Sand Flat, with Special Reference to Biological Interactions in the same Trophic Level.

Gobius cobitis. Giant goby. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

Armandia cirrhosa. Lagoon sandworm. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

Alkmaria romijni. Tentacled lagoon worm. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programmePalinurus elephas. European spiny lobster. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

The Culture, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, and Growth of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis

The anemone, Nematostella vectensis, in Britain: considerations for conservation management

Sexual Reproductive Modes in Polychaetes: Classification and Diversity

Arctica (Cyprina) islandica in Kiel Bay (Western Baltic): growth, production and ecological significance

Characterizing the microstructure of Arctica islandica shells using NanoSIMS and EBSD

Reproductive Cycle in Cyprina islandica

Burrowing behaviour and anaerobiosis in the bivalve Arctica islandica (L.)

Advanced age for sexual maturity in the ocean quahog Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia)Annual internal growth banding and life history of the ocean quahog Arctica islandica (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Annual gametogenic cycle in ocean quahog, Arctica islandica from north-western Iceland

How and why environmental noise impacts animals: an integrative, mechanistic review

The fishery for crawfish, Palinurus elephas, off the coast of Cornwall

Polychaete Abundance Patterns in a Marine Soft-Sediment Environment: The Importance of Biological Interactions

Re-evaluation of marine benthic species of nature conservation importance: a new perspective on certain ‘lagoonal specialists’ with particular emphasis on Alkmaria romijni Horst (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae)

The influence of the pinnid bivalve Atrina zelandica (Gray) on benthic macroinvertebrate communities in soft-sediment habitatsDetermining effects of suspended sediment on condition of a suspension feeding bivalve (Atrina zelandica): results of a survey, a laboratory experiment and a field transplant experimentBenthic nutrient fluxes along an estuarine gradient: influence of the pinnid bivalve Atrina zelandica in summerIndirect effects of Atrina zelandica on water column nitrogen and oxygen fluxes: The role of benthic macrofauna and microphytes

The extreme longevity of Arctica islandica is associated with increased peroxidation resistance in mitochondrial membranes

Long-term trends on the effects of the southern North Sea beamtrawl fishery on the bivalve mollusc Arctica islandica L. (Mollusca, bivalvia)The distribution and population structure of the bivalve Arctica islandica L. in the North Sea: what possible factors are involved?The use of a non-invasive tool for capture–recapture studies on a seahorse Hippocampus guttulatus population

Characteristics of spawning-run smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (L.), from a Scottish river, with recommendations for their conservation and managementThe spawning migration and conservation of smelt Osmerus eperlanus in the River Cree, southwest ScotlandThe European Smelt Osmerus eperlanus L. in Ireland: General Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Status with Conservation RecommendationsIncreased Noise Levels Have Different Impacts on the Anti-Predator Behaviour of Two Sympatric Fish Species

Biology of the European Spiny Lobster, Palinurus elephas (Fabricius, 1787) (Decapoda, Palinuridea)Portsmouth Polytechnic Department of Biological Sciences. Macrofauna of Haslar LakeCockle Pond Dyofix Trial: Results of the November 2013 VisitA Lagoon survey of the Portsmouth Area: Portsmouth to SelseyThe Solent Diffuse Water Pollution PlanFish Monitoring in Solent & South Downs 2011Fish Monitoring in Solent & South Downs 2008

Condition Monitoring of Portsmouth areea coastal saline lagoons 2010 Solent Dynamic Coast Project 2008SSSI Citation Portsmouth HarbourThe Solent Estuarine System: Geomorphological Aspects of the Coastline

Solent CASI Survey, Environment Agency, Science Group - Technology

Solent European Marine Site: English Nature's advice Regulation 33(2) Conservation Advice PackageCondition Targets for the Solent European Marine Site (SEMS)

Inter-tidal condition assessment survey of Fareham Creek, Portsmouth Harbour.An Ecological survey of the Intertidal Area of Tipner Lake, Portsmouth HarbourReport on Portsmouth Harbour Wader Counts, Winter 1988-89Survey of Horsey Island: A prodromus of its vegetationSaltmarsh Survey of Great Britian: County Report, HampshirePortsmouth Harbour SSSI: An Ecological ApprasialWetland of International Importance designated under the Ramsar conventionPotential Effects of Dredging activities in the Solent.The coastal saline ponds of England and Wales: An overview 1989.Portsmouth Harbour & Wallington Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations

Solent EMS Management Scheme Draft Management Scheme,Site Improvement Plan, SolentDredging for the American hardshell clam: the implications for nature conservation.Observations on the effects of sewage discharged into a tidal harbour.An Inventory of UK Estuaries. Vol 6. Southern EnglandThe Wetland Bird Survey: Report OnlineRoost sites in Portsmouth Harbour. Red-breasted merganser in Portsmouth Harbour SPA.

Variation and resilience of rocky intertidal fish in western Portugal.

Age, length and reproductive parameters of harbour porpoises Phocoena phocoena (L.) from West Greenland

Solent Disturbance and Mitigation Project Phase II: Predicting the impact of human disturbance on overwintering birds in the Solent.

Saline lagoons in Hampshire & Isle of Wight - Water Quality baseline report to inform Habitat Directive review of consents

Review of Nature Conservation features and information within Solent & Isle of Wight Sensitive Marine Areas

Does local marine conservation work? Evaluating management strategies for bait collection in the Solent.

EA Habitat Regulations (50) Review of Consents. Solent & Southampton Water, Portsmouth Harbour SPA, Chichester and Langstone Harbour SPA Stage 3 Appropriate AssessmentPortsmouth Harbour SPA Citation: EC Directive 79/409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds Special Protection Area

The influence of hyperoxia, hypoxia and temperature on the respiratory physiology of the intertidal rockpool fish Gobius cobitis Pallas.

Notes on the social behaviour of Gobius cobitis (Pisces, Gobiidae).

The vertical distribution and feeding relationships of intertidal fish on the Atlantic coast of France.Substrate utilisation in a Mediterranean littoral fish community.

The Kvarner population of Gobius couchi (Teleostei, Gobiidae), a fish new to the Adriatic fauna.140 years of the lagoon sand worm Armandia.

Zonation by Size in the Armandia sp. (Polychaeta:Opheliidae) Population on an Intertidal Sandflat.

New distribution records for Gammarus insensibilis Stock, 1966, in Britain.The distribution of the lagoonal amphipod, Gammarus insensibilis Stock, in England

Alkmaria romijni Horst 1919, un Ampharetidae (Annelida, Polychaeta).

Dilemmas in the Theory and Practice of Biological Conservation as exemplified by British Coastal Lagoons.

Développement larvaire de l’Ampharetidae lagunaire Alkmaria romijni.

Reproduction and larval development of Danish marine bottom invertebrates.Variable effect of a large suspension-feeding bivalve on infauna: experimenting in a complex system.

Reproduction and early development of Arctica islandica in the laboratory.

Modern methods to age oceanic bivalves.

Courtship behavior in the dwarf seahorse, Hippocampus zosterae.Assessing the Impact of Underwater Sounds on Fishes and Other Forms of Marine Life.

Review of the biology, ecology and fisheries of Palinurus spp of European waters.Marine Mammal Noise Exposure Criteria: Initial Scientific Recommendations

Nocturnal activity of a blenny Lipophrys trigloides (Pisces, Blenniidae) at the Spanish Mediterranean coast.

Estimating the dispersal potential of polychaete species in the Southern California Bight: Implications for designing marine reserves.

Coastal lagoons and climate change: ecological and social ramifications in U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coast ecosystems.

Biology and Distribution of Gammarus aequicauda and G. insensibilis (Crustacea, Amphipoda) in the lagoon system of Bages-Sigean (France).

Conservation of the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis in Norfolk, England, and its worldwide distribution.

First record of Alkmaria romijni Horst, 1919 (Polychaeta: Ampharetidae) from the Mediterranean coast (Smir Lagoon, Morocco).The distribution of Streblospio shrubsoli, Alkmaria romijni and Fabricia sabella and their resistance to temperature, oxygen deficiency and hydrogen sulphide.

Long-term anaerobiosis in sublittoral marine invertebrates from the western Baltic Sea: Halicryptus spinulosus (Priapulida), Astarte borealis and Arctica islandica (Bivalvia).

The bivalve mollusc Cyprina islandica (L). Its geographic distribution and role in the communities of benthic fauna.

Infection by endoparasites reduces maximum swimming speed of European smelt Osmerus eperlanus and European eel Anguilla anguilla.

A quantitative evaluation of the impact of beamtrawl fishery on benthic fauna in the southern North Sea.

Nematostella vectensisNematostella vectensis

The effects of storms on the dynamics of shallow water benthic associations.Long term trends in demersal fish and benthic invertebrates.

EMU Solent bird invert prey availability report.

The Birds of Norfolk

Estuaries - A Physical IntroductionSeagrass EcologyAn Examination of Empirical Stability Relationships for UK EstuariesLight Harvesting Among Photosynthetic Organisms

Seagrass genotypic diversity increases disturbance response via complementarity and dominanceInfluence of physical setting on seagrass landscapes near Beaufort, North Carolina, USAThe impacts of anchoring and mooring in seagrass, Studland Bay, Dorset, UK.Accelerating loss of seagrasses across the globe threatens coastal ecosystems.

Suffocation of a littoral Zostera bed by Enteromorpha radiata.Light gradients and meadow structure in Posidonia oceanica: ecomorphological and functional correlates.

Genetic diversity enhances the resistance of a seagrass ecosystem to disturbance.

Ecosystem recovery after climatic extremes enhanced by genotypic diversity.

Reconstruction of seagrass dynamics: age determinations and associated tools for the seagrass ecologist.

Seasonal acclimitization of eelgrass Zostera marina growth to light.Environmental impacts of dredging on seagrasses: A review.

Portsmouth SSSI Views on management, countryside and rights of way act 2000, Schedule 11(6) Version date 06/05/05.

Ruppia maritima. Beaked tasselweed. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

Primary production dynamics in seagrass beds of Mississippi Sound: the contributions of seagrass, epiphytic algae, sand microflora, and phytoplankton.Spatial variation in feeding, prey distribution and food limitation of juvenile flounder Rhombosolea tapirina Gunther.

Beyond light: Physical, geological, and geochemical parameters as possible submersed aquatic vegetation habitat requirements.Influence of temperature and variations in temperature on flowering in Zostera marina L. under laboratory conditions.

Healthy Estuaries 2020: Addressing coastal squeeze in estuary complexesConservation Advice Packages for European Marine Sites

An inventory of UK estuaries Volume 1. Introduction and MethodologyAn investigation into the gross properties of UK estuaries. Estuaries Research Programme, Phase 1.Modelling Estuary Morphology and Process

Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Inlets and BaysMarine Habitats: Biotope Classification - Very tide-swept faunal communitiesMCZ Project - MCZ Features - Tide-swept channelsSeaMap 2010 Technical Report 4 - EnergyThe status of the genus Zostera in Scottish coastal waters.

Marine Health Check - update 2009

Structure, function, and classification in seagrass communitiesThe standing stock and ecology of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) in Izembek Lagoon, Alaska.Wave Exposure Model (WEMo) for use in Ecological Forecasting.

Dark-bellied brent goose in Britain 1960/61-1999/2000Habitat Choice in Pink-Footed Geese: Quantifying the Constraints Determining Winter Site UsePopulation estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom

Norfolk bird and mammal report 2009





Interpretation note on "Estuaries" (habitat type 1130), with a view to aiding the selection, delimitation and management of Sites Of Community Interest hosting this habitat type. Forwarded to the Member of the Habitats Committee on 16th January 2002

Final Report of Estuary Processes Research Project (EstProc). Integrated Research Results on Hydrobiosedimentary Processes in Estuaries. R&D Technical Report prepared by the Estuary Process Consortium for the Fluvial, Estuarine and Coastal Processes Theme.

A guide to assessing and managing anthropogenic impact on marine angiosperm habitat - Part 1: Literature review.

Zostera biotopes (Volume 1): An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.

Developing reliable, repeatable, and accessible methods to provide high-resolution estimates of fishing-effort distributions from vessel monitoring system (VMS) dataLinks between fishery and the work of Johann Heinrich von Thünen, eponym of the newly founded Federal Research InstituteQuantifying the relative use of coastal waters by breeding terns: towards effective tools for planning & assessing the ornithological impact of offshore wind farms. Final report.Review and application of statistical techniques to model the at-sea distributions of breeding Sandwich terns.

Radio telemetry as a tool for impact assessment of wind farms: the case of Little Terns Sterna albifrons at Scroby Sands, Norfolk, UK


Waterbirds in the UK 2011/12: The Wetland Bird SurveyPopulation viability analysis of the North Norfolk Sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis) populationLittle tern (Sternula albifrons) Species Action PlanCode of ConductDevon and Severn IFCA Byelaws

Devon and Severn IFCA Byelaws Annex 2 Lundy SAC - No Demersal Mobile Gear Area

Marine biological monitoring at Lundy, July 27th to August 3rd, 1985A survey of the marine algae of Lundy

Sea water temperatures, 1986 and 1987Report on 2012 Grey Seal (Halichoerus grypus) Pup production on Lundy

Bittern Botaurus stellaris monitoring in the UK: Summary of the 2011 breeding season

Making Space for Nature: a review of England’s wildlife sites and ecological network.

Guiding principles for adaptation to climate change in Europe

Habitats Directive Reporting: 2nd UK Report on Implementation of the Habitats Directive

Ecohydrological guidelines for wet dune habitats - Phase 2

Sand Dunes - Part 1. England

Ecology of Dunes, Salt Marsh and ShingleThe Biology of Coastal Sand DunesThe coastal foredune: a morphological basis for regional coastal dune development.Nature conservation of sand dunes: Effects of grazing and nitrogen deposition

South-west Britain Sublittoral Survey. Field surveys of sublittoral habitats and species around Lundy, 16th to 29th July, 1978 & 7th to 13th August 1979.

South-west Britain Sublittoral Survey. Field survey of sublittoral habitats around Lundy, July 3rd to 23rd, 1977.

Report of the Marine Conservation Society Working Party to the Lundy Marine Nature Reserve, 22-29 June 1996.

Assessment and reporting under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive: Explanatory Notes & Guidelines for the period 2007-2012

Guidance on the maintenance of landscape features of major importance for wild flora and fauna - Guidance on the implementation of Article 3 of the Birds Directive (79/409/EEC) and Article 10 of the Habitats Directive (92/43/EEC).

Development of eco-hydrologial guidelines for dune habitats - phase 1 (English Nature Research Report 696

A review of biological and geomorphological processes involved in the initiation and development of incipient foredunes.Better Understanding of Soil Resources – Dune Stabilisation and Rates of Soil Development on Welsh Dune Systems

Changing nutrient budget of sand dunes: Consequences for the nature conservation interest and dune management: 2. Field survey

Coastal Geomorphology of Great BritainSoft Cliffs: Prediction of Recession Rates and Erosion Control TechniquesManaging Coastal Soft Cliffs for Invertebrates: summary report.Marine Conservation Zones: Species: Spiny lobsterSynopsis of biological data on smelt (Osmerus eperlanus)Water quality impacts on smeltThe ecology of running watersChalk rivers: nature conservation and management.Atrina fragilis (a fan shell). Species Action Plan

The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly - Mollusca

Marine biological survey to establish the distribution and status of fan mussels Atrina fragilis and other

UK priority species pages – Version 2 Atrina fragilis

Stauromedusae

OSPAR Background Document for Ocean Quahog Arctica islandica.

Maximum shell length and longevity in ocean quahogs, Arctica islandica Linne.Lifespan of two long-lived bivalves, Arctica islandica and Panopea generosa

Fleet water temperatures. The Fleet Lagoon and Chesil Beach.

Factors influencing egg size in the gammarid amphipod Gammarus insensibilisMESH Mapping European Seabed HabitatsTrout stocking in SAC rivers. Phase 1: Review of stocking practice

An evidence base for setting flow targets to protect river habitat.

Catchment-scale peatland restoration benefits stream ecosystem biodiversity

The conservation and management of Sea Buckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) in the UK: report of the workshop at Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dunes and Gibraltar Point SAC, 17-18 September 2009.

Atrina fragilis. Fan mussel. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.

Nematostella vectensis. Starlet sea anemone. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.

Accessibility of shad spawning rivers in Wales and England, 1998-2012. Supplementary information for Article 17 reporting.Arctica islandica. Icelandic cyprine. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

Essential fish habitat source document: Ocean quahog, Arctica islandica, life history and habitat characteristics.

Eunicella verrucosa. Pink sea fan. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.Gammarus insensibilis. Lagoon sand shrimp. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

Trout stocking in SAC rivers. Phase 2: Review of available information to help derive optimal stocking strategies. Report to the Fisheries Technical Advisory Group.

Natural England staff on setting and applying sediment targets to protect designated wildlife sites against fine sediment-related problems.Environmental effects of drainage, drain-blocking and prescribed vegetation burning in UK upland peatlands

The British river of the future: how climate change and human activity might affect two contrasting river ecosystems in England.

CES Help Note 14: Freshwater Agreements

Faune du Golfe du Lion.

Biological studies of nongeniculate Corallinaceae.Effects of ocean warming and acidification on rhodolith/maerl bedsUK Priority Species data collation Nematostella vectensis version 2Temperature controls on coralline algal skeletal growthAction for Roseate TernsRoseate Terns - The Natural Connection.TraC Dissolved Oxygen tool-level classifications (at water body level, aggregated to MPA).

Estuarine Waterbirds at Low Tide: the WeBS Low Tide Counts 1992/93 to 1998/99

Distribution and usage by avocets and other wintering bird species on the Tamar Tavy Estuarine Complex.

Tamar Estuaries Management Plan 2013 - 2018Site Improvement Plan: Plymouth Sound and Tamar Estuary

Views About Management Statement - Tamar - Tavy Estuary SSSIViews About Management Statement - Lynher Estuary SSSIViews About Management Statement - St John's Lake SSSILittoral Biotope Survey and Condition Assessment of the Tamar, Tavy & St John’s Lake SSSILynher Estuary SSSI Intertidal Biotope SurveyTamar Estuaries Complex Crab Tile Survey 2012Birds in Cornwall 1989Characterisation of European Marine Sites - Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC and SPA

SPA citation - Tamar Estuaries ComplexDevon Bird Report

Devon Bird Report

Devon Bird Report

Catchment data explorter - Tamar Lower and Inny opperational catchment

The Hen Harrier in EnglandEasington Little Tern Protection Scheme: Breeding Report 2013

Reviewing our rationale for condition assessment of SSSI/SAC river habitat. Paper for the Freshwater Lead Coordination Network.

Leptopsammia pruvoti. Sunset cup coral. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme

TraC Winter Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen tool-level classifications (at water body level, aggregated to MPA).

Over-Wintering Bird Survey and Ecological Impact Assessment (EcIA) of the Fleet Helicopter Support Unit Re-Basing Proposals at HMS Raleigh and Kinterbury Point

A quantitative assessment of the response of mobile estuarine fauna to crab-tiles during tidal immersion using remote underwater video camerasAir Pollution Information System (APIS) - site relevant critical loads - Tamar Estuaries Complex SPA - Pied AvocetAir Pollution Information System (APIS) - site relevant critical loads - Tamar Estuaries Complex SPA - Little Egret

Torbay Recommended Marine Conservation Zone (rMCZ) Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification Survey 2013

Humber bird use artificial structures for roosting.Plymouth Sound European Marine Site Sublittoral Monitoring 2003

Broad scale biological mapping of Plymouth Sound and EstuariesSurveys of harbours, rias and estuaries in southern Britain: Plymouth area including the Yealm. Volume 1

Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC seagrass condition assessmentInventory of Eelgrass Beds in Devon and DorsetPlymouth Sound & Estuaries SAC seagrass diving survey, 15-17 July 2009Mapping eelgrass Zostera marina within Plymouth Sound and Estuaries Special Area of ConservationMonitoring of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC

Phase 1 littoral biotope mapping: a methodologyPlymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC: Kelp Forest Condition Assessment 2012. Final reportSite Characterisation of the Southwest European Marine Sites; Plymouth Sound and Estuaries cSAC, SPA

Seasearch survey of Drake’s Island eelgrass Summary ReportPlymouth Sound cSAC Sediment Monitoring Trials 1998-1999Geology of Plymouth, EnglandThe turbidity maximum in the Tamar estuaryPopulation genetics of dwarf eelgrass Zostera noltii throughout its biogeographic range

Marine Nature Conservation Review: Sector 8. Inlets in the western English Channel : area summaries

Response to the Defra consultation: Annex H

Natural England's advice to Defra on proposed Marine Conservation Zones for designation in 2013.Medway Estuary rMCZ no 6 - Marine Conservation Zone: Selection Assessment Document

Marine Ecological Desktop Study - V164 WTM Sheerness - On Behalf of Peel Ports MedwaUK Biodiversity Action Plan; Priority Habitat Descriptions.Intertidal invertebrate surveys in three areas of the Thames, Swale and Medway EstuariesMedway Estuary and Swale Shoreline Management PlanBGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified folk classification.

The Long-term sedimentary regime of the outer Medway EstuarySource and distribution of trace metals in the Medway and Swale estuaries, Kent, UK

The environmental impact of paper mill waste discharges to the Upper Medway Estuary, Kent, England

Spatial variability of metals in the inter-tidal sediments of the Medway Estuary, Kent, UK

Plymouth Sound and Estuaries European Marine Site. English Nature's advice given under Regulation 33 (2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

Development of a monitoring programme and methods in Plymouth cSAC: application of diver and ROV techniques

Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC: Sub-tidal and Mixed Gravel Sub-feature and Sub-tidal Rocky Reefs Sub-feature Condition AssessmentBiotope survey of the intertidal of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries European Marine Site, A report to the Marine Conservation Society

Review of intertidal invertebrate data available for the Medway, Swale and North Kent Marshes estuary systems, with recommendations for future work.

Natural England’s advice to Defra on proposed Marine Conservation Zones for designation in 2013 Annex 5: Site-specific advice

Sedimentation on intertidal mudflats in the lower part of macrotidal estuaries: Sedimentation rhythms and their preservation.

Modelling the distribution and growth of ‘problem’ green seaweed in the Medway estuary, UKHeavy metals in macroinvertebrates and fish from the lower Medway estuary, KentAn Ecological Survey of the Benthic Invertebrate Macrofauna of the Lower Medway Estuary, KentThe intertidal sediment habitats of the lower medway estuary, Kent

The sediment budget of the erosional intertidal zone of the Medway Estuary, KentThe EstuaryFeatures Catalogue: Intertidal Mixed SedimentFeatures Catalogue: Intertidal Sand and Muddy SandFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal Coarse SedimentFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal MudFeatures Catalogue: Subtidal Sand

Agreement on CEMP Assessment Criteria for the QSR 2010OSPAR Quality Status Report 2010Sand banks, sand transport and offshore wind farms

EUNIS Marine Habitat Classification SystemMARLIN - The Marine Life Information NetworkLincolnshire Biodiversity Action Plan 2011 - 2020 (3rd edition)Humber Estuary & CoastDonna Nook habitats and speciesBiotope Classification: SS.SSa.IFiSa.NcirBat Nephtys cirrosa and Bathyporeia spp. in infralittoral sandOn the ecology of brackish water lagoons in Great Britain

NVC survey of dry dune habitats, Saltfleetby - Theddlethorpe Dunes SSSI/NNR 2000National Vegetation Classification of Saltfleetby - Theddlethorpe Dunes NNR Freshwater MarshNatterjack toad (Bufo calamita) site register for the UK 1970-1999 inclusive

Personal communicationLittle Tern NewsletterThe Selection of Winter Food by Whiterfronted GeeseSeasonal changes in habitat use of White-fronted Geese near Antwerp, Belgium.The wintering ecology of the Twite Carduelis flavirostris and the consequences of habitat loss.

A comparative study of mercury distribution and methylation in mudflats from two macrotidal estuaries: The Seine (France) and the Medway (United Kingdom)The depth-specific significance and relative abundance of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria in estuarine sediments (Medway Estuary, UK)

Heavy metal distribution and accumulation in two Spartina sp.-dominated macrotidal salt marshes from the Seine estuary (France) and the Medway estuary (UK)

EUNIS habitat classification 2012 A - Marine habitats > A5 - Sublittoral sediment > A5.1 - Sublittoral coarse sediment

The Severn Estuary / Môr Hafren European Marine Site: Natural England & the Countryside Council for Wales’ advice given under Regulation 33(2)(a) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats, &c.) Regulations 1994, as amended.

Monitoring the conservation status of an endangered amphibian: the natterjack toad Bufo calamita in BritainSecond Report by the UK under Article 17 on the implementation of the Habitats Directive from January 2001 to December 2006. Conservation status assessment for S1202 Bufo calamita - Natterjack toad

The breeding ecology of Twite Carduelis flavirostris and the effects of upland agricultural intensification.

The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland 1988 - 1991Rails: a guide to the rails, crakes, gallinules and coots of the world.The handbook of British Birds. Vols. 1&2.

The New Rivers and Wildlife Handbook.Habitats for Birds in Europe: A Conservation Strategy for the Wider Environment.The Peregrine Falcon. 2nd editionOwls of EuropeBirds and Broadleaves Handbook.Species action plans for birds. Bearded tit.Upland Management Guidelines. Seven factsheets.Habitat management for corncrakes.Species action plans for birds. Dartford warbler.Species action plans for birds. MerlinMerlins and Forestry

The Ecology of Nightjars on Pine Plantations in Thetford Forest.Species action plans for birds. Nightjar.

Aspects of the breeding ecology of the Twite in the South Pennines.Species action plans for birds. Woodlark

Polygyny and breeding ecology of the Cetti's warbler Cettia cettiImpact of an exceptional winter flood on the population dynamics of bearded tits (Panurus biarmicus)

Foods of the Dartford warbler Sylvia undata on southern English heathland (Aves: Sylviidae)

The breeding ecology and diet of the Hobby Falco subbuteo in southern England

The Breeding Ecology of the Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix in Primaeval ForestSelection of Foraging Habitats by Woodlarks (Lullula arborea) Nesting in Pine PlantationsThe Woodlark Lullula arborea in Britain: population trends, distribution and habitat occupancy.

Linking recreational disturbance to population size in a ground-nesting passerine

Assessment of visitor access effects and housing on nightjar numbers on the Thames Basin Heaths and Dorset Heaths SPAs.The effect of urban development and human disturbance on the distribution and abundance of nightjars on the Thames Basin and Dorset Heaths.

Forest merlins in Scotland; their requirements and management. Galloway Forests Merlin Project (1986-89).

Habitat type determines the effects of disturbance on the breeding productivity of the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undataFactors influencing the abundance of breeding Dippers Cinclus cinclus in the catchment of the River Wye, mid-Wales

The role of habitat composition in determining breeding site occupancy in a declining Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus populationThe effect of management for red grouse shooting on the population density of breeding birds on heather-dominated moorlandAssessment of territory quality and its effects on breeding success in a migrant passerine, the Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe

Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and Woodlark Lullula arborea– recovering species in Britain?

Food supply and diet of the bearded tit.Diet, food availability and habitat selection of breeding Common sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos.The habitat and activity of Common sandpipers Actitis hypoleucos breeding by upland rivers.Population, ecology and threats to the Corncrake Crex crex in Europe.Management of cover areas may increase numbers of breeding Corncrakes Crex crex.Corncrake Studies in the Western Isles.Status, habitats, and conservation of the Dartford warbler in England.Breeding biology of the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata in England.Dartford warblers in 1984 Britain.

Is the breeding distribution of Dippers influenced by stream acidity?

Breeding biology of the Grasshopper warbler in Britain.Grasshopper Warbler Locustella naevia breeding habitat in Britain.Densities and dispersion of breeding Eurasian Hobbies Falco subbuteo in southeast England.Breeding European Honey Buzzards in Britain.Honey buzzards in southern England.Some observations on the diet of European honey buzzards in Britain.The size of minnow prey in the diet of young kingfishers Acedo atthis.

Merlin Falco columbarius using crow nests in Kielder forests, northumberland.Action for MerlinsNightjar habitats and breeding in East Anglia.Nightjars in Britain and Ireland in 1981.Heathland management for Nightjars.The management of lowland heathland for nightjars at Minsmere, Suffolk, Great Britain.

Habitat preferences of European Nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus in forests on sandy soils.The winter feeding of the Purple Sandpiper.Diet and diurnal activity of Purple Sandpipers Calidris maritima wintering in Northern Norway.Tidal and sexual differences in the diet of purple sandpipers, Caldris maritima, in Scotland.

Quail

Cetti's warblers in the United Kingdom and the Channel Islands in 1996.Correlates of the change in Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus abundance in Scotland from 1988-91 to 1999.

