47
Nuclear Physics B323 (1989) 141-186 North-Holland, Amsterdam WORMHOLES IN SPACETIME AND THE CONSTANTS OF NATURE* JOHN PRESKILL**' *** California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Received 24 November 1988 The proposal that wormholes in spacetime cause the cosmological constant A to vanish is reviewed, and its implications are studied. Wormholes also drive Newton's constant G to the lowest possible value. The requirem ent that G is at its minimum determines, in principle, all other constants of Nature. In practice, the values of fundamental constants other than A cannot be predicted without a detailed knowledge of Planck-scale physics. 1. Introduction A wormhole in spacetime is a gravitational quantum fluctuation that links two distantly separated spacetime points [1-3]. Although it is not yet clearly understood whether such fluctuations must be included in a sensible quantum theory of gravity, it is at least a plausible hypothesis that wormhole fluctuations occur, and it is interesting to contemplate the consequences of this hypothesis. The euclidean path integral approach to quantum gravity [4-6] provides a formalism in which wormhole effects can be systematically discussed; among the four-dimensional geometries that contribute to the path integral are wormhole configurations in which two points on a smooth background spacetime are con- nected by a narrow tube, as in fig. 1. But even if the euclidean path integral as currently formulated does not provide an adequate description of quantum gravity, it is certainly possible that wormholes exist and have remarkable effects. It is natural to wonder whether wormholes can induce an apparent failure of locality in the physics on the background spacetime, or, as Hawking [7] has advocated, an apparent loss of quantum coherence. Coleman, however, has argued persuasively that the physical effects of wormholes are quite different than we might * This work supported in part by the U.S. Department of Energy under Contract No. DE-AC0381- ER40050. ** NSF Presidential Young Investigator. *** Bitnet address: PreskilI@CALTECH. 0550-3213/89/$03.50't~Elsevier Science Publishers B.V. (North-Holland Physics Publishing Division)

John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

  • Upload
    gijke3

  • View
    219

  • Download
    0

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

Page 1: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 1/46

Page 2: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 2/46

Page 3: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 3/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes 14 3

r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d u n i v e r s e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y i s o n e t h a t e a c h c o n s t a n t a s s u m e s i t s

s t a n d a r d v a l u e . T h u s , t h e q u a n t u m i n d e t e r m i n a c y t h a t a f f l i c t s t h e f u n d a m e n t a l

c o n s t a n t s t u r n s o u t t o b e v e r y m i l d. T h e s t a n d a r d v a l u e o f t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t

A c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d ; i t i s z e r o , a s C o l e m a n c l a i m e d . T h i s r e s u l t h o l d s q u i t eg e n e r a l l y , a n d i s n o t s e n s i ti v e t o t h e d e t a i le d p r o p e r t i e s o f s h o r t - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s .

B u t I a r g u e t h a t t h e s t a n d a r d v a l u e s o f a ll o t h e r f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s t a n t s a r e q u i t e

s e n s i t i v e t o t h e d e t a i l s o f p h y s i c s a t th e P l a n c k s c a l e; h e n c e , n o c o n s t a n t s o t h e r t h a n

t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t c a n b e e x p l i c it ly c a lc u l a te d . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s ra t h e r

d i s a p p o i n t i n g , i f n o t e n t i r e l y su r p r i si n g . T o p u t i t i n a p o s i t i v e li g h t, o n e m i g h t b e

e n c o u r a g e d t h a t , b e c a u s e o f o u r i n a b i l i t y t o e x t r a c t o t h e r p r e c i s e p r e d i c t i o n s ,

C o l e m a n ' s b e a u t i f u l e x p l a n a t i o n f o r A = 0 h a s n o t b e e n f o u n d t o b e i n c o n s i s t e n t

w i t h a n y t h i n g t h a t w e k n o w a b o u t N a t u r e . I n d e e d , I w i l l a l s o p r o p o s e a m e c h a n i s m

t h a t c a n a c c o u n t n a t u r a l l y f o r t h e s u p p r e s s io n o f l a rg e w o r m h o l e s .M o s t o f t h e a n a l y s i s r e p o r t e d i n t h i s p a p e r i s p r e m i s e d o n t h e c l a i m t h a t a l l o f t h e

c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e o t h e r th a n t he c o s m o l o g ic a l c o n s t a n t c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d b y

r e q u i r i n g t h a t N e w t o n ' s g r a v i t a t i o n a l c o n s t a n t G m u s t a s s u m e t h e s m a l l e s t p o s s i b l e

v a l u e * . T h e p o t e n t i a l q u a n t u m i n d e t e r m i n a c y o f f u n d a m e n t a l p h y s i c s i s e v a d e d ,

b e c a u s e a r a n d o m l y s e le c te d u n i v e rs e is o v e r w h e l m i n g l y li k el y t o h a v e G a t it s

m i n i m u m . T h i s c r i t e r io n is s u ff i ci e n t t o d e t e r m i n e a l l o f th e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s t a n t s

b e c a u s e a ll c o n t r i b u t e t o G t h r o u g h r e n o r m a l i z a t io n e f f e ct s . T h e a n a ly s i s co n s i st s o f

t w o m a i n p a r t s . I n t h e f ir s t p a r t , I s t u d y t h e e f f e c t s o f w o r m h o l e i n t e r a c t i o n s , w h i c h

w e r e n e g l e c t e d i n C o l e m a n ' s o r i g i n a l a n a l y s i s . T h e s e i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e e s s e n t i a l i ne n s u r i n g t h a t G a c t u a ll y h a s a n o n z e r o m i n i m u m . T h e y a re a ls o th e k e y t o

u n d e r s t a n d i n g w h y t h e e ff e c ts o f l a rg e w o r m h o l e s a r e s u p p r e s se d . I n t h e s e c o n d

p a r t , t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p m e t h o d i s a p p l i e d t o s t u d y t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f G o n

t h e o t h e r f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s t a n t s . I t i s b e c a u s e t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G i s d o m i -

n a t e d b y " n o n u n i v e r s a l " s h o r t - d i st a n c e e f fe c t s t h a t w e a r e u n a b l e in t h e e n d t o

m a k e p r e c i s e p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t t h e v a l u e s o f t h e o t h e r c o n s t a n t s .

T h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h i s p a p e r i s o r g a n i z e d a s f o l l o w s : I n s e c t . 2 , t h e c o n n e c t i o n i s

d e r i v e d b e t w e e n w o r m h o l e s i n sp a c e ti m e a n d t he p o te n t ia l q u a n t u m i n d e t e r m i n a c y

o f t h e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e . A s C o l e m a n s h o w e d , o n e c a n " i n t e g r a t e o u t " t hew o r m h o l e f l u c t u a t i o n s a n d o b t a i n a n e f f e c t iv e f ie l d t h e o r y w i t h a n e x p l ic i t s h o r t -d i s -

t a n c e c u t o f f in w h i c h w o r m h o l e f l u c t u a t i o n s n o l o n g e r o c c u r; t h e c u t o f f is t h e

c h a r a c t e r is t i c w o r m h o l e " t h i c k n e s s . " T h e e f f e ct s o f t h e w o r m h o l e s c a n t h e n b e

i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e ef f e c ti v e t h e o r y . B u t

t h e r e i s a n o t h e r , m o r e s u r p ri si n g , r e m n a n t o f th e w o r m h o l e f l u c t u a t io n s i n l o w - e n e r g y

p h y s i c s . T h e e f f e c ti v e f ie l d t h e o r y is a c t u a ll y a s u p e r p o s i t io n o f m a n y " s u p e r s e l e c -

t i o n " s e c t o r s t h a t d o n o t c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h e a c h o t h e r t h r o u g h a n y l o c a l p h y s i c s .

* T h i s c r i t e r i o n w a s p r e v i o u s l y s u g g e s t e d b y G r i n s t e i n a n d W i s e [1 5]. A d i f f e r e n t c r i t e r i o n w a s

e n v i s i o n e d i n r e f s . [1 6 ,1 8 ] ; t h i s a c c o u n t s f o r s o m e o f t h e d i f f e r i n g c o n c l u s i o n s o f r e f s. [1 6 , 18 ] a n d t h e

p r e s e n t p a p e r .

Page 4: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 4/46

1 4 4 J. Preskill / Wormholes

T h e s e s e c t o r s a r e l a b e le d b y a s e t o f p a r a m e t e r s , d e n o t e d b y a , t h a t a r e p r e s u m a b l y

i n f i n i t e in n u m b e r . I n e a c h s e c to r , th e " b a r e " c o u p l i n g s t h a t s p e c i f y t h e e f fe c t iv e

f i e l d t h e o r y a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e a r e f u n c t i o n s o f a ; t h i s i s t h e o r i g i n o f t h e

q u a n t u m i n d e t e r m i n a c y o f t h e f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s ta n t s .

T h e d e r i v a t i o n p r e s e n t e d h e r e o f t h is a - d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e e ff e c ti v e t h e o r y

e m p h a s i z e s t h e g e n e r a l i t y o f t h e r e su l t . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e a r g u m e n t d o e s n o t r e l y a t

a l l o n t h e s e m i c l a s s i c a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n i n v o k e d b y C o l e m a n . W e w i l l a l s o s e e t h a t

t h e i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a a s th e la b e l o f a c o h e r e n t s u p e r p o s i t io n o f " b a b y u n i v e r s e "

s t a t e s , w h i c h p l a y e d a c e n t r a l r o l e i n C o l e m a n ' s d i s c u s s i o n , i s r e a l l y p e r i p h e r a l t o

t h e a r g u m e n t , a n d m a y n o t e v e n m a k e s e n s e b e y o n d t h e s e m i c la s si ca l a p p r o x i m a -

t i o n .

I n s e ct . 3 , C o l e m a n ' s e x p l a n a t i o n f o r th e v a n i s h i n g o f t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t is

r e v i e w e d . T h e s u p e r p o s i t io n o f a - d e p e n d e n t e f f e c ti v e t h e o r ie s is s h o w n t o b ed e s c r i b e d b y a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t ri b u t i o n t h a t i s v e r y s h a r p l y p e a k e d a t A = 0. T h is

a r g u m e n t r e q u i r e s s o m e a d d i t i o n a l a s s u m p t i o n s b e y o n d t h o s e n e e d e d i n s e c t . 2 . I n

p a r t i c u l a r , t h e a r g u m e n t s e e m s t o r e l y q u i t e h e a v i l y o n t h e v a l i d i t y o f th e e u c l i d e a n

p a t h i n te g r a l a p p r o a c h t o q u a n t u m g r a v it y * .

I n s e c t . 4 , I a r g u e t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n o f t h e " a - u n i v e r s e s " s t r o n g l y

f a v o r s n o t o n l y th a t A v a n i s h, b u t a ls o t h a t N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t G a s s u m e t h e

s m a l l e s t p o s s i b l e ( a - d e p e n d e n t ) v a l u e * * . A g a i n , t h i s a r g u m e n t s e e m s t o m a k e

e s s e n t i a l u s e o f t h e e u c l i d e a n p a t h i n t e g r a l f o r m a l i s m . I c l a i m t h a t t h e r e q u i r e m e n t

t h a tG(a)

i s a t i t s m i n i m u m s u f f i c e s t o d e t e r m i n e a l l o f t h e a ' s , a n d h e n c e t o

d e t e r m i n e a l l o f t h e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e . T h e r e s t o f t h e p a p e r f u r t h e r e x p l o r e s t h e

i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h is c l ai m .

I f w e h o p e t o a c t u a l ly d e t e r m i n e t h e a ' s b y m i n i m i z i n g G , w e m u s t c o m p u t e t h e

f u n c t i o n G ( a ) . W e c a n i m a g i n e c a r r y i n g o u t s u c h a c a l c u l a ti o n i n t w o s ta g es . I n t h e

f i rs t s t ag e , w e i n t e g r a t e o u t t h e w o r m h o l e f l u c t u a t i o n s t o o b t a i n a n e f f e c ti v e t h e o r y

w i t h a - d e p e n d e n t b a r e c o u p l i n g s; t hi s e f fe c t iv e t h e o r y is c u t o f f a t t h e w o r m h o l e

m a s s s c a le M w . I n t h e s e c o n d s t a ge , w e a l lo w t h e c u t o f f t o " f l o a t " d o w n f r o m M w

i n t o t h e f a r i n f r a r e d ; w e t h u s o b t a i n a n e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d G t h a t

d e s c r i b e s g r a v i t y a t l o n g d i s t a n c e s i n t e r m s o f t h e b a r e p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e e f f e c t i v e

t h e o r y . T h e f i r s t s t a g e o f t h i s c a l c u l a t i o n i s t h e s u b j e c t o f s e c t . 5 , a n d t h e s e c o n d

s t a g e i s t h e s u b j e c t o f s e c t . 6 .

I f t h e m e c h a n i s m p r o p o s e d b y C o l e m a n f o r e n s u r i n g t h a t A = 0 is to a p p l y t o

N a t u r e , a n d i f t h is m e c h a n i s m r e q u i re s G(a) t o b e a t i t s m i n i m u m , t h e n i t i s

e v i d e n t l y n e c e s s a r y f o r G(a) t o h a v e a nonzero m i n i m u m . O t h e r w i s e G w i ll w a n t t o

v a n i s h , i n c o n f l i c t w i t h o b s e r v a ti o n . B u t in t h e a p p r o x i m a t i o n a s s u m e d b y C o l e m a n ,

i n w h i c h w o r m h o l e s a r e t r e a t e d a s d i l u t e a n d t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s a m o n g w o r m h o l e s a r e

* T h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t A = 0 is h i g h l y " p r o b a b l e " i n e u cl i d ea n q u a n t u m g r a v i t y h a d b e e n m a d e e a r li er

b y H a w k i n g [ 2 1 ] a n d b y B a u m [ 2 2 ] . T h e y , h o w e v e r , h a d n o t a p p r e c i a t e d t h e c r u c i a l r o l e o fw o r m h o l e s i n m a k i n g A a n adjustable q u a n t i t y .

* * M o r e p r e c i s e ly , G ( a ) i s m i n i m i z e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f a o n t h a t s u r f a c e i n a - s p a c e w h e r e A(a) = O.

Page 5: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 5/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes 145

n e g l e c t e d , G i s n o t b o u n d e d a w a y f r o m z e ro . T h u s , it is n e c e s s a r y t o im p r o v e o n

t h is d i l u te a p p r o x i m a t i o n . T h e s y s t e m a t i c c o r r e c t io n s t o t h e d i lu t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n

a r e d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t . 5 . I i n d i c a t e h o w w o r m h o l e i n t e r a c t i o n s c a n g e n e r a t e a l o w e r

b o u n d o n G , a n d i l l u s t r a t e t h i s p o s s i b i l i t y w i t h a s i m p l e t o y m o d e l .T h e s t u d y o f w o r m h o l e i n t e ra c t i o n s w i ll a l so le a d m e to p r o p o s e a m e c h a n i s m

t h a t c a n a c c o u n t f o r th e s u p p r e s s i o n o f th e l o w - e n e r g y e f fe c t s o f la r g e w o r m h o l e s .

T h i s m e c h a n i s m r el ie s o n t h e o b s e r v a ti o n t h a t t he a ' s a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e

r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t G ( a ) i s a t i t s m i n i m u m , a n d i t a r i s e s d u e t o t h e i n t e r a c t i o n s o f

l a rg e w o r m h o l e s w i th s m a l l w o r m h o l e s . T h e m e c h a n i s m h a s t h e u n u s u a l f e a tu r e t h a t

t h e s u p p r e s s i o n o f la rg e w o r m h o l e s c a n n o t b e u n d e r s t o o d i n t e rm s o f lo n g - d i s ta n c e

p h y s i c s a l o n e . I n t h i s s e n s e , i t m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a v i o l a t i o n o f t h e p r i n c i p l e t h a t

s h o r t - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s is e f f e c ti v e ly " d e c o u p l e d " f r o m l o n g - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s .