Post-fledging survival, movements and dispersal of Ring Ouzels.

Dartford warblers Sylvia undata; their habitat and conservation in the New Forest, Hampshire, England in 1988.The diets of breeding Dippers Cinclus cinclus and their nestlings in catchment of the river Wye, mid-wales: a prelimminary study by faecal analysis.

Abundance, distribution and habitat use of breeding goosanders Mergus merganser and red-breasted mergansers Mergus serrator on British rivers."

Conservation and management implications of habitat selection in the Merlin Falco columbarius in the South Pennines, UK.

What effects do walkers and dogs have on the distribution and productivity of breeding European Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus?

Food and feeding ecology of purple sandpipers, Caldris maritima, on rocky intertidal habitats (Helgoland, German Bight).

Seasonal variation in foraging conditions for Ring Ouzels in upland habitats and their effects on juvenile habitat selection.

The decline of the Ring Ouzel in Britain.

Nest-site selection and predation in Savi's Warblers Locustella luscinioides.Habitat selection by short-eared owls Asio flammeus in young coniferous forests.Feeding ecology of the short-eared owl in Britain and ireland.Diet and ecology of short-eared owls Asio flammeus breeding on heather moor.Dietary separation of owls in the Peak District.Observations on short-eared owls wintering near the Severn estuary.Comparative feeding behaviour and niche organization in a Mediterranean duck community.Habitat use and diet of Common Snipe Gallinago gailinago breeding on moorland in northern England.

Grazing and other management of upland vegetation for Birds in the UK.The status and habitat of Spotted Crakes Porzana porzana in Britain in 1999.The importance of Britain's Twites.

Breeding ecology of Twite Carduelis flavirostris in a crofting landscape.The South Pennine twite population.Diet and habitat preferences of wintering passerines on the Taff/Ely saltmarshes.

The breeding biology of the stonechat and whinchat.Breeding bird communities in the upland margins (ffridd) of Wales in the mid 1980s.

Relationships between bird abundance and the composition and structure of moorland vegetation.

A survey of breeding wood warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix in Britain 1984-1985.Habitat associations of Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix breeding in Welsh oakwoods.

Reproductive success of Woodlarks Lullula arborea in traditional and recently colonized habitats.

Much grunting in the marsh.Habitat preferences of breeding water rail Rallus aquaticus.Habitat selection by breeding curlews, Numenius arquata, on mosaic farmland.Breeding curlews in the UK: RSPB research and implications for conservation.Food resources and foraging success of curlews, Numenius arquata, in different farmland habitats.Conservation of reed beds and their avifauna in England and Wales

Behaviour, home-range size and habitat use by male Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris in BritainBitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK.Branta leucopsis Barnacle Goose.

The distribution, numbers and breeding ecology of twite Acanthis flavirostris in the south Pennines of England.

Food preferences of Shorelarks Eremophila allpestris, Snow Buntings Plectrophenaic nivallis and Twites Carduelis flavirostris wintering in the Wadden Sea.

The importance of altitude and aspect for breeding Whinchats Saxicola rubetra in the uplands: limitations of the uplands as a refuge for a declining, formerly widespread species?

Timing of breeding and nestling diet of Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix in relation to changing food supply.The increasing importance of restocked conifer plantations for woodlarks in Britain: their implications and consequences.

Nest-site characteristics of Woodlarks Lullula arborea breeding on heathlands in southern England: are there consequences for nest survival and productivity?

Nesting habitat selection by bitterns Botaurus stellaris in Britain and the implications for wetland management.

Threats to Scottish sandwich terns

Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coasts of the United States: their status and conservation.

The breeding and feeding ecology of the Avocet Recurvirostra avosetta in Suffolk, England.Hydrological management and lagoon creation for avocets at Havergate.

Montagu's harrier.The WheatearFood and feeding ecology of puffins.

Feeding behaviour and prey choice of a wintering great northern diver.The Mute Swan.The Manx ShearwaterCormorant Phalacrocorax carbo occupancy and impact at stillwater game fisheries in England and Wales.

Great cormorants and freshwater fish stocks: a pragmatic approach to an ecological issue.Cormorants in Europe.Foraging of the Great Crested Grebe in Relation to Food SupplyImpact of Great Crested Grebes (Podiceps cristatus L.) on fish pondsThe grebes.Species action plans for birds. Bittern.

Factors Affecting Nest Success in the Mallard and Tufted DuckThe herons.Nest and nest site characteristics of great crested grebe. Influence on hatching success.

Occurence and density of mallard and green-winged teal in relation to food abundance.

Marsh Harriers at Titchwell Marsh Reserve (1980-1983). Part 2: feeding ecology.

The food of breeding Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus in East Anglia.Size and quality of the coot Fulica atra territory in relation to age of its tenants and neighbours.

Thirty-year trends in an eider population: timing of breeding, clutch size and nest preferences.Wintering avocets in Devon and Cornwall.The winter feeding ecology of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta on intertidal areas. I. Feeding strategies

Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index

The history of the avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) population and it's management in England since recolonisation.

A preliminary assessment of the quantities of Shetland sandeels taken by seabirds, seals, predatory fish and the industrial fishery in 1981–83

Can management of freshwater fish populations be used to protect and enhance the conservation status of a rare, fish-eating bird, the bittern, Botaurus stellaris, in the UK?The influence of habitat management on the breeding success of the Great Bittern Botaurus stellaris in Britain

Pelicans, cormorants and their relatives Pelecanidae, Sulidae, Phalacrocoracidae, Anhingidae, Fregatidae, Phaethontidae.

Phenology, habitat choice and reproduction of the great crested grebe Podiceps cristatus L, on a fish farm.Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic. Volume 2, Hawks to Bustards.

Diet of Black-legged Kittiwakes (Rissa tridactyla) feeding chicks at two Irish colonies highlights the importance of clupeids.Vegetation preferences by colonies of Mediterranean gulls (Larus melanocephalus) and gull-billed terns (Gelochelidon nilotica) in the Evros Delta.

Habitat use by Coots nesting in a Mediterranean wetland.The breeding of the Storm Petrel.The Status of Seabirds in Britain and Ireland.

Factors affecting breeding distribution of storm petrels Hydrobates pelagicus in Orkney and Shetland.

Wintering seaducks in Britian and Ireland: Populations, threats, conservation and research priorities

Grebes of our world.Boxes for Goldeneyes, a success story.

Species action plans for birds. Marsh harrier.Species action plans for birds. Stone curlew.Habitat selection of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in the Alsace.

The nesting habitats of avocets in the Evros Delta, Greece.

The Puffin

Population dynamics of the avocet (Recurvirostra avosetta) breeding in Britain.

Cormorants, Darters and Pelicans of the World.Foraging range and feeding locations of Shags Phalacrocorax aristotelis during chick rearing

Disturbance effects of high. speed ferries on wintering sea ducks.

Diet and foraging behaviour of the British storm petrel Hydrobates pelagicus in the Bay of Biscay during summer.

Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population

Changes in stone curlew distribution and abundance and vegetation height on chalk grassland at Porton Down, Wiltshire.Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet in the stone. curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England.The management of crop structure: a general approach to reversing the impacts of agricultural intensification on birds?Significance of the Somerset and Gwent Levels in Britain as feeding areas for migrant whimbrels Numenius phaeopus.Food supply and the effects of recreational disturbance on the abundance and distribution of wintering Pochard on a gravel pit complex in southern Britain.Foraging ranges, diets and feeding locations of gannets Morus bassanus in the North Sea: evidence from satellite telemetry.

Use of preferred nesting habitat by stone curlews Burhinus oedicnemus in relation to vegetation structure

A comparison of feeding areas used by individual common murres (Uria aalge) razorbills (Alca torda) and an Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica) during the breeding season.

Between-lake differences in the diet and provisioning behaviour of Black-throated Divers Gavia arctica breeding in ScotlandAnalyses concerning prey of divers on the basis of stomach contents - Examples from resting and wintering areas in the south-western Baltic.

Variations in the response of Great Crested Grebes Podiceps cristatus to human disturbance - a sign of adaptation?The feeding ecology and distribution of Common Coots Fulica atra are affected by hunting taking place in adjacent areas.

Distribution and behaviour of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra relative to prey resources and environmental parameters

Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning.

Brent goose (Branta bernicla bernicla) diet choice on agricultural land: a synthesis of two studies.

Breeding biology of the little grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis in Britain and Ireland.Habitat selection by the cormorant on south Bohemian fishponds.Behaviour and distribution of wild geese in south-east Scotland.WildfowlWintering diving duck populations and available food resources in the Baltic.Diet and habitat use of scoters Melanitta in the Western Palearctic; a brief overview.The food and feeding habits of tufted duck Aythya fuligula

Pochard use of chironomid-rich feeding habitat in winter.Atlas of Anatidae populations in Africa and western Eurasia.

Kentish Flats Offshore Wind Farm: Diver surveys 2009-10. Report to Vattenfall.Food and feeding habits of the Common Eider at Seafield, Edinburgh, in winter.

Observations on the breeding of the Golden Plover in Great Britain.Seabirds of the northern hemisphere.Conservation management of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus on lowland arable farmland in the UKRestoration of wet features for breeding waders on lowland grassland

Bird use of cultivated fallow 'Lapwing plots' within English agri. environment schemes.

Natterjack Toad Conservation Handbook.

Great Crested Newt Habitat Suitability Index

Great Crested Newt Conservation Handbook

The Habitat Associations of Dunlin (Calidris alpina) in the Flow Country of Northern Scotland and an Improved Model for Predicting Habitat Quality

Design of grassland feeding areas for waders during winter: the relative imporatance of sward, landscape factors and human disturbance.The impact of livestock on Lapwing Vanellus vanellus breeding densities and performance on coastal grazing marsh.The relationship between food supply, reproductive effort and breeding success in Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea. Journal of Animal Ecology 58: 261-274

Microhabitat characteristics of feeding sites used by diving duck Aythya wintering on the grossly polluted Manchester Ship Canal, UK.Variation in the abundance of Red-breasted Mergansers Mergus serrator on a Scottish river in relation to season, year, river hydrography, salmon density and spring cullingFeeding ecology of the diving ducks pochard (Aythya ferina), tufted duck (A. fuligula), scaup (A. mania) and goldeneye (Bucephala clangula) overwintering on Lough Neagh, Northern Ireland

Interactions between coot (Fulica atra) and submerged macrophytes: the role of birds in the restoration processFinal results of bird studies at the offshore wind farms at Nysted and Horns Rev, Denmark. NERI report to DONG and Vattenfall.

Breeding distribution and habitat selection of Red-breasted Mergansers in freshwater in western Norway.

Managing water levels on wet grasslands to improve foraging conditions for breeding northern lapwing Vanellus vanellusManaging uplands for biodiversity: Do agri-environment schemes deliver benefits for breeding lapwing Vanellus vanellus?

Factors affecting nest survival of Northern Lapwings Vanellus vanellus in arable farmland: an agri. environment scheme prescription can enhance nest survival.

Guidelines on Climate Change and Natura 2000. Dealing with the impact of climate change on the management of the Natura 2000 Network of areas of high biodiversity value

AGDS & Drop Down Video Survey Field ReportCumbria Coast Marine Conservation Zone FactsheetDrigg Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest Condition Monitoring System (ENSIS)

Final recommendations for Marine Conservation Zones in the Irish SeaHeysham Flats Sabellaria aveolata Report 2011An Intertidal Survey of the Biotopes of Foulney Island, Morecambe BayKent and Leven Catchment Flood Management Plan Liverpool Bay to the Solway (Rhos-on-Sea to the Mull of Galloway) (MNCR Sector 11).

Maritime Monitoring Intertidal Survey of North West England 2005-2006

Morecambe Bay Shoreline Management Plan PartnershipMorecambe Bay Strategy Scoping Study. Volumes 1 and 2. R. 1243Morecambe Phase VI Coastal Defence Development advice on Proposed Mitigation Measures

Natura 2000 Standard Data Form Morecambe BayNorth West Condition Assessment of Intertidal Mud and Sand FeaturesNorth West England and North Wales Shoreline Management Plan SMP2North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Duddon Estuary North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Kent Estuary North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Leven Estuary North West Estuaries Processes Reports - Ravenglass Estuary Peat and Clay Exposures with Piddocks

Remote sensing of intertidal morphological change in Morecambe BayReview of coastal processes knowledge and issues in Lune Estuary Roosecote Sands Eelgrass and Ephemeral Algae SurveySaltmarsh Condition Survey of Morecambe Bay and Duddon Estuary European Marine SitesVerification survey of intertidal habitats within the Cumbria Coast rMCZInfluence of habitat on breeding performance of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in OrkneyHen Harrier Circus cyaneus foraging activity in relation to habitat and prey.Revised Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Amphibians and Reptiles - DraftStatus and distribution of common scoters on the Solway Firth.

The food of mallard ducklings in a wet gravel quarry and its relation to duckling survival.Habitat distribution of the mallard in relation to vegetation structure, food, and population densityThe breeding ecology of Curlew Numenius arquata on North Pennine moorland.The breeding ecology of curlew: a pilot study.Managing coastal grazing marshes for breeding waders and overwintering geese: is there a conflict?

Selection by brent geese for different leaf lengths of Aster trifolium on saltmarsh.The marine distribution of the gannet in the North Sea.

European Site Conservation Objectives for Morecambe Bay Special Area of Conservation Site Code: UK0013027

Lune Estuary Habitat Management Study - Summary of Physical Processes and Geomorphological evolution in the Lune Estuary

Morecambe Bay European marine site English Nature's advice under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

Mussel fisheries in Morecambe Bay: a potential risk to eider ducks? An investigation by Natural England following a risk review of European Marine Sites

The Sea Empress oil spill (Wales, UK): effects on common scoter Melanitta nigra in Carmarthen Bay and status ten years later.

Northern Gannets in the North Sea: foraging distribution and feeding techniques around the Bass Rock.

Effects of Agriculture on the Breeding Ecology of Lapwings Vanellus vanellusThe effects of flooding lowland wet grassland on soil macroinvertebrate prey of breeding wading birds

Quantifying the effects of habitat structure on prey detectability and accessibility to farmland birdsManagement of reedbeds for bitterns and opportunities for reedbed creation.Reedbed management and the breeding bittern Botaurus stellaris in the UK.Herons in Europe

Site fidelity and range size of wintering Barnacle Geese Branta leucopsis.The Management of Grass Pastures for Brent GeesePrediction of field use by Brent Geese - an aid to management.

Herons of EuropeThe Hen HarrierField Vole Microtus agrestis abundance and Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus diet and breeding in Scotland

Nest site selection by hen harriers in Scotland.

Global dispersion of nesting Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus: implications for grouse moors in the UK.Habitat selection and foraging success of Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus in west Scotland.

The breeding status of the Ring Ouzel Turdus torquatus in the UK in 1999.The effect of recreational disturbance on an upland breeding bird, the golden plover Pluvialis apricaria.

Feeding ecology of the curlew.RSPB Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2013Flamborough Head Management Plan

Filey-Cayton Seabird Monitoring Report 2012Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2006SOSS-04 Gannet Population Viability Analysis. Demographic data, population model and outputsReport on the Conservation Status of Migratory Waterbirds in the Agreement Area. Fifth Edition

Information leaflet: Kittiwake

Foraging ranges of northern gannets Morus bassanus in relation to proposed offshore wind farms in the UK. RSPB Report to the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change. Stone-curlews Burhinus oedicnemus and recreational disturbance: developing a management tool for accessHabitat availability and roost-site selection by the stone curlew, Burhinus oedicnemus, in an arid cultivated landscape (Los monegros, NE Spain).

Foraging efficiency in barnacle geese Branta leucopsis: a functional response to sward height and an analysis of sources of individual variation.

The selection of grass swards by brent geese Branta b. bernicla: interactions between food quality and quantity.

A comparison of the feeding ecology of wintering Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus centred on two heathland areas in England

The UK SPA network: it’s scope and content. Volume 2: Species Accounts - A6.93 Guillemot Uria aalge (breeding)Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environmentThe UK SPA network: it’s scope and content. Volume 2: Species Accounts - A6.87 Kittiwake Rissa tridactyla (breeding)

Seabird use of waters adjacent to coloniesCommon GuillemotRazorbillSeabird Monitoring Programme Online DatabaseBempton Cliffs Reserve: Recent Sightings

Waterbirds in the UK 2012/13: The Wetland Bird Survey

EC Directive 791409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds: Special Protection Area - North Norfolk CoastEC Directive 791409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds: Special Protection Area - Gibraltar Point

A visitor management strategy for the Norfolk Coast: an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.North Norfolk Shoreline Management PlanTitchwell marsh coastal change project- Layman's reportConservation threat addressed by the tactics project

Lincolnshire coastal grazing marshBroad scale biological mapping of Lundy MNR with particular reference to reefs.Marine and Coastal Access Act 2009 - Potting Permit Byelaw

Lundy No-Take Zone - ten years on.The saltmarsh survey of Great Britain: an inventory of British saltmarshes.

Aerial surveys of waterbirds in the Wash, 2005/06Low tide survey of The Wash Special Protection Area. Final report of the winter 2009-10 shorebird survey

Birds by name: Goldeneye

Key habitat attributes for birds and bird assemblages in England. English Nature Research Report No. 359

Herring gull Larus argentatusNorthern fulmar Fulmarus glacialisEuropean shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis

Technical Information Note TIN128: Black-legged kittiwake: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations

The distribution of guillemots (Uria aalge), razorbills (Alca torda) and puffins (Fratercula arctica) at sea around Flamborough Head, June 1984.

The impact of sugar beet farming practice on wintering pink-footed goose Anser brachyrhynchus populations

Humber Estuary Coastal Authorities Group Flamborough Head to Gibraltar Point Shoreline Management Plan

Proposed new fisheries management measures for The Wash & North Norfolk Coast Special Area of ConservationEC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora Citation for Alde, Ore and Butley Estuaries Special Area of Conservation (SAC). Register reference number: UK0030076. Compilation date: May 2005 Version: 1

Torbay Recommended Marine Conservation Zone (rMCZ) Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification Survey 2013

Natural England survey of the coastal lagoon habitat within the North Norfolk Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest, 2009-2010.

Departmental Brief: Proposed extension to Flamborough Head and Bempton Cliffs Special Protection Area and renaming as Flamborough and Filey Coast potential Special Protection Area (pSPA) (SPA EU code: UK9006101)

Flamborough Head SAC and Flamborough Head & Bempton Cliffs SPA Review of Consents Appropriate Assessment

Species factsheet: Northern fulmar Fulmarus glacialisSpecies factsheet: European shag Phalacrocorax aristotelisSpecies factsheet: Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo DRAFT Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC/SSSI: 2013 Saltmarsh Condition Assessment Survey Report

Schoenoplectus on the Tamar Estuary Progress ReportStandard Data Form, Plymouth Sound and Estuaries, for Special Areas of ConservationCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for Saltmarsh HabitatsWater Framework Directive - River Basin Management Plans - Rivers [Online]Individual-based ecology of coastal birds

Study of Slavonian Grebes wintering at Dawlish Warren National Nature Reserve, Winter 2000 – 2001.

Prey Availability of Supporting Habitat for Bird Species of the Exe Estuary.Exe Estuary Disturbance Study.Predicting the mussel food requirements of oystercatchers in the Exe EstuaryDistribution of Bird and Marine Life in the Exe Estuary and the Factors Affecting that Distribution.Zostera exploitation by Brent Geese and Wigeon on the Exe estuary, southern EnglandExe Estuary Habitat Mapping, English Nature Research ReportState of the ExeExe Estuary Recreational Framework.Pink Sea Fan Survey Report 2005- 2008Eel grass in the subtidal waters of Looe. Pink sea fan survey report - Cornwall 2004-5Whitsand and Looe Bay MCZ Summary Site ReportLooe Marine Conservation Group websiteRevealing the reef: 10 years of marine life settling on ex-HMS ScyllaPopulation and productivity trends of Little Terns Sterna albifrons in Britain, 1969-89FOCI Species Data; Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly

Predicting site quality for shorebird communities: A case study on the Wash embayment, UKSex-specific winter distribution in a sexually dimorphic shorebird is explained by resource partitioning

Wash East Coastal Management Consultation.

The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site ReportsEastern Inshore Fisheries and Conservation Authority

The Wash and North Norfolk Coast: Lagoons condition assessment

Individual and age differences in the feeding ecology of Oystercatchers Haematopus ostralegus wintering on the Exe Estuary, DevonThe winter feeding ecology of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta on intertidal areas. II. Diet and feeding mechanismsPredicting the effects of local and global environmental change on shorebirds: a case study on the Exe estuary, U.K.Diets of Dunlin Calidris alpine and Grey Plover Pluvialis squatarola on the Wash as determined by dropping analysisWetland Bird Survey Alerts 2009/2010: Changes in numbers of wintering waterbirds in the Constituent Countries of the United Kingdom, Special Protection Areas (SPAs) and Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSIs).

Marine Recorder 1986–2013 Species FOCI. Data submitted by SNCBs, Cefas, DASSH, Porcupine Marine Natural History Society, marine consultants and Seasearch

Water Framework Directive - River Basin Management - Coastal Waters - Map of current ecological quality in the Wash

NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the Wash European Marine Site. Volume 2.NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site. Volume 1.

River Nene Catchment Flood Management Plan. Summary Report December 2009.Shoreline Management Plan 2. Appendix K - Water Framework Directive Assessment.

The Wash Shoreline Management Plan 2. Gibraltar Point to Hunstanton.

Seabird Monitoring Programme; Gibraltar Point SPA; Breeding successSeabird Monitoring Programme; Norfolk; Breeding successGibraltar Point National Nature Reserve Management Plan 2010-2015 [Unpublished]Skegness Yacht Club Management Plan - Sept 2014 until August 2024Annual returns of little tern at Gibraltar PointNorfolk Bird and Mammal Report 2012Survey of inter-tidal seagrass beds along the north Norfolk coast: August 2013.Survey of coastal lagoon habitat in the North Norfolk Coast SSSIAbraham's Bosom, Unit 38 condition assessment [Unpublished]Site Improvement Plan Mersey Estuary (SIP 138)

How representative is the current monitoring of breeding success in the UK?

Site improvement plan - Alde-Ore EstuariesDraft Estuary Plan

Suffolk Local Biodiversity Action Plan - Little Tern

The Alde Ore Esturauary - securing a sustinable future for wildlife

Alde Ore Future For Wildlife - Orfordness and Havergate Island

Alde Ore Estuary SPA CitationEC Directive 791409 on the Conservation of Wild Birds: Special Protection Area - Alde-Ore EstuaryTracking lesser black-backed gulls

The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site Annual Management Plan 2014-2015. Living Document v2.

A review of disturbance distances in selected bird species. A report from Natural Research (Projects) Ltd to Scottish Natural Heritage. Assessing the disturbance of birds by aircraft in the Wash (DE/AND/1274). Part 2: Report on pilot study field work.The Effect of Dominance and Feeding Method on the Intake Rates of Oystercatchers, Haematopus ostralegus, Feeding on MusselsThe Diet of Bar-tailed Godwits Limosa lapponica in the Wadden Sea: combining visual observations and faeces analyses.

Mersey Estuary Views About Management, Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000. Schedule 11(6) Version date 01/08/05

Planning for the Future Improvement Programme for England's Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS) Site Improvement Plan - Alde-Ore Estuaries

Measuring the interaction between marine features of Special Protection Areas with offshore wind farm development zones through telemetry: First breeding season report.Measuring the interaction between marine features of Special Protection Areas with offshore wind farm development zones through telemetry: Second year report.

Effects of lagoon creation and water control changes on birds at a former airfield at Orford Ness, Suffolk, UK: Part 1 – breeding pied avocets, common redshank and northern lapwing.

TraC Winter Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen tool-level classifications (at water body level, aggregated to MPA) - Alde Ore Estuary

Grazing marsh on Orford Ness

Condition of SSSI Units for Site: Alde-Ore EstuaryA Directory of Saline Lagoons in England.

Fuzzy experts on recreational vessels, a risk modelling approach for marine invasions

Escape responses of hauled out ringed seals (Phoca hispida) to aircraft disturbanceMariculture: significant and expanding cause of coastal nutrient enrichment

Effects of human trampling on marine rocky shore communities

Reducing seabird bycatch in longline, trawl and gillnet fisheriesRecreational boating: a large unregulated vector transporting marine invasive species

The impact of tourism and personal leisure transport on coastal environments: A reviewThreats to sandy beach ecosystems: A review

The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: a reviewLoss of Coastal Strand Habitat in Southern California: The Role of Beach GroomingHuman-caused disturbance stimuli as a form of predation risk.Reproductive Effects in Birds Exposed to Pesticides and Industrial ChemicalsPrinciples and approaches to abate seabird by-catch in longline fisheriesEffect of water clarity on the distribution of marine birds in nearshore waters of Monterey Bay, California

Disturbance of intertidal soft sediment assemblages caused by swinging boat moorings

The effects of disturbance on habitat use by black-tailed godwits Limosa limosaBirds flee en mass from New Year’s Eve fireworks

Male gray seals specialize in raiding salmon trapsPseudo-faeces production in bivalves

Impacts of disturbance on migratory waterfowl

The incidence and significance of ingested lead pellet poisoning in British Wildfowl

Tourism benefit and impacts analysis in the Norfolk Coast Area of Oustanding Natural Beauty: Appendices.The spread of marine non-indigenous species via recreational boating: A conceptual model for risk assessment based on fault tree analysis

Salmon lice infection of wild sea trout and Arctic char in marine and freshwaters: the effects of salmon farms

How sea lice from salmon farms may cause wild salmonid declines in Europe and North America and be a threat to fishes elsewhere

Examination of the effects of disturbance on birds with reference to its importance in ecological assessmentsTidal barrages in the UK: Ecological and social impacts, potential mitigation, and tools to support barrage planningImpacts of driving on the beach: Case studies from Assateague Island and Padre Island National SeashoresImpacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis

Bottlenose dolphins and aquaculture: interaction and site fidelity on the north-eastern coast of Sardinia (Italy)

Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy, western Mediterranean): effect of anchor types in different anchoring stages

Effects of beach raking and sand fences on dune dimensions and morphology

Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise

Results of a short study on by-catches and discards in pelagic fisheries in Scotland (UK)

On electrical fishing for brown shrimp (Crangon crangon): I. Laboratory experiments

Responses of Foraging Sanderlings to Human ApproachesAn analysis of discards from the French trawler fleet in the Celtic Sea

Beach recreation impacts benthic invertebrates on ocean-exposed sandy shoresElectrotrawling: a promising alternative fishing technique warranting further exploration

The impacts of fishing on marine birds

Indirect effects of herbicides on bird food resources and beneficial arthropodsMarine pollution from antifouling paint particles

The effects of aquaculture on bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops sp.) ranging in Shark Bay, Western Australia

The role of recreational activities in creating fragments of invasive Caulerpa taxifolia

Sargassum as a natural solution to enhance dune plant growthAllis shad (Alosa alosa) exhibit an intensity-graded behavioral response when exposed to ultrasound

Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – An overlooked threat to waterbird populations

Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishesShedding light on light: benefits of anthropogenic illumination to a nocturnally foraging shorebird

Antifouling strategies: History and regulation, ecological impacts and mitigationA noisy spring: the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish

Effects of artificial lights and moonlight on petrels at St Kilda

Effect of the sound generated by an acoustic harassment device on the relative abundance and distribution of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) in retreat passage, British Columbia.Aircraft sound and disturbance to bowhead and beluga whales during spring migration in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea.

Leisure boating noise as a trigger for the displacement of the bottlenose dolphins of the Cres–Lošinj archipelago (northern Adriatic Sea, Croatia)

Sandy beach ecosystems: key features, sampling issues, management challenges and climate change impacts

Towards a spatially explicit risk assessment for marine management: Assessing the vulnerability of fish to aggregate extraction

Disturbance to a foraging seabird by sea-based tourism: Implications for reserve management in marine protected areas

Anchors aweigh: Fragment generation of invasive Caulerpa taxifolia by boat anchors and its resistance to desiccation

Underwater and in-air sounds from a small hovercraft

Tourist disturbance on New Zealand fur seal Sarctocephalus forsteriEffects of motorboats and personal watercraft on flight behavior over a colony of Common Terns

Recreational boats as potential vectors of marine organisms at an invasion hotspot

Effects of recreational disturbance on the foraging behaviour of waders on a rocky beach

Seabird foraging tactics and water clarity: are plunge divers really in the clear?

Disturbance of foraging Knots by aircraft in the Dutch Wadden Sea in August-October 1992

Marine biofouling on recreational boats on swing moorings and berths.

The impact of tourism on coastal breeding waders in western and southern Europe: an overview

Birds killed by aircraft in the United Kingdom, 1966-76

Pesticides and Bird PopulationsMarine Aquaculture - Impacts of Aquaculture; Interactions with Predators

Chapter 4.1 Estuaries

Population and community ecology of Mytilus.

The effect of two mechanical beach grooming strategies on Escherichia coli density in beach sand at a southwestern Lake Michigan beachChanges in fisheries practices and Oystercatcher survival, recruitment and body mass in a marginal Cockle fishery

Trampling in a seagrass assemblage: direct effects,response of associated fauna, and the role of substrate characteristics.Effects of ambient and boat noise on hearing and communication in three fish species living in a marine protected area (Miramare, Italy)

Response and recovery dynamics of seagrasses Thalassia testudinum and Syringodium filiforme and macroalgae in experimental motor vessel disturbances

Recreational boating traffic: a chronic source of anthropogenic noise in the Wilmington, North Carolina Intracoastal WaterwayEnvironmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings: entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions

Bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) presence and incidental capture in a marine fish farm on the north-eastern coast of Sardinia (Italy)

Assessing the impact of coastal defense structures on habitat types and species of European Interest (92/43/EC): a methodological approach.

Grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) disturbance, ecotourism and the Pembrokeshire Marine Code around Ramsey Island

Aquatic invasive species transport via trailered boats: what is being moved, who is moving it, and what can be done

Human disturbance to seabirds at sea. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website.Light pollution has a negative impact on many seabirds including several globally threatened species. Presented as part of the BirdLife State of the world's birds website.

Control and management of ballast water - How to manage ballast water in shipping including exchange and treatment, plans and systems, and management requirements for specific regions.Marine Strategy Framework Directive Indicators for Biogenic Reefs formed by Modiolus modiolus, Mytilus edulis and Sabellaria spinulosa Part 1: Defining and validating the indicators.

Pre-construction Sabellaria vulgaris monitoring at Broadkill Beach sand placement site, Sussex County, Delaware.

Settlement, growth and production of the mussel, Mytilus edulis L., in Morecambe Bay, England.

Guidance document on aquaculture activities in the context of the Natura 2000 NetworkImpact of oil pollution on seabirds

The effects of oil on seagrass ecosystems

The Impacts of Seismic Activities on Marine Life and its Environment

Environmental Aspects of DredgingEnvironmental impacts associated with recreational horse-riding

A behaviour-based modeling approach to reducing shorebird-shellfish conflicts

Changes in commercially fished shellfish stocks and shorebird populations in the Wash, England.

Rare Breeding Birds Panel (RBBP) data

The Little Tern Breeding Season at Beacon Lagoons Nature Reserve 2014The habitats and distribution of bird features on the Exe EstuaryThe Manacles Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification Survey 2013MCZ Video Analysis Report – Manacles. Manacles MCZ Seabed Imagery AnalysisShoreline Management Plan for Cornwall and the Isles of ScillyDean Quarry Coastal Development: Subtidal Ecology Baseline ReportDean Quarry Coastal Development: Intertidal Ecology Baseline Report

North Kent Marshes Saltmarsh Survey 2002.Medway Estuary and Marshes (Kent): SSSI citationMedway Estuary and Marshes (Kent): SPA citation (UK9012031)

Medway Estuary and Swale Shoreline Management Plan. Appendix J Habitats Regulations Assessment.

Nor Marsh and Motney Hill RSPB Management Plan 2008-2013 update.Kent Habitat Survey 2012Medway bird counts; various dates.Phase 1 - Bird Disturbance Report

Sabellaria spinulosa. Ross worm. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme.

An individual behaviour-based model can predict shorebird mortality using routinely collected shellfishery data

Modelling study to determine the capacity of The Wash shellfish stocks to support eider Somateria mollissima. Unpublished report to Natural England.

Fal and Helford Recreational Boating Study Chapter 1. Single block, sub tidal, permanent moorings: ‐Ecological impact on infaunal communities due to direct, physical disturbance from mooring infrastructure.

Inland pastures are an appropriate alternative for salt-marshes as a feeding area for spring-fattening Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla. Changes in numbers of wintering waterbirds in the United Kingdom at national, country and Special Protection Area (SPA) scales.Investigating possible movements of waterbirds between the Medway Estuary & Marshes SPA and neighbouring areas of the Thames and Swale Estuaries. Part 1.

Swale and Medway European Marine site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994.

Bird Disturbance Study, North Kent 2010/11Condition of SSSI units for Site Medway Estuary and Marshes SPA (2009/2010)

Medway Estuary and Marshes SPA Description.

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Bittern breeding in Norfolk and SuffolkBreeding Seabirds on the Outer Trial Bank, Norfolk, UK - An Island in The Wash.Seabird Monitoring Program - Alde Ore lesser black-backed gull figures to 2012RSPB & NT bird counts for Havergate – Orfordness 1983 – 2006Avocet report

Species factsheet: Calidris pugnaxSite Improvement Plan, Dee Estuary/Aber Dyfrdwy & Mersey NarrowsDawlish Warren website, http://www.dawlishwarren.co.uk/

North Owers - Draft Environmental Statement v3.0

North Owers - Draft Environmental Statement v3.0 Annex 7.3 Black Bream Monitoring: Historical Analysis

South Coast Marine Aggregate Regional Environmental Assessment (MAREA) Volume 1 and 2South Coast Regional Environmental Assessment Appendix E Fisheries Activity SurveySussex Inshore Fisheries Conservation Authority (IFCA) Baseline Fisheries InformationAn ecological investigation ofthe intertidal benthic invertebrates of the Dee Estuary.The Dee Estuary Biotope Survey 2004/5. Report to English Nature (Cheshire to Lancashire Team)Fal WFD 2011 Seagrass SurveysBiotope survey of the Littoral Sediment of the North Norfolk Coast candidate SACEastern IFCA Research Report 2012Natural England Site Information System (ENSIS) Marine SSSI dataEUSeaMap

Exe Estuary Habitat MappingExe Mussel Bed Survey 2013 DSIFCAFuturecoastHumber Estuary Intertidal Habitat Status ReportITE Wash Birds and Invertebrates report 1988Kent MudflatsLyme Bay Map and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC)Mersey Estuary Saltmarsh Vegetation Survey

Intertidal macrofaunal data review update for the Swale, Medway and South Thames Marshes and biotope distribution in three areas.

Site Improvement Plan Greater Thames Complex - Improvement Programme for England’s Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS).

South-east Devon European Site Mitigation Strategy. Unpublished report for East Devon District Council, Exeter City Council and Teignbridge District Council.

Start Point to Plymouth Sound and Eddystone candidate Special Area of Conservation: Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010 (as amended)

Project report: Assessment of the impacts of Didemnum vexillum and options for the management of the species in England.

Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 11. Liverpool Bay and the Solway Firth: area summaries.North West Region European Marine Sites Condition Monitoring of Littoral FeaturesBroad scale biological mapping of Plymouth Sound and Estuaries.Portsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition AssessmentRibble SurveyThe extent of saltmarsh in England and WalesSaltmarshes in Wash and North Norfolk CoastSolent EMS Eelgrass 2013 Surveys 2013-14 Final Report.South Coast REC - EUNIS classificationSt John's Lake intertidal biotope map (Tamar estuary, Plymouth)Survey of inter-tidal seagrass beds along the north Norfolk Coast: August 2013. Report NumberThames 2100 project dataZostera descriptions North Norfolk Coast - Cley1973-81 Devon and Cornwall occasional surveys

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Marine Nature Conservation Review: Littoral survey of the coast from Crosby to Fleetwood.1990 MNCR Rhos Point to New Brighton littoral surveyEssex/Suffolk estuaries intertidal surveys 1990Exe Estuary littoral surveyNRA Faversham Creek surveyNRA Portsmouth Harbour surveyNRA Swale Estuary surveyTamar Estuary littoral sediment surveyRavenglass, Duddon & Ribble estuaries littoral surveyLittoral survey of the Ribble, Duddon and Ravenglass estuary systems, east basin of the Irish Sea.1991-95 Orcombe littoral surveyDeben and Ore estuaries littoral surveyTamar Estuary littoral surveyExe, Wembury and Yealm littoral surveyMNCR survey 459 Intertidal Brancaster to BlakeneyMNCR Swale and Medway estuaries surveyExmouth to Burton Bradstock (Lyme Bay) surveyChichester Harbour to Pevensey Bay sublittoral surveyExmouth to Chesil (Lyme Bay) surveySaline lagoons and lagoon-like ponds in EnglandThe Wash - July 1996North Norfolk littoral surveyThe Wash - July 1999The Wash - July 2000The Wash - July 2001Bracklesham Bay to Rye BaySolent European Marine Sites SurveyKingmere rMCZ Site Verification SurveyThe Wash and North Norfolk Coast SAC: Intertidal mud and sand flats assessmentSeasearch Survey of Kingmere rMCZ, SussexSeasearch Survey of LincolnshirePortsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition Assessment

Preliminary one day sublittoral survey of the Wash by diving and dredging. Report to the Nature Conservancy Council

Metadata: 1986 Oil Pollution Research Unit (OPRU) Harbours, Rias and Estuaries (HRE) Plymouth Harbour and Yealm Estuary survey

Seasearch survey of the Norfolk CoastChichester to Rye BayA249 Iwade to Queensborough ImprovementQueensborough Ecological SurveyShore dock Rumex rupestris report on field work undertaken in 2000

Shore dock Rumex rupestris report on field work undertaken in 1999Species Action Plans for plants: Shore dockSpecies Recovery Programme: Shore Dock (Rumex rupestris Le Gall) Second ReportRumex rupestris Le Gall

An inventory of British reedbeds in 1993. Coastal Lagoons of East Anglia, U.KLindsey Outmarsh Grassland SurveySurvey of the saline pools/lagoons at Easington and Kilnsea. Report for English NatureHigher Level Stewardship: Environmental Stewardship Handbook, Fourth Edition – January 2013A survey of coastal saline lagoons: North Humberside to Tyneside, 1985. Final report Survey of Brackish Coastal Lagoons: Sussex to Dorset, 1984-5; field reportKent Habitat Survey 2003Lagoon survey of North Kent (Whitstable to Gravesend) August, 1988.English Nature Humber to Pennines Team SSSI NVC SurveyLincolnshire Biodiversity Partnership BAP habitats 1997-2007SSSI DatabaseNorfolk Fens Assesment 2005 - 2006Coastal vegetated shingle structures of Great Britain: main report. Lindsey Outmarsh Boundary SurveyLittoral Biotope Survey and Condition Assessment of the Lynher Estuary SSSICountryside Stewardship Scheme (CSS) agreement optionsFlood Map - Flood Zone 3 (WMS)Environmental Stewardship agreement optionsEnvironmentally Sensitive AreasHampshire Habitat Survey Partnership Project - UK Priority Habitat Mapping Metadata 1989-2005North Yorkshire SINC surveyNorfolk Wildlife Trust fen surveyOS MasterMapSouth East Strategic Regional Coastal Monitoring Programme - Habitat Mapping ProjectCoastal and Floodplain Grazing Marsh - Commissioned survey work for the Wetland Inventory 2009/10

Lowland Fen - Commissioned survey work for the Wetland Inventory 2009/10

OS ProfileAerial Photography 2nd EditionBiotope survey of the littoral sediments of the north Norfolk coast cSAC.Intertidal mudflats layer for England2011 WFD Intertidal Seagrass Survey 2011 - SolentIntertidal Benthic Infauna Survey 2013 - Essex Estuaries & SwaleMersey Estuary littoral sediment surveySefton Coast Partnership’s Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan 2006-2011.Fal and Helford European Marine Site Sublittoral Monitoring 2002Monitoring of Fal and Helford SAC 2011

Conservation objectives and definitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest. Lynher Estuary SSSI.

Monitoring Subtidal Sandbanks of the Isles of Scilly and the Fal and Helford Special Areas of Conservation

Condition Monitoring of the Intertidal Mudflats and Sandflats Feature at Fal and Helford Marine Sites

Helford River Survey: Report

Lower Fal and Helford Intertidal SSSI Baseline Survey - DraftReview of the status of estuarine fishes2008: Second Integrated Report on the Eutrophication Status of the OPSAR Maritime AreaPort of Falmouth Development Initiative Environmental StatementRame Head to Lizard Point Shoreline Management PlanFal and Helford SAC maerl drop-down video and dive survey 2013Maerl in Cornwall 2012 Survey ReportThe location and extent of live and dead maerl beds in Falmouth Harbour, southwest UK.Falmouth Cruise Project EIA - Marine Ecological Survey

Falmouth Bay Maerl Community Benthic SurveyCycleau Project. Management of TBT Contaminated Sediment in the Fal EstuaryFal eelgrass bed drop down video survey report

Falmouth Bay and Estuaries A Nature Conservation OverviewThe Fal Estuary: coastal processes and conservationThe sedimentary shore fauna of the Helford River at Helford Passage, CornwallSurveys of Harbours, rias and estuaries in southern Britain: the Helford River.Strategic Guidelines 2010 and Workprogram 2010-2015

Cornwall Seasearch Surveys 2012 Summary ReportSurvey of Harbours, Rias and Estuaries in Southern Britain: Falmouth ; Volume 1 ReportThe Location and Conservation of Eelgrass Beds in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly: Volume I - Report

The Fal Estuary: Coastal Processes and Conservation

Helford River Survey: Eelgrass (Zostera Spp.) Project 1995-1998

Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan April 2012 - April 2017Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan April 2012 - April 2017Ribble Estuary Views About Management, Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, Schedule 11(6)Sefton Coast Views About Management, Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000, Schedule 11(6)Reducing the risk of flooding at Hesketh Out Marsh EastSite Improvement Plan Sefton RibbleDraft Coastal Strategy 2014 – 2030

Drigg Coast SAC citation documentSite Improvement Plan Drigg Coast SACNatterjack Toad (Epiledia calamita) Survey Drigg Dunes

Helford River Survey, Helford Voluntary Marine Conservation Area, Monitoring Report No.6, Intertidal transect monitoring review incorporating data from 1986 to 1999

The Fal Estuary System. Survey of the Benthic Macroinvertebrate Infauna (September 1990) for the proposed classification of Estuaries in the South Western Region

Zostera noltii. Dwarf eelgrass. Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme [on-line].

Evaluation of the Conservation Requirements of Rarer British Marine Fishes and Appendices: Final Report to the Nature Conservancy Council

Drigg Coast Site of Special Scientific Interest Condition Monitoring System Favourable Condition Table (FCT)

Littoral survey of south Cumbria (Barrow-in-Furness to St Bees Head)

Drigg Coast, Ravenglass Estuary intertidal hard substrate habitat surveys 2013River basin management plan North West river basin districtSalmonid and Freshwater Fisheries Statistics for England and Wales

North West Esturaies Processes Overview ReportSurvey of Saltmarsh - Drigg Coast European Marine SiteManagement of Natura 2000 habitats. 2190 Humid dune slacks.

Survey and analysis of vegetation and hydrological change in English Dune slack habitats

Drigg Coast SAC Ravenglass Estuary intertidal surveyVerification survey of intertidal habitats within Cumbria Coast rMCZIntertidal survey of the biotopes of the rocky scars in the Drigg Coast, European Marine Site

Otters : ecology, behaviour and conservation: ecology, behaviour and conservationRecent developments in seaweed diseases

Non-native Invasive Species

Plymouth Sound SAC elevation change between 2007 and 2011In-depth review of evidence supporting the recommended Marine Conservation Zones - MB0116Understanding the environmental impact of offshore windfarmsRisk factors in shellfish harvesting areas.

Marine mammals and aquaculture: conflicts and potential resolutionsA review of the effects of recreational interactions within UK European marine sites.

Deacons Boatyard Dredge: Hydrodynamic Assessment

Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Offshore Wind-farmsEcology of the Atlantic Salmon: Salmo salarBeach Management Manual (second edition)Thermal standards for cooling water from new build nuclear power stations.

Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 11 - Liverpool bay and the Solway Firth: area summaries (Coasts and seas of United Kingdom)

North West England & North Wales Shoreline Management Plan SMP2 (sub cell 11d Hodbarrow Point to St Bees Head)

Changing nutrient budgets of sand dunes: Consequences for the nature conservation interest and dune management. 1. A review.

An appraisal and synthesis of data identifying areas of ross worm, Sabellaria spinulosa, reef in The Wash. Natural England internal document.

European Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Good Environmental Status (MSFD GES): Report of the Technical Subgroup on Underwater noise and other forms of energy.

Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Berth 201/202 works. Updated by Further Information (Section 17: Noise and Vibration)

Aggregate Dredging and the Marine Environment: an overview of recent research and current industry practice.Measuring the effects of suspended particulate matter and smothering on the behaviour, growth and survival of key species found in areas associated with aggregate dredgingGeneral advice on assessing potential impacts of and mitigation for human activities on MCZ features using existing regulation and legislation. Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England to the Regional MCZ Projects

Biological impacts of oil pollution: sedimentary shores

Birds and wave and tidal stream energy: an ecological review

Marine wind farms and cetaceansEcology of the European Otter.Charting Progress 2 The State of UK Seas

Collision risks between marine renewable energy devices and mammals, fish and diving birds.

Review of cabling techniques and environmental effects applicable to the offshore wind farm industry

Direct and Indirect Impacts of Aggregate Dredging. Science Monograph Series No. 1

Dogs, access and nature conservation

Screening at intakes and outfalls: measures to protect eel. (Part of The Eel Manual)Screening for Intakes and Outfalls: a best practice guide.

Non-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory.Environmental aspects of seaweed aquaculture

Background Document for European eel Anguilla anguilla

Genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations.

Bird Strike Avoidance and Lighting Plan. Revised Outer Continental Shelf Lease Exploration Plan, Camden Bay, Alaska

The Ecological Effect of the Proposed Mansbrook Grove Outfall With Particular Reference to Birds on the Adjacent Mudflats of the Orwell EstuaryEffects of Reductions in Organic and Nutrient Loading on Bird Populations in Estuaires and Coastal Waters of England and Wales. Phase 1 Report March 2002The potential nature conservation impacts of wave and tidal energy extraction by marine renewable developments

Marine aggregate dredging and the coastline: a guidance note. Best practice guidance for assessment, evaluation and monitoring of the possible effects of marine aggregate extraction on the coast – a Coastal Impact Study

Current state of knowledge of extent, causes and population effects of unusual mortality events in Scottish seals.Managing visitor use and disturbance of waterbirds — a literature review of impacts and mitigation measures Appendix L

EC Guidance on the implementation of the birds and habitats directives in estuaries and coastal zone with particular attention to port development and dredging.EC Implementation the EU nature legislation in estuaries and coastal zones, with particular attention to port related activities: technical recommendatons and guidance. Results of working group - Draft Version 9

Electrofishing for Razor Clams (Ensis siliqua and E. arquatus): Effects on Survival and Recovery of Target and Non-Target Species

Environmental management in oil and gas exploration and production. An overview of issues and management approachesE-On Rampion Offshore Wind Farm. ES Section 8 - Fish & Shellfish Ecology - Appendix 8.1 - Black Bream in the Eastern English Channel off the Sussex Coast

Living with coastal erosion in Europe: Sediment and Space for Sustainability. Part 1 - Major findings and policy recommendations of the Eurosion Project.

Proceedings of the GESAMP International Workshop on plastic particles as a vector in transporting persistent, bio-accumulating and toxic substances in the oceans.

Potential impacts of acoustic deterrent devices on Scottish marine wildlife

Grey and harbour seal density maps. Marine Mammal Scientific Support Research Programme. Task MR 5

Guidance on Environmental considerations for offshore wind developmentGuidelines for managing water quality impacts within UK European marine sites

Monitoring the effects of a hovercraft survey in Langstone and Chichester Harbours.Report of the Workshop to Review and Advise on Seabird Bycatch (WKBYCS)Report of the Study Group on Electrical Trawling (SGELECTRA)Overview assessment of non-indigenous species in the OSPAR maritime areaIdentifying best practice in management of activities on Marine Protected Areas.

Waterbird Disturbance Mitigation ToolkitImpacts of fishing gear on marine benthic habitats

A fresh look at managed realignment: estaury-wide and long term sustainabilityEnvironmental Impact Assesment - Siting and design of submarine outfalls

Development of a Sensitivity Matrix (pressures-MCZ/MPA feature).

Good Practice Guidelines for ports and harbours operating within or near UK European marine sites.Bycatch of Vulnerable Species: Understanding the Process and Mitigating the ImpactsDiversion and Entrapment of Fish at Water Intakes and Outfalls

The Offshore Petroleum Activities (Conservation of Habitats) Regulations 2001 (as amended)

Pathways of effects of noise associated with aquaculture on natural marine ecosystems in CanadaAssessment of the environmental impact of underwater noise

Assessment of the environmental impact of land reclamationAssessment of the impact of coastal defence structures.Background Document on Organic Tin CompoundsGuidelines on Best Environmental Practice (BEP) in Cable Laying and OperationOSPAR JAMP assessment of the environmental impact of dumping of wastes at sea.

Performance Assessment of Bycatch and Discards Governance by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations

Greening Blue Energy: Identifying and managing the biodiversity risks and opportunities of offshore renewable energy.

Habitats Regulations Appraisal of Draft Plan for Offshore Wind Energy in Scottish Territorial Waters: Appropriate Assessment Information ReviewEffects of noise on fish, fisheries and invertebrates in the US Atlantic and Arctic from Energy Industry Sound Generating Activites

International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) Adoption: 1973 (Convention), 1978 (1978 Protocol), 1997 (Protocol - Annex VI) Entry into force: 2 October 1983 Annexes I and II).

Small Vessel in Commercial Use for Sport or Pleasure, Workboats and Pilot Boats - Alternative Construction Standards.Statement of Intent between the UK SBNs and Navy Command Headquarters regarding the use and maintenance of the Environment Protection Guidelines Maritime and Maritime Environmental and Sustainability Assessment Tool

Offshore Energy Strategic Environmental Assessment - Future leasing/licensing for offshore renewable energy, oil and gas, hydrocarbon gas and carbon dioxide storage and associated infrastructure

Assessment of the effects of offshore windfarms on birds (carried out as part of DTI Sustainable Energy Programmes)

Assessment of the environmental impacts of cablesOSPAR Assessment of the environmental impact of dredging for navigational purposesOSPAR Marine Litter in the North-East Atlantic Region.

OSPAR Literature Review on the Impacts of Dredged Sediment Disposal at Sea.OPSAR Assessment of the impacts of shipping on the marine environment.Impacts of the Construction of the Brightwater Marine Outfall on Intertidal Biotic CommunitiesPathways of Effects for Finfish and Shellfish Aquaculture

Bird Habitat Management in Ports and Waterways

Desalination Plant Intakes – Impingement and Entrainment Impacts and Solutions. White PaperImpact assessment of the effects of a selected range of fishing gears in the North SeaPollution impacts from recreational boatingBlack bream in Eastern English Channel off the Sussex coastAssessment of risk to diving birds from underwater marine renewable devices in welsh waters.Review of existing approaches to evaluate marine habitat vulnerability to commercial fishing activities

The impact of sand extraction at Formby point, MerseysideSanitary sewage from pleasure craft in the Baltic Sea.Sargassum: erosion and biodiversity on the beach

SCANS-II Small cetaceans in the European Atlantic and North Sea. Report 2005.Engineering in the Water Environment Good Practice Guide: Intakes and Outfalls.

Baseline fisheries informationMarine Works (EIA) Regualtions Consent Decision: RNLI St David's Life Boat StationThe Effect of Kite Surfing on Wader Roosts at West Kirby, Dee EstuaryThe effects of motorized watercraft on aquatic ecosystemsSummary of the environmental interactions of the recreational boating sector and key data gaps.

Wave and tidal further leasing plan HRAReview and assessment of the effects of marine fish farm discharges on Biodiversity Action Plan Habitats

WODA Technical Guidance on Underwater Sound in Relation to DredgingEffects of electrofishing for Ensis spp. on benthic macrofauna, epifauna and fish species.

Assessment of the environmental impact of the construction or placement of structures (other than Oil and Gas and Windfarms)

Fishing spatial-temporal pressures and sensitivities analysis for MPA Fishing Industry Collaboration Pilot FES 252: Report on Seafish workshop on the physical effects of fishing activities on the Dogger Bank

Did the pile driving during the constuction of the Offshore Wind Farm Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands, impact local seabirds?

The distribution and abundance of harbour porpoise and other small cetaceans in the North Sea and adjacent waters.

An Assessment of the Impact of Selected Fishing Activities on European Marine Sites and a Review of Mitigation MeasuresShellfish Industry Development Strategy - A case for considering MSC certification for shellfish cultivation operations

The impact of noise and artifical light on waterfowl behaviour: a review and synthesis of available literatureEnvironmental Impact Assessment and Appropriate Assessment. Evaluation of assessment tools and methods. Lot 2: Analysis of case studies of port development projects in European estuaries. TIDE Interreg IVB programme.

A review of possible marine renewable energy development projects and their natural heritage impacts from a Scottish perspective.

Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1993Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1994Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1995Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1996Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1997Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1998Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 1999Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2000Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2001Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2002Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2003Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2004Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2005Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2006Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2007Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2008Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2009Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2010Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee Shore survey 2011Distribution of ship-following seabirds and their utilisation of discards in the North Sea in summer.Anchoring and Mooring Factsheet

Effects of human disturbances on the behavior of wintering ducks

Assessing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farmsHow different landscape elements limit the breeding habitat of meadow bird speciesA Review of the Potential Impacts of Marine Aggregate Extraction on Seabirds

Approaches to measuring the effects of human disturbance on birdsWhy behavioural responses may not reflect the population consequences of human disturbanceAinsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan 2004-2009Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan (Extension Approval) 2009-2012Ainsdale Sand Dunes NNR Management Plan 2012-2017Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan 2004-2009Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan (Extension Approval) 2009-2012Cabin Hill NNR Management Plan 2012-2017

Catchment data explorer

Medway Estuary and Marshes Standard Natura 2000 Data Form

Review of the impacts of fisheries on marine birds with particular reference to Wales. Marine Spatial Planning in Wales Project.

Alert distance as an alternative measure of bird tolerance to human disturbance: implications for park design.

The Effects of Car Traffic on Breeding Bird Populations in Woodland. III. Reduction of Density in Relation to the Proximity of Main RoadsEffects of disturbance on shorebirds: summary of existing knowledge from the Dutch Wadden Sea and Delta area.Some Ecological Factors Affecting Winter Wildfowl Distribution on Inland Waters in England and Wales, and the Influence of Water-Based Recreation

Modelling the efficacy of proposed mitigation areas for shorebirds: a case study on the Seine estuary, France

Water for life and livelihoods. A consultation on the draft update to the river basin management plan for the Thames River Basin District. Part 1: Summary and consultation queries.

Orford Ness - Shingle Street Lagoon Condition Assessment 2013 DraftOrford Ness Water Quality Highlight Report

Orford Ness Recording Forms - 2013 Condition AssessmentSuffolk Lagoons, Shingle Street - April 2013 and August 2013 Condition Assessment

The Marine Health Check 2005: A report to gauge the health of the UK's sea life.

Transitional and Coastal Water Assessment Method: Intertidal Seagrass Tool Method Statement

The Fleet Lagoon SAC Survey of Macrophytes and Macroalgae (Unpublished report)Coastal and Transitional Waters - Benthic Invertebrate Fauna (Infaunal Quality Index)Marine Advice: Non-Native SpeciesPopulation genetics, demographic connectivity and the design of marine reserves

The biology of soft shores and estuariesEcology of Marine Sediments:From Science to Management, Second Edition

Effects of disturbance by aircraft overflight on waterbirds - an experimental approachSpawning and nursery grounds of selected fish species in UK waters

Physical processes, prey abundance, and the foraging ecology of seabirds

A review of potential techniques to reduce the environmental impact of demersal trawls

Background document on CEMP assessment criteria for the QSR 2010Mariculture: significant and expanding cause of coastal nutrient enrichment

Effects of lagoon creation and water control changes on birds at a former airfield at Orford Ness, Suffolk, UK: Part 2 - wintering waders

A guide to assessing and managing anthropogenic impact on marine angiosperm habitat - Part 2: MAIA Interreg Study on Studland Bay (Currently unpublished)

Zostera Biotopes (volume I). An overview of dynamics and sensitivity characteristics for conservation management of marine SACs.

Unpublished paper to form guidance on the use of Typical Species in Conservation Objectives for Marine Protected Areas in England.English Nature's advice for Chesil and the Fleet European Marine Site; Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitat &c.) Regulations 1994.