I n s e c t. 6 , I d e s c r i b e h o w a n e f f e c t i v e th e o r y o f g r a v i t y i s r e n o r m a l i z e d a s t h e

u l t r a v i o l e t c u t o f f f l o a t s d o w n f r o m t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e t o w a r d t h e f a r i n f r a r e d . I

n o t e t h a t s o m e n o n p e r t u r b a t i v e p r o p e r t i e s o f t h i s r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n c a n b e e x t r a c t e d

i f I m a k e t h e r a t h e r m i l d a s s u m p t i o n t h a t E i n s te i n g r a v i t y h a s n o n o n t r i v i a l

c o n t i n u u m l im i t . F r o m t h e s e p r o p e r t i e s , I t h e n i n f e r t h e c o n d i t i o n s t h a t t h e

a - d e p e n d e n t b a r e t h e o ry a t th e w o r m h o l e s c a le m u s t s a ti sf y , in o r d e r t h a t C o l e m a n ' s

d e r i v a t i o n o f A = 0 b e a p p l i c a b l e . T h e s e c o n d i t i o n s a r e f o u n d t o b e q u i t e w e a k .

I t h e n e x a m i n e w h e t h e r c a l c u l a ti o n s o f f u n d a m e n t a l c o n s t a n t s o t h e r th a n A c a n

b e c a r r i e d o u t i n p r a c t i c e . I a r g u e t h a t t h e v a l u e s o f o t h e r c o n s t a n t s c a n n o t b e

p r e c i s e l y p r e d i c t e d w i t h o u t a d e ta i le d k n o w l e d g e o f p h y s i c s a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e( w h i c h i s c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e P l a n c k s c a l e ) . T h i s a r g u m e n t i s b a s e d o n s t r a i g h t f o r -

w a r d p o w e r - c o u n t i n g o f F e y n m a n d i a g r a m s , w h i ch s h o w s t h a t t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n

o f G is d o m i n a t e d b y s h o r t - d i s t a n c e q u a n t u m f l u c t u a ti o n s t h a t a r e s e n s it iv e t o t h e

d e t a i l s o f P l a n c k - s c a l e p h y s i c s .

T h e a n a l y s i s o f r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n e f f e c ts l e a d s t o o n e r a t h e r s u r p r i s in g c o n c l u s io n . I

f in d t h a t i f a n e l e m e n t a r y s ca la r o r fe r m i o n h a s a n a - d e p e n d e n t b a r e m a s s t h a t c a n

b e a d j u s t e d a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a le , t h e n t h e p h y s i c a l m a s s o f th i s p a r t i c le c a n n o t b e

f a r b e l o w t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e , unless t h e p h y s i c a l m a s s v a n i s h e s exact ly ' . A m o n g

o t h e r c o n s e q u e n c e s , t hi s o b s e r v a t i o n im p l i e s th a t i f C o l e m a n ' s m e c h a n i s m is t o b e

c o m p a t i b l e w i th t h e k n o w n f e a t u re s o f p a r t ic l e p h y s ic s , th e n w e m u s t i n s is t t h a t t h e

l i g h t m a s s s c a l e s o f p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s ( l i k e t h e w e a k i n t e r a c t i o n s c a l e ) a r e d e t e r m i n e d

d y n a m i c a l l y . T h e w e a k i n t e r a c t i o n s c a l e m u s t n o t b e d e t e r m i n e d b y a d ju s t i n g a b a r e

m a s s p a r a m e t e r a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e .

2. T h e e f f e c t s o f w o r m h o l e s

A w o r m h o l e i n s p a c e t i m e is a g r a v i t a t i o n a l q u a n t u m f l u c t u a t i o n t h a t li n k s t w o

d i s t a n t l y s e p a r a t e d s p a c e t i m e p o i n t s . H e n c e , i t is n a t u r a l t o w o n d e r w h e t h e r

w o r m h o l e s c a n i n d u c e a n a p p a r e n t v i o l a ti o n o f l o c a li ty . B u t C o l e m a n [ 8] h a s a r g u e d

Page 6: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 6/46

146 J . P r e s k i l l / W o r r n h o l e s

p e r s u a s i v e l y t h a t t h e p h y s ic a l e f fe c t s o f w o r m h o l e s a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t t h a n w e m i g h t

n a i v e l y e x p e c t . H e c o n c l u d e s t h a t , b e c a u s e o f w o r m h o l e e f f e c t s , t h e f u n d a m e n t a l

c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e a r e a f f li c te d w i t h a n in t r in s i c q u a n t u m i n d e t e r m i n a c y . Q u a n -

t u m g r a v i t y , t h e n , m a y t h r e a t e n o u r a b il i ty , e v e n i n p ri n c i p l e , to m a k e p r e c i s e

p r e d i c t i o n s a b o u t h o w N a t u r e b e h a ve s .

I n t h i s s e c t i o n , I w il l b r i e f l y re v i e w h o w t h i s r e m a r k a b l e c o n c l u s i o n i s re a c h e d ,

f o l l o w i n g c l o s el y a r e f o r m u l a t i o n o f C o l e m a n ' s o r i g in a l a r g u m e n t d u e t o K l e b a n o v ,

S u s s k i n d , a n d B a n k s [ 1 6 ] . I i n c l u d e t h i s s e c t i o n t o e s t a b l i s h n o t a t i o n , a n d a l s o t o

m a k e t w o i m p o r t a n t p o i n t s . F ir s t, a l t h o u g h C o l e m a n o r i g i n a ll y p r e s e n t e d h is

a r g u m e n t i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a s e m i cl a ss ic a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n , t h e v a li d i ty o f t h is

a p p r o x i m a t i o n is n o t a t a ll a n e c e s s a r y i n g r e d i e n t in t h e a r g u m e n t . T h i s p o i n t i s

i m p o r t a n t b e c a u s e w e w i l l s e e w h e n w e a p p l y C o l e m a n ' s i d e a s t o t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l

c o n s t a n t p r o b l e m t h a t t h e s e m i c l a s s i c a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n u s e d b y C o l e m a n c a n n o t b e

j u s t if i e d . S e c o n d , w h i l e t h e n o t i o n o f a " b a b y u n i v e r s e " a s s o c ia t e d w i t h a w o r m h o l e

p l a y e d a c e n t r a l r o l e i n C o l e m a n ' s d i s c u s s i o n , t h is n o t i o n i s a c t u a l l y p e r i p h e r a l t o

t h e a r g u m e n t , a n d m a y n o t m a k e s e n s e b e y o n d t h e s e m i c la s si c al a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

T h e b a s i c a s s u m p t i o n s u n d e r l y i n g C o l e m a n ' s a n a l y s is a r e t h a t w o r m h o l e s e xi st ,

a n d t h a t t h e w o r m h o l e s h a v e t w o e s se n t ia l p r o p e r ti e s : (i ) W o r m h o l e s h a v e a

c h a r a c t e r i s t i c " t h i c k n e s s " R w . T h i s t h i c k n e s s i s p r e s u m a b l y o f o r d e r t h e P l a n c k

l e n g t h M ~ , t h e c h a r a c t e ri s ti c l e n g t h s c al e o f g r a v i t a ti o n a l q u a n t u m f l u c tu a t i o n s.

W e a s s u m e t h a t w o r m h o l e s m u c h t h i c k e r th a n R w a r e r a re a n d c a n b e n e g l e c t e d * .

( i i ) W o r m h o l e s h a v e n o c h a r a c t e r i s t i c l e n g t h . W e a s s u m e t h a t t h e w o r m h o l e i s

c o m p l e t e l y i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n i t s t w o e n d s i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d

s p a c e t i m e ; i t t a k e s a s h o r t c u t .

I t f o l l o w s f r o m a s s u m p t i o n ( i ) t h a t , f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f d i s c u s s i n g p h y s i c s a t

e n e r g i e s w e l l b e l o w R w ~, w o r m h o l e s m a y b e i n t e g r a t e d o u t ; t h e ir e f f e c ts m a y b e

i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a n e f f ec t iv e f ie l d t h e o r y i n w h i c h w o r m h o l e f l u c t u a t i o n s n o l o n g e r

o c c u r . I n t h i s l o w - e n e r g y e f f e c ti v e t h e o r y , th e c o n t r i b u t i o n t o a q u a n t u m m e c h a n i c a l

e x p e c t a t i o n v a l u e d u e t o a w o r m h o l e t h a t c o n n e c t s t h e s p a c e t im e p o i n t s x~ a n d x 2

c a n b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a n e x p a n s i o n i n l o c a l o p e r a t o r s a t x 1 a n d x 2, o f t h e f o r m

Y" aob(O~(X~)@b(x2). ( 2 . 1 )ab

H e r e , t h e @ ~ 's a r e a s u i t a b l e b a s is f o r t h e g a u g e - i n v a r i a n t l o c a l o p e r a t o r s , a n d A is a

r e a l s y m m e t r i c m a t r ix . B y th e a s s u m p t i o n ( ii) a b o v e , A i s i n d e p e n d e n t o f x 1 a n d x 2.

T h e b i l o c a l e x p a n s i o n e q . ( 2 . 1 ) i s u n d e r s t o o d t o b e v a l i d w h e n t h e s e p a r a t i o n

b e t w e e n x 1 a n d x 2 is la r g e c o m p a r e d t o R w .

* We will examine more closely in sect. 5 the justification of this assumption.

Page 7: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 7/46

J. Preski ll / Wormholes 1 4 7

A f t e r a n i n t e g r a t i o n o v e r al l p o s s ib l e p o s i ti o n s o f t h e w o r m h o l e e n d s o n t h e

b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t im e , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n e q. ( 2 .1 ) b e c o m e s *

C = l f d 4 X l ~ f d 4 X 2 ~ ' g 2 Z A a b ( f l a ( X I ) O b ( X 2 ) "ab

( 2 . 2 )

N o w , i n t r e a t i n g t h e e f f e c t o f a c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f N w o r m h o l e s , le t u s i m a g i n e t h a t

t h e w o r m h o l e s a r e s u f f ic i e n tl y " d i l u t e " t h a t t h e y m a y b e c o n s i d e r e d t o b e in d e p e n -

d e n t o f o n e a n o t h e r . T h e N - w o r m h o l e c o n t r i b u t io n t h e n f a c to r iz e s a n d c a n b e

e x p r e s s e d a s CN/N!, w h e r e t h e 1/N! c o m p e n s a t e s f o r o v e r c o u n t i n g o f i d e n t i c a l

w o r m h o l e s . ( I n s e c t . 5 w e w i l l s e e h o w t h i s d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n b e s y s t e m a t i -

c a l l y i m p r o v e d . )

T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n d u e t o a n a r b i t r a r y w o r m h o l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n i n t h e d i l u t e l i m i tc a n n o w b e o b t a i n e d b y s u m m i n g o v e r N . T h e s u m e x p o n e n t ia t e s, a n d c a n b e

e x p r e s s e d a s a g a u s s i a n i n t e g r a l ,

e c : f ( d c ~ ) e x p ( - j y ' a . ( A 1).hab)exp(~a.fd4x~@.(x)).a,h

( z . 3 )

W e s e e th a t , i n t h e d i lu t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n , t h e p r o c e s s o f in t e g r a t in g o u t w o r m h o l e s

i n d u c e s a n c ~ - d e p e n d e n t s h i f t i n t h e l o c a l ( e u c l i d e a n ) e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n ,

8 x ( a ) = - E a , , f d 4 x ( 2 . 4 )6/

Q u a n t u m m e c h a n i c a l e x p e c t a t i o n v a lu e s in t h e e ff e c ti v e t h e o r y a r e e x p r e s s e d as

i n t e g r a l s o v e r a o f e x p e c t a t i o n v al u e s c o m p u t e d i n u n i v er s e s w i t h a - d e p e n d e n t

c o u p l i n g s * * . T h e v a r i o u s a - u n i v e r s e s a r e w e i g h t e d b y a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

a , b

H o w e v e r , o u r p h y s i c a l o b s e r v a t i o n s a r e a c t u a l l y c a r r i e d o u t i n a u n i v e r s e w i t h a

f i x e d v a l u e o f th e a / s , f o r w e in p r i n c ip l e c a n m e a s u r e t h e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e t o

a r b i t r a r y a c c u r a c y .

T h e l o ss o f q u a n t u m c o h e r e n c e d ec l ai m e d b y H a w k i n g [ 7] m a y b e i n t e rp r e t e d a s a

l o s s o f i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e o t h e r a - u n i v e r s e s t h a t o c c u r in t h e s u p e r p o s i t i o n e q.

( 2 . 3 ) . B e c a u s e p h y s i c s i s d o n e w i t h a l l a a ' s f i x e d , t h i s l o s s o f c o h e r e n c e i s n o t

* W e n e g l e c t a s m a l l e r r o r d u e t o t h e b r e a k d o w n o f t h e b i l o c a l e x p a n s i o n f o r x 1 - x 2 .

* * T h e n u m b e r o f i n d e p e n d e n t c~'s i s t h e s a m e a s th e n u m b e r o f n o n z e r o e i g e n v a l u e s o f t he m a t r i x A i n

e q . ( 2. 1 ). " G e n e r i c a l l y " , t h i s i s t h e s a m e a s th e n u m b e r o f g a u g e - i n v a r i a n t l o c a l o p e r a t o r s : t h a t i s, i t

i s i n f i n i t e .

Page 8: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 8/46

148 J. Preskill / Wormholes

a c c e s s i b le t o a n y o b s e r v e r. I n s t e a d o f a f a il u r e o f q u a n t u m m e c h a n i c s o r o f l o c a li ty ,

w o r m h o l e e f f e c t s i n t ro d u c e i n t o ph y s ic s a f u n d a m e n t a l q u a n t u m i n d e t e r m i n a c y o f

t h e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e . W o r m h o l e s t h r e a t e n t o i n h i b i t o u r a b i l it y to p r e d i c t w i th

c e r t a i n t y th e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e o n t h e b a s is o f f u n d a m e n t a l t h e o r y .

T h a t t h e a - d i s t r i b u t i o n P ( a ) is g a u s si a n, a n d t h a t t h e s h if t o f t h e e ff e c ti v e a c t i o n

8S(a) i s l i n e a r i n a , a r e a r t if a c t s o f th e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n t h a t w e h a v e m a d e .

C o r r e c t i o n s t o t h i s a p p r o x i m a t i o n w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t . 5 . B u t t h e c o n c l u s i o n

t h a t t h e e f f e c ts o f w o r m h o l e s c a n b e i n c o r p o r a t e d i n t o a n a - d e p e n d e n t r e n o r m a l iz a -

t i o n o f t h e e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n s e e m s t o b e m u c h m o r e g e n e r a l . I b e l i e v e t h a t t h i s

c o n c l u s i o n f o l lo w s f r o m j u s t t h e t w o a s s u m p t i o n s s t a te d a b o v e ( s u b je c t to s o m e

c a v e a t s t h a t w i l l b e m e n t i o n e d l a t e r ) .

T h e a b o v e r e f o r m u l a t i o n o f C o l e m a n ' s a r g u m e n t w a s p r e v io u s l y p r e s e n te d i n r e f.