Fal and Helford European Marine Site - English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994The Humber Estuary European Marine Site - English Nature's advice for the Humber Estuary European marine site given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

Essex Estuaries European Marine Site - English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994Drigg Coast European Marine Site English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994Solway European Marine Site - Natural England and Scottish Natural Heritage advice given in compliance with Regulation 33 (2) and in support of the implementation of The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994 (as amended)

Scaling the influence of topographic heterogeneity on intertidal benthic communities: alternate trajectories mediated by hydrodynamics. and shading.Buffer-Zone Distances to Protect Foraging and Loafing Waterbirds from Disturbance by Personal Watercraft and Outboard-Powered Boats

Habitat use, disturbance and collision risks for Bewick’s Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii wintering near a wind farm in the Netherlands

A comparison of benthic biodiversity in the North Sea, English Channel and Celtic Seas - Macroinfauna

Lessons Learned from 20 Years of Managed Realignment and Regulated Tidal Exchange in the UK

Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Lyme Bay & Torbay SAC Selection Assessment

Mapping Annex 1 reef habitat present in specific areas within the Lyme Bay and Torbay cSAC

Poole harbour aquatic management planPoole Harbour bird prey availability

The effect of bait collection on waterfowl foraging behaviours in Holes Bay, Poole Harbour

Gulls of Poole HarbourHoles Bay Survey: Effects of Bait Digging on feeding behaviours of wildfowl and waders, winter 2005-06

Intertidal Invertebrates and biotopes of Poole harbour SSSI and a survey of Brownsea Island lagoonSeabird numbers and breeding success in Britian and IrelandSeabird numbers and breeding success in Britian and IrelandStrategy for Managing Nitrogen in the Poole harbour catchment to 2035A condition assessment of Poole Harbour European Marine SitePoole Harbour SSSI condition assessment

Wader and Waterfowl Roost Survey of Poole Harbour, Dorset, Winter 2002-03Effects of fishing within UK European Marine Sites: guidance for natural conservation agencies.

Site plan for the Solent European Marine Site

lnvloed van verstoringen op het gedrag van wadvogels (Impact of disturbance on the behaviour of waders)Thames, Medway and Swale Estuaries – Strategic Access Management and Monitoring Strategy. Unpublished reportMapping, Condition & Conservation Assessment of Honeycomb Worm Sabellaria alveolata Reefs on the Eastern Irish Sea CoastThe River Basin Districts Typology, Standards and Groundwater threshold values (Water Framework Directive) (England and Wales) Directions 2010Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast EMS - English Nature’s and Scottish Natural Heritage’s advice given in compliance with Regulation 33 (2) and in support of the implementation of The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

Lyme Bay and Torbay candidate Special Area of Conservation. Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species (Amendment) Regulations 2012

Lyme Bay Closed Area: measuring recovery of benthic species in cobble reef habitats - analysis of data collected by SCUBA divers September 2008, August 2009 and July 2010

Lyme Bay – a case-study: measuring recovery of benthic species; assessing potential “spillover” effects and socio-economic changes, three years after the closure. Report 1: Response of the benthos to the zoned exclusion of bottom towed fishing gear in Lyme Bay, March 2012

Poole harbour favourable condition tables (FCTs) Aggregations of non-breeding water birds features, specialist ornithological advice

The development of strategic guidance for jetties and slipways within the Poole Harbour SPA. Report from Just Ecology to English Nature.

The effect of bait harvesting on bird distribution and foraging behaviour in Poole Harbour SPA. Unpublished report by Footprint Ecology

Review of nature conservation features and information within the Solent and Isle of Wight sensitive marine areaInvestigation into the extent of bait collection and its impacts on features of conservation interest for birds and intertidal species and habitats within the Solent and Poole Bay natural area

Site plan for the Poole European Marine SiteSurveys of Harbours, RIAs and estuaries in Southern Britian: Christchurch Harbour.

Changes in areas of saltmarsh within Poole Harbour 2005-2009Lagoon Survey of the South Coast of England: Poole Harbour to EastbourneThe vegetation of Poole HarbourProposals for Environmental Quality Standards for Annex VIII Substances.

WFD - Surface Water Classification Status and Objectives

The monitoring of opportunistic macroalgal blooms for the water framework directiveNatura 2000 Standard Data Form. Humber Estuary Special Area of ConservationUK mammals: Species status and population trends. First report by the Tracking Mammals Partnership

UK mammals: update 2009The production of population trends for UK mammals using BS mammal data: 1995-2005 updateThe River Glaven: A state of the environment reportThe Journal of the Otter Trust Volume III No 7 2003The Journal of the Otter Trust Volume III No 8 2004 and 2005East Anglian otter, water vole and mink survey 1996-97.Report of the Norfolk Otter, Mink and Water Vole SurveyBenthic macrofauna and sediments in the Severn EstuarySevern Estuary littoral surveySevern Estuary littoral sediment surveySevern Estuary littoral rock surveyLundy sublittoral surveyPadstow sublittoral surveyChichester Harbour littoral sediment surveyWest Cornwall surveyLundy sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly & South Cornwall sublittoral surveyLundy littoral rock & caves surveySouth Cornwall sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly littoral sediment surveyFarne Islands sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly littoral sediment surveySeasearch Great West Bay sublittoral surveyLundy MNR, Devon sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly littoral rock surveyIsles of Scilly sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly sublittoral sediment surveyIsles of Scilly littoral fauna surveyScilly Isles Echinus population studyIsles of Scilly monitoringLundy littoral survey and monitoringKent & Sussex littoral chalk-cliff algal surveyHRE Fal Estuary surveyHRE Salcombe Harbour & Kingsbridge Estuary surveySublittoral monitoring in the Isles of Scilly, 1985 and 1986

Investigations into wader and wildfowl density and behaviour in relation to algal cover denisity in Poole Harbour. A report on the behaviour of birds in relation to algal mats and clear sediment

Biogeochemical indicators as tools for assessing sediment quality/vulnerability in transitional aquatic ecosystems

Torbay caves survey 1985 - 1987Study of Echinus Esculentus Populations in the Isles of Scilly, September 1985South-east England littoral chalk & greensand faunal surveyHRE Fowey Estuary surveyHRE Solent surveyKench (Langstone Harbour) surveyHRE Helford River surveySector 8 (Western Channel) various surveysA Marine Biological Survey of Beadnell to Dunstanburgh Castle NorthumberlandHRE Dart surveyHRE Newtown and Bembridge Harbours surveyBerwick to Beadnell and the Farne Islands surveyMinor south-coast inlets in England surveyHRE Camel Estuary littoral surveyScilly Isles sublittoral surveySevern Estuary sublittoral surveyRiver Severn subestuaries surveyCumbria littoral surveyKimmeridge sublittoral surveyChichester Harbour surveyFal Estuary surveyFowey Estuary littoral surveyHelford Estuary littoral surveyLangstone Harbour sublittoral surveyMedina Estuary surveyMedway Estuary surveyNewtown Harbour sublittoral surveySouthampton Water surveySeasearch Salcombe Harbour surveyNorth-East England littoral sediment surveyCumbria sublittoral surveyInner Solway Firth littoral surveyLune Deep sublittoral surveyBlackwater Estuary sublittoral surveyYealm Estuary littoral survey

Chapelcross (Inner Solway) EIA surveySeasearch Salcombe to Prawle Point surveyBerwick-on-Tweed to Newbiggin littoral surveyBerwick-on-Tweed to Newbiggin sublittoral surveyBlackwater and Colne Estuaries littoral surveyNorth Berwick to Burnmouth sublittoral surveyNorth-East England estuaries littoral surveyInner Solway Firth sublittoral sediment surveyTamar Estuary sublittoral sediment surveyWembury and Yealm Estuary littoral surveyPlymouth littoral surveySidmouth littoral surveyTorbay littoral surveyPrawle littoral survey

Baseline survey of the Cumbrian shores from St. Bees Head to Maryport. Unpublished report to Acer Environmental for North West Water Ltd.

Farnes - August 1993Race Bank sublittoral sediment surveySaltburn to Flamborough Head littoral surveySaltburn to Flamborough Head sublittoral surveySwale and Medway Estuaries sublittoral surveySouth-east England littoral chalk & greensand faunal surveyChichester Harbour to Littlehampton sublittoral surveyStoke Fleming littoral surveySeasearch Plymouth sublittoral surveyBeer Head to Chesil Cove (Lyme Bay) surveyScabbacombe littoral surveySt. George's Island (Cornwall) littoral surveyStart Bay littoral surveyBerwickshire 1994Falmouth July 1994Flamborough August 1994Isle of Wight June 1994Solway sublittoral surveyLizard Peninsula and Falmouth Bay littoral surveyLizard Peninsula and Falmouth Bay sublittoral surveyBSM survey of Solway FirthHumber Estuary sublittoral sediment surveyFarnes August 1995Sussex May 1995Thanet May 1995Thanet sublittoral surveyBrighton to Beachy Head sublittoral surveySeasearch - Various locations in Dorset, Diver observations and detailed survey records 1995 - 2002Yealm Head to Start Point sublittoral surveyPlymouth Sound and Yealm pSSSI littoral habitat surveyLundy July 1996Saltend - Stone Creek sublittoral sediment surveyDevon and Cornwall surveyBeachy Head to Rye Bay sublittoral surveyRiver Parrett (Severn Estuary) sediment surveyBlackwater Estuary sublittoral sediment surveyMorecambe Bay littoral monitoringFarnes July 1997The Wash July 1997Approaches to Ramsgate Harbour surveySouth Isle of Wight sublittoral surveyThanet littoral rock surveyThanet sublittoral surveySurvey of sea caves in Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast cSACChichester Harbour to Rye Bay sublittoral surveyIsles of Scilly sublittoral habitat mapping surveyLyme Bay sublittoral rock surveyThe Wash August 1998Paull-Skitterness sublittoral sediment surveyPlymouth Sound sublittoral sediment monitoringEssex Estuaries cSAC littoral mapping

Chichester Harbour to Rye Bay sublittoral surveyMorecambe Bay sublittoral rock surveySouth Wight Maritime cSAC sublittoral surveyPlymouth Sound sublittoral sediment monitoring

Dorset March 1999Inner Dowsing sublittoral sediment surveyLindisfarne NNR & Budle Bay littoral sediment surveyMorecambe Bay littoral scars surveySurvey of DorsetThanet cSAC littoral surveySurvey of DorsetSevern Estuary intertidal Phase 1 surveySurvey of DorsetSurvey of DorsetSurveys in DevonSeasearch survey - Isles of ScillySeasearch survey of Lyme BaySeasearch survey of PortlandSouth East CornwallSurvey of DorsetJennycliff Bay, Plymouth, DevonSurveys in DevonSCM survey of the sublittoral sandbanks of the Solway FirthExamination of Transect points around Morecombe Bay & The Duddon Estuary 2004/2005Solent intertidal survey August to September 2005Survey of littoral caves of the South Wight Maritime SACSeasearch Plymouth Offshore reefs survey (Devon and Cornwall)Seasearch survey - Isles of ScillySeasearch survey of Bigbury BaySeasearch survey of DartmouthSeasearch survey of LundySeasearch survey of Lyme BaySeasearch survey of The Manacles, CornwallNorth West SSSI biotope monitoringSouth East CornwallSurvey of DorsetSurveys in DevonDevon survey of Berry Head 2005/2006Thanet Coast Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Intertidal monitoring 2005-2006Seasearch survey of Isles of ScillyDevon, Plymouth Offshore reefs and wreck surveyLundy Coral and Anemone SurveyLyme Bay sea fan sites surveyPlymouth drop off survey (Leptopsammia pruvoti search)Plymouth Sound & Approaches diving surveySouth Devon - Gara Point to SalcombeSurvey of Fowey, Looe and Whitsand Bay, CornwallSurvey of Rame Head, CornwallSurvey of Start Bay and DartmouthMorecambe Bay, marine habitats mapping INCOMPLETE

Seasearch Isles of ScillySeasearch Lyme Bay, DorsetCape Bank Annex 1 habitat surveyLizard Annex 1 habitat surveyOuter Was Annex 1 habitat surveyShell Flat and Lune Deep surveyPrawle Point to Plymouth Sound biotope surveyMapping Prawle Point to Plymouth SoundDevon Survey of Salcombe areaFalmouth and HelfordFowey, Looe and Whitsand BayRame HeadSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Gara Point to Stoke PointSurvey of Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of LundySurvey of Plymouth SoundSurvey of Plymouth Sound ApproachesSurvey of TorbaySublittoral surveySurvey Berry Head to Inner Froward PointSurvey from Gara Head to Stoke PointSurvey of Bigbury Bay, South DevonSurvey of Bolt Head to Bolt TailSurvey of East Lyme BaySurvey of Eddystone ReefSurvey of Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of Lundy Island areaSurvey of Plymouth SoundSurvey of Plymouth Sound ApproachesSurvey of Start BaySurvey of Torbay areaSurvey of Wembury BaySurvey of West English ChannelFalmouth to HelfordHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of ScillyNorthumberlandSurvey of DorsetBracklesham Bay to Pevensey BayDorset Seasearch SurveysSeasearch surveysSublittoral surveyFalmouth surveysSurveys of Whitsand BaySurvey from Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of Berry Head to Inner Froward PointSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Bolt Tail and Salcombe AreaSurvey of East Lyme BaySurvey of Eddystone Reef

Survey of Gara Point to Stoke PointSurvey of Lundy IslandSurvey of Plymouth SoundSurvey of Plymouth Sound ApproachesSurvey of Torbay areaSurvey of Wmbury BaySurvey of West English ChannelIsles of Scilly independent surveysIsles of Scilly surveyNorth East Northumberland and Farne Islands surveySurvey of North NorfolkYorkshire Flamorough surveyDorset Seasearch SurveysFlamborough Head SAC, biotope mapping of intertidal reefMay surveySeaweed surveyWildlife Trust/Porcupine SurveySublittoral surveyMarClim Renney Rocks intertidal surveyGeneral Training FormsIndependent surveysSurvey around TorbaySurvey from Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke PointSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Bolt AreaSurvey of Dartmouth and Start Bay areaSurvey of East Lyme BaySurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey South of Berry HeadHampshire and Isle of WightIsle s of Scilly independent surveysNorth East Northumberland and Farne Islands surveySurvey of Norfolk CoastYorkshire Flamorough surveyIsles of Scilly surveysBracklesham Bay to NewhavenIsles of Scilly intertidal biotope mappingSublittoral surveyFal and Helford Marine Sites Condition AssessmentNorth West Region European Marine Sites condition monitoring of littoral featuresIsles of Scilly SAC offshore video surveyIsles of Scilly SAC inshore video surveySurveys of Falmouth AreaSurveys of Helford RiverSurveys of Lizard/ManaclesSurveys of Offshore reefsSurveys of Whitsand BayLyme Bay BioblitzSurvey from Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey from Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke Point

Survey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Dartmouth and Start Bay areaSurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey of Torbay AreaSurvey South of Berry HeadHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of Scilly surveysNorth East Farne Islands surveySurvey of the Essex CoastYorkshire Flamborough and North Holderness Coast surveyMCZ Verification Survey - Folkestone PomeraniaDorset Seasearch SurveysMCZ Verification Survey - Norris to RydeMCZ Verification Survey - Yarmouth to CowesSublittoral surveyPlymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC kelp forest condition assessmentBaseline survey of submerged or partially submerged sea caves in Lyme Bay and Torbay cSACSevern Estuary SAC sandflat and mudflat condition assessment

Survey of Fal invasive speciesSurvey of Falmouth areaSurvey of Helford EstuarySurvey of the Fal recommended reference areaSurveys of Lizard AreaSurveys of south coast offshore reefsPorcupine MNHS surveysSurvey of Bigbury Bay areaSurvey of Bolt areaSurvey of Dartmouth areaSurvey of Drake's Island eelgrassSurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Lundy IslandSurvey of Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke PointSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey of Skerries Bank and Surrounds rMCZSurvey of Teignmouth and Torbay AreaSurvey of Torbay rMCZHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of Scilly surveysNorth East England Survey of Flamborough NTZ Recommended Reference AreaNorth East England Survey of Northumberland (non MCZ sites)North East England Survey of Yorkshire (non dMCZ sites)Survey of CumbriaSurvey of Essex CoastSurvey of Poole Rocks rMCZSurvey of Norfolk CoastMCZ Verification Survey - South DorsetMCZ Verification Survey - Isles of Scilly Sites - Bristows to the StonesMCZ Verification Survey - Whitsand and Looe BayDorset Seasearch Surveys

MCZ Verification Survey - Chesil Beach and Stennis LedgesMCZ Verification Survey - Padstow Bay and SurroundsMCZ Verification Survey - Poole RocksShoresearch Intertidal SurveyCumbria Coast rMCZ rocky shore surveyVerification survey intertidal sediments within the Beachy Head West rMCZVerification survey of intertidal sediments within the Cumbria Coast rMCZVerification survey of intertidal sediments within the Padstow Bay rMCZVerification survey of intertidal sediments within the Stour & Orwell Estuaries rMCZVerification survey of Padstow Bay and Surrounds rMCZVerification survey of Torbay rMCZ - Intertidal rockVerification survey of Torbay rMCZ - Intertidal sedimentSurveys of south coast offshore reefsSurveys of Falmouth AreaSurveys of Helford areaSurveys of Lizard AreaSurveys of Padstow AreaSurveys within Looe and Whitsand Bay AreaSurveys of Berry Head AreaSurvey of Bigbury BaySurvey of Dartmouth AreaSurvey of Eddystone AreaSurvey of Hope's Nose to Dawlish WarrenSurvey of Lundy IslandSurvey of Plymouth Mewstone to Stoke PointSurvey of Plymouth Sound and ApproachesSurvey of Prawle Point to Start Point AreaSurvey of the Bolt AreaSurvey of Torbay AreaHampshire and Isle of WightIsles of Scilly SurveysNorth East England survey of the Farne Islands and Northumberland CoastNorth East England survey of the Yorkshire CoastAcoustic survey & mapping of sublittoral reefs at Flamborough Head - LifeformsAggregate survey off Hythe (West Varne)Broad scale biological mapping of Lundy Marine Nature Reserve with particular reference to reefsIsles of Scilly MCZ 10&11 Man a Vaur habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 12 Stones Bristows habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 2 Smith Sound habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 3&6 Plymptom and Wingletang to Spanish L habitat boundaries - revised 2013 features

Isles of Scilly MCZ 7 Peninnis to Tolls IS habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ 9&10 St Martins habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ Bishop to Crim habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ habitat boundaries. Highertown Seagrass - revised 2013 featuresIsles of Scilly MCZ Ridge to Menawethan habitat boundaries - revised 2013 featuresIntertidal Survey 2004Intertidal Survey 2008Intertidal Survey 2009Intertidal Survey 2010Intertidal Survey 2011

A lagoon survey of the Isle of Wight: final report, September 1987Survey_EUNIS_JNCC_MCZMaritime monitoring - Intertidal survey NW England 2005-2006

Kent Habitat Survey 2003Thames estuary intertidal mudflats mapCornwall Zostera beds mapMorecambe Bay map of Zostera bedsRoosecote sands and east of Walney Island map of Zostera beds

Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Cumbria Coast rMCZVerification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Thanet Coast rMCZSouthern Falmouth Bay benthic biotope mapMapping the distribution of benthic biotopes in Falmouth Bay and the lower Fal Ruan Estuary.Mapping the distribution of benthic biotopes around the Thanet coast.Broadscale biological mapping of Morecambe Bay.Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Skerries Bank and Surrounds rMCZThanet Coast Special Area of Conservation Intertidal MonitoringDefra Verification Survey of Folkestone Pomerania

An Intertidal Survey of the Biotopes of Foulney Island, Morecambe BaySurvey of Morecambe Bay for the Tube-dwelling Polychaete Sabellaria spinulosa

Morecambe Bay Seagrass Extent and Distribution Survey (Roa Island/ Foulney Island)

Alde Ore Butley biotope mappingSeascale Drigg Eskmeals Geomatics habitat map - National Vegetation Classification (NVC)Benthic Survey of the Outer Thames Estuary Sandbank System.Duddon surveyChalk platform data, KentBiotope map of Greater Thames EstuaryWalney Channel AGDS & DDV Survey Field Report - Gateway Gas storage projectThe Manacles Intertidal Rock and Sediment Verification SurveyEssex Estuaries SAC baseline habitat mapping surveyGreat Britain littoral survey 1970-80

RV Cefas Endeavour - Central English ChannelSurveys from Falmouth Squirts CoursePhase 2 InventorySand Dune Vegetation Survey of Great Britain: a national inventorySurvey of Saline Lagoons on the Cumbrian CoastThe Coastal Caves of Torbay. Report to Torbay Coast and Countryside Trust and Natural EnglandSite Selection Report for the Inshore Marine SACs ProjectBerry Head Survey 2005 - 2006The Nature of Torbay. A Local Biodiversity and Geodiversity Action Plan 2006 - 2016Torbay Marine Biodiversity Action Plan 2004 - 12

Littoral and sublittoral biotope mapping and data capture exercise for the Essex Estuaries Candidate Marine Special Area of Conservation

Stour, Orwell and Harwich approaches benthos: review of data commissioned by Harwich Haven Authority, biotope distribution update and preliminary review of current knowledge for the areaSeabed Mapping Ramsgate to Dungeness: Summary Report. Southeast Strategic Regional Coastal Monitoring Programme Reference: TR35. 31 July 2011.

WP14 Ramsgate to Minnis Bay, A55-Thames Estuary and Dover Straits RRS (Pt2) and A56-Margate Road Inner

Water Framework Directive Operational Benthic Infauna Survey - Medway EstuaryThe Manacles rMCZ Site Verification SurveyFolkestone Pomerania rMCZ Site Verification SurveyIntertidal survey Hampshire & Isle of WightRenney Rocks (Heybrook Bay, Plymouth) littoral monitoringSouth Dorset MCZ Post-survey Site Report draft v2.South Dorset rMCZ Survey Report draft v2.Using bathymetry to identify basin inversion structures on the English Channel shelfPortland. 1:250000, Solid geology.

Sediment Supply and Deposition in The WashSaltmarsh survey of Great Britain: regional supplement no. 6 East Anglia Saltmarsh survey of Great Britain: county report – Suffolk

Blog LIFE+ breeds new lifeDefinitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest Alde-Ore Estuary

Condition of SSSI Units for Site: The WashCondition of SSSI Units for Site: North Norfolk CoastHumber Estuary SAC Intertidal Sediment Survey: Draft ReportHarbour seal diet and competition with grey seals in The WashEUNIS habitats correlation table Dictionary: PathogenAn Inventory of UK estuaries volume 5. Eastern England. Rame Head Environmental Impact study: Review of Evidence

Suffolk Coast and Estuaries Coastal Management Plan (Suffolk CHaMP).

Essex Estuaries and Alde, Ore and Butley Estuaries SACs Interpretation and Mapping Technical Report

Alde and Ore Estuary Flood Management Strategy - Assessment of Background Evidence and Recommendations for Further Action. EXTERNAL INVESTIGATION REPORT EX509Suffolk Estuarine SSSIs – Assessment of Changes in Extent of Saltmarsh Over the Period 1999/2000 to 2006/2007Condition monitoring of saltmarsh features in the Wash & North Norfolk Coast SAC: Volume 2 The North Norfolk Coast. Final Report.Condition monitoring of the saltmarsh feature of The Wash and the North Norfolk Coast SAC. Volume I: The Wash FINAL REPORT

Saltmarsh change within the Suffolk estuaries between 1971, 1986 and 1998 University of Newcastle (for Environment Agency, Anglian region) National Vegetation Classification of the saltmarsh of the Deben, Alde-Ore and Blyth estuaries Suffolk Wildlife Trust for English NatureShoreline Management Plan 7 (Previously Sub-Cell 3C) Lowestoft Ness to Landguard Point SMP2. Final Report. Appendix I Estuaries Assessment.Shoreline Management Plan 7 (Previously Sub-Cell 3C) Lowestoft Ness to Landguard Point SMP2. Final Report. Use of the Drana Lagoon (Evros Delta, Greece) by threatened colonially nesting waterbirds and its possible restoration

Improvement Programme for England's Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS) Planning for the Future Site Improvement Plan The Wash and North Norfolk Coast

Environmental impacts resulting from disposal of dredged material at the Rame Head disposal site, S.W. England: An analysis of existing data and implications for environmental management

Littoral mud and sandflat condition monitoring and rMCZ verification survey of the Alde Ore and Butley Estuaries SAC, and Alde Ore Estuary rMCZ:

Classification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England & Wales. Alde Estuary. Sanitary Survey Report

Shellfish monitoring resultsCurrent ecological water quality for Alde OreEuropean Site Conservation Objectives for Alde-Ore & Butley Estuaries SACMeasurement of noise arising from marine aggregate dredging operations

Environmental effects of marine fishing

Environmental impact of trawling on the seabed: A review

Invasive Aquatic Microorganisms: Patterns of Introduction and Impacts

Capture-based aquaculture of the wild European eel (Anguilla anguilla)

Personal Communication - Ian Humphreyes, Environment AgencyFolkestone Pomerania Marine Conservation Zone factsheetWeight-to-weight conversion factors for marine benthic macroinvertebrates

Folkestone Pomerania rMCZ no 11.4: Marine Conservation Zone: Selection Assessment documentFolkestone Pomerania rMCZ Survey ReportFolkestone Pomerania rMCZ Post-Survey Site ReportRestoration of Native Oyster, Ostrea edulis, in South Wales: Options and Approaches. Observations on the Fal Estuary Oyster Beds during 1926, including a study in over-fishing.

Understanding the impacts of invasive non-native species on protected sites. Final report

An investigation into the status and ecology of the shore dock (Rumex rupestris) in Devon and Cornwall

Rumex rupestris (Shore Dock) report on 1998 fieldworkNational River Flow Archive 35003- Alde at FarnhamNational River Flow Archive 35004 - Ore at Beversham Bridge

National River Flow Archive (NRFA)Geomatics

A survey of the Hexacoralline Anthozoans (Sea Anemones & Corals) of the Helford EstuaryPort of Falmouth Development Initiative: maerl 'recovery' reportMarine Ecological Survey of the Fal Estuary: Effects of Maerl ExtractionLower Fal & Helford Intertidal Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) Citation

Cumulative impacts of seabed trawl disturbance on benthic biomass, production, and species richness in different habitats

Information for the Balanced Seas Regional Stakeholder Group to inform discussions on the Dover, West Bank and Folkestone Holes Area

Marine Boidiversity Hotspots in the UK: A report identifiying and protecting areas for marine biodiversity.

Shoreline Management Plan SMP2 Durlston Head to Rame Head: Appendix C – Baseline Processes Understanding

Deben Holistic Water Management Project - Stage 2, Data Collection and Options Development - Deben Catchment Background Information 16-09-13Ravenglass Estuary: basic characteristics and evaluation of restoration options. Restoration Strategies for Radioactively Contaminated Sites and their Close Surroundings. RESTRAT – WP 1.4 North West England and North Wales Shoreline Management Plan SMP2. Apendix C Section C4 R – Ravenglass Estuary Complex (Irt, Mite and Esk).

Practitioners guide to the Nutrient Assessment of coastal and transitional waters, Water Framework Directive (draft). Version 7.3.

Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites: Fal and Helford cSAC

St Mawes Marine Habitats Survey 2010/2011Water Framework Directive: Surveillance Monitoring - Carrick Roads (Fal) Seagrass Raw Data 2009 - 2014

Fal Saltmarsh Data - 2012Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly Shoreline Management Plan Review - Final ReportProblems facing maerl conservation in Brittany

River Basin Management Plan South West River Basin DistrictPymatolithon calcareum. Maerl

Fish entrainment in the Firth of Forth at Longannet and Cockenzie Power Stations

Recoverability of Sabellaria spinulosa following aggregate extractionUnderstanding the influence of suspended solids on water quality and aquatic biota

Auditory evoked potential audiometry in fish

Fish Reproduction: Strategies and TacticsClassification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England and Wales. Sanitary Survey Report. Butley.

Designated Bivalve Mollusc Production Areas in England and Wales.Lincolnshire Wildlife Trust grey seal colony report 2014Scientific advice on matters relating to the management of seal populations: 2014Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands (RIS): Humber EstuaryNewhaven East Quay and Port Expansion Area Environmental StatementNewhaven Desalinisation Plan Environmental ReportMarine Recorder Snapshot Pagham Harbour to Cuckmere SurveyMarine Recorder Snapshot Chichester to Eastbourne SurveyR. Adur, Shoreham-by-Sea to Beachy Head

River Helford Elevation Change between 2007 and 2011Fal and Helford SAC Elevation Change between 2007 and 2011The Fal Estuary: Coastal Processes and ConservationFalmouth Cruise Terminal: Hydrographic and Sedimentary StudiesMapping of saltmarsh in the Fal and Helford SAC (GIS only)

An experimental trial to assess the impact of extracting and re-laying the top 30cm of maerl habitat within the Fal Estuary planned dredge area

Characterisation of the European Marine Sites in South West England: the Fal and Helford candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)

Sabellaria spinulosa in The Wash and North Norfolk cSAC and its approaches: Part III Summary of knowledge, recommended monitoring strategies and outstanding research requirementsThe significance of benthic communities for higher levels of the marine foodweb at aggregate dredge sites using the ecosystem approach

Development of a fish-based index to assess the ecological quality of transitional waters: the case of French estuaries

Field evaluation of a sound system to reduce estuarine fish intake rates at a power plant cooling water inletPoor water quality constrains the distribution and movements of twaite shad Alosa fallax fallax (Lacépède, 1803) in the watershed of river ScheldtModelling the migration opportunities of diadromous fish species along a gradient of dissolved oxygen concentration in a European tidal watershed

Fal and Helford SAC kelp forest condition assessment and maerl studies in August 2012Fal & Helford SAC Site OverviewManacles Surveys May & August 2005 - Summary Report

Annual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) stocks in the Solway FirthIsles of Scilly subtidal habitat and biotope mapping survey

Mapping of Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, using acoustic Remote SensingMapping the distribution of benthic biotopes around the Isle of Wight

FCIR vegetation mapping of Chichester Harbour (Final Report).Mapping Zostera beds in Special Areas of Conservation by Aerial Photography

The distribution of sublittoral macrofauna communities in the Bristol Channel in relation to the substrate

Mapping of Sedimentary Marine Biotopes around Lundy, UK.

PML South Devon grab surveyThe Solway Firth: broadscale habitat mappingSolway Firth - Marine SAC mapping subtidal sediments and scarsCollated Saltmarsh habitat boundaries for WalesRegional staff MCZ verification photosDistribution of Zostera beds around Ryde Sands and Osborne Bay; northeast Isle of Wight.Video Survey of Proposed Greater Dowsing Windfarm SiteEast Wight Rocky Shores intertidal mapping

Isles of Scilly Seagrass Mapping

Solent Maritime SAC intertidal survey reportMCZ Verification Survey - Allonby BayAtlantic Array Benthic Ecology Characterisation ReportMCZ Verification Survey - Coquet to St Mary's2005 BRANCH DataUnknownJon Cox Interpretation based on Field surveyNational Maritime Cliff Database: Start - end pointsDorset Seasearch SurveysSurvey of Norfolk coastMCZ Verification Survey - Lundy

Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom - Region 6 Eastern England: Flamborough Head to Great Yarmouth

When the tide goes out. The biodiversity and conservation of the shore of Wales, results from a 10 year intertidal survey of Wales. Countryside Council for Wales.

Survey of the Subtidal Sediments of the Solent Maritime SAC. Unpublished report to Natural England, Lyndhurst.

South Wight SAC: Rocky and Intertidal Sea Cave Condition Assessment Field Report. Report to Natural England.

Marine Nature Conservation Review Sector 9. Inlets in the Bristol Channel and approaches: area summariesSaltmarsh extents - AfA137. Polygon data layer showing the extent of saltmarsh in coastal and transitional waters for use by both Flood and Coastal Risk Management and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive

Habitat Mapping - South Wight Maritime SAC 2010, Ground Truthing Habitat Survey: Phase I, Field ReportOffshore Monitoring of Annex 1 reef habitat present within the Isles of Scilly Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

Dissolved oxygen requirements of freshwater fishes

Avoidance of oxygen-poor zones by fish in the Elbe RiverThe spiny lobster Palinurus elephas in Scottish waters

Fish Reproduction: Strategies and Tactics

EA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - PSA and Contaminants raw data EA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - PSA gradistat raw dataEA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - Contaminants mapEA grab survey of Lundy SAC sand banks 2012 - PSA samples mapLundy Marine Nature Reserve management plan. Supplement 1.Managing Lundy's Wildlife - A Management Plan for the Marine Nature Reserve and the SSSI.The granite shores of LundyThe slate shores of Lundy

North Solent Shoreline Management Plan - Appendix C: Baseline Process UnderstandingIsle of Wight Shoreline Management Plan 2 - Appendix C: Baseline Process Understanding

Solent Coastal Habitat Management plan - Volume 1Solent Coastal Habitat Management plan - Volume 2

Solent Vegetation Survey 2013, Final Report. Report by Footprint ecology for Natural England.

Estuary Characterisation Report, Solent Maritime Estuaries. Report by URS for Natural England, RP1661.

Respiration of fishes with special emphasis on standard oxygen consumption: II. Influence of weight and temperature on respiration of several species

Settlement and juvenile habitat of the European spiny lobster Palinurus elephas (Crustacea: Decapoda: Palinuridae) in the western Mediterranean Sea

Natural England Grab Survey Biotoping and Marine Recorder Data Entry. A report to Natural England by Seastar Survey Ltd

Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic.

Development of an evidence base of the extent and quality of shingle habitats in England to improve targeting and delivery of the coastal vegetated shingle HAP

Survey of saltmarsh and coastal vegetation communities associated with fresh water flows and seepages within the SolentChichester Harbour Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10331Eastern Yar (Bembridge Harbour) Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10309

Langstone Harbour Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10304Newtown Harbour Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10308Western Yar (IOW) Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10310Wootton Creek (IOW) Water Framework Directive DIN and Ecological Impact Investigations, Monitoring Period 2007 to 2012. Environment Agency, South East Region, Marine Report No: 10311Survey of solent strandline vegetation - July - September 2000. Report to Hampshire County Council by Jonathon Cox associates

Distribution and extent of 'Salicornia and other annuals colonising mud and sand' in the Solent. A report to Hampshire County Council. 10pp. WinchesterThe saltmarsh survey of Great Britain: regional supplement No.17 South England. Nature Conservancy Council Report, Peterborough.

Weight-to-weight conversion factors for marine benthic macroinvertebrates

Regional Coastal Monitoring Programme Data Catalogue

Solent Coastal Habitat Action PlanDefinitions of Favourable Condition for designated features of interest: Chichester Harbour SSSIDefinitions of Favourable Condition for designated features of interest: Thorness Bay SSSIGeomatics websiteThe Estuary GuideNew records of some rare British and Irish gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae)

Marine Ecology Survey to Support Proposed RNLI Site Redevelopment in Poole HarbourDorset Seasearch SurveysPoole Rocks MCZ factsheet v2 (MCZ041)Dungeness: a vegetation survey of a shingle beachCoastal vegetated shingle structures of Great Britain: Appendix 3. Shingle sites in EnglandSouthern North Sea Sediment Transport Study, Phase 2

Impact of atmospheric nitrogen deposition on lichen-rich, coastal dune grasslands

The Orford Shingles, Suffolk, UK: evolving solutions in coastal management The colonisation of strandlines. In Primary succession on land, edited by J.Miles & D.H.W. WaltonThe natural environment. Adapting to climate changeClimate Change Adaptation Manual: Evidence to support nature conservation in a changing climateCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for Vascular Plant SpeciesDraft Biological Flora of the British Isles: Rumex rupestris Le GallBritish Red Data Books: Mosses and Liverworts

Rumex rupestris Le Gall at Soar Mill Cove, S. DevonRumex rupestris le Gall

Assessments of threats to populations of Rumex rupestris Le Gall (Shore Dock) in Britain and FranceSpecies Dossier for Rumex rupestris Le Gall. Plantlife.Priority Species data collation: Petalwort Petalophyllum ralfsii, Version 2.Plantlife species dossier: Petalwort Petalophyllum ralfsii

Citation for Special Area of Conservation: The Wash and North Norfolk CoastControls on Long-term Saltmarsh Accretion and Erosion in the Wash, Eastern EnglandStarlet sea anemone (Nematostella vectensis)

Spartina maritima in the Solent Current status and distribution with special reference to the population at Newtown Harbour, IOW. Medina Valley Centre for Natural EnglandSolent Spartina survey: A survey of the non-S.anglica Spartina species in the Solent. Report to English Nature by Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Dorset

Change detection mapping and analysis of salt marsh areas of central southern England from Hurst Castle spit to Pagham Harbour

Coastal Vegetated Shingle Habitat Inventory for England (Extract from Priority Habitats Inventory), Version 2.0 beta

Poole Rocks MCZ Post-survey Site Report v3. A report to the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) by the Channel Coastal Observatory

Initiation, development and classification of vegetation on British shingle beaches: a model for conservation management.Ecology and geomorphology of coastal shingle, edited by J. R. Packham, R. E. Randall, R. S. K. Barnes and A. Neal

The current status of Rumex rupestris Le Gall (Polygonaceae) in England and Wales, and threats to its survival and genetic diversity

Condition monitoring of the saltmarsh feature of The Wash and the North Noroflk Coast SAC, Volume I: The Wash

Management unit for seals in UK watersCouch's goby (Gobius couchi)Shore dock (Rumex rupestris)

Monitoring Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail, Vertigo moulinsiana

8-Habitat use and conservation of otters (Lutra lutra) in Britain: A review

Otter (Lutra lutra L.) numbers and fish productivity in rivers in north-east ScotlandA National Vegetation Classification Survey of Gibraltar Point National Nature ReserveSouthern North Sea Sediment Transport Study, Phase 2. Sediment Transport Report

Saltmarsh vegetation of the Wash

Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries rMCZ no. 3 Selection Assessment DocumentOyster survey, Blackwater 2011/13

Background document for Ostrea edulis and Ostrea edulis beds

Native Oyster Survey

Biological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Essex Estuaries SAC and Swale SSSI: Survey Report

EMS Reg 33 packageBlackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries rMCZ no. 3 Selection Assessment DocumentQuaternary of the Thames.A revival of natural oyster beds

The larvar of Sabellaria spinulosa and their settlement behaviour

Additional observations on larval growth and settlement of Sabellaria Alveolata.

UKSeaMap 2010 Interactive MapHydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of The Wash embayment, eastern EnglandThe Humber Regional Environmental Characterisation

Short snouted seahorse (Hippocampus hippocampus) and Spiny (long-snouted) seahorse (Hippocampus guttulatus)

Southern North Sea Sediment Transport Study, Phase 2 Sediment Transport Report. Appendix 11. Report on Southern North Sea longshore sediment transportThe impact of disposal of marine dredged material on the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Candidate Special Area of Conservation (cSAC)

Accessing and developing the required biophysical datasets and data layers for Marine Protected Areas network planning and wider marine spatial planning purposes. Report No 14: Task 2B. Mapping of species with limited mobility (Benthic Species)

Verification surveys of intertidal habitats within the Stour and Orwell Estuaries RMCZ and Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries RMCZ. Final report.

Assessment of year class and stock levels of European Flat Oyster Ostrea edulis in the Ray Sand Channel, part of the Blackwater rMCZ complex.

Southern North Sea Marine Natural Area Profile: A contribution to regional planning and management of the seas around England. Peterborough: Natural England

Background document for Ostrea edulis and Ostrea edulis beds. OSPAR Biodiversity. Series 428/2009, 22pp.

A temperate reef builder: an evaluation of the growth, morphology and composition of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) colonies on carbonate platforms in South Wales.

Scientific Advice on Matters Related to the Management of Seal Populations: 2014.

Species assemblages as descriptors of mesohabitats

British plant communities volume 1: woodland and scrubBritish plant communities volume 2: mires and heathsBritish plant communities volume 3: grasslands and montane communitiesSSSI Favourable Condition Tables - Designated Site DetailsThe impacts of acid and nitrogen deposition on sand dune habitats.Interpretation of evidence of nitrogen impacts on vegetation in relation to UK biodiversity objectives

Review and revision of empirical critical loads and dose-response relationships

Common Standards Monitoring Guidance for Maritime Cliff and Slope HabitatsCommon Standards Monitoring Guidance for Earth Science SitesEriocheir sinensisMarine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR)Mollusc (marine) data for Great Britain and Ireland Environment Agency Non-native Species records v1.RISC and ALERT Marine Non-Native Species (Chinese Mitten Crab, Wakame and Carpet Sea Squirt) Record

RSPB reserves breeding bird surveys NBIS records to Feb 2015Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges MCZ Post-survey Site Report v4Seasearch survey of Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges MCZDorset Seasearch Surveys Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges MCZ factsheet (MCZ031)

EIFCA Research Report 2014 WFO Mussel Stock Assessment.

Essex Coast and Estuaries Coastal Habitat Management Plan (CHaMP) Final ReportNative Oyster Survey Blackwater, Crouch, Roach & Colne Marine Conservation ZoneSite Characterisation of EMS: Essex Estuaries.

Continuation of Baseline Monitoring of Reef Features in the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

Middle Pleistocene interglacial Thames–Medway deposits at Clacton-on-Sea, England: Reconsideration of the biostratigraphical and environmental context of the type Clactonian Palaeolithic industry

Middle Pleistocene interglacial Thames–Medway deposits at Clacton-on-Sea, England: Reconsideration of the biostratigraphical and environmental context of the type Clactonian Palaeolithic industry

Impact assessment of regulation at the reach level using macroinvertebrate information from mesohabitatsChanges in Vegetation and Soil Characteristics in Coastal Sand Dunes along a Gradient of Atmospheric Nitrogen Deposition

Factors affecting vegetation establishment and development in a sand dune chronosequence at Newborough Warren, North Wales.

Recovery strategies for nitrogen-sensitive habitats (Ecological underpinnings of the Programmatic Approach to Nitrogen [PAN]).Nitrogen deposition and the Nature Directives impacts and responses: Our shared experiences: Report of workshop held 2–4 December 2013.

Chesil Beach and Stennis Ledges rMCZ Verifcation Photos of Intertidal Rock and Intertidal Coarse Sediment [photographs] Taken on behalf of Natural England

Classification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England and Wales - Sanitary Survey Report for Blackwater and Dengie

Blackwater, Crouch, Roach and Colne Estuaries rMCZ no. 3 Selection Assessment Document

NVC Survey of Saltmarsh and other habitats in the Essex estuaries European marine site.

Formation of Chesil Beach: a review.SCOPAC Sediment Transport Study (1991 and 2004): Lyme Regis to Portland Bill.Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 9 Southern England: Hayling Island to Lyme Regis.

Broadscale Sabellaria spinulosa distribution in the central Wash as predicted with the AGDS RoxAnnEIFCA Research Report 2011EIFCA Research Report 2013Fisheries Management PoliciesNatural England Survey and assessment of saline lagoons at Snettisham, Norfolk North Norfolk lagoons: Biotope composition monitoring.Wash and North Norfolk Coast EMS: Coastal lagoon data collationNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 57, Saline lagoon summaryNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 38, Saline lagoon condition assessmentNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 37, Saline lagoon condition assessmentNorth Norfolk Coast SSSI, Unit 4, Saline lagoon condition assessmentSnettisham Lagoons Water Quality Monitoring Protecting Lundy's marine life: 40 years of science and conservationAssessing the genetic connectivity of two octocoral species in the Northeast Atlantic.

Migration of adult river lamprey in the tidal Yorkshire Ouse and Derwent, October 2005 to 2006Review and development of temperature standards for marine and freshwater environments

The estuarine phase in the spawning run of the River lamprey Lampetra fluviatilis

Life cycle of the sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: duration of and growth in the marine life stage

Lampreys: Biology, Conservation and Control

Impacts of shellfisheries and nutrient inputs on waterbird communities in the Wash, EnglandSolent Maritime European Marine Site sandbank habitat mapping project

Historical changes on the Hampshire coast 1870-1965

The ecology, conservation and history of the SolentEcology of Desmoulin's whorl snail. Monitoring of Desmoulin's whorl snail Vertigo moulinsiana Fishbourne millpond & Fishbourne fen

Essex Coastal SSSIs: Assessment of Change in Extent of Saltmarsh over the Period 1997 to 2008. Report to Natural England

Shoreline Management Plan 2010: Essex and South Suffolk Shoreline Management Plan 2. Final version 2.4.

Due to the exposed nature of this part of the coast, little sedimentation is thought to occur at Chesil Beach.

The role of temperature in controlling diel activity in upstream migrant sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus)

Availability of and access to critical habitats in regulated rivers: effects of low-head barriers on threatened lampreys

Fish fauna of the Severn Estuary. Are there long-term changes in abundance and species composition and are the recruitment patterns of the main marine species correlated?Continuation of Baseline Monitoring of Reef Features in the Wash and North Norfolk Coast Special Area of Conservation (SAC)

The status of Habitats Directive Annex I saltmarsh habitats, transition zones and Spartina species in England

Geology, geomorphology and sediments of the Solent system, in: Collins, M. et al. (Ed.) (2000). Solent science: a review

A molluscan survey of selected sites around Chichester Harbour (unpublished)Fishbourne Ecological StudyFishbourne Reedbed, Chichester Harbour – Vertigo moulinsiana River Basin Management Plan South East River Basin DistrictTranslocation of habitat for the snail Vertigo moulinsiana in EnglandSmelt favourable condition Tamar v3Tamar Estuary Marine Conservation Zones Fact Sheet

English Nature Research Reports. Number 516. The status of smelt Osmerus eperlanus in England.Report of the CouncilUK priority species pages – Version 2. Osmerus eperlanus.

The Status of Smelt Osmerus eperlanus in England. English Nature Research Reports English Nature.

Devon 2012 Summary Report. Report prepared by Sally Sharrock. Devon 2031 Summary Report. Report prepared by Chris Webb.

The Distribution, Biology and Ecology of Shad in South-West England. R&D Technical Report W1-047/TR

Ecology of the Allis and Twaite Shad. Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers. Ecology Series No. 3

Tamar Estuary Literature Review on Estuarine ProcessesPlymouth sound and Estuaries Nature Conservation Review 1998A desk study to assess the impact of dredging activity on the Tamar EstuaryEpidemiology of Bonamia in the UK, 1982 to 2012

Histopathology of mussels (Mytilus sp.) from the 1 Tamar estuary, UK.Suspended sediment concentrations in the Tamar estuaryThe possibility of long distance transmission of Bonamia by fouling on boat hulls.

Recent Advances in Oyster BiologyOn the mode of attachment of the ovum of Osmerus eperlanus

Survey Field Report: Tamar Estuary Marine Conservation Zones blue mussel beds and native oyster scoping study. Marine Nature Conservation Review: marine biotopes (two volumes). A classification for Britain and Ireland. Version 97.6. JNCC Report. Lynher Estuary SSSI Intertidal Biotope Survey 2010. Project: 10-131 Report: ER10-126. Ecospan Environmental Ltd.Synposis of Biological Data on Smelt Osmerus epeerlanus (Linnaeus) 1758. FAO Fisheries Synopsis No. 78.

Environmentally Friendly Diversification of Aquaculture. Conservation aquaculture rearing techniques for the European smelt Osmerus eperlanus.

Situation of the smelt (Osmerus eperlanus) in the Ems estuary with regard to the aspects of spawning grounds and recruitmentThe Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in the UK: Economic, legal and environmental issues associated with its cultivation, wild establishment and exploitationMarine Pollution Monitoring Management Group. National Monitoring Programme. Survey of the quality of UK coastal waters. 80p. Longon: Stationary Office.

Physical characteristics of the spawning habitat of twaite shad (Alosa fallax fallax). Environment Agency Presentation, International Symposium of Freshwater Fish Conservation, 30 October-4 November 2000, Agarve, Portugal.

Ecological and biological researches on shad in Marocco (Alosa alosa Linne, 1758 et Alosa fallax Lacepede, 1803), fishing and taxonomy of Atlantic populations, bioecology of shad in Sebou River

The Ecology and Conservation of European Smelt (Osmerus eperlanus L.) from Waterford Estuary, In South Eastern Ireland. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy,

Practical conservation of British fishes: current action on six declining speciesThe smelt Osmerus eperlanus in Scotland

Notes on the Fish and Fisheries of the Severn

The former allis and twaite shad fisheries of the lower Rhine, The NetherlandsPopulation genetic structure of protected allis shad (Alosa alosa) and twaite shad (Alosa fallax)

Dramatic declines in North Atlantic diadromous fishes

OystersRed Data Birds in Britain

Sea temperature and salinity trends: station 25 PlymouthAmerican oyster drillSpecies - Native Oyster / Common OysterMarine Conservation Zones: Consultation on proposals for designation in 2013Tamar Estuary Sites MCZ Factsheets (MCZ044)Tamar Estuary Marine Conservation Zone Plymouth Sound and Estuaries.

Poole Harbour Reedbed Survey 2000

Waterbirds in the UK 2013/14: The Wetland Bird Survey.

Seabird numbers and breeding success in Britain and Ireland, 2005Waders and waterfowl Roost survey of Poole Harbour.Departmental Brief: Solent and Dorset Coast potential Special Protection Area (pSPA)Important Birds of Poole Harbour and their status (1998/99-2004/05)Site Improvement Plan: Poole Harbour (SIP176)

The effects of recreation on the Wadden Sea ecosystem: many questions but few answersThe Ecology of Poole Harbour

Characteristics of spawning-run smelt, Osmerus eperlanus (L.), from a Scottish river, with recommendations for their conservation and management

The European Smelt Osmerus eperlanus L. in Ireland: General Biology, Ecology, Distribution and Status with Conservation Recommendations Aquatic distribution and heteroptrophic degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the Tamar Estuary EstuarineGenetic and morphological differentiation among some Portuguese populations of allis shad, Alosa alosa (L., 1758) and twaite shad, Alosa fallax

Poor water quality constrains the distribution and movements of twaite shad Alosa fallax fallax (LacÃ©pÃ¨de, 1803) in the watershed of river ScheldtHoming behaviour facilitates subtle genetic differentiation among river populations of Alosa sapidissima: microsatellites and mtDNA

Transfer processes in cohesive sediment systems. Distribution, composition and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of the River Tamar catchment and estuary

Desmoulin's Whorl Snail population at Fishbourne likely to have been a small relict population that was originally more widespread prior to development of housing and infrastructure in the vicinity. There are no known connections to other populations.

Poole Harbour European Marine Site, English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats&c.) Regulations 1994

Poole Harbour Special Protection Area and Ramsar Site: principles which will be used by Natural England when responding to consultations and providing advice on proposed small developments on the foreshore that provide private access to the harbour.

Breeding Biology of the Red-Throated DiverBreeding and feeding observations on the Black-throated DiverOccupation patterns of lochs by Slavonian Grebes in ScotlandStatus and distribution of breeding Common Scoters Melanitta nigra nigra in Britain and Ireland in 1995

Storks, ibises and spoonbills of the worldEffectiveness of predator removal for enhancing bird populations

Is nest predator exclusion an effective strategy for enhancing bird populations?

Natural Environment and Rural Communities (NERC) ActShoreline Management Plan Review (SMP2), Shoreline Management Plan (Final)Post Brittany Ferries Access Modifications: Benthic Monitoring at Asia Knoll 2010Personal Communication - Paul DandoPersonal Communication - Rob Hillman, Environment AgencyEcological impacts of Carcinus maenas (L.) fishery 'crab tiling' on estuarine fauna

Berwick Upon Tweed Estuary Study Stage 2 - Estuary Modelling Study ReportCoasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 5 North-east England: Berwick-upon-Tweed to Filey Bay

Survey of Littoral Sediments of the Tweed Estuary cSAC.

Tweed Estuary SAC: Biotope Survey 2013Tweed EstuaryA survey of the River Till for lampreyThe Story of the TweedRiver Tweed Site of Special Scientific Interest - Site Management StatementNatura 2000 Standard data form: Tweed Estuary Special Area of ConservationShoresearch Intertidal SurveyBiological and chemical intertidal survey of Poole Harbour, June 1985 (IOE/85/351)Water Framework Directive Seagrass Monitoring Programme, 2007-2011, Pagham Harbour water body.

London Gateway Port Project benthic intertidal biology of the lower Thames EstuaryAlkmaria romijniAlkmaria romijniMapping the distribution of benthic biotopes around the Thanet coast. SubstrateBenthic EA DataPoole Harbour littoral sediment surveyThanet sublittoral surveyManacles, CornwallVerification Survey - The ManaclesNE Regional Staff MCZ Verification PhotosEnvironment Agency WFD Intertidal Seagrass Survey Mapping 2012Conchological Society of Great Britain & Ireland2007 Seasearch Lizard PeninsulaShoresearch Intertidal SurveyShoresearch Intertidal Survey - Thanet Coast MCZ

A Review of Contaminant Status of SEA 8 covering the Western Approaches, Celtic Sea and English Channel

Margate Long Sands SAC subtidal sandbanks grab sampling baseline survey. IECS Report No. ZBB828-F-2015. A report to Natural England.

Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites: Poole Harbour SPA

Pagham Survey

Macroalgal mat development and associated changes in infaunal biodiversityViews About Management Statement: Poole Harbour SSSISeabird Monitoring Programme: Poole Harbour SPA – Brownsea IslandSolent & Isle of Wight Lagoons Monitoring Survey Report 2013

Condition Monitoring of the Isle of Wight Coastal Saline Lagoons, 2010Plotting the current distribution of Non-Native Species (NNS) in English marinas

Breeding gull and tern survey, Poole HarbourPadstow Bay and Surrounds MCZ Post-survey Site Report version 3, MB0129Padstow Bay and Surrounds rMCZ Survey ReportPadstow Bay rMCZ Littoral Rock and Sediment Verification Survey. A report to Natural England ITT 25016

Lizard Point cSAC and Land’s End & Cape Bank cSAC baseline surveys 2010

Chapter 2.3. Wind and water.

Survey of chalk cave, cliff, intertidal and subtidal reef biotopes in the Thanet coast cSACThanet Coast Special Area of Conservation:2011 intertidal monitoringThanet Coast Special Area of Conservation:2005 intertidal monitoringIsle of Thanet European Marine Site sublittoral monitoringDidemnum vexillum updateCondition Assessment of Thanet Coast Special Area of Conservation

Verification Survey of Intertidal Sediments within the Thanet Coast rMCZDo Staurozoa bloom? A review of stauromedusan population biologyOn the Formation of Banks By Mytilus Edulis LThanet Coast rMCZ Selection Assessment Document (2011) RSPB Bempton Cliffs and Flamborough Head SPA Seabird Monitoring Programme 2014

National Biodiversity Network GatewayD-Vex monitoring at Bishopstone, Kent, 2015 (unpublished)

A report to Birds of Poole Harbour: census of breeding gulls on Spartina islands in Wareham Channel, Poole Harbour

Chesil Beach grain-size report: a technical report on the impact of beach management works and evaluation of the Sedimetrics Digital Gravelometer software 2015.Common Tern (Sterna hirundo) provisioning, chick diet, predation & breeding success, Brownsea Island, Dorset UK. Unpublished draft report for Natural England

Offshore Special Area of Conservation:Cape Bank. SAC selection assessment. Acquisition of survey data and preparation of Site Briefing Statements for Draft Special Areas of Conservation within the 0-12 Nautical Mile Zone.

Lands End and Cape Bank Special Area of Conservation. Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of the Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010Improvement Plans for England's Natura 2000 Sites (IPENS). Site Improvement Plan Lands End and Cape Bank.

Sabellaria spinulosa at Grenham Bay & Beresford Gap. Pacific Oyster Distribution within the North East Kent European Marine Sites

The Medway Approaches, Medway Estuary and The Swale: Maintenance Dredge Protocol and Water Framework Directive Compliance Baseline Document

Results: Thames Estuary and Marshes Free ranging dogs and wildlife conservationBirds by nameObservations of turbidity in the Thames Estuary, United Kingdom

Catchment Data Explorer: Thames LowerBenfleet and Southend Marshes Standard Natura 2000 Data Form

Thames Estary 2100 (TE2100) PlanPersonal Communications with Neil Fuller during site visit.

Hadleigh Farm & Country Park Olympic Legacy Project: Terrestrial Macro-Invertebrate Survey Report

Results: Benfleet and Southend MarshesImportant Bird and Biodiversity Area factsheet: Benfleet and Southend Marshes.A6.59b Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula (non-breeding)MCZ Features: Subtidal Coarse SedimentMCZ Features: Subtidal mixed sedimentsMCZ Features: Subtidal sandMCZ Features: Moderate energy infralittoral rockMCZ Features: Moderate energy circalittoral rockMCZ Features: Peat and Clay exposuresMCZ Features: Subtidal chalkMCZ Features: Stalked Jellyfish (Lucernariopsis campanulata)Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Margate Long Sands SAC Selection Assessment Outer Wash Site Summaries.European WatersAssessment on the analysis of routine resurvey area TE15 from the 2006 survey.Environmental Statement. Volume 1: Offshore Works.Departmental Brief: Northumberland Marine potential Special Protection Area (pSPA)International Population Estimates for some seabird species. Paper of meeting held on 23 June 2014.