[ 1 6 ] . I t d i f f e r s f r o m C o l e m a n ' s o r i g i n a l p r e s e n t a t i o n [ 8 ] i n t w o s i g n i f i c a n t r e s p e c t s .F i r s t, C o l e m a n ' s a r g u m e n t w a s c a r r i e d o u t w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f t h e s em i c la s si ca l

a p p r o x i m a t i o n , i n w h i c h t h e o n l y w o r m h o l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n s th a t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e

e u c l i d e a n p a t h i n te g r a l a r e s o lu t i o n s t o th e e u c l i d e a n e q u a t i o n s o f m o t i o n ( s t a -

t i o n a r y p o i n t s o f t h e e u c l i d e a n a c t i o n ) a n d s m a l l f l u c t u a t i o n s a b o u t s u c h s o l u t i o n s .

T h e a b o v e a r g u m e n t i s m o r e s a t is f y in g b e c a u s e it m a k e s n o r e f e r e n c e t o t h e

s e m i c l a s s ic a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n . T h i s p o i n t is i m p o r t a n t , b e c a u s e w e w il l s e e i n s ec t . 3

t h a t , i f w e a r e t o i n v o k e C o l e m a n ' s a r g u m e n t s t o s o lv e t he c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t

p r o b l e m , t h e n t h e s e m ic la s si ca l a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n n o t b e j u s ti f ie d . ( W e haue,so f a r ,

r e g a r d e d t h e w o r m h o l e s a s d il u te , b u t o u r c o n c l u s i o n s s ur v iv e e v e n w h e n t h e d i lu t ea p p r o x i m a t i o n i s a b a n d o n e d . )

T h e s e c o n d r e s p e c t i n w h i c h o u r

a r g u m e n t i s t h a t C o l e m a n a t t a c h e s t o

C o l e m a n i n c l u d e s i n h i s a n a l y s i s , i n

f o r m u l a t i o n d i f f e r s f r o m C o l e m a n ' s o r i g i n a l

a a n i n t e r p r e t a t i o n t h a t w a s e s c h e w e d a b o v e .

a d d i t i o n t o w o r m h o l e s a t t a c h e d t o t h e b a c k -

g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e , " s e m i w o r m h o l e s " t h a t c o n n e c t t h e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e t o a

t i n y c l o s e d t h r e e - g e o m e t r y , o r " b a b y u n i v e r s e ." H e is th u s a b l e t o i n t e r p r e t a a s th e

l a b e l o f a c o h e r e n t s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f b a b y u n i v e r s e s t a t e s . A s w e h a v e s e e n , t h i s

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n i s n o t e s s e n t i a l i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f t h e m a i n r e s u l t , t h a t w o r m h o l e

e f f e c t s c a n b e a b s o r b e d i n t o a n a - d e p e n d e n t e f f e c t iv e a c t io n . T h i s is a g o o d t h in g ,

b e c a u s e i t s e e m s t h a t t h e n o t i o n o f a b a b y u n i v e r s e , o r a t l e a s t t h e c o n n e c t i o n

b e t w e e n b a b y u n i v e r se s a n d t h e a ' s a s s o c i at e d w i th w o r m h o l e p h y si c s, m a k e s s e n se

o n l y w i t h i n t h e s e m i cl a ss ic a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

A l t h o u g h t h is is s o m e w h a t o f f th e m a i n l i n e o f th e a r g u m e n t i n t h is p a p e r , I w il l

d e s c r i b e i n t h e re m a i n d e r o f th i s s e c ti o n h o w t h e c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n a ' s a n d b a b y

u n i v e r s e s c a n b e e s t a b l i sh e d . T h i s d i s c u s s i o n w i ll c l a r i f y w h y t h e s e m i c la s s ic a l

a p p r o x i m a t i o n a p p e a r s t o b e e s s e n t i a l .

L e t t h e i n d e x i l a b e l th e s t a t e s o f a b as i s f o r th e b a b y u n i v e r s e s ta t es . W e m a y

d e f i n e S ~j a s t h e a m p l i t u d e f o r t h e b a b y u n i v e r s e s t a t e i t o e v o l v e t o t h e b a b y

u n i v e r s e s t a t e j d e t e r m i n e d , f o r e x a m p l e , b y a e u c l i d e a n p a t h i n t e g r a l ( fi g. 2 ). W e

m a y a l s o c o n s i d e r t h e a m p l i t u d e f o r a s e m i w o r m h o l e to c o n n e c t b a b y u n i v e r se i t o

Page 9: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 9/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes

J

Fig. 2. The amplitude for bab y universe state i to evolve to bab y universe state j.

149

i

Fig. 3. The amplitude for baby universe state i to connect via a semiwormhole to the backgroundspacetime.

a b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e (f ig . 3 ); q u a n t i t i e s X j c a n b e d e f i n e d ( if t h e m a t r i x S is

i n v e r t i b l e ) s o t h a t t h is a m p l i t u d e is d e n o t e d

Y: , S , jX j .

J

I n t h is e x p r e s s io n , w e m a y t h i n k o f S a s a b a b y u n i v e r s e " p r o p a g a t o r , " a n d X j a s

t h e s tr e n g t h o f t h e " c o u p l i n g " o f b a b y u n i v e r s e j t o t h e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e .

S o f a r t hi s is j u s t d e f i n it i o n s. B u t n o w w e m a k e t h e n o n t r i v i a l a s s u m p t i o n t h a t t h e

a m p l i t u d e f o r a w o r m h o l e t o a t t a ch t o t he b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t im e i s de t e rm i ned b y

t h e b a b y u n i v e r s e p r o p a g a t o r a n d t he s e m i w o r m h o l e a m p l i t u d e t o b e

~ ' , X i S s jX j .ij

H e u r i s t i c a l l y , t h e n , t h e w o r m h o l e a m p l i t u d e ( fi g. 4 ) o b e y s a " c u t t i n g r u l e " o r

" c o m p l e t e n e s s r e l a ti o n , " d e n o t e d s c h e m a t i c a l l y in fi g. 5 ; i t c a n b e r e p r o d u c e d b y a

s u m o v e r b a b y u n i v er s e " i n t e r m e d i a t e s ta te s ."

Z ~ s ~ j h1,1

Fig. 4. The amplitude for a wormhole to attach to the background spacetime.

Page 10: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 10/46

150 J. Preskill / Wormholes

i i

F ig . 5 . T h e b a b y u n i v e r s e c o m p l e t e n e s s r e l a t io n .

I n t h e s e m i c l a s s i c a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n , s u c h a c o m p l e t e n e s s r e l a t i o n i s s a t i s f i e d ,

b e c a u s e t h e r e i s a n a t u r a l w a y t o a s s o c i a t e a b a b y u n i v e r s e w i t h a w o r m h o l e . T h e

b a b y u n i v e r s e i s t h e t h r e e - g e o m e t r y o b t a i n e d w h e n w e s li ce th e c l as s ic a l w o r m h o l e

s o l u t i o n t h r o u g h i t s m i d p o i n t [2 , 8 , 9 ]. B u t t h e r e is n o u n a m b i g u o u s w a y o f a s s o c ia t -

i n g a g e n e r a l w o r m h o l e c o n f i g u r a t i o n ( t h a t i s n o t a c l a s s i c a l s o l u t i o n ) w i t h a b a b y

u n i v e r s e , a n d I s e e n o r e a s o n t o e x p e c t t h a t t h e r e e x i s t s a b a s i s f o r t h e b a b y u n i v e r s e

s t a t e s s u c h t h a t t h e i d e n t i t y i n d i c a t e d i n f ig . 5 i s s a t i s f ie d , e x c e p t in t h e s e m i c l a s s i c a l

a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

T h i s c o m p l e t e n e s s r e l a t i o n p r o v i d e s t h e l o g ic a l c o n n e c t i o n t h a t i s n e e d e d t o r e l a te

w o r m h o l e p h y s i c s t o b a b y u n i v e r s e s . T o e s t a b l i s h t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p , a s s u m e t h e

v a l i d i t y o f t h e c o m p l e t e n e ss r e la t io n a n d s u m o v e r w o r m h o l e a n d s e m i w o r m h o l e

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s . ( A t y p i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n i s s h o w n i n f i g . 6 . ) I n t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a -

t i o n t h e s u m e x p o n e n t i a t e s , a n d w e h a v e

Z [ J ] : e x p ( ~ ( ~ J S , s ~ + J , i j X j + 1 2 X S i j X i ) ) , ( 2 . 6 )

w h e r e 4 i s a s o u r c e t h a t c o u p l e s t o th e b a b y u n i v e r s e i. T h i s g e n e r a t i n g f u n c t i o n c a n

b e e x p r e s s e d a s a g a u s s i a n i n t e g r a l

Z [ J ] = f ( d a ) e x p ( - l Y 'a s ( S t ) / j a d + . ~ _ . , a , ( J , + X , ) ) .i , ) i

( 2 . 7 )

N o w i t is c o n v e n i e n t t o r e d e f i n e o u r b a si s f o r t h e b a b y u n i v e r s e s ta t e s s o th a t S i jb e c o m e s 8 i j . ( T h i s i s a c o n v e n t i o n a l " r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n " o f t h e b a b y u n i v e r s e w a v e

F i g. 6 . A t y p i c a l c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f w o r m h o l e s a n d s e m i w o r m h o l e s .

Page 11: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 11/46

Page 12: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 12/46

Page 13: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 13/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes 153

Fig. 8. A connected geometry that b eco m es disconnected after wormh oles are integrated ou t. Theoperator O wh ose expectation value is to be evaluated acts on on e o f the connected components.

i s o v e r f o u r - d i m e n s i o n a l g e o m e t r i e s t h a t ar e c l o s e d a n d c o n n e c t e d * . ( T h e i n t e g r a -

t i o n o v e r f i e l d s o t h e r t h a n t h e m e t r i c h a s n o t b e e n e x p l i c i t l y i n d i c a t e d , b u t i s

u n d e r s t o o d . ) W e a s s u m e a s i n s ec t. 2 t h a t t h is p a t h i n t e g r a l in c l u d e s a s u m o v e r

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s i n w h i c h n a r r o w w o r m h o l e s l in k d is t a n t ly s e p a r a t e d p o i n t s o n a

s m o o t h b a c k g r o u n d s p ac e ti m e , a n d w e i m a g in e " i n t e g r a t i n g " o u t th e w o r m h o l e s

a n d i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e ir e f fe c ts i n t o a l o c al e f f e ct i v e a c t i o n f o r th e b a c k g r o u n d

s p a c e t im e . B u t n o w w e n o t e t h a t th e c o n n e c t e d c l o s e d m a n i f o l d s i n c l u d e g e o m e t r ie s

i n w h i c h m a n y d i s ti n c t la r ge s m o o t h m a n i f o l d s a r e l in k e d t o g e t h e r b y n a r r o w

w o r m h o l e s . T h u s , w h e n w e in t e g ra t e o u t w o r m h o le s~ a t y p ic a l c o n n e c t e d c l o s e d

m a n i f o l d m a y y i e l d m a n y d i s c o n n e c t e d c o m p o n e n t s ( f ig . 8). I n t e g r a t in g o u t w o r m -

h o l e s , t h e n , a f f e c t s t h e e u c l i d e a n p a t h i n t e g ra l i n t w o w a y s . A s w e a l r e a d y s a w i n

s e c t . 2 , e x p e c t a t i o n v a l u e s b e c o m e e x p r e s s e d i n t h e e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y a s i n t e g r a l s o v e r

t h e c~ p a r a m e t e r s o f e x p e c t a t i o n v a l u e s c o m p u t e d i n v a r i o u s u n i v e r s es w i t h ~ - d e p e n -

d e n t c o u p l i n g s . B u t f u r th e r m o r e , t h e s u m o v e r c o n n e c t e d c l o s e d m a n i f o l d s i n th e

u n d e r l y i n g t h e o r y b e c o m e s a s u m o v e r a ll c l o se d m a n i f o l d s , i n c l u d i n g d i s c o n n e c t e d

o n e s , i n t h e e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y .

E a c h d i s c o n n e c t e d m a n i f o l d c a n b e f a c t o r e d i n t o a c o n n e c t e d c o m p o n e n t o n

w h i c h t h e o p e r a t o r (9 a c ts , a n d a r e m a i n d e r o n w h i c h n o l o c al o p e r a t o r a c t s. S i n c e

t h e s u m o v e r a ll c l o s e d f o u r - d i m e n s i o n a l g e o m e t r i e s c a n b e w r i tt e n a s t h e e x p o n e n -

t i a l o f a s u m o v e r a l l connected c l o s e d f o u r - g e o m e t r i e s , t h e e x p r e s s i o n f o r t h e

e x p e c t a t i o n v a l u e o f (9 m a y b e w r i t te n i n t h e ef f e ct iv e t h e o r y a s

. o l ) f ( d g ) e ( 3 . 2 )

w h e r e a g a i n t h e i n t e g r al s o v e r g a n d g ' d e n o t e s u m s o v e r connected c l o s e d

f o u r - g e o m e t r i e s , b u t w i t h w o r m h o l e s n o w e x c l u d e d . T h e d i s t ri b u t i o n P ( c 0 is t h a t

c o n s i d e r e d i n s ec t. 2, w h i c h w o u l d b e g a u s s i a n i n th e d i lu t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n . B u t w e

* In thi s discussion, the Hartle-Hawk ing boundary, condition [6] has been implicitly adopted. Theresults are no t sensitively dependent on this choice.

Page 14: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 14/46

154 J. Preskill / Wormholes

now see that the measure for the integration over (Y contains the additional factor

(3.3)

It is Coleman’s proposal that this factor is a sharply peaked function of the a’s;

since P(a) is presumably a smooth function, the factor Q(a) determines where the

support of the a-distribution lies.

To compute the factor Q(a) in eq. (3.3) Coleman makes a further hypothesis -

that the sum over connected closed four-geometries is dominated by large smooth

geometries with small curvature (in Planck units). The idea is that by integrating out

wormholes we have satiated the desire of a typical four-geometry to crinkle up on

the Planck scale. This assumption is in the same spirit as, though logically indepen-

dent of, the assumption that it makes sense to integrate out wormholes at all. Surely,

given the current status of our understanding of quantum gravity, both assumptions

must be regarded as unproved working hypotheses.

Anyway, given that the integral / (dg) e- ‘lg. al is dominated by large smooth

geometries, we may compute it by the following procedure: Recall that S[ g, a] is

the action of an effective theory with a cutoff of order M, - R;‘, the characteristic

mass scale of the wormhole fluctuations. Imagine allowing this cutoff to float down

to a mass scale M < M,; we integrate out all quantum fluctuations with wave

number k > M, and incorporate the effects of these fluctuations into a renormalized

effective action S,[g, LX]_ his renormalized effective action can be expanded in

operators that are local on the distance scale M-’ [23].

For M +Z M,, the loop corrections in the effective theory with cutoff M, and the

effects of higher dimension operators in S,, are suppressed by powers of M/M,.

Because loop corrections are small, the path integral of the effective theory can be

evaluated to good accuracy semiclassically, with the result

(3.4)

where jj is the four-geometry at which S,,,, is stationary. If this stationary point is a

large smooth geometry with volume of order R4, we improve on the semiclassical

approximation by allowing the cutoff to float down to M - R-‘. Then all fluctua-

tions at wavelengths less than R have been absorbed into the renormalization of the

effective action, and fluctuations on larger wavelengths are absent because the

volume acts as an infrared cutoff*.

l I have described the procedure in terms of a floating cutoff in order to emphasize that the action

may always be regarded as effectively local and also that infrared divergent loop integrals need not

be encountered; they arise only as R + oc or A4 + 0.