Natura 2000 standard data form - Coquet Island Special Protection AreaNatura 2000 standard data form - Farne Islands Special Protection AreaCoquet Island SPA citation (UK9006031)Farne Islands SPA citation (UK9006021)Sandwich tern

Directive 79/409 on the conservation of wild birds: Special Protection Area - Thames Estuary and Marshes Citation

Field occupancy by breeding lapwings Vanellus vanellus and redshanks Tringa totanus in agricultural wet grasslands

Conservation objectives and definitions of favourable condition for designated features of interest: Benfleet and Southend MarshesClassification of bivalve mollusc production areas in England and Wales - Sanitary Survey Report for Southend

Habitat Regulations Assessment - Screening Report (Issues and Options) Development Plan Document, Development Management

Benfleet and Southend Marshes European Marine Site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994What do we know about the birds and habitats of the North Kent Marshes? Baseline data collation and analysis

Common tern: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations. Natural England Technical Information Note TIN138.

Sandwich tern: species information for marine Special Protection Area consultations. Natural England Technical Information Note TIN135.

Species Information - Signal Crayfish(Pacifastacus leniusculus)Species Information - Bonnemaisonia hamifera Inshore Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Lizard Point SAC Selection Assessment, Version 2.3

Chapter 9: Bristol Channel and approaches (Cape Cornwall to Cwm yr Eglwys, Newport Bay).

Chapter 2.2. Offshore geology

Validation of selected tern foraging areas associated with breeding colony SPAs.Impacts of sudden winter habitat loss on the body condition and survival of redshank Tringa totanus

Marine and agricultural habitat preferences of Dunlin wintering in British ColumbiaThe plovers, sandpipers and snipes of the worldSite Improvement Plan: Exe Dawlish (SIP079)Exe Estuary SPA Citation

Geomorphological Analysis of East Head and Chichester Harbour. Policy Unit 5a CPUF Cakeham to East HeadDynamics of an ebb-tidal delta and adjacent beaches: Chichester tidal inlet. Nature Conservation Evaluation East Head East Sussex Shifting Shores: Living with a changing shorelineChichester Harbour SSSI East Head Sand Dune NVC surveyPagham East Head Coastal Defence StrategyPagham East Head Coastal Defence Strategy Appendix ECoastal Margin Habitats in MCCIP Annual Report Card 2010-11Losses of contaminants from ships’ coatings and anodesGalloper Wind Farm Project Environmental Statement – Technical Appendices 2

Light-induced bird strikes on vessels in Southwest Greenland.

Modelling the risk of the introduction and spread of non-indigenous species in the UK and Ireland.Marine aquaculture in the United States: environmental impacts and policy options

Capture-based aquaculture: the fattening of eels, groupers, tunas and yellowtails,

Modelling benthic impacts of organic enrichment from marine aquacultureSubmarine cables and the oceans: connecting the worldEnvironmental Statement Volume I. Environmental Statement and Figures.Impacts of submarine cables on the marine environment: A literature reviewEffects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species.Intersessional Correspondence Group on Cumulative Effects - Pressure list and descriptions

Lizard Point candidate Special Area of Conservation. Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010, Version 2.0

The abundance and conservation status of redshank Tringa totanus nesting on saltmarshes in Great Britain

Margate and Long Sands Candidate Special Area of Conservation: Formal advice under Regulation 35(3) of The Conservation of Habitats and Species Regulations 2010

Impacts of overboard screening on seabed and associated benthic biological community structure in relation to marine aggregate extraction.

Introduction of Marine Non-Indigenous Species into Great Britain and Ireland: Hotspots of Introduction and the Merit of Risk Based Monitoring.

'Environmental impacts of alien species in aquaculture. Sustainable Management of Europe's Natural Resources. D1.3. Analysis of drivers of the use of introduced species and dispersal mechanisms from aquaculture related activities.'

Marteiliosis of oysters caused by Marteilia refringens.An experimental study on the impact of clam dredging on soft sediment macroinvertebrates.The suspension of sediment by scallop dredges.Noise and Fishing Vessels

Bycatch of marine turtles in UK and Irish waters

A report on electrical fishing for razor clams (ensis sp.) and its likely effects on the marine environment.

Report of the Workshop on seine net selectivity (WKSEINE)

Bottom seining in Canada, 1948–2010: its development, fisheries and ecosystem impactsA method to quantify fisheries induced mortality of benthos and fish

Evidence for Management of Potting Impacts on Designated Features.Trawl Penetration in the Seabed (TRAPESE)Assessment of impacts of offshore oil and gas activities in the North-East Atlantic.

Marine Strategy Framework Directive - Task Group 10 Report Marine Litter

Position Statement: On the translocation of species in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park

Impact assessment of ionising radiation on wildlife.

Habitat assessment for radioactive substances.

Impact of radioactive substances on Ribble and Alt estuarine habitats.Royal Pier Waterfront, Southampton, Environmental Statement, Chapter 4 Estuarine Processes.Bird Strike Avoidance and Lighting Plan, Chukchi Sea, Alaska.Effects of ship lights on fish, squid and seabirds.Princes Channel Development – Phase II Dredging, Environmental Assessment Report

A Voluntary Logbook Scheme as a Method of Monitoring the By-Catch of Seals in Swedish Coastal Fisheries.

Desk study to assess the impact of cockle suction dredging on The Wash and North Norfolk Coast European Marine Site.The effect of pulse stimulation on marine biota – Research in relation to ICES advice – Progress report on the effects on benthic invertebrates

Impacts of Fishing Gears other than Bottom Trawls, Dredges, Gillnets and Longlines on Aquatic Biodiversity and Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems.

Advice from the Joint Nature Conservation Committee and Natural England with regard to fisheries impacts on Marine Conservation Zone habitat features

Cairns Shipping Development Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Appendices D.7 Noise and Vibration Technical ReportCairns Shipping Development Project, Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Chapter B10 Noise and Vibration

Proposed Falmouth Bay Maerl Translocation Trial. Comments and Recommendations of the Independent Scientific Advisory PanelApplication of radiological exclusion and exemption principles to sea disposal. The Concept of ‘de minimis’ for Radioactive Substances under the London Convention 1972.

Dose assessment in relation to disposal at sea under the London Convention 1972: judging de minimis radioactivity.

Evidence Summary. Falmouth Harbour construction works 34540/090805 (DC8777), capital dredge 34538/090805 (DC8779), maerl mitigation 34539/090805 (DC8778). Falmouth Harbour Commissioners and Falmouth Docks & Engineering Company application decision process

Waterbirds around the world. A global overview of the conservation, management, and research of the world's waterbird flyways

Dredged Material as a resource: options and constraintsPolicy: Dredging and Spoil Disposal PolicyDogger Bank Creyke Beck Environmental Statement Chapter 9 Marine Physical Processes

Navitus Bay Environmental Statement Volume B Offshore Chapter 8 In-Air Noise

Vulnerability of Scottish seabirds to offshore wind farms.Influences of artificial light on marine birdsMussel aquaculture in marine and estuarine environments throughout the world.

Practical handbook of estuarine and marine pollutionPower Plant Entrainment: A Biological AssessmentMarine wastewater outfalls and treatment systems

Marine mammals and noise

Guidelines for ecological risk assessment of marine fish aquaculture.Effects of intense mussel culture on food chain patterns and production in coastal Galicia, NW Spain.

Ecological consequences of dredging and bottom trawling in the Limfjord, Denmark.A global assessment of fisheries bycatch and discards.

Wildlife Bycatch in a Commercial Eel Fishery on the River Shannon, Ireland.Trawl disturbance on benthic communities: chronic effects and experimental predictions.Report serious fish or shellfish diseasesDredges: Fishing Gear and Risks to Protected Species.Edible Crab in the Celtic Sea, potsA survey of antipredator controls at marine salmon farms in Scotland

Fugitive Salmon: Assessing the Risks of Escaped Fish from Net-Pen Aquaculture

Oyster Reefs at Risk and Recommendations for Conservation, Restoration, and Management

A framework for understanding the potential for emerging diseases in aquaculture

The environmental impact of marine fish culture: Towards a sustainable future

Chapter 4. Offshore intertidal hard substrata: a new habitat promoting non-indigenous species in the Southern North Sea: an exploratory study.

SNS Phase 1 Decommissioning project environmental statement for the SNS decommissioning project: Viking vdp1 and loggs ldp1Dogger Bank Creyke Beck. Environmental Statement Chapter 10 Marine Water and Sediment Quality August 2013

Incorporating risk assessment and risk management into public policies on genetically modified finfish and shellfishPolyploid fish and shellfish: Production, biology and applications to aquaculture for performance improvement and genetic containmentGrowth of mussels (Mytilus edulis galloprovincialis) on cultivation rafts: influence of seed source, cultivation site and phytoplankton availability

Impacts of biodeposits from suspended mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) culture on the surrounding surficial sediments

Incidence of mussel culture on biogeochemical fluxes at the sediment-water interface

Benthic macrofauna succession under mussels, Mytilus edulis L. (Bivalvia), cultured on hanging long-lines

Sedimentation and sulfate reduction under a mussel culturePredicting Organic Accumulation in Sediments Near Marine Outfalls

Continuing contamination of north Atlantic and Arctic waters by Sellafield radionuclidesPassive Screen Intakes: Design, Construction, Operation, and Environmental Impacts

Light pollution in the sea

Pingers cause temporary habitat displacement in the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena

Sedimentation patterns caused by scallop dredging in a physically dynamic environmentThe effect of bait-digging on the bioavailability of heavy metals from surficial intertidal marine sediments

Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions

Effects of demersal trawling on ecosystem functioning in the North Sea: a modelling study

The mobilisation of sediment by demersal otter trawlsThe environmental impacts of three different queen scallop (Aequipecten opercularis) fishing gearsMarine mammal bycatch in gillnet and other entangling net fisheries, 1990 to 2011Impacts of fisheries on seabird communitiesBycatch in gillnet fisheries – An overlooked threat to waterbird populations

Seal exclusion devices in cod pots prevent seal bycatch and affect their catchability of cod

Low impact and fuel efficient fishing—Looking beyond the horizon

Marine Litter Distribution and Density in European Seas, from the Shelves to Deep Basins

The impact of water jet dredging for razor clams, Ensis spp., in a shallow sandy subtidal environment

Discards in North Sea fisheries: causes, consequences and solutions

Effects of mussel aquaculture on the nitrogen cycle and benthic communities in Kenepuru Sound, Marlborough Sounds, New Zealand

Spatial and temporal changes in infaunal communities inhabiting soft-bottoms affected by brine discharge

Resuspension of Sediment by Bottom Trawling in the Gulf of Maine and Potential Geochemical Consequences

The effects of fixed salmon Salmo salar nets on guillemot Uria aalge and razorbill Alca torda in Northeast Scotland in 1992

The impact of hydraulic blade dredging on a benthic megafaunal community in the Clyde Sea area, ScotlandMortality of Asterias rubens and Ophiura ophiura discarded in the Nephrops fishery of the Clyde Sea area, Scotland

Fishery Discards: Factors Affecting Their Variability within a Demersal Trawl Fishery

Light-induced bird strikes on vessels in Southwest GreenlandCascading ecological effects of eliminating fishery discards

The Effects of Fishing on Marine Ecosystems

A Review of Catch-and-Release Angling Mortality with Implications for No-take ReservesA quantitative analysis of fishing impacts on shelf-sea benthosImpact of scallop dredging on benthic epifauna in a mixed-substrate habitat

Global analysis of response and recovery of benthic biota to fishing

Effects of clam harvesting on sexual reproduction of the seagrass Zostera noltii

Population-level effects of clam harvesting on the seagrass Zostera noltiiDisturbance of intertidal soft-sediment benthic communities by cockle hand rakingCrab-tiling reduces the diversity of estuarine infauna

Causes and ecological effects of resuspended contaminated sediments (RCS) in marine environments

A sediment history of sellafield discharges

Influence of desalination effluents on marine ecosystems

Chapter 11: Aquaculture and Marine Mammals: co-existence or conflict?

Chapter 4.2. The Sea Bed.

Pagham Harbour rMCZ no 25.1 - Marine Conservation Zone: Selection Assessment DocumentPagham Beach Coastal Defence Project Environmental ReportManaged Breach of Shingle Spit at Pagham: Environmental Statement Main ReportConsideration of Management Options for Spit Feature at Pagham HarbourManaged Breach of Shingle Spit at Pagham: Environmental Statement AppendicesPagham Harbour Causeway - Site 2. Preliminary Environmental Information ReportChichester Harbour Favourable Condition TablesPagham East Head Coastal Defence Strategy Appendix EEnvironment Agency Catchment Data Explorer

Discarding in the English north-east coast Nephrops norvegicus fishery: the role of social and environmental factors

Understanding the Complexity of Catch-and-Release in Recreational Fishing: An Integrative Synthesis of Global Knowledge from Historical, Ethical, Social, and Biological Perspectives

Using a no-take zone to assess the impacts of fishing: Sessile epifauna appear insensitive to environmental disturbances from commercial potting

The impact of the commercial lobster fishery on seabirds at the tristan da Cunha Islands, South Atlantic Ocean

Human trampling as short-term disturbance on intertidal mudflats: effects on macrofauna biodiversity and population dynamics of bivalvesA review of factors affecting the release and bioavailability of contaminants during sediment disturbance events

The natural radioactivity of phosphate ore and associated waste products discharged into the eastern Irish Sea from a phosphoric acid production plant

Hybridization between genetically modified Atlantic salmon and wild brown trout reveals novel ecological interactions

The action plan for the Implementation of the adaptive management policy at East Head

Evolution of Coastal Sediment Stores and Sinks across the SCOPAC regionSeabed Mapping project, Selsey to EastokeArun and Western Streams Abstraction Licensing StrategyCleveland Bird ReportsTeesmouth and Cleveland Coast Citation Wetlands International Waterbird Population EstimatesWinter Bird SurveyBTO Wetland Bird Survey (WEBS) for TeesmouthBTO Wetland Bird Survey (WEBS) for Teesmouth

MCZ Subtidal Verification Survey - Bembridge Video and Grab SurveyMCZ Subtidal Verification Survey - Norris to Ryde Grab SurveyMCZ Subtidal Verification Survey - Yarmouth to Cowes Grab SurveyBenthic Grab and PSA data from Folkestone Pomerania rMCZIntertidal Benthic Infauna Survey 2013 - Essex Estuaries & SwaleWFD Intertidal Seagrass Survey 2011South Wight Maritime SAC Benthic Habitat Mapping SurveyPoole Rocks Video and Grab MCZ Subtidal Verification SurveyChesil Beach and Stennis Ledges Video and Grab MCZ Subtidal Verification SurveyPadstow Bay and Surrounds Video and Grab MCZ Subtidal Verification SurveyBristow to the Stones Video MCZ Subtidal Verification Survey

2012 Seasearch survey of Suffolk coast2012 Seasearch Survey in Beachy Head West rMCZ2011 Sussex Seasearch Chichester to Newhaven2010 Seasearch North Yorkshire Survey2009 Sussex Seasearch Chichester to Eastbourne2007 Sussex Seasearch Selsey to HastingsKent Shoresearch Intertidal Survey 20072007 Kent Seasearch Sublittoral2006 Sussex Seasearch: Chichester Harbour to Rye Bay2005 Sussex Seasearch: Bracklesham Bay to Eastbourne2003 Sussex Seasearch: Pagham Harbour to Cuckmere2002 Sussex Seasearch: Bracklesham Bay to Newhaven2000 Sussex Seasearch: Bracklesham Bay to Newhaven1998 - current MarLIN Britain & Ireland volunteer collected Sealife Survey recordsNewbiggin to Saltburn littoral surveyDeben estuary and Orford Ness sublittoral surveySummary report on the rocky-shore survey carried out on Yorkshire NRA Region's coastline during 1991

The quality of the Blackwater estuary in the Maldon District Council fisherySeven Sisters marine surveys.

A biological survey of the Intertidal sediments of Lee-on-the-Solent to Itchen Estuaries, Medina Estuaries, North Solent, Thanet Coast and Thorness Bay Sites of SSSI for the purpose of SSSI condition assessment

A biological survey of the intertidal sediments of Brading Marshes to St Helen's Ledges, Kings Quay Shore and Yar Estuaries Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) Isle of Wight, for the purpose of SSSI condition assessment.

Atlantic Array Offshore Wind Farm - Environmental Statement, Volume 3: Offshore Annexes, Annex 7.1: Benthic Subtidal and Intertidal Ecology Characterisation Report

Cornwall Wildlife Trust 2014 Shoresearch Tranche 2 rMCZ supporting data Marine Recorder and photographs

Marine Conservation Society Observation Scheme Records 1976 - 19901971 Kent, Hampshire, Dorset, Devon, Cornwall Polydora and Ostrea edulis investigation1970-1971 Blackwater estuary faunal survey1961 Essex, Dorset, Cornwall observations on the fertility of the oyster (Ostrea edulis)1953-1955 Kent, Essex, Dorset, Devon and Cornwall Ostrea edulis survey

South Dorset Video and Grab SurveyDerived From BGS and OS data by MarLINSheltered Muddy Gravels PolyA249 Iwade to Queensborough Improvement, Scoping Study for Environmental StatementBlackwater Biotope Macrobenthic SurveyBlackwater Outer WFD Benthic Sampling 2008Blackwater Quenquennial Survey November 1991 SubtidalBlackwater Quinquennial survey 1996Crouch Quinquennial Survey 1995Crouch Quinquennial Survey 2000Queenborough Ecological Survey 2005Gunfleet Windfarm 2004/05

The distribution of sublittoral macrofauna communities in the Bristol Channel in relation to the substrate

Little Tern ReportsBiotope mapping of Helford using Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV).

North Norfolk Coast Intertidal Seagrass Beds Quadrat Survey

Tweed Estuary SAC: Biotope Survey 2013 Final Report for Natural England2014 Solent EMS Eelgrass Surveys 2006-2013 collated, Hampshire & Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust2012 Plymouth Sound and Estuaries SAC Seagrass Condition Assessment 2012 for Natural EnglandFugro EMU Area 453 and Area 488 Geophysical Survey 2013Condition assessment Lyme Bay and Torbay Annex I reef cSACSolent Intertidal survey August to September 2005Kingmere MCZ bream mapping data carried out by Sussex IFCA

Scalby Ness to Filey Brigg Rocky Shore Survey Final Report for Natural EnglandFal & Helford DDV and dive Survey maerl condition assessmentAlde Ore Butley Intertidal mudflat and sandflats (Lot 2), including sheltered muddy gravel HOCI.Lundy Grey Seals Summary Report 2006 - 2013.2014 Shell Flat Lune Deep and Fylde Interpretation MappingFalmouth and Helford Benthic Grab SurveyAugust 2014 Blackwater, Crouch, Roach & Colne Marine Conservation Zone Native Oyster Survey

2013 Geomatics Coastal Monitoring Sand Dune analysis Habitat Map: Haverigg Haws2013 Geomatics Coastal Monitoring Sand Dune analysis Habitat Map: North Walney

The determination of total and tributyl tin in seawater and oysters in areas of high pleasure craft activity (CM 1983/E:12)

Survey of the Subtidal Sediments of the Solent Maritime SAC. Unpublished report to Natural England, Lyndhurst.

Improvements in the Epifauna of the Crouch Estuary (United Kingdom) Following a Decline in TBT Concentrations

Benthic Survey of Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge cSAC, and of Haisborough, Hammond and Winterton cSAC2010 Special Area of Conservation (SAC): Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge SAC Selection Assessment

Flamborough Head SAC subtidal reef dive surveyHumber Estuary SAC Intertidal Sediment Survey

Solway Firth SAC Rocky Scar Ground Community Condition Monitoring 2014

Morecambe Bay SAC Subtidal Video Survey biotope mappingCemex LaFarge Tarmac North Owers Draft Environmental Statement v3Research Report 2014 WFO Mussel Stock AssessmentThe Fleet Lagoon Macroalgae surveyExe Estuary SPA Seagrass SurveyBiological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments of the Essex Estuaries SAC and Swale SSSIEssex Estuaries SAC Baseline survey of seagrass bedsAnalysis of the results from benthic sampling in the Humber Estuary, April 2010Berwickshire Intertidal Rocky Reefs Final ReportCondition Monitoring of the Saltmarsh features of the Wash AhernCondition Monitoring of the Saltmarsh features of the North Norfolk CoastImpact of Enteromorpha on BenthosBiotope SurveyBird Model SurveyNMMP site 390 in 1999NMMP site 390 in 2000NMMP site 390 in 2001NMMP site 390 in 2002NMMP site 390 in 2003NMMP site 390 in 2004North Kent Marshes Estuarine Invertebrate SurveysQuinquennial survey in the Blackwater in 2004Roach Quinquennial Survey 1995Roach Quinquennial Survey 2000Roach Quinquennial Survey 2005Solent WFD benthic survey 2007Swale Habitats Directive SurveyThames Array benthic grab survey 2004The Outer Thames Estuary Regional environmental characterisationWFD TW Intercalibration surveyWhitstable Bay WFD benthic survey 2007Peat records2007-2009 BIOSYS extract EA WFD seagrass dataRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1987 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 2005 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1988 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1989 corrected to 250m tow lengthRiver Crouch Epifaunal Studies 1992 corrected to 250m tow lengthIntertidal Survey Isle of WightPortsmouth Harbour SPA/SSSI Intertidal Mudflat Condition Assessment

Seahorse TrustWest Varne Aggregate Survey off Hythe 2001Polygons provided to Finding Sanctuary by Isles of Scilly local groupDorset Integrated Seabed Study (DORIS)

Solway Firth SAC Rocky Scar Grounds Allonby Bay rMCZ Rocky Scar Ground and Annex I Reef Drop-down Video Survey

Cornwall_FOCI_SpeciesDORIS_FOCI_B103Isles of Scilly ShoresearchIrish Sea, Offshore Windfarm benthic Survey ReportsNorth West SSSI Biotope monitoringFenham Phase 1South Coast REC - EUNIS classificationSouth Coast RECHumber RECEast Coast RECHabitat data2011 Cornwall Wildlife Trust -Seasearch - Observers & SurveyorsLooe Seagrass surveyShingle Coastal Lagoons Biotope Composition MonitoringOrford Ness: Kings and Airfield Marshes Water Level Management Plan

Water Framework Directive Intertidal Seagrass Survey and Mapping 2012Drigg Coast Ravenglass Estuary survey Intertidal rocky shore skearsDrigg Coast Intertidal Sediment ReportCoastal Channel Observatory: SCOPAC Eastern Solent HI1437 TR65 Seabed Mapping Selsey to Eastoke

Subtidal Verification Survey of Coquet to St Mary’s rMCZ 2014 for DEFRA2006-2015 HIWWT Solent Seagrass Inventory in Hampshire & Isle of Wight (2014 -2015 update)SAC_067 Eastern Irish Sea Subtidal Sediment Habitat MappingEA Fish Population Database March 2015Fylde MCZ Environment Agency Baseline survey PSA analysis 2015ERCCIS Maerl Eelgrass and Seahorse records 2011

Salcombe to Kingsbridge SSSI and Erme Estuary SSSI intertidal biotope surveySublittoral survey of Biotopes on rocky scars in Morecambe Bay EMS1999-2000East Riding of Yorkshire Council Seabed Mapping Flamborough Head to Spurn Point

South of Portland rMCZ 2014 Subtidal Verification SurveyrMCZ Video and Grab Subtidal Verification Survey of Kentish Knock East 2014

Dungeness to Newhaven Seabed Mapping Study 2013Drakes Island (Plymouth) littoral monitoringMewstone (Wembury Bay) littoral monitoringMNCR Sector UK09 Bristol Channel and approaches Underwater Observation SchemePlymouth Sound sublittoral nudibrance surveyUpper Severn Estuary SurveyCornwall underwater observation schemeIntertidal benthic survey of the Stour EstuaryGreat Mewstone (Plymouth) sublittoral surveyRiver Orwell marina proposal littoral surveyPortland Harbour and Fleet entrance littoral surveySevern Estuary littoral rock survey

Shooting and Conservation Management Plan for the Crown Estate foreshore at Barthorps Creek on the River Ore, Suffolk

MCZ Marine Recorder Supporting Verification Photographs External: Sandown Bay, Alum Bay Chalk Cliffs, Scratchells Bay and Bream Rock

Broad Bench to Kimmeridge Bay DWT Purbeck Marine Wildlife Reserve Intertidal Biotope Surveys 2009 to 2012

Falmouth and Helford Benthic Grab SurveyFalmouth and Helford Benthic Grab SurveySolent Maritime SAC subtidal sandbanks mapping and condition assessmentPlymouth Sound and Estuaries Benthic Grab SurveySevern Estuary Benthic Grab SurveyExe Estuary Benthic Grab Survey2014 Dorset Seasearch2014 Seasearch Cornwall Surveys of Padstow Area2014 Seasearch Cornwall Surveys within Looe and Whitsand Bay Area2014 Seasearch Devon Survey of Lundy Island2014 Seasearch Devon Survey of Prawle Point to Start Point Area2014 Seasearch Devon Survey of Torbay MCZ Area2014 Seasearch Isles of Scilly Surveys2014 Seasearch Survey of Chesil Beach & Stennis Ledges MCZ2014 Seasearch survey of Essex Coast MCZ2014 Seasearch Survey of Poole Rocks MCZDee Estuary Benthic Grab SurveyLundy Benthic Grab SurveyMorecambe and Lune (Walney Channel) Benthic Grab SurveySubtidal surveys Skerries Bank Video and Grab Survey

Kent Seasearch Sublittoral Survey - Folkestone Pomerania MCZHABMAP 2009Ramsgate to Dungeness Seabed Habitat MapSussex surveySouth West DevonFOCI April 2009 survey

Oyster survey Blackwater 2011/12

RWB69 Sublittoral grab sampling survey of Red Wharf BayRW71 sublittoral sediment sampling off Moelfre, NE AngleseyRWJan73 Sublittoral grab sampling survey off Red Wharf BayCB74 Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayCB76 Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayUniversity of Wales Bangor -Red Wharf bay Student SurveysSevern Bridge to Cardiff sediment surveyMenai Strait sublittoral surveyRWDEAK Epibenthic sledge sampling north of Red Wharf Bay, AngleseyMSc - Red Wharf Bay SurveyRiver Stour littoral surveyBlackshaw Bank (Solway) cockle dredging studyNorth Berwick to Burnmouth littoral surveyROV survey of St Abbs and EyemouthCB95 HX Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayMenai Strait and Puffin Island sublittoral survey, North WalesEast Anglesey sublittoral surveyCB97 HX Sublittoral grab sampling of Conwy BayConwy Bay sublittoral sediment survey

Isles of Scilly MCZ Ridge to Menawethan habitat boundaries - revised 2013 features. Mapping Produced by Natural England National GI team.

Southerness Point (Solway Firth) littoral scar surveyDee Estuary littoral sedimentMacrofaunal Survey of Welsh Sandbanks

Menai Strait tidally exposed seabed and shores

Survey of East Anglesey, North WalesScotland St AbbsSurvey of N Anglesey, North WalesSurvey of S E Anglesey, North WalesSCM survey of Berwickshire and North Northumberland Coast littoral and sublittoral cavesAcross Wales towed video monitoring surveySurvey of north Anglesey, North WalesBays and Banks subtidal sediment surveys

Scotland Eyemouth and St AbbsSightings & Miscellaneous Data 2007-2013Anglesey SurveysScotland Eyemouth and St AbbsEast Anglesey and the Great Orme SurveyMenai Strait and East Anglesey SurveyScotland Eyemouth and St AbbsEast Anglesey and the Great Orme SurveyScotland EyemouthScotland St AbbsTowed Video Survey of Puffin Island.Menai StraitScotland Eyemouth (various)Scotland North of St Abbs Survey (various)Scotland Survey of St Abbs (various)Scotland Eyemouth surveyScotland St Abbs surveySOS Prince Madog Towed Video Survey of Liverpool Bay, AugustScotland St Abbs and Souter Point surveyBiological Survey of the Intertidal Sediments, South Shore of the Solway FirthScotland Eyemouth and St Abbs surveyReview of data in Stour and Orwell EstuariesWFD Operational Benthic Infauna Survey - Medway EstuaryMCZ Verification Survey - The ManaclesBlackwater oyster dredge survey 2012

Eastern English Channel REC - EUNIS classificationChesil and the Fleet European Marine Site. Intertidal Study.Survey of the St Mawes (Vilt) bank of the Fal estuary, 26-28 August 1968New records of some rare British and Irish gobies (Teleostei: Gobiidae)The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UKSolent Maritime SAC Natura 2000 Standard Data Form

Biological survey of the intertidal chalk reef at Seaford to Beachy Head and Brighton to Newhaven Cliffs Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) to set a baseline for SSSI condition assessment. NHM

EC Directive 92/43 on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora: Citation for Special Area of Conservation (SAC) - Solent Maritime

Pagham Harbour SPA Regulation 33 Advice PackageSite Improvement Plan (SIP): Pagham HarbourPagham Harbour SPA CitationAnnual Report for April 2013 - March 2014 for WSCC

Annual Report for April 2014 - March 2015 for WSCC

RSPB Pagham Harbour Local Nature Reserve Management PlanPagham seagrass survey 2015HRA, Pagham Harbour Local Nature Reserve, Implications of maintaining and increasing boat permits for

Site Characterisation of the South West European Marine Sites – The Exe Estuary SPA

Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast Departmental Brief.

Species Accounts - Species List: Redshank (non-breeding)Langstone Harbour Management PlanImpact of Effluent Discharges on the Intertidal Benthic Community in the Solent Maritime European Site.

Effects of macroalgal mats on the ecology of intertidal mudflats.Data extracted from National Fisheries Population DatabaseFarnham and Bishop St Mawes, Maerl dive transect survey Cornwall.Survey and Monitoring in the Roseland Voluntary Marine Conservation Area in 1992.Fal Estuary: Expedition Report Maerl and Seagrass Dive SurveyHabitat mapping of the Fal and Helford SACMarine Ecological Survey of the Fal Estuary: Effects of Maerl Extraction.Littoral Rocky scar Marine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) survey Drigg Coast EMSFarne Islands Intertidal SurveyGrimsby & Immingham Humber Subtidal Sandbanks 2008

South Wight SAC: Rocky and Intertidal Sea Cave Condition AssessmentAnnual Stock Assessment of the Littoral Mussel (Mytilus edulis) Stocks in the Solway Firth, 2009

Inventory of Eelgrass Beds in Hampshire and the Isle of WightSevern Estuary Intertidal Biotope Mapping Baseline Phase 1 Study Final ReportNorth West Condition Assessment of Intertidal Mud and Sand FeaturesMorecambe Bay Benthic Grab Sampling surveySurvey of the Subtidal Sediments of the Solent Maritime SACSurvey of Isles of Scilly SAC

Fal Bay Underwater Camera Maerl Survey

Comparative Maerl Surveys in Falmouth Bay. A report to English Nature.Falmouth maerl bed video surveyCape Bank rMCZ Drop-down video and stills surveySouth Dorset Video and Grab Survey

Exe Estuary European Marine Site. English Nature’s advice given under Regulation 33(2) of the Conservation (Natural Habitats &c.) Regulations 1994

Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site Regulation 33 (of Conservation Regulation 1994) Conservation Advice

South Devon Reef Video Baseline Surveys for the Prawle Point to Plymouth Sound & Eddystone cSAC and Surrounding Areas

Mapping, Condition and Conservation Assessment of Honeycomb Worm Sabellaria alveolata Reefs on the Eastern Irish Sea Coast

Wildlife Trusts Elite Dive TeamSightings & Miscellaneous Data 2007-2013

Seasearch survey of Suffolk CoastSeasearch Devon Survey of TorbaySeasearch Devon Survey of Beacon Cove, Torbay.Seasearch Survey of SuffolkSeasearch Cornwall Surveys of Looe AreaSeasearch Rame Head and Whitsand BayFarnes Drop Down Video SurveySizewell sublittoral sediment surveyMarine Nature Conservation Review (MNCR) Orwell, Stour and Hamford Water littoral survey

Seasearch Devon Survey of Lundy IslandMCS Seasearch Manacles, CornwallSeasearch North CornwallSeasearch Cornwall Survey of Whitsand BaySeasearch Survey of North CornwallBreydon Water littoral surveyCEFAS Endeavour Survey of Rame HeadCEFAS Endeavour Rame Head SurveyCEFAS Endeavour Rame Head SurveyCountryside Council for Wales (CCW) BAP Atlas Data.

Mettam Severn Estuary sublittoral survey

Skegness Windfarm Environmental Statement for JNCC.

Teesmouth and Cleveland Coast European Marine Site Rocky Shore Survey

Torbay Coast & Countryside Trust Seagrass Survey distribution map for TorbayMapping Zostera beds in Special Areas of Conservation by Aerial PhotographyPagham Intertidal Survey shingle, mudflat and saltmarshDungeness mudflat and shingle Survey

Indicative biotopes of the Gwynt y Mor offshore Wind Farm study area report for JNCCMarine Nature Conservation Review Sector 10. Cardigan Bay and North Wales: area summaries.

Intertidal Lee-on-the-Solent to Itchen Estuary, Medina Estuary, North Solent, Thanet Coast and Thorness Bay Sediment Survey Condition AssessmentBrading Marshes to St Helen's Ledges, King's Quay Shore and Yar Estuary SSSI Intertidal Sediment condition assessment survey for the purpose of SSSI condition assessmentInner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge cSAC (IDRBNR) Area 480 Benthic Monitoring Review - Year 4 - 2012

Two further UK sites for Caecum armoricum, de Folin, 1869, formerly known only in the Fleet, Dorset, as a member of the interstitial 'springs' community.Hannafore Point Looe: An Intertidal Survey June/July 1996 A report of the work carried out by final year Marine Biology students of the University of Plymouth

Mapping Annex I Reefs in the central English Channel: evidence to support the selection of candidate SACs

Intertidal Reef Survey: Renotification of Hanover Point to St Catherine's Point SSSI and Freshwater Bay, South Coast Isle of Wight

Tarmac Marine Dredging Ltd. Area 435/396 Monitoring Report. A Report for: Hanson Heidelberg Cement Group & Tarmac

FCIR vegetation mapping of Chichester Harbour, on behalf of the Chichester Harbour Conservancy (CHC) Final Report

Ecological survey for Triton Knoll Offshore Wind Farm to provide site specific information for three potential, alternative development areas within the Greater Wash (Offshore Power)

Subtidal sediment grab survey of Solent Maritime SAC and rMCZ areas.

Skerries Bank Video and Grab Survey

Benthic state and change in UK marine waters, Phase II: The English Channel and Celtic SeaAn appraisal and synthesis of data identifying areas of ross worm, Sabellaria spinulosa, reef in The Wash.

Shoresearch Intertidal Survey: Swale rMCZCornwall Surveys of Helford AreaSurvey in Beachy Head West rMCZ, SussexSurvey of chalk cave, cliff, intertidal and subtidal reef biotopes in the Thanet cSAC

Essex Estuaries Benthic Grab Survey by Environment AgencyTamar Estuary Sites MCZ mussel bed surveyFal & Helford SAC Seagrass Survey.Seagrass survey Lyme Bay,Torbay SAC and Torbay MCZ

Continuation of baseline monitoring of reef features in the Wash and North Norfolk Coast SACA review of development of the Solent oyster fishery 1972-1980Solent oyster fishery: 2014 Stock Report – Phase 1 – Baird Dredge

Environmental Chemistry Microscale Laboratory Experiments.

Marine Mammals and Noise.

Pollution impacts on marine biotic communitiesMultivariate approach to the investigation of nutrient interactions in the Barataria Basin, Louisiana.Mechanics of Underwater NoiseField Observations of Structure and Nearshore Changes following Construction of an Artificial Surf Reef.

Anti-submarine Warfare.The effects of fishing on fish habitats

Physical and chemical alterations associated with dredging: an overview.

Water quality aspects of dredging and dredge spoil disposal in estuarine environments.Impacts of sudden winter habitat loss on the body condition and survival of redshank Tringa totanus.

Capital Dredging at New Mangalore Port.Environmental and public health implications of wastewater quality.

When the tide goes out. The biodiversity and conservation of the shore of Wales, results from a 10 year intertidal survey of Wales

East Coast Regional Environmental Characterisation Sabellaria spinulosa in Haisborough, Hammond & Winterton

Bacton to Baird Pipeline Route and Environmental Survey, October and November 2009, Habitat Assessment Report.

Acoustic and grab survey baseline monitoring of Lynn Knock Reefs in Inner Dowsing, Race Bank and North Ridge (IDRBNR) cSAC

Sound radiation of seafloor-mapping echosounders in the water column, in relation to the risks posed to marine mammals.

Changes in the content of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in light soil fertilized with sewage sludge

A trophic cascade triggers collapse of a salt-marsh ecosystem with intensive recreational fishing.

Floristic study of a maërl and gravel subtidal bed in the ‘Ría de Arousa’ (Galicia, Spain)Introductions of bivalve molluscs into the United Kingdom for commercial culture - case histories.A numerical model of flow modification induced by suspended aquaculture in a Chinese Bay.

Design and construction of the Boscombe multi-purpose reef.

ABP Southampton Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Berth 201/202. R.1494Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Southampton Approach Channel DredgeCowes Outer Harbour Project: Environmental Impact Assessment. R. 1518.West Rhyl Coastal Defence Scheme Interpretative Report. R.1652Potters Leisure Resort Coastal Defence Enhancements.Esso Fawley Berth Five Environmental Statement.Piling Handbook. 8th EditionHayle Harbour Maintenance Dredging ProtocolCode of practice for noise and vibration control on construction and open sites Part 1: Noise

Clearing the waters: A user guide for marine dredging activities –Stage two: new projects process.Littlehampton Arun East Bank Tidal Walls Flood Defence Scheme Environmental Statement

Use of Beneficial Dredged Materials in the South Inshore and South Offshore Marine Plan Areas.A review of offshore windfarm related underwater noise sources.

Lethal and physical injury of marine mammals, and requirements for Passive Acoustic Monitoring.

SEA 6 Technical report: Underwater ambient noise.A guide to managing coastal erosion in beach/dune systems.Understanding the Lowering of Beaches in front of Coastal Defence Structures, Stage 2.

Charting Progress 2 Feeder report: Clean and Safe Seas.

Mortality and serious injury of northern right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) in the western North Atlantic Ocean.

International dissemination of epidemic Vibrio cholerae by cargo ship ballast and other non potable waters.

Development of Approaches, Tools and Guidelines for the Assessment of the Environmental Impact of Navigational Dredging in Estuaries and Coastal Waters: Literature Review of Dredging Activities: Impacts, Monitoring and Mitigation.

Potential for joined up marine monitoring and data collection between Statutory Nature Conservation Bodies and industry.

The coastal handbook: A guide for all those working on the coast. A collaborative project between the Environment Agency and Maritime Local Authorities.

Sediment management in the Humber Estuary: Dredging and Disposal Strategies: Study in the framework of the Interreg IVB project.

A review of measurements of underwater man-made noise carried out by Subacoustech Ltd, 1993 – 2003 .Modelling and measurement of underwater noise associated with the proposed Port of Southampton capital dredge and redevelopment of berths 201/202 and assessment of the disturbance to salmon.

Emerging lessons from ecosystems: Booster biocide antifoulants: is history repeating itself? In late lesson from early warnings: science, precaution, innovation

A generic investigation into noise profiles of marine dredging in relation to the acoustic sensitivity of the marine fauna in UK waters: PHASE 1 Scoping and review of key issues. PHASE 1 Scoping and review of key issues.

A study of underwater noise generated during civil engineering works at Fraserburgh harbour.Thermal standards for cooling water from new build nuclear power stationsRadioactivity in Food and the Environment, 2013Cooling Water Options for the New Generation of Nuclear Power Stations in the UK.Ambient Air Pollution by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH). Position Paper.Overview of the impacts of anthropogenic underwater sound in the marine environment.Discharges of Radionuclides from the Non-nuclear Sectors in 2012.Assesment of impact of sewage effluents on coastal water quality in Hafnarfjordur, Iceland.Assessment of radioactive discharges to sewer by the non-nuclear industry in Scotland.Marine Litter Report. 2014 – 2020 VisionWestern HVDC Link. Environmental Report. Marine Cable Route.

Advice June 2014. Ecoregion: Celtic Sea and West of Scotland. Stock: Haddock in Division VIIa (Irish Sea).

Effects on water quality when dredging a polluted harbor using confined spoil disposal.

Experimental and theoretical studies of deep penetrating anchors.Some effects of hydraulic dredging and coastal development in Boca Ciega Bay.A framework for managing sea bed habitats in near shore Special Areas of Conservation.Non-native marine species in British waters: a review and directory.Evaluation of genetic impact of aquaculture activities on native populations.

Environmental impact of aquaculture activities.

Impacts of aquaculture on surrounding sediments: generation of organic-rich sediments.

Some Aspects of the Environmental Impact of Aquaculture in Sensitive Areas.

OSPAR Guidelines for the Management of Dredged MaterialRéférentiel pour la gestion dans les sites Natura 2000 en mer.

Technical and practical requirements for Baltic mussel culture.Abandoned, lost or otherwise discarded fishing gear. UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies

Characterization of underwater sounds produced by bucket dredging operationsODEMM Linkage Framework Userguide.Handling and Treatment of Contaminated Dredged material from Ports and Inland Waterways.

The Dredge fishery for scallops in the United Kingdom (UK): Effects on marine ecosystems and proposals for future management.

The effects of dredged material disposal on water quality in the Pooles Island region of the Chesapeake Bay.Eutrophication in estuaries and coastal systems: relationships of physical alterations, salinity stratification, and hypoxia.Measurement and assessment of background underwater noise and its comparison with noise from pin pile drilling operations during installation of the SeaGen tidal turbine device, Strangford Lough.

A review and assessment of the effects of marine fish farm discharges on Biodiversity Action Plan habitats.

‘Best Use’ Maximising the value of data collected under the ALSF projects and the Aggregate Dredging Industry.

An overview of Seawater Intake Facilities for Seawater Desalination, The Future of Desalination in Texas

Processing 2-metre beam trawl samples.

Guidance on the assessment of the impact of offshore wind farms: Seascape and visual impact report.

Walney Extension Offshore Wind Farm.Birds and offshore wind farms: a hot topic in marine ecology.

Vibracore Capabilities.Recommended Operational Guidelines (ROG) for grab sampling and sorting and treatment of samples.

Birds and Wave & Tidal Stream Energy: An Ecological Review.An assessment of the environmental effects of offshore wind farms.MeyGen Tidal Energy Project Phase 1 Environmental Statement.What is a borehole?

Peterhead Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Project Scoping Report.Quality Status Report 2010. Chapter 6: Radioactive Substances.

Vessel collisions and cetaceans: What happens when they don’t miss the boat.Anchor Tests German Bight: Test set-up and results.Review of Chemical Spills at Sea and Lessons Learnt.Merchant Shipping (Anti-Fouling Systems) Regulations 2009Marine Litter Issues, Impacts and Actions. A report commissioned by Marine Scotland.PIB: A serious hazard to seabirds and the marine environmentTesting the hypothetical link between shipping and unexplained seal deathsConstruction and Waterfowl: Defining Sensitivity, Response, Impacts and Guidance.

he Solent Disturbance and Mitigation Project Phase II: Results of Bird Disturbance Fieldwork 2009/10.

London Convention and Protocol/UNEP Guidelines for the Placement of Artificial Reefs.

The potential effects of electromagnetic fields generated by cabling between offshore wind turbines upon elasmobranch fishes.

Modelling of Noise Effects of Operational Offshore Wind Turbines including noise transmission through various foundation types.

NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service Endangered Species Act Section 7 Consultation: Programmatic Geological and Geophysical Activities in the Midand South Atlantic Planning Areas from 2013 to 2020.

Assessment of sub-sea acoustic noise and vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlife; initial measurements of underwater noise during construction of offshore windfarms, and comparison with background noise.

Offshore Renewables – guidance on assessing the impact on coastal landscape and seascape. Guidance for Scoping an Environmental Statement.Annual Survey of Reported Discharges Attributed to Vessels and Offshore Oil & Gas Installations Operating in the United Kingdom Pollution Control Zone 2012.Explanatory Memorandum to the Merchant Shipping (Prevention of pollution by sewage and garbage from ships) Regulations 2008.

Guidance for minimising the transfer of invasive aquatic species and biofouling (Hull Fouling) for recreational craft.

Is ‘minimising the footprint’ an effective intervention to maximise the recovery of intertidal sediments from disturbance?Compilation of spatial data on marine recreation activities: Phase 2 (Mapping marine recreation guidance: How to supply spatial data).

NSITE: Building the World around You.Case Study: Brighton’s Palace PierOil and Fuel Spills and Discharges from Recreational Craft.A review of the effects of recreational interactions within UK European marine sites.UK - Vessel Collisions.

Effects of underwater explosions on life in the seaJNCC guidelines for minimising the risk of injury to marine mammals from using explosives.America Gateway Project Draft EIR. Section 4.10 – NoiseA baseline assessment of electromagnetic fields generated by offshore wind farm cables.West coast HVDC link environmental appraisal. Assessment of EMF effects on sub tidal marine ecology.

Irish-Scottish Links on Energy Study (ISLES): Construction and Deployment Report.

Assessment of noise issues relevant to marine mammals near the BP Clair development.Measurement and Interpretation of Underwater Noise during Construction and Operation of Wind farms.

Gwynt y Môr Offshore Wind Farm. Environmental Statement.Alien invasive species and the oil and gas industry: Guidance for prevention and management.Decommissioning of Pipelines in the North Sea Region 2013.The Management of Marine Growth during Decommissioning.Assessment of the environmental impact of cables.Assessment of the environmental impact of oil and gas activities in the North-East Atlantic.Assessment of the impacts of shipping on the marine environment. Monitoring and Assessment Series.

Beatrice Wind Farm Demonstrator Project. Environmental Statement.What we know about anchoring and mooring.Report on recent seal mortalities in UK waters caused by extensive lacerations October 2010.

Wave and Tidal Consenting Position Paper Series: Marine Mammal Impacts

Effects of EMFs from Undersea Power Cables on Elasmobranchs and Other Marine Species.Impact of EMF from Sub-sea cables on marine organisms – the current state of knowledge.

Kingsnorth Carbon Capture and Storage Pipeline Environmental Scoping Report (Offshore and landfall).

Environmental Impacts of CO2-EOR. The Offshore UK Context.Peterhead Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)Office of National Marine Sanctuaries Science Review of Artificial Reefs.Artificial Reefs of the Gulf of Mexico: A Review of Gulf State Programs & Key Considerations.Levels of PCBs and heavy metals in biota found on ex-military ships used as artificial reefs.

Application for Incidental Harassment Authorization for the Non-Lethal Taking of Marine Mammals Resulting from Pre-Construction High Resolution Geophysical Survey Nantucket Sound

Literature review on the potential effects of electromagnetic fields and subsea noise from marine renewable energy developments on Atlantic salmon, sea trout and European eel.

Nord Stream Environmental Impact Assessment. Documentation for Consultation under the Espoo Convention

Browse LNG Natural Liquefied Gas Precinct, strategic assessment report. Appendix C-12 Downstream Browse Underwater Noise Assessment. Western Australia.

Effects of offshore wind farm noise on marine mammals and fish, biola, Hamburg, Germany on behalf of COWRIE Ltd.

Scoping guidelines on the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of Carbon Capture, Transport and Storage

Antifouling and the Marine Environment.Ballast Water Management.IW grassland survey NCCLagoon survey of East Sussex and KentLincoln Biodiversity Partnership BAP habitatsMaldon District Phase 1 SurveyNational Forest Inventory 2014NVC survey of saltmarsh and other habitats in the Dee and Clwyd estuariesAlde-Ore Estuary SSSI citationPhase 2 Surveys 1979 - Present DayNatural England Validation ChecksOS Land-LineNorth Norfolk Lagoon SurveySaltmarsh Extents 2002Ongoing SurveyAerial PhotographyAerial PhotographyAerial PhotosChannel Coastal Observatory 2008 Aerial ImageryEnvironment Agency Floodplains River and TidalThe marine fauna of the Sizewell area 1: brackish lagoonsA Survey of Coastal Brackish Lagoons: Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Berwick-upon-TweedA directory of saline lagoons and lagoon like habitats in EnglandSE Regional Grassland InventorySRCMP/BRANCH Habitat Mapping ProjectSussex Habitat FrameworkSussex Reedbeds DatasetTendring District Phase 1 SurveyUpdating Habitat Inventories in the North East of England - field surveyVegetation survey Brading MarshesClean Water PartnershipCefas Sea Temperature and Salinity Trends: Station 22 Fawley Power Station

Medina Estuary Baseline Document Maintenance Dredging Protocol

River Hamble Maintenance Dredge PlanWestern Yar Estuary Baseline Document Volume I - 2011 Maintenance Dredging Protocol 2004

Chichester Harbour Baseline Document: Dredging Protocol

MCZ Features: Seagrass bedsMCZ Features: Intertidal coarse sedimentsMCZ Features: Intertidal mudHolmsgarth North Jetty Proposal: Marine Licence Underwater Blasting Letter.Impacts of bottom trawling on underwater cultural heritage.Baseline Document for Maintenance Dredging in Lymington Harbour

National Artificial Reef Plan (as Amended): Guidelines for Siting, Construction, Development, and Assessment of Artificial Reefs.

Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Southampton Approach Channel Dredge. Chapter 9 Sediment QualityInventory of eelgrass beds in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight 2015, Section One: Report. Version 7: May 2015.

Natura 2000 Standrad Data Form for Pagham Harbour SPA

Building the World around You. Autumn 2010 Issue.

Impacts of aquaculture on surrounding sediments: generation of organic-rich sediments.

Environmental Statement.BC Conference on Submarine Communications. The Future of Network Infrastructure.The possible impacts of military activity on cetaceans in West Scotland.

Large flocking birds - An International Conflict Between Conservation and Air Safety

Recreation and CruisingEnvironmental Statement for the Perpetuus Tidal Energy Centre

Changing coasts

Occurrence of organotins in municipal wastewater and sewage sludge and behavior in a treatment plant

The deep-sea floor ecosystem: current status and prospects of anthropogenic change by the year 2025

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in the British environment: Sinks, sources and temporal trends

Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from medical waste incinerators

The Marine Environmental Impact Identification and Evaluation TS/ME2. ABP Southampton: Dibden Terminal, Associated British Ports, SouthamptonField studies of velocity, salinity and suspended solids concentration in a shallow tidal channel near tidal flap gates

Pagham Harbour Visitor Surveys. Unpublished report by Footprint Ecology. Commissioned by Chichester District Councol.Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Berth 201 / 202 Works updated by Further Information

Characterization of Underwater Sounds Produced by Dredges. Dredging Operations and Environmental Research (DOER)Vulnerability of coastal fishing communities to climate variability and change: implications for fisheries livelihoods and management in Peru.

Environmental Statement for Port of Southampton: Southampton Approach Channel Dredge. Updated by Further Information.Possible Impact of Personal Watercraft (PWC) on Harbor Porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) and Harbor Seals (Phoca vitulina)

A Review of the Effects of Aircraft Noise on Wildlife and Humans, Current Control Mechanisms, and the Need for Further Study

Request for scoping opinion by DP Marine Energy Ltd in respect of Islay Tidal Energy Project Environmental Impact Assessment Scoping Report.Monitoring the effects of disposal of fine sediments from maintenance dredging on suspended particulate matter concentration in the Belgian nearshore area (southern North Sea)

Suspended Sediment Concentrations Associated with a Beach Nourishment Project on the Northern Coast of New JerseyWill improving wastewater treatment impact shorebirds? Effects of sewage discharges on estuarine invertebrates and birdsPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in industrial and municipal effluents: Concentrations, congener profiles, and partitioning onto particulates and organic carbon

Biocides in Sewage Sludge: Quantitative Determination in Some Swiss Wastewater Treatment Plants

Toxicity of tributyltin (TBT) to terrestrial organisms and its species sensitivity distribution

Tracers of sewage sludge in the marine environment: A review

Observations on Dredging and Dissolved Oxygen in a Tidal Waterway

Ghost fishing in European waters: Impacts and management responsesA risk-based approach to rapidly screen vulnerability of cetaceans to impacts from fisheries bycatch

Set-Back Distances to Protect Nesting and Roosting Seabirds Off Vancouver Island from Boat Disturbance

Toxic effects of dredged sediments of Hong Kong coastal waters on clamsThe Role of Recreational Fishing in Global Fish CrisesPatterns and impacts of fish bycatch in a scallop dredge fishery

Defining and estimating global marine fisheries bycatchChemical and ecotoxicological guidelines for managing disposal of dredged material

Assessing the Vulnerability of Marine Benthos to Fishing Gear Impacts

By-Catch: Problems and Solutions

Catchability of pelagic trawls for sampling deep-living nekton in the mid-North Atlantic

Environmental impact of trawling on the seabed: A review

Modification of marine habitats by trawling activities: prognosis and solutions

COLLISIONS BETWEEN SHIPS AND WHALES

A review of ghost fishing: scientific approaches to evaluation and solutions

Emissions of organo-metal compounds via the leachate and gas pathway from two differently pre-treated municipal waste materials – A landfill reactor study

PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, Organochlorine Pesticides, Synthetic Musks, and Polychlorinated n-Alkanes in U.K. Sewage Sludge: Survey Results and Implications

Effects of eliminating shallow hooks from tuna longline sets on target and non-target species in the Hawaii-based pelagic tuna fisheryImpact of light on catch rate of four demersal fish species during the 2009–2010 U.S. west coast groundfish bottom trawl survey

The effect of escape gaps on trap selectivity in the United Kingdom crab (Cancer pagurus L.) and lobster (Homarus gammarus (L.)) fisheries

Using a remote drift underwater video (DUV) to examine dredge impacts on demersal fishes and benthic habitat complexity in Foveaux Strait, Southern New Zealand

Ecological Metrics of Biomass Removed by Three Methods of Purse-Seine Fishing for Tunas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific Ocean

Macrobenthic community structure before and after pollution abatement in the Neches River estuary (Texas)

Are white-beaked dolphins Lagenorhynchus albirostris food specialists? Their diet in the southern North Sea

Dredging-induced nutrient release from sediments to the water column in a southeastern saltmarsh tidal creekThe degree and result of gillnet fishery interactions with juvenile white sharks in southern California assessed by fishery-independent and -dependent methods

Incidental catches of marine-mammals in pelagic trawl fisheries of the northeast Atlantic

Global patterns in the bycatch of sharks and raysFish bycatch and discarding in Nephrops trawlers in the Firth of Clyde (west of Scotland)

Impact of Intracoastal Waterway maintenance dredging on a mud bottom benthos communityEnvironmental aspects of dredging in the coastal zone

Effect of sediment load on the microbenthic community of a shallow-water sandy sediment

Reponse of macrobenthic communities to restoration efforts in a New England estuary.Comparative study of two maerl beds with different otter trawling history, southeast Iberian Peninsula

The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy-Saving Technological ChangeMonitoring nutrient release from fish farms with macroalgal and phytoplankton bioassaysImpact on the water column biogeochemistry of a Mediterranean mussel and fish farm

Response of demersal fish communitiesto the presence of fish farms

Fugitive Salmon: Assessing the Risks of Escaped Fish from Net-Pen Aquaculture

Potential Effects of Aquaculture on Inshore Coastal WatersLong-term coexistence of non-indigenous species in aquaculture facilitiesCulture of Hypnea musciformis (Rhodophyta, Gigartinales) on artificial substrates attached to linear ropes

Intentional introductions of commercially harvested alien seaweeds.Aquaculture effects on some physical and chemical properties of the water column: A meta-analysisPatterns and impacts of fish bycatch in a scallop dredge fishery

Identifying a reliable target fraction for radiocarbon dating sedimentary records from lakes

The use of size-normalised procedures in the analysis of organic contaminants in estuarine sediments

Relationship between sediment texture, species richness and volume of sediment sampled by a grabAssessment of ecosystem function following marine aggregate dredging

Towards the characterisation of heavy metals in dredged canal sediments and an appreciation of ‘availability’: two examples from the UK

Dredging for edible cockles (Cerastoderma edule) on intertidal flats: short-term consequences of fisher patch-choice decisions for target and non-target benthic faunaLong-term benthic responses to sustained disturbance by aggregate extraction in an area off the east coast of the United KingdomAssessing the recovery of functional diversity after sustained sediment screening at an aggregate dredging site in the North Sea

Setting limits for acceptable change in sediment particle size composition: Testing a new approach to managing marine aggregate dredgingCan the benefits of physical seabed restoration justify the costs? An assessment of a disused aggregate extraction site off the Thames Estuary, UKPhysical and biological impact of marine aggregate extraction along the French coast of the Eastern English Channel: short- and long-term post-dredging restoration

A comparative study of seven grabs used for sampling benthic macroinvertebrates in rivers

Effects of dredging operations on estuarine benthic macrofauna

Human pressures on UK seabed habitats: a cumulative impact assessmentEnvironmental impact and recovery at two dumping sites for dredged material in the North Sea

Avian collision risk at an offshore wind farm

Potential impacts of wave-powered marine renewable energy installations on marine birds

Bird migration studies and potential collision risk with offshore wind turbines

Wind turbine underwater noise and marine mammals: implications of current knowledge and data needs

Barriers to movement: impacts of wind farms on migrating birds

Assessing wave energy effects on biodiversity: the Wave Hub experience.