Page 15: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 15/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes 155

O f c o u r s e , i t w a s a b i t d i s i n g e n u o u s t o s a y a b o v e t h a t ~ i s t h e s t a t i o n a r y p o i n t o f

S M ; w e r e a l l y w a n t g t o m i n im i z e S M . I t i s w e l l k n o w n t h a t t h e s t a t i o n a r y p o i n t s o f

t h e e u c l i d e a n a c t i o n o f g ra v i t y a r e n o t e v e n lo c a l m i n i m a ; w e c a n a l w a y s p e r f o r m a

c o n f o r m a l t r a n s f o r m a t i o n o n t h e m e t r i c t h a t l o w e r s t h e a c t i o n . I n o r d e r t h a t t h ea b o v e d i s c u s s i o n a p p l y I m u s t a s s u m e t h a t t h e r e i s s o m e c o r r e c t p r o c e d u r e f o r

d e a l i n g w i t h t h e c o n f o r m a l f lu c t u a t io n s , a n d t h a t w h e n t h is p r o c e d u r e is i n v o k e d ,

c o n f o r m a l f l u c t u a t i o n s c a n b e i n t e g r a t e d o u t a n d a b s o r b e d i n t o a r e n o r m a l i z e d

e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n .

T h e e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n S i c a n b e e x p a n d e d i n t e r m s o f l o c a l o p e r a t o r s , a n d , f o r

M << M w , o p e r a t o r s w i t h n d e r i v a t i v e s a c ti n g o n t h e m e t r i c h a v e e f f e c t s t h a t a r e

s u p p r e s s e d b y t h e f a ct o r ( M / M w ) ' . T h i s e x p a n s i o n h a s t h e f o r m *

1

S M [ g l - - 1 6v rG f d 4 x v /g ( 2 A - R + . . . ) , ( 3 . 5 )

w h e r e t e r m s w i t h m o r e t h a n t w o d e r i v a ti v e s h a v e b e e n n e g l e c te d ; t h e p a r a m e t e r s G

a n d A h a v e i m p l i c it d e p e n d e n c e o n M w , M , a n d a . A t t h e s t a t io n a r y p o i n t s o f S M ,

t h e m e t r i c o b e y s t h e e u c l i d e a n E i n s t e i n e q u a t i o n

a n d t h e a c t i o n i s

R , = A g ~ , ( 3 . 6 )

A AsM [ fdnx - 8~rG V ( 3 . 7 )

w h e r e V is t h e v o l u m e o f t h e e u c l i d e a n s p a c e t i m e . F o r A > 0 , t h e s o l u t i o n o f eq .

( 3 .6 ) w i t h m a x i m a l v o l u m e i s k n o w n t o b e a f o u r -s p h e r e w i t h

V = 2 4 ~ 2 / A 2 . ( 3 . 8 )

H e n c e t h e f a c t o r e q . ( 3 . 3 ) i s f o u n d t o b e

Q ( a ) = e x p ( e - s . [~ . , ~1) = exp [ e x p ( 3 7 r / G A ) ] , ( 3 . 9 )

f o r A > 0 . H e r e A i s t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t r e n o r m a l i z e d a t t h e s c a le M - V ~ /4 ,

w i t h V g i v e n b y e q . ( 3. 8) .

E q . ( 3 . 9 ) i s t h e s h a r p p e a k a t A = 0 f o u n d b y C o l e m a n . A i s a f u n c t i o n o f a , a n d

e q . ( 3 . 9 ) t o g e t h e r w i t h e q . ( 3 . 2 ) t e ll s u s t h a t i t i s o v e r w h e l m i n g l y l i k e l y t h a t a

u n i v e r s e s e l e c t e d a t r a n d o m w i ll h a v e a v a l u e o f a s u c h t h a t A = 0 , a s s u m i n g t h a t A

v a n i s h e s f o r s o m e c h o i c e o f a . W e n o t e t h a t t h e q u a n t i t y t h a t h as b e e n f o u n d t o

* M a s s i v e f i e l d s ( h e a v i e r t h a n M ) h a v e b e e n i n t e g r a t e d o u t , a n d l i g h t f ie l d s h a v e b e e n s e t e q u a l t o

v a l u e s t h a t m i n i m i z e S , w , s o S ~I i s e x p r e s se d a s a f u n c t i o n a l o f t h e m e t r i c o n l y.

Page 16: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 16/46

156 J. Preskill / Wormholes

v a n i s h i s t h e renormalized A t h a t o n e w o u l d a c t u a l l y m e a s u r e i n a l a r g e s m o o t h

u n i v e r s e ; i t i n c l u d e s t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s f r o m t h e f lu c t u a t i o n s o f a ll q u a n t u m f ie ld s .

W e a l s o n o t e t h a t i t w a s s a f e t o n e g l e c t t h e h i g h e r d i m e n s i o n o p e r a t o r s i n e q . ( 3 . 5 ) ;

t h e s e g iv e c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o SM[g] t h a t a r e i n d e p e n d e n t o f A f o r A s m a l l, a n d d o n o tm o d i f y t h e A = 0 s i n g u l a r i t y i n e q . ( 3 . 9 ) .

( T h e p r o c e d u r e t h a t w e h a v e u se d t o c a l c ul a te Q ( a ) m a y m a k e s e n s e f o r A > 0 ,

b u t i t is il l - d e f i n e d f o r A < 0 . F o r A < 0 , t h e b e s t a p p r o a c h m a y b e t o a n a l y t i c a l l y

c o n t i n u e e q . (3 . 9) f r o m p o s i t i v e v a l u e s o f A t o n e g a t i v e v a lu e s . O u r i m p l i c i t

a s s u m p t i o n t h a t G i s n o n - n e g a t i v e w il l b e d e f e n d e d i n s e c t. 6.)

I t m a y b e w o r t h w h i l e t o c o m m e n t o n t h e u se o f " s e m i c la s s i c a l" r e a s o n i n g i n th is

d e r i v a t i o n . W e t r e a t e d g r a v i t y s e m i c l a s s ic a l ly in t h e s e n s e t h a t w e a r g u e d t h a t l o o p

e f f e c t s a re s m a l l w h e n t h e f l o a ti n g u l tr a v i o l e t c u t o f f M is m u c h l es s th a n t h e c u t o f f

M w o f t h e b a r e t h e o r y ( a n d i n fa c t c o m p a r a b l e t o th e i n f r a r e d c u t o f f V 1 /4 ). B u t w ec e r t a i n l y d i d n o t r e q u i r e t h a t t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f S a s th e c u t o f f f l o a t s f r o m M w

t o M b e s u s c e p t i b l e t o a p e r t u r b a t i v e t r e a t m e n t . I n d e e d , it m a y b e a m i s s t a t e m e n t

t o s a y t h a t t h e p a t h i n t e g r a l i s d o m i n a t e d b y l a r g e s m o o t h g e o m e t r i e s , f o r w e d o n o t

m e a n t o e x c l u d e t h e p o s s i b il i t y th a t t h e e f fe c t iv e a c t i o n i s s t ro n g l y r e n o r m a l i z e d b y

q u a n t u m f l u c t u a t i o n s a t s c al es j u s t b e l o w M w . N o r , o f c o u r s e , h a v e w e r e q u i r e d t h a t

t h e p r o c e s s o f in t e g r a t i n g o u t w o r m h o l e s , w h i c h g e n e r a t e d t h e th e o r y w i t h c u t o f f

M w , b e a c c u r a t e l y d e s c r ib e d b y t h e s e m i c l a s s ic a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

T h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t w e m a d e i n s ec t. 2 - t h a t t h e n o t i o n o f a b a b y u n i v e r s e

m a k e s s e n s e o n l y w i th i n t he c o n t e x t o f a n u n t r u s t w o r t h y a p p r o x i m a t i o n h a s ac o n s e q u e n c e t h a t s h o u ld b e m e n t i o n e d n o w . W e h a v e n o t e d t h a t a " s u p e r s e l e c t io n

r u l e " a p p l i e s t o w o r m h o l e p h y s ic s ; u n i v e r s e s w i t h d i f fe r e n t v a lu e s o f a c a n n o t

c o m m u n i c a t e w i t h e a c h o t h e r t h r o u g h a n y l o c a l p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s . B u t C o l e m a n ' s

e x p l a n a t i o n f o r A = 0 c a n b e i n v o k e d o n l y if w e c o n s i d e r a s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f th e s e

a - u n i v e r s e s a s i n e q . ( 3 . 2 ) . O n e m i g h t o b j e c t t o s u c h a s u p e r p o s i t i o n , c i t i n g t h e

a n a l o g y w i t h t h e 0 - v a c u a o f Q C D . I t w o u l d b e p e r v e r s e to s a y t h a t t h e g r o u n d s t a t e

o f Q C D i s a s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f 0 - v a c u a . W h y s h o u l d n ' t w e t a k e t h e s a m e a t t i t u d e

t o w a r d a s u p e r p o s i t i o n o f a - u n i v e r s e s ?

T h e k e y d i s t in c t i o n b e t w e e n 0 - v a c u a a n d a - u n i v e r s e s , I s u s p e c t, is t h a t t h e as u p e r s e l e c t i o n r u l e i s a n a p p r o x i m a t e r u l e t h a t h o l d s o n l y i n t h e l o w - e n e r g y l i m i t . I t

w o u l d h a v e b e e n e a s i er to i m a g i n e t h a t t h e a s u p e r s e l e c ti o n r u l e w e r e e x a c t if t h e

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n o f a a s th e l a b e l o f a b a b y u n i v e r s e w e r e a l s o e x a ct . I f t h is

i n t e r p r e t a t i o n f ai ls , i t is h a r d t o s e e h o w a - s e c t o r s c a n b e i d e n t if ie d i n s u b - P l a n c k

s c a l e p h y s i c s . T h i s, p e r h a p s , is th e p r o p e r w a y t o i n t e r p r e t C o l e m a n ' s c l a im [ 10 ] th a t

a n a p r i o r i d i s t ri b u t i o n i n a w i th s u p p o r t a t a s in g l e p o i n t i n a - s p a c e w o u l d b e

" u n n a t u r a l . "

T h e a r g u m e n t i n t h i s s e c t i o n e v i d e n t l y r e q u i r e d s t r o n g e r a s s u m p t i o n s t h a n t h e

d i s c u s s i o n i n s e ct . 2 . H e r e w e a p p a r e n t l y n e e d e d t o ta k e m o r e s e r io u s l y th a n i n s e ct .

2 t h e p r o p o s a l t h a t e x p e c t a t i o n v a l u e s c a n b e e v a l u a t e d a s e u c l i d e a n p a t h i n t e g r a l s

( a n d t h a t a s e n s i b l e p r e s c r i p t i o n e x i s ts f o r d e a l i n g w i t h c o n f o r m a l f l u c tu a t io n s ) .

Page 17: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 17/46

J. Preskill / Worm holes 157

A n d w e f u r t h e r a s s u m e d t h a t , a f t e r w o r m h o l e s a r e i n t e g r a t e d o u t , t h e p a t h i n te g r a l

i s d o m i n a t e d b y l a r g e s m o o t h g e o m e t r i e s . T h a t t h e s e a s s u m p t i o n s l e a d t o t h e

e x c i t i n g c o n c l u s i o n t h a t t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t v a n i s h e s a l r e a d y p r o v i d e s s u f f i -

c i e n t m o t i v a t i o n f o r e x p l o r in g t h e i r f u r t h e r c o n s e q u e n c e s . B u t i t is o b v i o u s l y a nu r g e n t m a t t e r t o u n d e r s t a n d b e t t e r t h e j u s t i f i c a t i o n f o r th e s e a s s u m p t i o n s , i f i n d e e d

a n y c a n b e f o u n d .

4 . N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t

W e h a v e e m p h a s i z e d t h a t t he f a c t o r Q ( a ) in t h e m e a s u r e f o r t he i n te g r a t io n o v e r

a - u n i v e r s e s o v e r w h e l m i n g l y f a v o r s A = 0 , i f t h e re n o r m a l i z e d c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t

c a n v a n i s h f o r s o m e v a lu e o f a . T h i s m e a s u r e f a c t o r h a s a f u r th e r c o n s e q u e n c e ;

N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t G w a n t s t o a s s u m e th e s m a l l e s t p o s s i b l e v a l ue , p r e f e r a b l y z e ro * .I n t h e r e m a i n d e r o f t h i s p a p e r , w e w i l l e x p l o r e t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f t h i s t e n d e n c y o f

G t o s e e k i ts m i n i m u m a l lo w e d v a l u e.

O n e c o n s e q u e n c e i s i m m e d i a t e : t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d G a s a fu n c t i o n o f a m u s t b e

b o u n d e d a w a y f r o m z er o

G ( a ) > / . Gmin > O . ( 4 . 1 )

O t h e r w i s e , t h e s a m e a s s u m p t i o n s t h a t l e a d t o th e s u c c e s s fu l p r e d i c t io n A = 0 w ill

a l s o l e a d t o t h e u n s u c c e s s f u l p r e d i c t i o n G = 0 . ( A g r a v i t a t i o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n is

o b s e r v e d i n o u r u n i v e r s e . )

O n e m i g h t o b j e c t , a t f i r s t , t o t h e a s s e r t i o n t h a t t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

Q ( a ) - e x p [ e x p ( 3 7 r / G A ) ] ( 4 . 2 )

is c a p a b l e o f d e t e r m i n i n g b o t h G a n d A . T h is c l a im s o u n d s s t r a ng e , b e c a u s e Q ( a ) is

a f u n c t i o n o f o n l y t h e p r o d u c t G A . T h u s , o n e m i g h t a r g u e , t h e v e r y s h a r p p e a k i n

Q ( a ) o c c u rs a t G A = 0 , a n d Q ( a ) is c o m p l e t e l y i n d i f fe r e n t t o t h e v a lu e o f G o n c e A

h a s a s s u m e d t h e v a lu e A = 0.

I n d e e d , t o e x t r a c t f r o m e q . ( 4 .2 ) a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r ib u t i o n o n t h e s u r f a c e G A = 0( w h e r e Q ( a ) is s i n g u la r ), w e m u s t s p e c i f y a p r e f e r r e d w a y o f a p p r o a c h i n g t h i s

s u r f a c e . I w i ll a r g u e b e l o w t h a t t h e c o r r e c t p r o c e d u r e is t o e v a l u a t e Q ( a ) o n s u r f a c e s

o f c o n s t a n t A , a n d t h e n t a k e t h e l i m i t A - -, 0 . I f A a s s u m e s a v e r y s m a l l p o s i t i v e

v a l u e , Q ( a ) s t r o n g l y f a v o r s t h a t G 1 i n c re a s e . T h i s t e n d e n c y o f G - 1 t o i n c r e a s e is

n o t s u d d e n l y l o s t w h e n A is e x a c t l y z e ro .

W e c l a im , t h e n , t h a t th e s u p p o r t o f t h e d i s t r ib u t i o n Q ( c 0 w i l l l i e a t t h a t p o i n t ( o r

t h o s e p o i n t s ) in a - s p a c e w h e r e G - l ( a ) a s s u m e s i t s m a x i m a l v a l u e o n t h e s u rf a c e

d e f i n e d b y A ( a ) = 0 . T h e r e is a n o t h e r o b j e c t i o n t h a t o n e c o u ld r a is e a g a in s t t hi s

c l a im . O n e m i g h t q u es t io n w h e t h e r t he re q u i r e m e n t t h a t G - t a s s u m e s it s m a x i m u m

* This p oint was stressed previously by Grinstein and W ise [15].

Page 18: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 18/46

1 5 8 J. Pres kil l / Worm holes

h a s a n y p h y s i c a l c o n t e n t . S in c e G a is a d im e n s i o n a l q u a n t i t y , th e a r g u m e n t m i g h t

g o , i t s v a l u e o f c o u r s e d e p e n d s o n t h e u n i t s i n w h i c h w e c h o o s e t o e x p r e s s i t .