Reaction of Harbor Seals to Cruise Ships

Underwater radiated noise from modern commercial ships

Estimating propeller scour at quays alongside a berthing ship

Environmental impact assessment of a scrap tyre artificial reef

The impacts of anchoring and mooring in seagrass, Studland Bay, Dorset, UKRecreational boats as potential vectors of marine organisms at an invasion hotspot

Nonindigenous biota on artificial structures: could habitat creation facilitate biological invasions?

Disturbance of intertidal soft sediment assemblages caused by swinging boat moorings

Organic Enrichment Associated with Outwash from Marine Aggregates Dredging: A Probable Explanation for Surface Sheens and Enhanced Benthic Production in the Vicinity of Dredging Operations

Ecological consequences of dredged material disposal in the marine environment: A holistic assessment of activities around the England and Wales coastlineDistribution of organophosphoric acid triesters between water and sediment at a sea-based solid waste disposal site

Information needs to support environmental impact assessment of the effects of European marine offshore wind farms on birds

Effects of wind turbines on flight behaviour of wintering common eiders: implications for habitat use and collision risk

Environmental levels, toxicity and human exposure to tributyltin (TBT)-contaminated marine environment. A reviewUnusual Mortality of Pinnipeds in the United Kingdom Associated with Helical (Corkscrew) Injuries of Anthropogenic Origin.

Relationship between container ship underwater noise levels and ship design, operational and oceanographic conditions

Artificial Reef Effect in relation to Offshore Renewable Energy Conversion: State of the ArtBenthic impacts of recreational divers in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area

An evaluation of the physical impact and structural integrity of a geotextile surf reefThe role of constructed reefs in non-indigenous species introductions and range expansions

Risk Assessment of Hydrocarbon Releases by Pipelines.

The sensitivity of marine communities to man-induced change: a scoping report.SCOPAC Coastal Sediment Transport Study Vol 3 (2001 and 2004): The Solent and Isle of WightCCO Annual Survey Report - West Solent 2008.CCO Annual Survey Report - Selsey Bill to Southampton Water 2008Seagrass Spotter - seagrass sighting recordsThe environmental interactions of tidal and wave energy generation devices

Assessment Of Tidal And Wave Energy Conversion Technologies In CanadaEnvironmental Effects of Tidal Energy Development: A Scientific Workshop

Decommissioning of offshore renewable energy installations under the Energy Act 2004.Morphological and Sedimentological Changes on an Artificially Nourished Beach, Lincolnshire, UKSalt-marsh restoration: evaluating the success of de-embankments in north-west EuropeManaged realignment at Tollesbury and Saltram. Final Report.

The Alde- Ore Estuary - Securing a Sustainable Future for WildlifeAlde- Ore Estuary Site Assessment Form- all breeding birdsStandardised marine site-feature-subfeature supporting habitat data 151030 v4Alde Ore Estuary SPA Standard Data FormMCZ Features: Pink Sea-FanMCZ Features: Native oysterHavergate Reserves Management Plan 01/04/2010 to 31/03/2015

Diver ecotourism and disturbance to reef fish spawning aggregations: It is better to be disturbed than to be dead

Perceived risks and benefits of recreational visits to the marine environment: Integrating impacts on the environment and impacts on the visitor

Distribution of Enteric Bacteria in Antarctic Seawater Surrounding the Dumont d’Urville Permanent Station (Adélie Land)Offshore Special Area of Conservation: The Lizard Point SAC selection assessment. Acquisition of survey data and preparation of Site Briefing Statements for Draft Marine Special Areas of Conservation within the 0 – 12 Nautical Mile Zone. Report to Natural England.

Havergate Island RSPB Reserve, A rationale for the need to control lesser black backed gull predating on wader and tern chicks

Journal

Biological ConservationIbis

Journal of Applied Ecology

Ibis

Ibis

Journal of Applied EcologyBird StudyBiological Conservation

Bird Study

Ibis

Environmental Management

Bird StudyNetherlands Journal of Sea Research

Biological ConservationJournal of Applied Ecology

Journal of Applied EcologyBiological Conservation



Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science

Bird Study

Ibis

Biological ConservationIbisBird StudyOecologia

Biological Conservation

Bird StudyBird Study

Bird Study

Bird StudyBiological ConservationLandscape Ecology

Biological ConservationIbisIbis

Netherlands Journal of Sea Research

Bird StudyIbis


Canadian Journal of Zoology

Ardea

WissenschJournal of Applied Ecology

Conservation Evidence

WildfowlWildfowl

WildfowlWildfowlWildfowl Special Edition

Wildlife BiologyWildfowl

WildfowlOrnis Scandinavia

ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil

Wildfowl


BWP UpdateWildfowl Supplement

Wildfowl Supplement

BWP UpdateWildfowl

BWP UpdateOrnis ScandinaviaArdea

Wildfowl

Wildfowl Special EditionJournal of Applied Ecology

Journal of Applied EcologyOrnis ScandinaviaWader Study Group BulletinJournal of Zoology

Ornis ScandinaviaJournal of Applied Ecology

Wader Study Group BulletinIrish BirdsRSPB Conservation ReviewRSPB Conservation ReviewLimosa

English Nature Freshwater Series

Focus on Conservation Series

Managing Wetlands and Their Birds.

Wader Study Group BulletinShellfish News

Ringing & MigrationBird StudyRinging & Migration

British Birds

Bird Study

Statutory Instruments

Bird Study

Vision, brain and behaviour in birds.

Journal of Animal Ecology

Wader Study Group Bulletin

AEWA Technical Series

Bird Study

Scottish Birds

Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology SeriesConserving Natura 2000 Rivers Ecology Series

Marine Biology

Hydrobiologia

The Habitats Directive: selection of Special Areas of Conservation in the UK. 2nd edn.






Marine Mammals. Advances in Behavioural and Population Biology. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 66.


Continental Shelf Research

Biological ConservationJournal of Environmental ManagementBritish BirdsBritish Birds

British Birds

Marine ALSF Science Monograph Series

Ramsar handbooks for the wise use of wetlands.

Journal for Nature Conservation

RSPB Management Guides

English Nature Research ReportsEnglish Nature Research Reports

English Nature Research Reports

Joint Nature Conservation Committee (JNCC),English Nature Research Reports

Rhodolith/maerl beds: A Global Perspective

Biodiversity Series

Synopses of the British Fauna (New Series)

European wet grasslands: biodiversity, management and restoration.

The State of Kent's Wildlife 2011Natural England Commissioned Report

Annual Report of the Lundy Field Society

Marine Conservation Society, Ross-on-Wye

Botanica Marina

Ecology and Evolution

Marine Pollution BulletinCiencias MarinasMarine Ecology Progress Series

Shellfish News

Aquatic Botany

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology


les cahiers naturalistes de l'Observatoire marin

Porcupine Newsletter

Gloria Maris

Journal of ConchologyJournal of Conchology

Journal of ConchologyConchologist's Newsletter

Journal of ConchologyBasteria

Molluscan Research

Reef ResearchProceedings of the Royal Irish Academy

Quarterly Journal of Microscopical ScienceJournal of the Lundy Field SocietyScientia Marina

Zootaxa

Zoologischer Anzeiger

Journal of the Lundy Field SocietyAnn. BotAnales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid


Rapport du congress de la Commiission Internationale por l'Exploration Scientifique de la Mer Mediterranee

Porcupine Marine Natural History Society Newsletter

Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings

Dorset Natural History and Archaeological Society Proceedings



Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Botany seriesAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Marine Ecology Progress Series

Global Change Biology

Aquatic Botany

Marine Biodiversity

Cryptogamie, Algologie

Phycologia

Dis Aquat Organ

Canadian Journal of Zoology

PLoS ONE

Polar Biology

PLoS ONE

HydrobiologiaCoelenterate Ecology and Behavior

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom


Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale

Marine Biology

PLoS ONE

Journal of Phycology

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science

Natural England Commissioned Reports

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems


Marine Ecology Progress SeriesArchives Néerlandaises de Zoologie Animal BehaviourOecologiaJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

New Phytologist

Watsonia

ICES Journal of Marine Science

Sci. Ser. Data Report

Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen

Journal of Applied EcologyMarine Mammal Science



Mammal ReviewCanadian Journal of Zoology

APEM Scientific Report

UK Marine SACs Project

EnactTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ Society

Annual Report of the Lundy Field SocietyAnnual Report of the Lundy Field Society

English Nature Science ReportUK Marine SACs Project

UK Marine SACs Project

Journal of Coastal Research

Progress in Marine Conservation in EuropeMarine Pollution Bulletin


Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Coelenterate Biology, 16-21 July 1995

Marine and Freshwater ResearchMarine Pollution Bulletin

Biological ConservationMarine Ecology Progress Series

Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Journal of the Acoustical Society of AmericaDevelopments in Marine BiologyNAMMCO Scientific Publications

Jounral of Conchology Special PublicationPalaeontologyBiology Letters (In press)

Palaentology

Quarterly Review of Biology



Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences

The Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK

Summary Report

Microbial EcologyMarine Environmental Research

Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution BulletinHuman EcologyMarine Pollution Bulletin

Marine PolicyHuydrobiologia

Journal of Sea Research


Natural Toxins IIFisheries Research Marine Pollution BulletinMarine PolicyMarine Ecology Progress Series

ICES Journal of Marine ScienceICES Journal of Marine ScienceMarine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin

Trends in Ecology and EvolutionICES Journal of Marine ScienceThe Science of the Total Environment

Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Ecology Progress Series

Journal of Biological Education


Proceedings of the Royal Society for London: Series B


Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London: Series B

Transactions of the American Fisheries Society

Reviews in Fish Biology and FisheriesMarine Pollution BulletinOikosScience

Conservation Letters

Conservation Biology



PNAS

Marine Biology

Review of Fish Biology and Fisheries

PNAS


Nature

Ecology Letters

NatureHydrobiologia

Ecological Indicators

HydrobiologiaMarine Ecology Progress Series

Ecology

Journal for Nature ConservationTrends in Ecology and EvolutionOceanography

Oceanography

Oceanography

Annual Review of Ecology and Evolutionary Systematics

Nature

OceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanography

OceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyOceanographyJournal of Coastal ResearchEcological Applications


Global Change Biology

Oecologia

Trends in Ecology and EvolutionScience

Ibis

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Science of the Total Environment


Science of the Total EnvironmentScience of the Total EnvironmentScience of the Total Environment

Journal of Biogeography

Aquatic Conservation-Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology






Ocean & Coastal ManagementEstuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science



Journal of Fish Biology


Wildfowl

Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science

The Science of the Total Environment

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science

School of civil engineering and the environment.

School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences.

Marine Environmental Research




Hydrology and Earth System Sciences


Ecological Engineering



Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceFisheries Management and Ecology

Proceedings of the Royal SocietyMarine Geology


PLoS ONE



Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Monitoring Series


Devon Birds

Laboratory Leaflet (New Series)

Conserving Natura 2000 Rivers Conservation Techniques Series


Scientia MarinaMarine Ecology Progress Series

Journal of Molluscan Studies

Science Series

Aquatic Living ResourceScottish Natural Heritage Commissioned Report

Geological Conservation Review SeriesEnvironment Agency Reports




Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom


Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-programme


Aquaculture


Environmental Biology of Fishes

BehaviourMarine and Freshwater Research

Neotropical Ichthyology

Environmental Biology of Fishes

Marine Ecology Progress SeriesJournal of Fish BiologyJournal of Natural History



Annals and Magazine of Natural HistoryJournal of Fish Biology2014

Marine Biodiversity RecordsJournal of Zoology



The UK National Ecosystem Assessment Technical ReportCharting Progress 2 Healthy and Biological Diverse Seas Feeder Report

CCW Contract Science Reports

Scottish Marine and Freshwater ScienceEnglish Nature Research Reports

CCW Contract Science Report


Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, School of Ocean and Earth ScienceJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Graduate School of the National Oceanography Centre

Ecological Monographs

The Biological Bulletin

Bulletin of Marine Science


Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems

The Biological BulletinAging Cell

Marine BiologyMarine Biology



Ecol LettAquaculture Research


PLoS ONE

Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsAquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and EcologyJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology


Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil

Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy


Crustaceana

Ecos: a review of conservationMarine Pollution Bulletin

Journal of Experimental Biology



Acta Ethologica

Journal of Animal EcologyEcology Progress SeriesMiscellania zoológica

Natura Croatica


Marine Ecology Progress SeriesEcology and Society

Bijdragen tot de Dierkunde

CrustaceanaPorcupine Marine Natural History Society


Cahiers de Biologie MarineMarine Life

Limnologica

Serie PlanktonMarine Ecology Progress Series

NautilusMarine Ecology Progress Series

NautilusTrudy Instituta okeanologii

CopeiaAcoustics TodayDiseases of Aquatic Organisms

Cahiers de Biologie MarineAquatic Mammals


Transactions of the Norfolk and Norwich Naturalists SocietySociété des Sciences Naturelles et Physiques du Maroc

The IUCN invertebrate red data book

The Biology of Benthic Organisms.

Journal of Coastal ResearchFunctional Ecology

Journal of EcologyMarine Ecology ProgressUnderwater Technology

Aquatic BotanyMarine Ecology Progress

Marine Ecology Progress

Marine Ecology Progress

Marine Ecology ProgressMarine Pollution BulletinEstuaries and Coasts

Aquatic Botany

The distribution of benthic macrofauna in the Dutch sector of the North Sea in relation to the micro distribution of beam trawling. Final report. 1998. BEON Rapport No. 98-2: 5-15.

British Red Data Books III. Invertebrates other than insects.

The effects of different types of fisheries on the North Sea and Irish Sea benthic ecosystems. IMPACT-II. NIOZ-RAPPORT 1998-1.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

Proceedings of the National Academy of SciencesProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences


ABP Research Reports

Scottish Natural Heritage ReviewNatural England Commissioned Reports

Seagrass Ecosystems

Journal of Applied Ichthyology

Waterbird Review SeriesJournal of Applied EcologyBritish Birds

Ibis

Estuaries Research Programme Phase 1 - MAFF Contract CSA 4938


Transactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ SocietyTransactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ Society



Coastal dunes: ecology and conservation


Transactions Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists’ Society

Coastal sand dunes, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh

Geological Conservation Review SeriesFlood and Coastal Defence R&D Programme

UK Biodiversity Group. Tranche 2 Action Plans.

Journal of Natural History

Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores

NOAA Technical Memorandum

ICES Council Meeting 1983 (Collected Papers)

Marine BiologyEMODnet Seabed Habitats

Natural England Research Reports

Progress in Physical Geography

Journal of Applied EcologyScience of the Total Environment

Sand Dune and Shingle Network: Occasional Papers

Phuket Marine Biological Center Special PublicationProceedings of the Third Symposium of the Fleet Study Group. Revised Edition.

Archives de zoologie expérimentale et générale.

Rhodolith/maerl beds: A Global Perspective

Journal of PhycologyRSPB Conservation Review

Journal of Devon Birdwatching and Preservation SocietyJournal of Devon Birdwatching and Preservation SocietyJournal of Devon Birdwatching and Preservation SocietyJournal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

Environmental and Engineering GeoscienceNetherland Journal of Aquatic EcologyMarine Ecology Progress Series

Marine Geology

Ocean & Coastal ManagementMar Pollut Bull


Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and Biological

Applied Geochemistry

FEMS Microbiology Ecology

Eutrophication in Coastal EcosystemsMarine Pollution BulletinJournal of Animal EcologyEnvironmental Pollution (1977)Applied Geochemistry

Proceedings of the Geologists' Association

Monitoring and Assessment Series

Animal Conservation

Journal of Applied EcologyWildfowl


The Humber Estuary: A comprehensive review of its nature conservation interest. English Nature Research Reports Series. Report No. 547

Birdlife International Conservation Series


IbisAnimal Conservation

Journal of ZoologyIbis

Ibis

IbisIbis


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Ornis ScandinavicaJournal of Applied EcologyBird Study


Forestry Commission Research Information Note

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Bird StudyIbisBird StudyVogelweltBird StudyRSPB Conservation ReviewBritish BirdsIbisBritish BirdsBiological Conservation

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Bird StudyBritish BirdsCinclusBird StudyNetherlands Journal of Sea Research

BWP Update

British BirdsBird Study

Ibis

The Auk

British Birds

Bird StudyBird StudyBird StudyBird StudyBird StudyRaptorCanadian Journal of ZoologyBird Study

RSPB Conservation ReviewBird StudyRSPB Conservation ReviewBird Study

Bird StudyBritish BirdsBird StudyBird Study




Bird Study

RSPB Conservation Review

Bird Study

Bird Study

BTO NewsBird StudyIbisRSPB Conservation ReviewOrnis FennicaBiological ConservationBiological Conservation

IbisBritish BirdsBWP Update

Biological ConservationJournal of Applied Ecology

Status and conservation of the world's seabird

Management Case Study.RSPB Conservation Review

Bird StudyIbis

Sula

Bird Study

CormoranPolish Journal of EcologyJournal of Animal EcologyHydrobiologia

Fisheries Management and Ecology

Ibis

Ornis Scandinavica

Cahiers d'Ethologie

Annales Zoologici FenniciArdea

Bird StudyArdeaBird Study

Seevoegel

Finnish Game ResearchDevon BirdsIbis

Norfolk & Norwich Naturalists Society Transactions

WildfowlBritish Birds

Ardea

Bird Study

RSPB Conservation ReviewIbis

Journal für OrnithologieBird Study

Journal of Zoology

Ibis


Hydrobiologia


Wader Study Group BulletinJournal of Zoology

Colonial Waterbirds

Journal of Animal EcologyIbis

IbisBiological Conservation

Bird Study

WildfowlIbis

Ecological Applications


Schriften des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins fuer Schleswig-Holstein


Giber Faune SauvageBiological Conservation

Bird Study


Bird StudyEkologia PolskaWildfowl

WildfowlWildfowlIbisEnvironmental Conservation

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Freshwater Biology

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Hydrobiologia

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IbisJournal of Applied Ecology



Bird Study

Bird Study


IbisBird Study

British BirdsMarine Pollution Bulletin

WildfowlHydrobiologia


WildfowlBird Study

Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series

UK Biodiversity Action Plan: Priority Habitat Descriptions

British Birds

Ibis

Revue d'ecologie

Journal of Applied EcologyJournal of Applied Ecology

IbisRSPB Conservation ReviewBiological ConservationHeron conservationWildfowl

Bird StudyJournal of Applied EcologyCrop ProtectionBiological Conservation

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Bird Study

IbisBird StudyIbis

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Biological ReviewsIbis

Ibis


Bird Study

Seabird

Ecological ModellingEcology and Evolution


Ardea


Ecological Modelling

Ecological ModellingAquaculture Research

Polar BiologyEnvironmental Research Letters

Fish and FisheriesDiversity and Distributions

Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf ScienceEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science

Marine Pollution BulletinEstuaries and CoastsConservation EcologyEnvironmental Health PerspectivesFish and Fisheries

HydrobiologiaJournal of Environmental Management

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Ocean & Coastal Management


Journal of Applied EcologyBehavioral Ecology

Fisheries ResearchJournal of Sea ResearchMarine Biology

Ibis




Geomorphology

Mammal Review

Marine Mammal Science


Aquatic Living Resources

Fisheries ResearchMarine Pollution Bulletin

Behaviour

Marine Ecology

Biological ConservationFish and Fisheries


Agriculture, Ecosystems & EnvironmentMarine Pollution BulletinBiological Conservation


Aquatic Botany

Environ ManageJ Acoust Soc Am


Biological ConservationJournal of Animal Ecology

Marine Pollution BulletinTrends in Ecology & Evolution

Bird Study




Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management

Ardea

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Australian MammalogyCondorMarine Ecology Progress Series


Aquatic Biology

Bird StudyMarine Ecology Progress Series

Marine Ecology Progress SeriesThe Journal of the Acoustical Society of America


Management of Biological InvasionsJournal of Coastal Research, Special Issue

Wader Study Group BulletinJournal of Ecotourism

Bird StudyFisheries

Current Ornithology

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences


Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 6 Eastern England:Flamborough Head to Great Yarmouth

The mussel Mytilus: ecology, physiology, genetics and culture.

Fishery Investigations, MAFF

Environmental impacts of ecotourismJournal of Applied Ecology



British Birds

Ardea

Environmental Pollution Series A, Ecological and BiologicalRestoration and management of marine ecosystems impacted by oil.International Archive of Applied Sciences and Technology

CSD Report

English Nature Science Series

RSPB Conservation ReviewJournal of Coastal Research

Marine Nature Conservation ReviewMarine Nature Conservation Review

Responsible Marine Aquaculture

Managing freshwater fisheries

Biodiversity Series


Environmental Conservation

Wildlife Society BulletinJournal of Applied Ecology



Journal of Environmental ManagementArdea


IbisBiological Conservation


Natural England Commissioned Reports



Science Series Technical Report

Wildfowl

Proc. 22 Int. Ornithol. Congr., Durban

Monitoring and Assessment SeriesEnvironmental Research Letters

ICE Conference Paper 2011

Waddenbulletin


Biological Journal of the Linnean Society



English Nature Research ReportsEnglish Nature Research ReportsEnglish Nature Research Reports

Geology



Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater EcosystemsNew Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater ResearchCanadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic SciencesBiological Invasions. Patterns, Management and Economic Impacts.Capture-based aquaculture. Global overview. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 508


Hydrobiologia

Water ResearchMarine Pollution Bulletin

Rev Fish Biol FisheriesJournal of Fish Biology

Hydrobiologia



Marine Life Information Network: Biology and Sensitivity Key Information Sub-Programme [on-line]


Journal of the Lundy Field Society

Natural England Commissioned Report, Number 125Natural England Commissioned Report, Number 087

FAO Technical PaperCanadian Journal of Zoology

Journal of Applied IchthyologyMarine BiologyScientia Marina

Lundy Fiend SocietyLundy Fiend SocietyCoasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.

Marine Ecology Progress SeriesJournal of Coastal Conservation

Cambridge

Ecology & Geomorphology of Coastal Shingle

Earth Surface Processes and Landforms

Watsonia

BSBI NewsBritish Red Data Books 1 Vascular Plants

Botanical Links in the Atlantic Arc


Symposia of the Zoological Society of London

Symposia of the Zoological Society of London

Geological Conservation Review SeriesNature

Sedimentology

Monitoring Desmoulin’s Whorl Snail, Vertigo moulinsiana

Geological Society, London, Special Publications,Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

Quaternary Science Reviews

Quaternary Science Reviews

HydrobiologiaRegulated Rivers: Research and Management

Plant Biology

Journal of Coastal Conservation

Natural England's image collection.

Coastal Directories Series

Natural England Commissioned Report

Journal of ZoologyFreshwater Biology

Aquatic Biology

Fish & Fisheries Series


Proceedings in Marine Science



Natural England Commissioned Report, NECR185Proceedings of the Hampshire Field Club & Archaeological Society

Journal of Conchology.

English Nature Research Reports.

Diseases of Aquatic Organisms

Marine Environmental ResearchEstuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science

The Quarterly Review of Biology Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London

104B, No 2

Bulletin of European Association of Fish Pathology

Journal of Fish BiologyFreshwater Forum

Coastal and Shelf Scienc

Journal of Applied IchthyologyMarine Biology

Bioscience


Wissensch

Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy

Publicaciones Especiales- Instituto Espanol De OceanografiaProceedings of the Cotswold Naturalists Field Club

Fish and Diadromy in Europe (ecology, management, conservation)

Bird StudyBird StudyScottish BirdsBird Study



The Ecology of Poole Harbour

HydrobiologiaArchives Neerlandaises de Zoologie

Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom.Region 11 The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig

Water and Environment JournalAgriculture, Ecosystems & Environment



Journal of Wildlife Management

MCCIP Science Review

Marine Nature Conservation Review. Benthic marine ecosystems of Great Britain and the north-east Atlantic.

Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11 The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig

Fisheries and Aquculture Technical Paper

Marine Ecology Progress SeriesFisheries and Aquculture Technical Paper

The Irish Naturalists' JournalEcological Applications

AquacultureAquaculture

Aquaculture

Aquaculture

BioScience

BioScience

Preventive Veterinary Medicine


Proceedings of the International Symposium on Utilization of Coastal Ecosystems: Planning, Pollution and Productivity


Marine Biology

Hydrobiologia

Sarsia

Marine BiologyJournal of Environmental EngineeringMarine Environmental Research

Science of The Total Environment



Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin

Fish and Fisheries

Marine Ecology Progress SeriesConservation Biology

Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Environmental ResearchEndangered Species Research2003Biological Conservation


Fisheries Research

Fisheries Research

PLoS ONE



Marine Policy

Intakes and Outfalls for Seawater Reverse-Osmosis Desalination Facilities


PLoS ONEFisheries Research

Marine Pollution BulletinNat Commun

Advances in Marine BiologyReviews in Fisheries Science

Reviews in Fish Biology and FisheriesJournal of Animal Ecology


Marine Ecology Progress SeriesBiological Conservation

Marine Ecology Progress SeriesJournal of Sea ResearchMarine Ecology Progress Series

Marine Biology

Environment International


Journal of Environmental Radioactivity


Desalination



Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom. Region 11 The Western Approaches: Falmouth Bay to Kenfig



Marine Biodiversity Records


Scientific Series Technical Report

Estuarine ResearchJournal of Applied Ecology.

International Hydrographic Review.

Terra et Aqua.African Journal of BiotechnologyEnvironmental Science and Health.

From Sea to Shore – Meeting the Challenges of the Sea: (Coasts, Marine Structures and Breakwaters 2013)

Fish habitats: essential fish habitat (EFH) and rehabilitation.Effects of Dredging on Anadromous Pacific Coast Fishes. Workshop Proceedings.

Ecology

J. Cetacean Res. Manage. (Special Issue)

Botanica ComplutensisICES Marine Science Symposium.

Coastal Engineering ProceedingsApplied and Environmental Microbiology


Aquaculture Europe 89-Business joins science.

Second Annual Marine and Estuarine Shallow Water Science and Management Conference.Sustainable Development in the Southeastern Coastal Zone.

Aquaculture and the Environment: reviews of the International Conference Aquaculture Europe '91,

UNEP Regional Seas Reports and Studies No.185;

Science Series


European Research on Cetaceans

Environmental Management


Oceanography and Marine Biology


Animal Conservation


Environmental Science & Technology

Environmental Conservation

Environmental Pollution

Atmospheric Environment

Aquaculture and the Environment: reviews of the International Conference Aquaculture Europe '91

Waste Management

Science of The Total EnvironmentEnvironmental Science & Technology

Science of The Total EnvironmentFisheries Research

Fisheries Research

Water Resources ResearchJournal du Conseil

Marine PolicyBiological ConservationFisheries Research

Waterbirds

Environmental TechnologyBioScience

Marine PolicyTrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry

Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture

Marine Pollution BulletinHydrobiologia

Fish and Fisheries



Fisheries Research

Fisheries Science

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology


ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilJournal of the Marine Biological Association of the United KingdomNew Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

Fisheries Research

Marine PolicyAquatic Living Resources

Environmental Pollution

Biological ConservationC R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control

Estuaries

Estuaries

The Quarterly Journal of EconomicsAquacultureWater Research


BioScience

Environmental ConservationMarine Pollution BulletinHydrobiologia

Botanica MarinaChemistry and Ecology

Quaternary Geochronology



Hydrobiologia

Marine Biology








Freshwater BiologyMarine Pollution Bulletin

Marine Pollution BulletinMarine Pollution Bulletin

Marine Ecology Progress SeriesEnvironmental Pollution

Biology LettersIbis

Ibis

Ibis




Aquatic Mammals

The Journal of Wildlife ManagementScientific Reports

The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America

Underwater TechnologyAquatic Biology

Marine Biology

Hydrobiologia

Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management

ICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du ConseilPhilosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences

Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Maritime EngineeringICES Journal of Marine Science: Journal du Conseil


The Scientific World Journal

Coastal Engineering ProceedingsEcological EngineeringOcean & Coastal Management

Chemical Engineering TransactionsMarine Pollution Bulletin

Environmental Impact Assessment Review

Journal of Coastal ResearchBiological Conservation


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