N o t h i n g p r e v e n t s u s f r o m c h o o s i n g o u r u n i t o f m a s s t o b e G 1 / 2 . T h e n G - ~ is o n e,

a n d i t m a k e s n o s e n s e t o " m a x i m i z e " i t .T h i s a r g u m e n t is al s o m i s l e a d in g , f o r s e v e r a l r e a s o n s . F i r s t o f al l, t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n

Q ( c 0 q u a n t i f i e s t h e r e l a t iv e p r o b a b i l i ti e s o f different " t h e o r i e s " w i t h d i f f e r e n t

v a l u e s o f t h e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e . W h e n t w o t h e o r ie s a re c o m p a r e d , w e s h o u l d

e x p r e s s t h e p h y s i c a l c o n s t a n t s o f b o t h i n t h e s a m e u n i t s ; i t i s v a l i d , f o r e x a m p l e , t o

s a y t h a t G i n t h e o r y A i s s m a l l e r t h a n G i n t h e o r y B . I n f a c t , a ll o f t h e t h e o r i e s th a t

w e a r e c o m p a r i n g s h a r e t h e s a m e a - i n d e p e n d e n t u l t r a v io l e t c u t o f f , t h e w o r m h o l e

s c a l e M w . T h u s , w h e n w e c o m p a r e d i f f e r e n t t h e o r ie s , w e m a y e x p r e s s a l l m a s s s c a le s

( l i k e G 1 /2 ) a s d i m e n s i o n l e s s q u a n t i t i e s , i n u n i t s o f M w . M o s t i m p o r t a n t , t h e

c r i t e r i o n t h a t G(~)M2w i s a t i t s m i n i m u m h a s c o n s e q u e n c e s t h a t ( i n p r i n c i p l e ) r e l a t et o e x p e r i m e n t a l l y a c c e s s i b le l o w - e n e r g y p h y s ic s . I n d e e d , w e w il l a r g u e t h a t t h i s

c r i t e r i o n a c t u a l l y f i x e s a l l o f t h e d i m e n s i o n l e s s q u a n t i t i e s t h a t s p e c i f y t h e p r o p e r t i e s

o f l o w - e n e r g y p h y s i c s .

T o s u p p o r t t h e c l a i m t h a t Q ( a ) s h o u l d b e e v a l u a t e d o n t h e s u r f a c e G A = 0 as a

A ~ 0 l im i t , w e w i ll r e g u l a te t h e v e r y si n g u la r d e p e n d e n c e o f Q ( c 0 o n A ( c 0 b y

i n t r o d u c i n g a n i n f r a r e d c u t o f f i n t o t h e c a l c u l a ti o n o f Q ( c 0 . T h e p o i n t i s t h a t A

c o n t r o l s t h e v o l u m e o f t h e fo u r - g e o m e t r y t h a t d o m i n a t e s t h e p a t h i n t e g r a l * .

I m a g i n e t h a t w e r e p e a t t h e c a l c u l a t i o n o f Q ( c 0 i n s e c t . 3 , b u t t h a t t h e c l o s e d

f o u r - g e o m e t r i e s t h a t c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e p a t h i n t e g r a l e q . ( 3 . 3 ) a r e n o w r e s t r i c t e d t o

g e o m e t r i e s w i t h v o l u m e V le ss t h a n a m a x i m u m v o l u m e V ma~; Vma~ , t hen , i s ou r

i n f r a r e d c u t o f f . W e a s s u m e a g a i n t h a t t h e p a t h i n t e g ra l is d o m i n a t e d b y t h e

f o u r - s p h e r e g e o m e t ry . T h e n w e h a v e

Q ( a ) - e x p [ e x p ( - s 0 ) ] , ( 4 .3 )

w h e r e S o i s th e m i n i m a l a c t i o n o f a f o u r - s p h e r e t h a t s a t is f ie s t h e v o l u m e c o n s t r a i n t

V~< Vmax-

F o r a f o u r - s p h e r e o f r a d i u s R , t h e a c t i o n e q. (3 .5 ) b e c o m e s * *

1S(R) = 1 6 - - - ~ # ( 2 A R 4 - 1 2 R 2 + . . . ) , ( 4 . 4 )

w h e r e ~ 2 = 8 " , 7 2 / 3 i s t h e v o l u m e o f t h e u n i t f o u r - s p h e r e . T h e m i n i m u m * * * o f S ( R )

* W e c h o o s e t o r e g u l a t e Q ( a ) b y m e a n s o f a n i n f r a r e d c u t o f f b e c a u s e s u c h a r e g u l a t o r c a n b e

f o r m u l a t e d i n t h e b a r e t h e o r y , w i t h o u t a n y r e f e r e n c e t o c ~. S i n c e i t i s o u r d e s i r e t o e x t r a c t a n

u n a m b i g u o u s f u n c t i o n o f a o n t h e s u r fa c e G A = 0 , i t s e e m s s e n s i b l e t o d e s c r i b e t h e a p p r o a c h t o t h i s

s u r f a c e i n a m a n n e r t h a t d o e s n o t i n t r o d u c e i m p l i c i t c ~ -d e p e nd e n c e.

* * F o r s u f f i c i e n t ly l a r g e R , A a n d G m a y b e t a k e n to be R - i n d e p e n d e n t c o n s t a n t s , b e c a u s e t h e y " s t o p

r u n n i n g " i n t h e i n f r a r e d l i m i t. T h i s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d a t g r e a t e r l e n g t h i n s ec t . 6 .

* * * A s i n s e c t. 3 , t h i s m i n i m u m e x i s t s o n l y i f A > 0 . F o r A < 0 , Q ( ~ ) m a y b e d e f i n e d b y a n a l y t i c

c o n t i n u a t i o n i n A .

Page 19: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 19/46

Page 20: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 20/46

160 J. Preskill / Wormholes

The condition A ( a ) = 0 determines a surface of codimension one in the a-space.

But we should expect that the condition that G ( a ) assumes its minimum on the

A (a ) = 0 surface is sufficient to determine all of the remaining a' s. A function , even

a function of many variables, generically attains its global minimum at an isolated

point, assuming that a global minimum exists.

Therefore, we have in principle recovered the ability to calculate the constants of

Nature. All of the arbitrariness that is potentially introduced by wormhole physics

can be overcome. We need only compute all of the constants of Nature as functions

of the a 's ; then we find the a tha t minimizes G on the A = 0 surface. This

determines the a's, and hence all of the other constants. In practice, this calculation

will be challenging.

The a-dependence of G, or of any coupling constant, comes from two sources,

and we can imagine carrying out the calculation of G ( a ) in two stages. First, weintegra te o ut wormholes at the wormhole scale M w, and thus obtain a "ba re " theory

with cu toff M w and a-dep enden t " ba re " parameters. Second, we allow the cutoff to

float f rom M,v to M << Mw; the effects of quantum fluctuations with wave numbe r

k satisfying M W> k > M are incorporated into a renormalization of the effective

action. The fluctuations that are integrated out in the second stage are not

wormholes, but conventional "loop" fluctuations. The G ( a ) we want to calculate is

ext rac ted from the effective action in the in frared or M --* 0 limit.

It is clear that if this G ( a ) is to have a nonvanishing minimum, then so must the

bare Newton's constant Go(a ), renormalized at the scale M W. The point is that

G = 0 is stable under renormalization; Newt on' s constant is unrenormalized when

gravity is free. (Renormalization in quantum gravity is discussed in more detail in

sect. 6.) Therefore, if the bare Newton's constant Go(a ) obtained by integrating out

wormholes, were to vanish for some a, then the physical Newton's constant G ( a )

would also vanish for that value of a. Since G ( a ) must satisfy the bound eq. (4.1),

we require the bare coupling to satisfy a similar bound,

G o (a ) >~ Go. rain > O . ( 4 . 7 )

In the dilute approximation described in sect. 2, we saw that the effective action is

linear in a. Thus G o l ( a ) is linear in a, and G o vanishes when a part icular

combination of the a's is infinite. In view of eq. (4.7), we conclude that the dilute

approximation is invalid. To understand why the gravitational interaction has a

nonvanishing strength we must go beyond the dilute approximation. The corrections

to the dilute approximation are discussed in sect. 5, with particular attention

devoted to the origin of the lower bound on G o( a )

Is it possible that the requirement that G ( a ) attains its minimum on the A ( a ) = 0

surface fails to determine all the a's? If there are undetermined a's, then there is

presumably a symmetry that prevents G from depending on those a's. But every-

Page 21: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 21/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes 161

t h i n g c o u p l e s t o g r a v i t y , a n d a l l o t h e r i n t e r a c t i o n s c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n

o f G , s o it is h a r d t o th i n k o f s u c h a s y m m e t r y .

W e h a v e e m p h a s i z e d i n t h i s s e c t i o n t h a t N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t G(a) m u s t o b e y a

p o s i t i v e l o w e r b o u n d ; o t h e rw i s e , o n t h e b a s i s o f t h e s a m e a s s u m p t i o n s t h a t u n d e r l ieC o l e m a n ' s e x p l a n a t i o n f o r A = 0, w e p r e d i c t G = 0 , i n c o n f li c t w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n . I n

f a c t , i t i s a l s o n e c e s s a r y f o r t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f h i g h e r d e r i v a t i v e t e r m s i n t h e

g r a v i t a t i o n a l e f f e c ti v e a c t i o n t o o b e y upper b o u n d s . J u s t a s t h e n e w t o n i a n g r a v i t a -

t i o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n m u s t n o t b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e a r b i t ra r i l y weak f o r a n y v a l u e o f a ,

s o t h e h i g h e r d e r i v a t i v e g r a v i t a t i o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n s m u s t n o t b e p e r m i t t e d t o b e

a r b i t r a r i l y strong f o r a n y v a l u e o f a .

I n t h e d e r i v a t i o n o f A = 0 in s e c t. 3 w e r e q u i r e d t h a t t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m h i g h e r

d e r i v a t i v e t e r m s t o t h e v a lu e o f t h e e f fe c t iv e a c ti o n a t t h e s t a t i o n a r y p o i n t b e

n e g l i g i b l e . A h i g h e r d e r i v a t i v e t e r m i n t h e a c t i o n w i t h a r b i t r a r i l y l a r g e c o e f f i c i e n tc a n u p s e t C o l e m a n ' s m e c h a n i s m b y d e s t a b il iz i n g th e s t a t io n a r y p o i n t . O r t h e

a - d i s t r i b u t i o n m a y f a v o r t h a t th i s c o e ff ic i e n t b e i n fi n it e ; t h e n t h e t h e o r y o f g r a v i t y

i n a t y p i c a l a - u n i v e r s e w i l l n o t a g r e e w i t h N e w t o n ' s t h e o r y i n t h e l o w - e n e r g y l i m i t .

T h e p a r a m e t e r s t h a t m u s t o b e y s u c h u p p e r b o u n d s a r e c o u p l in g c o n s t a n ts o f t he

r e n o r m a l i z e d e f f e c ti v e a c t i o n t h a t d e s c r i b e s g r a v i t y a t lo w e n e r g y . U n l i k e t h e lo w e r

b o u n d o n G , t h e se u p p e r b o u n d s p r o b a b l y p la c e n o re s t r ic t io n s o n t he " b a r e "

p a r a m e t e r s o f t h e e f f e c ti v e t h e o r y d e f i n e d a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a le M w . R a t h e r , t h e

u p p e r b o u n d s a r e a n a u t o m a t i c c o n s eq u e n c e o f th e r e n o r m a l iz a t io n p r o c e d u r e a s th e

c u t o f f f l o a t s f r o m M w to M < < M w . A l l o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g s o f g r a v i t yo b e y u p p e r b o u n d s p r o v i d e d o n l y t h a t, a s w e e x p e c t, g ra v i t y h a s n o n o n t r iv i a l

c o n t i n u u m l i m i t * . T h i s w i l l b e e x p l a i n e d f u r t h e r i n s e c t . 6 .

5 . B e y o n d t h e d i lu t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n

U p t o n o w i n th i s p a p e r w e h a v e f o r th e m o s t p a r t t r e a t e d w o r m h o l e s a s d il u te ,

a n d h a v e i g n o r e d t he i n te r a c ti o n s a m o n g w o r m h o l e s . B u t w e h a v e al so n o t e d t h a t

t h i s d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n n o t r e a l l y b e j u s t i fi e d . I n t h is s e c t i o n w e w i ll d i s c u s s

t h e c o r r e c t i o n s t o t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n d u e t o i n t e r a c t i o n s .F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f t h i s d i s c u s s i o n , w e w i l l f i n d i t u s e f u l t o m a k e a d i s t i n c t i o n

b e t w e e n w o r m h o l e s a n d " i n s t a n t o n s . " I w ill u s e t h e t e r m i n s t a n t o n f o r t h e r e g i o n o f

t h e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e w h e re a w o r m h o l e h o o k s o n; t h e t e rm i n s t a n t o n i s

a p p r o p r i a t e b e c a u s e t h i s i s a s m a l l l o c a l i z e d r e g i o n i n t h e b a c k g r o u n d ( e u c l i d e a n )

s p a c e t i m e . A w o r m h o l e c o n n e c t s t o g e t h e r tw o i n s ta n t o n s .

W e m u s t d i s t i n g u i s h t w o t y p e s o f i n t e r a c t io n s t h a t a r is e w h e n c o r r e c t i o n s t o t h e

d i lu t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n a r e c o n s id e r e d ; t he s e m a y b e c al le d " w o r m h o l e i n t e ra c t io n s "

a n d " i n s t a n t o n i n te r a c t i o n s ." W o r m h o l e i n t e ra c t io n s a re d e s c ri b e d b y v e rt ic e s a t

* A similar suggestion was m ade by W einberg [14].

Page 22: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 22/46

162 J . P r e s k i l l / W o r m h o l e s

Fig. 10. A w o r m h o l e i n t e r a c t i o n .

F i g . l i . A s h o r t -r a n g e i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n i n s t a n t o n s a t s p a c e t i m e p o s i ti o n s x ~ a n d x ~ .

w h i c h a b r a n c h i n g o f w o r m h o l e s o c c u r s (f ig . 10 ). T h e s e i n t e r a c t io n s i n d u c e n o n -

g a u s s i a n c o r r e c t i o n s t o t h e p r o b a b i l i ty d i s t r ib u t i o n P ( a ) i n eq . (2 .5 ) a n d e q . (3 .2 ).

O f f a r g r e a t e r i n t e r e st a r e i n s t a n t o n i n t e ra c t i o n s . T h e s e o c c u r w h e n t w o i n s ta n -

t o n s c l o s e l y a p p r o a c h o n e a n o t h e r o n t h e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e ( f i g . 1 1 ) . T h e

i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s i n d u c e c o r r e c t io n s to t h e a - d e p e n d e n t e f f e c ti v e a c t i o n S[g, a]

t h a t a r e n o n l i n e a r i n a . H e n c e , t h e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s a l s o c o r r e c t t h e f a c t o r

Q ( a ) i n e q . ( 3 .3 ) . T h e in s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e o f g r e a t e r in t e r e s t t h a n t h e

w o r m h o l e i n t e r a c t i o n s ( a t l e a s t f o r o u r p r e s e n t p u r p o s e s ) b e c a u s e , b y m o d i f y i n gQ ( a ) , t h e y c a n c h a n g e w h e r e th e s u p p o r t o f t h e a - d i s t r i b u t i o n l ie s.

I f w e a s s u m e t h a t t h e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t io n s a r e o f s h o r t r a n g e, t h e n t h e e f fe c t s o f

t h e s e i n t e r a c t i o n s c a n b e s y s t e m a t i c a l ly e x p a n d e d i n p o w e r s o f a " d e n s i t y "

o f i n s t a n t o n s . T h i s e x p a n s i o n i s p r e c i se l y a n a l o g o u s t o t h e c l u s te r e x p a n s i o n o f

s t a t i s t i c a l m e c h a n i c s [ 2 4 ] . T h e c l u s t e r e x p a n s i o n , w h e n t r u n c a t e d a t a f i n i t e o r d e r ,

g i v es a c c u r a t e r e s u l t s if t h e r a n g e o f t h e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c ti o n s i s s m a l l c o m p a r e d t o

t h e m e a n s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n i n s t a n t o n s * .

A c t u a l l y , i n a t h e o r y o f g ra v i ty , w e s h o u l d n o t b e s u r p r i s e d t o f i n d t h a t i n s t a n t o n

i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e long-range. T h e i n s t a n t o n is li k e ly to b e s u r r o u n d e d b y a g ra v i ta -t i o n a l f i e l d t h a t d e c a y s l i ke a n i n v e rs e p o w e r o f t h e d i st a n c e f r o m t h e i n s t a n t o n , a n d

t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l i n t e r a c t i o n b e t w e e n i n s t a n t o n s , t h e n , w i ll a l s o d e c a y li k e a p o w e r .

( I n d e e d , t h e r e m i g h t b e o t h e r l i g h t f i e ld s t h a t a r e e x c i t e d in t h e v i c i n i t y o f t h e

i n s t a n t o n , a n d t h e s e w o u l d a l s o i n d u c e a l o n g - r a n g e i n t e r a c t i o n . ) T h e l o n g - r a n g e

i n t e r a c t i o n s c a u s e o n e t o w o r r y a b o u t t h e v a li d i ty o f th e c l u s te r e x p a n s i o n .

H o w e v e r , a s G u p t a a n d W i s e [1 7] h a v e r e c e n t l y e m p h a s i z e d , th e l o n g - r a n g e

i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e n o t t h e e f f e c t s t h a t w e a r e r e a ll y i n t e r e s t e d i n , b e c a u s e

t h e y d o n o t g e n e r a t e c o r r e c t i o n s t o t h e e f f e c ti v e a c t i o n S[g, a ] t h a t a r e n o n l i n e a r i n

a . I n s t e a d , t h e p h y s i c a l e ff e c ts o f t h e se l o n g - r a n g e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t io n s c a n b e

* T h e c l u s t e r e x p a n s i o n f o r Q C D i n s t a n t o n s w a s d e s c r i b e d in , f o r e x a m p l e , re f . [2 5].

Page 23: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 23/46

J. Preskill / Worm holes 1 6 3

r e p r o d u c e d e x a c t l y i n a n e f f e c t i v e f i e ld t h e o r y w i t h a n a c t i o n l i n e a r in a ; i n th i s

e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y , t h e y a r e r e p r e s e n t e d b y e x c h a n g e s o f l i g h t f i e l d q u a n t a b e t w e e n

i n t e r a c t i o n v e r t ic e s t h a t a r e l in e a r in a . T h e t e r m s i n S[ g , a ] t h a t a r e n o n l i n e a r i n a

a r e g e n e r a t e d o n l y b y t h e g e n u i n e l y s h o r t - r a n g e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c ti o n s t h a t o c c u rw h e n t h e s e p a r a t i o n b e t w e e n i n s t a n t o n s is c o m p a r a b l e t o th e i n s t a n t o n s iz e. It is

s e n s i b le t o c a r r y o u t a n e x p a n s i o n o f t h e e ff e c ts o f these i n t e r a c t i o n s i n p o w e r s o f

t h e i n s t a n t o n d e n s i t y . I t w i l l b e u n d e r s t o o d , t h e n , t h a t t h e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s

c o n s i d e r e d b e l o w a r e a c t u a l l y t h e s h o r t - r a n g e p o r t i o n o f i n t e r a c t i o n s t h a t m a y a l s o

i n c l u d e a l o n g - r a n g e t a i l .

I n o r d e r t o f o r m u l a t e t h e c l u s t e r e x p a n s i o n , w e m u s t f i r s t u n d e r s t a n d h o w t h e

n o t i o n o f a d e n s i t y o f in s t a n t o n s a ri se s. F o r t h is p u r p o s e , w e r e c o n s i d e r t h e d i l u te

a p p r o x i m a t i o n t h a t w a s d e s c r i b e d i n s e c t . 2 . I n s e c t . 2 w e m a d e t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t

t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n C o f a s in g le w o r m h o l e t o a q u a n t u m m e c h a n i c a l e x p e c t a t i o n v a lu ec a n b e e x p r e s s e d a s a b i l o c a l e x p a n s i o n i n l o c a l o p e r a t o r s , a s i n e q . ( 2 . 2 ) . I f t h e

c u r v a t u r e o f t h e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e i s s m a ll , a n d a ll fi e ld s o n s p a c e t i m e a r e w e a k

( i n u n i t s o f t h e w o r m h o l e s c a le R ~ , ,1 ), t h e n t h e s u m o v e r l o c a l o p e r a t o r s i s

d o m i n a t e d b y t h e o p e r a t o r 1 , a n d t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n b e c o m e s

C = ~ V 2 . ( 5 . 1)

H e r e V i s th e v o l u m e o f th e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e ti m e , a n d A i s t h e c o e f fi c i e n t o f t h e

l e a d i n g t e r m i n e q . (2 .2 ), p r e s u m a b l y o f o r d e r R ws . I n t h e s e m i c l a s s i c a l a p p r o x i m a -

t i o n d i s c u s s e d b y C o l e m a n [8] a n d G i d d i n g s a n d S t r o m i n g e r [9 ], A w o u l d b e f u r t h e rs u p p r e s s e d b y t h e s m a ll f a c t o r e - 2 S w h e r e S is th e (l a rg e ) a c t i o n o f a s e m i w o r m -

h o l e .

I n t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n , t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n d u e t o N w n o n i n t e r a c t i n g w o r m -

h o l e s i s C N " / N w ! T h e s u m o v e r N w is t h u s d o m i n a t e d b y N ,,. o f o r d e r C . I n o t h e r

w o r d s , t h e n u m b e r N W o f w o r m h o l e s i n a t y p i ca l c o n f i g u r a t i o n t h a t g iv e s a

s i g n i f i c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e e u c l i d e a n p a t h i n t e g r a l i s

Uw - vl A V 2. (5 .2 )

I t is t h e r e f o r e p o s s i b le t o r e g a r d k a s a " d e n s i t y o f w o r m h o l e s " p e r volume squared.

O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a c o n f i g u r a t i o n w i t h N w o r m h o l e s h a s 2 N i n s t a n t o n s ; t h e

n o t i o n o f a " d e n s i t y o f i n s t a n t o n s " p e r volume d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o m a k e s e n se in t h e

V --+ o0 l im it .

H o w e v e r , t h e a b o v e d i sc u s s io n a p p l i es t o th e c o m b i n a t o r i c s o f w o r m h o l e s o n l y

af ter t h e a i n t e g r a t i o n i n e q . ( 2 .3 ) h a s b e e n p e r f o r m e d . ( T h e e f f e c t o f t h e i n t e g r a t i o n

is t o m a t c h u p 2 N w i n s t a n t o n s w i t h N w w o r m h o l e s i n a l l p o s s ib l e w a y s . ) I n s te a d , w e

a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n s t u d y i n g p h y s i c s a t a fi x e d v a l u e o f a . T h e l e a d i n g f a c t o r i n t h e

i n t e g r a n d o f e q . (2 . 3) , a r i s in g f r o m t h e o p e r a t o r 1 i n t h e e x p a n s i o n , h a s t h e f o r m

e ( 1 / 2 ) a 2 e a a l / 2 V . ( 5 . 3 )

Page 24: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 24/46

164 J. Preskil l / Wormholes

( H e r e w e h a v e r e s c a l e d e~ s o t h a t t h e w o r m h o l e " p r o p a g a t o r " is o n e ; c~ is n o w

d i m e n s i o n l e s s . ) T h e t e r m i n e q . ( 5. 3) o f o r d e r V u m a y b e i n t e r p r e t e d a s t h e

c o n t r i b u t i o n a t f i x e d c~ d u e t o a n N - i n s t a n t o n c o n f i g u r a t i o n , a n d t h e s u m o v e r N i s

d o m i n a t e d b y

N / V - a A 1/2 . (5 . 4)

T h u s , a Z f / 2 m a y b e r e g a r d e d a s a d e n s i t y o f i n s t a n t o n s .

T h e r e i s a p e c u l i a r c o m p l e m e n t a r i t y a t w o r k h e r e . W e b e g a n t h i s d i s c u s s i o n b y

d e s c r i b i n g t h e p h y s i c a l e f f e c ts o f b il o c a l o b je c t s, t h e w o r m h o l e s . B u t t h e n , f o r s o u n d

p h y s i c s r e a s o n s , w e f o c u s e d a t t e n t i o n o n a s e c t o r w i th a f ix e d v a l u e o f c~. F o r c~

f i x e d , i t i s f a r m o r e a p p r o p r i a t e t o d e s c r i b e t h e p h y s i c s i n t e r m s o f l o c a l o b j e c t s , t h e

i n s t a n t o n s , i n s t e a d o f i n te r m s o f w o r m h o l e s . F u r t h e r m o r e , w h i l e th e d e n s i t y o f

w o r m h o l e s is , o f c o u r s e , c ~ - i n d e p en d e n t , th e d e n s i t y o f in s t a n t o n s d e p e n d s o n c~ a s

i n eq . ( 5 . 4 ) .

T h e i n s t a n t o n d e n s i t y a zl1/2 w i l l b e t h e e x p a n s i o n p a r a m e t e r o f o u r c l u s t e r

e x p a n s i o n , a n d t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n i s a g o o d a p p r o x i m a t i o n o f aZ i1/2 s u f f i -

c i e n t l y s m a l l . T h u s , w h a t e v e r t h e v a l u e o f A ~/2, t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n b e

j u s t i f i e d f o r s m a l l e n o u g h a . ( A n d t h is in n o w a y r e q u i re s t h e v a l i d i ty o f a

s e m i c l a s s i c a l a p p r o x i m a t i o n ; t h a t is , w o r m h o l e e ff e ct s n e e d n o t b e d o m i n a t e d b y t h e

c o n t r i b u t i o n o f a c l as s ic a l w o r m h o l e s o l u ti o n .) O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , w h a t e v e r t h e

v a l u e o f A l /2 , t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n w i ll a lw a y s b r e a k d o w n f o r c~ s u f f i c i e n t l y

large . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n c a n n o t b e u s e d t o s t u d y t h e b e h a v i o r

o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n Q ( a ) f o r a s y m p t o t i c a l l y l a r g e ~.

I n t h e d i lu t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n , i t is a s s u m e d t h a t i n s t a n t o n s c a n b e f re e l y s u p e r -

p o s e d , a n d t h a t a c o n t r i b u t i o n d u e t o tw o i n s t a n t o n s f a c to r i ze s i n t o a p r o d u c t o f

o n e i n s t a n t o n c o n t r i b u t i o n s . B u t th i s a s s u m p t i o n i s e x p e c t e d t o fa il w h e n t h e

i n s t a n t o n s c l o s e ly a p p r o a c h o n e a n o t h e r . M o r e g e n e r a ll y , t h e t w o - w o r m h o l e c o n f ig -

u r a t i o n d e p i c t e d i n f i g . 1 1 , i n w h i c h i n s t a n t o n s c e n t e r e d a t x 2 a n d x ~ h a v e a s m a l l

s e p a r a t i o n , g i v e s a c o n t r i b u t i o n

f d4xl(Z d4x 2 d4 X l

a, b, a', b'

H e r e , t h e r e m a i n d e r R(b~ , (x , x ' ) i s a s m a l l c o r r e c t i o n t o t h e f a c t o r i z e d o p e r a t o r

O b ( X ) ( O h ( X ' ) w h e n ( x - x ' ) is l a rg e c o m p a r e d t o t h e c h a r a c t e ri s t ic i n s t a n t o n s iz e. ( O f

c o u r s e , t h e r e a r e a l s o c o r r e c t io n s t h a t o c c u r w h e n o t h e r p a i r s o f i n s t a n t o n s c l o s e ly

a p p r o a c h o n e a n o t h e r ; t h e se h a v e n o t b e e n i n d i c a t e d i n eq . ( 5.5 ).)

I f w e i n c l u d e t h e e f fe c t s o f a ll tw o - i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t io n s i n th e w o r m h o l e s u m ,

t h e i n t e g r a n d o f th e a - i n t e g r a t i o n i n eq . (2 .3 ) b e c o m e s m o d i f ie d . T h e m o d i f i c a t i o n i s

Page 25: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 25/46

Page 26: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 26/46

166 J. Preskill / Wormholes

Expansions like eq. (5.9) are the basis of our earlier claim that corrections due to

instanton interactions may be expanded in powers of the instanton density. We now

see that this sta tement is true only rather schematically. The term E A (1)= linear in-a- - a IAta

a in eq. (5.9) is the density of instantons that we identified in eq. (5.4). The termshigher order in a are not really higher powers of the density; each term involves a

different combination of the a's*. But, generically, when the mean instanton

separation is comparable to the instanton size, all terms in eq. (5.9) are of roughly

the same order.

Borrowing metaphorically from the semiclassical picture, we might regard each a,

as being associated with a distinct instanton "type." Then each a, can be inter-

preted as the density of instantons of type a, and eq. (5.9) is a power series

expansion in the various densities.

There is an expansion similar to eq. (5.9) for G ol , where G o is the bare N ewton' scons tant at the wormho le scale M w. We noted in sect. 4 that, if we are to accept

Coleman's explanation for the vanishing of the cosmological constant, we must

insist that Go 1 is bounded above. Obviously, we canno t understand the origin of

this bound by considering the expansion in a to any finite order. We must somehow

sum up the series.

Before d iscussing further the upper bound on Go 1, let us notice tha t there is

another logically independent reason why we must go beyond the dilute approxima-

tion if we are to invoke Coleman's mechanism. If we compute quantum corrections

in the effective theory cut of f at the wormhole scale M w, A will be r enormalized by

an amo un t of order Mw . It would presumably require an unnatu ral fine tuning for

the a-independent bare parameter ~(0) to cancel this renormalization to high

accuracy. Therefore, if the renormalized cosmological constant is to vanish, the

a-dependent shift of / [ 0 ( a ) in eq. (5.9) must be at least of order Mw . But then, the

dens ity of instantons is of order M~, or the mean instanton separation is M w t = R w,

which is just the condition for corrections to the dilute approximation to be

important**.

We cannot escape this conclusion by appealing to supersymmetry. If supersym-

merry remains unbroken below the wormhole scale, then / [ 0 ( a ) = 0. But a bare

cosmological constant is eventually generated at a lower scale, where supersymmetry

is spontaneously broken. Again, unless the a-independent bare parameters are

carefully tuned, we expect that a large a-dependent shift of bare parameters is

required for the renormalized cosmological const ant to vanish. The a-depe nden t

shifts are small when the instantons are dilute.

Let us now consider further the origin of the bound on Newton's constant. Here

we wish to argue that it is plausible that G o l(a) , the bare coupling at the wor mhole

* Indeed, for the other coefficients in S(c~), even the linear term involves a different linear combinationof the c~'s than appears in the "instanton density."

** This argument emerged from discussions with A. Cohen and M. Wise.

Page 27: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 27/46

J. Pres kil l / Worm holes 1 6 7

s c a l e M w , is b o u n d e d a b o v e a s a f u n c t i o n o f c~. T h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G - ~ b y

q u a n t u m f l u c t u a t i o n s b e l o w t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e w i ll b e d i s c u ss e d i n s e ct . 6 .

H e u r i s t i c a l l y , o n e e x p e c ts i n s t a n t o n e f f e c ts t o " s a t u r a t e " w h e n t h e m e a n i n s t a n -

t o n s e p a r a t i o n b e c o m e s c o m p a r a b l e t o th e in s t a n t o n s iz e R w . W h e n t he i n s ta n t o n sb e c o m e d e n s e , t h e p i c tu r e o n w h i c h o u r a n a l y s is h a s b e e n b a s e d - o f w o r m h o l e s

a t t a c h i n g t o a s m o o t h b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e - m a y n o l o n ge r a p p ly . I n d e e d , th e

n o t i o n o f a n i n s t a n t o n g a s, a n d t he i n t e rp r e t a t i o n o f o u r e x p a n s i o n p a r a m e t e r a s a

d e n s i t y o f in s t a n t o n s , p r o b a b l y c e a se s to m a k e s e n s e w h e n t h e d il u te a p p r o x i m a t i o n

i s n o l o n g e r v a l i d .

I t is r e a s o n a b l e t o g u e ss t h a t, i f t h e a - d e p e n d e n t s h i ft o f a p a r a m e t e r i n t h e

e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n d o e s h a v e a m a x i m u m a s a fu n c t i o n o f c~, t h e n t h e m a x i m u m is

a t t a i n e d a t a v a l u e o f a t h a t is c o m p a r a b l e t o t h e v a l u e o f c~ f o r w h i c h t h e c l u s t e r

e x p a n s i o n b r e a k s d o w n . T h a t is , t he m a x i m u m o c c u r s w h e n t h e i n s ta n t o n d e n s i ty i so f o r d e r o n e . W e w o u l d e s t i m a t e t h en , t h a t t h e m a x i m a l s h i ft is a f a c t o r o f o r d e r o n e

t i m e s a p o w e r o f th e w o r m h o l e s c a le M w d e t e r m i n e d b y d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s is . F o r

e x a m p l e , f o r N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t w e m i g h t e x p e c t

8 [ ( 1 6 q T G o ) - 1 ] ~ < M w ( 5 . i o )

t o b e s a t i s f i e d f o r a n y a .

T o m a k e t h is d i s c u s s io n a b i t m o r e c o n c r e t e , I w ill d e s c r i b e a s i m p l e t o y m o d e l i nw h i c h t h e c l u s t e r e x p a n s i o n c a n b e s u m m e d t o a ll o r d e r s i n c~. I n t h is t o y m o d e l , w e

c a n s e e e x p l i c i t ly t h a t G o l i s a b o u n d e d f u n c t i o n o f c~. F o r t h e s a k e o f s i m p l i c i t y ,

t h is m o d e l w i ll h a v e j u s t o n e " t y p e " o f in s t a n t o n a n d j u s t o n e c ~ - p ar a m e te r ; i t is

o b v i o u s l y p o s s i b l e t o g e n e ra l iz e i t to a m o d e l w i t h m a n y c ~ ' s a n d w i t h q u a l i ta t i v e ly

s i m i l a r b e h a v i o r . T h e p o i n t o f t h e m o d e l i s t h a t e x c l u d e d v o l u m e e f f e c t s c a n b e

e x p e c t e d t o c a u s e r e p u l s iv e in t e r a c t io n s o f i n s t a n t o n s a t s m a l l s e p a r a t i o n s , a n d t h a t

s h o r t - r a n g e r e p u l s i v e i n t e r a c t i o n s c a n s i g n i f i c a n t l y a l t e r t h e c ~ - d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e

e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n a t a s y m p t o t i c a l l y la r g e c~.

F o r t h e p u r p o s e o f c h a r a c te r i z in g t h e s h o r t - r a n g e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c ti o n s i n th i st o y m o d e l , i m a g i n e t h a t e u c li d e a n s p a c e t i m e h a s b e e n d i v i d e d i n t o m a n y id e n t i c a l

t i n y c e l ls , e a c h w i t h a p h y s i c a l v o l u m e o f R 4,, th e v o l u m e o f a n i n s t a n t o n . A

c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f t h e in s t a n t o n g a s c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y a s s ig n i n g t o e a c h ce ll a

n o n - n e g a t i v e i n t e g e r , t h e n u m b e r o f in s t a n t o n s t h a t o c c u p y t h e ce ll ( se e fig . 1 2). W e

w i ll l a b e l t h e c e ll s w i t h a n i n d e x i , a n d d e n o t e t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g i n t e g e r b y n i.

N o w t h e a s s u m p t i o n o f o u r m o d e l i s t h a t i n s t a n t o n s in d is t in c t c e lls d o n o t

i n t e r a c t , b u t i n s t a n t o n s i n th e s a m e ce ll d o i n te r a c t . A n i n s t a n t o n o c c u p y i n g c e ll i

m a y e i t h e r e n c o u r a g e m o r e i n s t a n t o n s t o o c c u p y t h a t c e l l ( a t t r a c t i v e i n t e r a c t i o n ) , o r

d i s c o u r a g e a d d i t i o n a l i n s t a n t o n s ( r e p u ls i v e i n t e ra c t i o n ) .

S u p p o s e , a t f i r s t , t h a t t h e r e a r e n o i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s a t a l l . T h e n t h e

i n s t a n t o n s a r e n o n i n t e r a c t i n g i d e n t ic a l p a r ti c le s , a n d s u m m i n g o v e r a ll c o n f i g u r a -

Page 28: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 28/46

i 6 8 J . P r e s k i l l / W o r m h o l e s

~ o

o

F i g . 1 2 . E u c l i d e a n s p a c e t i m e h a s b e e n d i v i d e d in t o c e ll s; e a c h ce ll c o n t a i n s a n u m b e r o f i n s t a n t o n s t h a t

i s a s s u m e d t o b e a ( n o n - n e g a t i v e ) i n t eg e r .

t i o n s o f t h e i n s t a n t o n g a s g e n e r a t e s a n e f f e c ti v e a c t i o n 6S (a ) g i v e n b y

H e r e (9 q u a n t i f ie s t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e i n s t a n t o n c o n t r i b u t i o n o n t h e b a c k g r o u n d

g e o m e t r y ; i t c a n b e e x p a n d e d i n t e r m s o f l o c a l o p e r a t o r s i n th e c e ll i . I n e q . ( 5 .1 1 )

w e h a v e r e c o v e r e d t h e r e s u l t e q . ( 2 . 4 ) t h a t w e d e r i v e d p r e v i o u s l y i n t h e d i l u t e

a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

T o s i m u l a t e i n t e r a c t i o n s , w e r e p l a c e t h e s u m o v e r n i n e q . ( 5 . 1 1 ) b y

f a, , ~ _,= 0 ~ . ( a @ , ) . ( 5 . 1 2 )

T h e n , f o r a , , > 1 , w e h a v e i n t r o d u c e d a n a t t r a c t iv e s h o r t - r a n g e n - b o d y i n t e r a c t i o n ,

a n d f o r a,, < 1 , a r e p u l s i v e n - b o d y i n t e r a c t i o n . W i t h t h i s m o d i f i c a t i o n , e q . ( 5 . 1 1 )

b e c o m e s

6 S ( a ) = - ~'~ In f (a@ i ) ,l

a"z" ( 5 . 1 3 )f ( z ) = ~_, n! "n

T o e x t r a c t t h e v a lu e o f 3Go l, w e e x p a n d 3S i n p o w e r s o f d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e

b a c k g r o u n d m e t r ic . If t he o p e r a t o r 0 c a n b e e x p a n d e d a s

( _ 9 = c o + c l R + . . .

( w h e r e R i s t h e R i c c i s c a la r ) , t h e n w e h a v e

8 x (~ ) = f d 4 x v ~ R w ' ( S f ' ( S ) q R ( x ) + . . . ) ( 5 . 1 4 )- l n f ( S ) f ( • ) Co

Page 29: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 29/46

w h e r e

J. Pre skil l / Worm holes 169

S = c o ~ . ( 5 . 1 5 )

I n e q . ( 5 .1 4 ) , t h e s u m o v e r c e ll s h a s b e e n r e p l a c e d b y a v o l u m e in t e g r a l , a n d t h ev o l u m e R4w o f t h e c e l l h a s b e e n i n s e r t e d .

F r o m e q . (5 .1 4 ) w e s e e t h a t t h e s h i ft in N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t is g i v e n b y

8 [ ( 1 6 T r G o ) l] • f ' ( S ) c 1- f ( 8 ~ ' 4 • ( 5 . 1 6 )

(-0Rw

T h e r e a r e m a n y r e a s o n a b l e f u n c t i o n s f ( 8 ) f o r w h i c h t h i s s h i f t i s b o u n d e d ; f o r

e x a m p l e , f m a y b e a n ( e v e n ) r e a l p o l y n o m i a l w i th n o r e a l z e ro s . A s i m p l e fu n c t i o n

t h a t w o r k s i s

, 7 . ( 5 . 1 7 )( z ) = 1 + z + 5 z -

I n t h i s c a s e , o n e o r t w o i n s t a n t o n s a r e a l lo w e d t o o c c u p y a c el l w i t h o u t i n t e ra c t i n g ,

b u t a r e p u l s i v e i n t e r a c t i o n f o r b i d s t h r e e o r m o r e i n s t a n t o n s i n a s i n g l e c e l l .

C l e a r l y t h i s t o y m o d e l h a s m a n y u n r e a l i s t i c f e a t u r e s , b u t i t s e r v e s t o i l l u s t r a t e t h a t

i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s c a n c a u s e c ~ - d e p e n d e n t s h i f ts i n th e e f fe c t i v e a c t i o n t o b e

b o u n d e d a s f u n c t i o n s o f c ~ .

B e f o r e c o n c l u d i n g t h i s s e c t i o n , I w o u l d l i k e t o r e e x a m i n e o n e o f t h e a s s u m p t i o n su n d e r l y i n g o u r w h o l e a n a l y s is , i n th e l i g h t o f o u r o b s e r v a t i o n s a b o u t i n s t a n t o n

i n t e r a c t i o n s . T h i s a s s u m p t i o n w a s e x p li c it ly s t a te d i n s ec t. 2 - t h a t w o r m h o l e s h a v e

a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c t h ic k n e s s R w . T h e n i t m a k e s s e n s e t o i n t e g r a te o u t w o r m h o l e s , a n d

o b t a i n a n e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y w i th cu tof f Rw 1, i n w h i c h w o r m h o l e f l u c t u a t i o n s n o

l o n g e r o c c u r . T h e h e u r i s t i c p i c t u r e u n d e r l y i n g t h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s t h a t t h i c k w o r m -

h o l e s h a v e l a r g e e u c l i d e a n a c t io n , a n d s o g i ve a c o n t r i b u t i o n t o th e p a t h i n t e g ra l

t h a t i s h i g h l y s u p p r e s s e d . W e t h e r e f o r e m a k e o n l y a v e r y s m a l l e r r o r b y n e g l e c t i n g

w o r m h o l e s t h a t a r e m u c h t h i c k e r t h a n t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i z e R w .

T h i s r e a s o n i n g , h o w e v e r , m u s t b e r e g a r d e d w i t h c a u t i o n . W e m a y i m a g i n e t h a t t h ea ' s c a n b e d i v i d e d i n t o t w o s et s - p a r a m e t e r s c~ a s s o c i a t e d w i th s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s

a n d p a r a m e t e r s c% a s s o c ia t e d w i t h l a rg e in s t a n t o n s . O n t h e b a s i s o f t h e h e u ri s ti c

p i c t u r e d e s c r i b e d a b o v e , w e e x p e c t t h a t t he " p r o p a g a t o r " A L f o r la rg e w o r m h o l e s i s

e x t r e m e l y s m a l l ; t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n P ( c~ ) i n e q . ( 2 .5 ) s t r o n g l y f a v o r s s m a l l

v a l u e s o f c ~L . I t is in t h i s s e n s e t h a t l a r g e a L - d e p e n d e n t s h i f ts i n t h e e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n

a r e h i g h l y i m p r o b a b l e .

B u t a s w e e m p h a s i z e d i n s e ct . 3 , i t is n o t P ( a ) b u t t h e f a c t o r

Q( a) - exp{ exp[37r/G( a )A ( a)] }( 5 . 1 8 )

t h a t d e t e r m i n e s w h e r e t h e s u p p o r t o f t h e c ~ - d i s tr ib u t io n l ie s . T h e v e r y s i n g u l a r

Page 30: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 30/46

17 0 J. Preskill / Wormholes

F ig . 1 3. L a rg e i n s t a n t o n s e x c l u d e s m a l l in s t a n t o n s f ro m s p a c e t i m e .

d e p e n d e n c e o f e q . (5 .1 8 ) o n a L f o r A(a)~ 0 o v e r c o m e s th e e x p ( - a ~ A O s u p p re s -

s i o n i n P(a). H e n c e , i n s p i t e o f t h e i r l a r g e e u c l i d e a n a c t i o n , t h e l a r g e i n s t a n t o n s t r y

t h e i r b e s t t o i n c r e a s e G 1 o n t h e A = 0 s u r f a c e . T h e c o n t r i b u t i o n d u e t o l a r g e

i n s t a n t o n s t o G 1 is p r e s u m a b l y m a x i m i z e d w h e n t h e l a rg e i n s t a n t o n s a r e d e n s e .

A n d s o , i n s p i t e o f t h e s tr o n g t e n d e n c y o f th e f a c t o r P ( a ) t o s u p p r e s s t h e e f fe c t s o f

t h e la r g e i n s t a n to n s , t he l ar g e i n s ta n t o n s c a n n o t b e p r e v e n t e d f r o m b e c o m i n g d e n se ,

a n d i n d u c i n g e f f e c ts th a t a r e o f o r d e r o n e .

T h i s c o n c l u s i o n i s d i s t r e s s i n g . I t a p p e a r s t h a t w o r m h o l e s o f a r b i t r a r i l y l a r g e

t h i c k n e s s w i l l c o n t r i b u t e s i g n i f i c a n t l y t o p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s a t l o w e n e r g y . H o w a r e

w e t o r e c o n c i l e th i s p h e n o m e n o n w i th t h e w e l l - d o c u m e n t e d s u c c e ss o f l o c a l f ie ld

t h e o r y i n d e s c r i b i n g l o w - e n e r g y p h y s i c s * ?

I b e l i e v e t h a t i n t e r a c t i o n s b e t w e e n l a r g e a n d s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r

s u p p r e s s i n g t h e e f f e c ts o f l a rg e i n s t a n t o n s . I h a v e i n m i n d a p i c tu r e i n w h i c h s m a l l

i n s t a n t o n s c r o w d o u t t h e l a r g e o n e s ( fi g. 1 3). I f o u r g o a l is t o m a x i m i z e G 1 t h e n

c o n f i g u r a t i o n s w i t h m a n y l a rg e i n s t a n t o n s a r e in e f fi c ie n t , b e c a u s e t h e la r g e in s t a n -

t o n s e x c l u d e f r o m s p a c e t i m e a r e g io n t h a t t h e s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s w o u l d l ik e to o c c u p y .

A d e n s e g a s o f s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s g i v e s a c o n t r i b u t i o n o f o r d e r R s 2 to G O 1, w h e r e R s

i s t h e s i z e o f a s m a l l i n s t a n t o n , w h i l e a d e n s e g a s o f l a r g e i n s t a n t o n s c o n t r i b u t e s o f

o r d e r R c 2 , w h e r e R c i s th e s iz e o f a la r g e i n s t a n t o n . T h e r e f o r e , i f t h e r e i s a t r a d e - o f f

b e t w e e n l a r g e a n d s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s , t h e i n s t a n t o n g a s w il l f a v o r i n c r e a s in g t h e

a b u n d a n c e o f s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s a t th e e x p e n s e o f th e la r g e i n s t a n t o n s . T h i s e ff e c t

m i g h t p r o v i d e t h e j u s t if i c a t io n f o r i g n o r i n g t h e l a rg e w o r m h o l e s .

A v e r y c r u d e m o d e l w il l i l l u s tr a te h o w t h is m e c h a n i s m w o r k s . I m a g i n e t h a t t h e r e

a r e o n l y t w o i n s t a n t o n t y p e s , th e s m a l l o n e s w i t h s iz e R s a n d t h e l a r g e o n e s w i t h

s iz e R C" T h e n t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f th e b a r e N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t h a s t h e a p p r o x i m a t e

f o r m

ao 1 C R 2n ( s) + ( 5 . 1 9 )

H e r e n s is th e d i m e n s i o n l e s s d e n s i t y o f s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s , t h e f ra c t i o n o f t h e v o l u m e

o f s p a c e t i m e t h a t i s o c c u p i e d b y t h e i n s t a n t o n s ; n L i s t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g d e n s i t y o f

l a r g e i n s t a n t o n s , a n d C s , C e a r e n u m e r i c a l c o n s t a n t s o f o r d e r o n e . W e w i s h t o

d e t e r m i n e a s a n d a c b y m a x i m i z i n g G o 1. B u t i f s m a l l in s t a n t o n s c a n n o t s it o n t o p

* This issue was also raised by K aplanovsky [20], and has b een discussed in refs. [16,18 .

Page 31: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 31/46

J. Pres kil l / Worm holes 17 1

F i g . 1 4 . I f e x c l u d e d f r o m a t t a c h i n g t o s p a c e t i m e b y a l a r g e i n s t a n t o n , a s m a l l w o r m h o l e m a y a t t a c h t o a

l a r g e w o r m h o l e i n s t e a d .

o f l a rg e i n s t a n t o n s , t h e n t h e d e n s i ti e s a re c o n s t r a i n e d b y

F / s (O ~ s ) q - H L ( @ L ) ~ 1 -. ( 5 . 2 0 )

E v i d e n t l y , t h e m a x i m u m o f G o 1 s u b j e ct t o t h e c o n s t r a i n t e q . (5 .2 0 ) is n s = 1 ,

n e = 0 , a s s u m i n g t h a t C s R s 2 > C L R L 2. T h e l ar g e i n s t a n t o n s a r e c o m p l e t e l y e li m i -

n a t e d i n f a v o r o f t h e s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s .

T h e d i s t i n c t i o n b e t w e e n i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s a n d w o r m h o l e i n t e r a c t i o n s i s

i m p o r t a n t f o r u n d e r s t a n d i n g w h y l a rg e a n d s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s m u t u a l l y e x c lu d e e a c h

o t h e r . W h e n e x c l u d e d f r o m s p a c e t i m e b y a l a r g e i n s t a n t o n , a s m a l l i n s t a n t o n w i l l

s l i d e u p o n t o a l a rg e w o r m h o l e (f ig . 14 ); t h a t is , t h e s m a l l w o r m h o l e w i l l a t t a c h t o

t h e l a r g e w o r m h o l e in s t e a d o f a t t a c h i n g t o th e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e . O n e m i g h th a v e a r g u e d f r o m t h is p e r s p e c ti v e th a t t h e p h y s ic s o f s m a l l w o r m h o l e s is u n a f f e c t e d

b y l a r g e w o r m h o l e s ; t h e sm a l l w o r m h o l e f in d s t h e la r g e w o r m h o l e i n d i s ti n g u i s h a b le

f r o m t h e b a c k g r o u n d s p a c e t i m e . B u t w e h a v e a l r e a d y l e a r n e d t h a t t h e p h y s i c a l

c o n s e q u e n c e s o f w o r m h o l e i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e q u i t e d i f f e r e n t t h a n t h e c o n s e q u e n c e s o f

i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t io n s . T h e in t e r a c t i o n s b e tw e e n l a rg e a n d s m a ll w o r m h o l e s a l t e r t h e

d i s t r i b u t i o n P ( a ) , b u t h a v e n o e f f e c t o n t h e c r u c i a l f a c t o r Q ( a ) t h a t d e t e r m i n e s

w h a t v a l u e s o f t h e a ' s a r e f a v o re d . T h e i n s t a n t o n i n t e ra c t io n s , n o t t h e w o r m h o l e

i n t e r a c t i o n s , a f f e c t Q ( a ) , a n d i t is t h e r e f o r e th e i n s t a n t o n i n t e r a c t i o n s , n o t t h e

w o r m h o l e i n t e r a c t i o n s , t h a t m u s t a c c o u n t f o r t h e s u p p r e s si o n o f t h e e f f e ct s o f l ar g ew o r m h o l e s .

T h e s u g g e s t i o n t h a t s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s a r e r e sp o n s i b l e f o r s u p p r e s si n g t h e e ff e c t s o f

l a r g e i n s t a n t o n s s o u n d s s u r p r i s i n g a t f ir s t. It i s a c h e r i s h e d p r i n c i p l e o f p h y s i c s , t h e

d e c o u p l i n g p r i n c i p l e , t h a t l o n g - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s is r e l a t iv e l y in s e n s i t iv e t o t h e d e t a i ls

o f s h o r t - d i s t a n c e p h y s ic s . O r d i n a r i ly , w e e x p e c t t h a t i t i s p o s s ib l e t o " i n t e g r a t e o u t "

s h o r t - w a v e l e n g t h q u a n t u m f l u c t u a t io n s a n d i n c o r p o r a t e t h e e f f e c ts o f th e s e fl u c t u a -

t i o n s i n t o t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o f t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f a n e f f e c ti v e f ie l d t h e o r y t h a t

d e s c r i b e s l o n g - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s . ( I n d e e d , w e i n v o k e d t h i s s t r a t e g y i n s e c t . 3 , a n d w i l l

d o s o a g a i n i n s e c t. 6 .) H e n c e , w e m i g h t e x p e c t t h a t t h e e f f e c t s o f la r g e i n s t a n t o n s

c a n b e u n d e r s t o o d w i t h i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a l o w - e n e r g y e f f e c ti v e f ie l d th e o r y i n w h i c h

s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s h a v e a l r e a d y b e e n i n t e g r a t e d o u t. B u t h o w c a n t h e m e c h a n i s m

Page 32: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 32/46

172 J. Preskill / Wormholes

d e s c r i b e d a b o v e f o r su p p r e s s in g l a rg e i n s t a n to n s , w h i c h a r is e s f r o m i n t e r a c t i o n s

w i t h s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s , b e u n d e r s t o o d i n s u c h a n e f f ec t iv e fi el d t h e o r y ?

I b e l i e v e , i n f a c t, th a t t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f G 1 is a n exception t o t h e d e c o u p l i n g

p r in c i p le . T h e d o m i n a n t c o n t r i b u t io n t o t he d e p e n d e n c e o f G 1 o n a L c a n n o t b ea c c o u n t e d f o r i n t e r m s o f l o n g - d i s ta n c e p h y s i c s a l o n e . I t a ri se s b e c a u s e o f t h e

u n u s u a l w a y i n w h i c h s h o r t - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s a n d l o n g - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s a r e i n t e r -

t w i n e d h e r e . U s u a l ly , w e m a y t h i n k o f sh o r t - w a v e l e n g t h f l u c t u a t i o n s a s b e i n g

s u p e r p o s e d o n a l o n g - w a v e l e n g t h b a c k g r o u n d f ie ld c o n f i g u r a t i o n . B e c a u s e t h e

s h o r t - w a v e l e n g t h f l u c t u a t i o n s a r e i n d i f f e r e n t t o t h e l o n g - w a v e l e n g t h p h y s i c s , t h e y

i n d u c e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n s t h a t a r e i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e b a c k g r o u n d f i e l d ; t h a t i s w h y

d e c o u p l i n g u s u a l l y w o r k s . F r o m t h i s p e r s p e c t i v e , t h e k e y f e a t u r e o f t h e i n s t a n t o n

i n t e r a c t i o n s i s t h a t t h e y p r e v e n t s m a l l in s t a n t o n s f r o m s i tt in g o n t o p o f l ar g e

i n s t a n t o n s . T h e r e f o r e , th e e f f e c ts o f th e s m a l l in s t a n t o n s a r e n o t i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e

c o n f i g u r a t i o n o f l a rg e in s t a n t o n s . T h e d e p e n d e n c e o f G 1 o n a L is th u s d o m i n a t e d

b y t h e e f f e c t o f a L o n t h e s m a ll in s t a n t o n s , a n d i t c a n n o t b e u n d e r s t o o d i n t e rm s o f

l o n g - d i s t a n c e p h y s i c s a l o n e . T h a t i s w h y d e c o u p l i n g f a i l s .

O n e s h o u l d a l so n o t i c e t h a t t hi s m e c h a n i s m f o r su p p r e s s i n g l ar g e in s t a n t o n s r e li es

c r u c i a l l y o n t h e c la i m t h a t t h e a ' s a r e d e t e r m i n e d b y m a x i m i z i n g G 1. T h e p o i n t i s

s i m p l y t h a t G - ~ h a s th e d i m e n s i o n s o f m a s s t o a posit ive p o w e r . T h e r e f o r e , m e r e l y

o n d i m e n s i o n a l g r o u n d s , s m a l l i n s t a n t o n s a r e m u c h m o r e e f fe c t iv e t h a n l a rg e

i n s t a n t o n s a t c a u s i n g G - ~ t o i n c re a s e.

6 . R e n o r m a l iz a t i o n in q u a n t u m g r a v i t y

I n s p i t e o f t h e i n t r i n s i c i n d e t e r m i n a c y i n t r o d u c e d b y w o r m h o l e e f f e c t s , i t i s

r e a s o n a b l e t o h o p e t h a t th e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e c a n , i n p r i n c ip l e , b e c o m p u t e d . W e

m u s t c a l c u l a t e t h e d e p e n d e n c e o n t h e a ' s o f th e v a r i o u s p a r a m e t e r s t h a t c h a r a c t e r -

i ze l o w - e n e r g y p h y s i c s , a n d t h e n f i n d t h e v a l u e o f a t h a t i s o v e r w h e l m i n g l y f a v o r e d

b y t h e p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n Q ( a ) i n e q . ( 3 . 3 ) .

T o f i n d t h e f a v o r e d v a l u e o f a , it i s e n o u g h t o k n o w t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f tw o

q u a n t i t i e s, t h e ( r e n o r m a l i z e d ) c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t A a n d t h e ( r e n o r m a l i z e d )

N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t G . A s w e h a v e e m p h a s i z e d , t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f th e s e q u a n t i t ie s

a r i s e s f r o m t w o s o u r c e s ( a s d o e s t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f a l l t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d p a r a m e -

t e r s ) , a n d w e c a n i m a g i n e c a l c u l a t i n g t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e i n t w o s t a g e s . I n t h e f i r s t

s t ag e , w e i n t e g r a t e o u t w o r m h o l e f l u c tu a t i o n s , a n d t h u s o b t a i n a n e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y

w i t h a - d e p e n d e n t b a r e c o u p l i n g s t h a t is c u t o f f at t h e w o r m h o l e s c al e M w . I n t h e

s e c o n d s t a g e , w e i n t e g r a t e o u t q u a n t u m f l u c t u a t i o n s w i t h w a v e l e n g t h s g r e a t e r t h a n

R w = M ,~ 1, to o b t a i n a n e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y t h a t is a p p r o p r i a t e f o r d e s c r i b i n g t h e

f a r - i n f r a r e d b e h a v i o r o f g r a v i ty . T h e f i r s t s t a g e w a s t h e s u b j e c t o f s e ct . 5, a n d t h e

s e c o n d s t a g e i s t h e s u b j e c t o f t h i s s e c t i o n .

I n s e c t . 5 , w e a r g u e d t h a t i t w i l l b e d i f f i c u l t t o a n a l y z e t h e f i r s t s t a g e w i t h

p r e c i s i o n , b e c a u s e t h e d i l u t e a p p r o x i m a t i o n d o e s n o t a p p l y . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n a l r e a d y

Page 33: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 33/46

J . Preski l l / Wormholes 173

d i s c o u r a g e s u s a b o u t t h e p r o s p e c t s fo r c a lc u l a ti n g th e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f A a n d G .

B u t e v e n i f i t is h o p e l e s s t o c a l c u la t e t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e b a r e c o u p l i n g s

i n d u c e d a t t h e f i r s t s t a g e , o n e m i g h t s t i l l n u r t u r e t h e h o p e t h a t t h e p r e f e r r e d v a l u e s

o f a t l e a s t s o m e o f th er e n o r m a l i z e d

c o u p l i n g s c a n b e c a l c u l a t e d t o r e a s o n a b l ea c c u r a c y . T h e r e a re , p r e s u m a b l y , m a n y a ' s , a n d s o i t m a y n o t b e s e ri o u sl y w r o n g t o

a s s u m e t h a t , a s t h e a ' s v a r y , t h e b a r e c o u p l i n g s a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e c a n v a r y

w i t h o u t r e s t ri c t io n * . T h e n w e c a n f o r g e t a ll a b o u t t h e o r i g in o f th e a - d e p e n d e n c e .

O u r t a s k is s i m p l y to f in d " t h e b e s t o f p o s s i b l e w o r l d s " - t h a t c h o i c e o f th e b a r e

p a r a m e t e r s a t s c a l e M W f o r w h i c h C o l e m a n ' s d i s t r ib u t i o n h a s i ts s h a r p p e a k .

U n f o r t u n a t e l y , th is p r o g r a m i n it s m o s t e x t r e m e f o r m s u g g e s te d a b o v e i s d o o m e d

t o f a il . A s w e h a v e s e e n , i n th e b e s t o f w o r l d s G v a n i s h e s a s w e ll a s A , a n d t h e r e i s

n o g r a v i t a t i o n a l i n t e r a c t io n . W e m u s t a c c e p t t h a t o u r u n i v e r s e is n o t t h e m o s t

p e r f e c t o n e , a n d a b a n d o n t h e h y p o t h e s i s t h a t w o r m h o l e e f fe c t s a l lo w t h e b a r ep a r a m e t e r s t o v a r y a r b i t r a r i l y . A m i l d e r v e r s i o n o f t h i s h y p o t h e s i s m i g h t b e

r e a s o n a b l e , h o w e v e r ; w e c a n a s s u m e t h a t w h i le G o 1 is b o u n d e d a b o v e a s a f u n c t io n

o f t h e c ~'s , a l l o t h e r b a r e c o u p l i n g s c a n b e v a r i e d w i t h o u t r e s t r i c ti o n . S u r e l y , th i s is

a t b e s t a c a r i c a t u r e o f th e a c t u a l a - d e p e n d e n c e o f th e b a r e c o u p l in g s , b u t i t m a y

s e r v e a s a f i r s t a p p r o x i m a t i o n .

T h i s p o i n t o f v ie w s u g g e s ts s o m e q u e s t i o n s t h a t w e w il l a d d r e s s b e l o w . F o r

e x a m p l e , w i ll a n u p p e r b o u n d o n G o 1 s u f fi c e t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e re n o r m a l i z e d G 1 is

a l s o b o u n d e d a b o v e , a s w e r e q u i r e f o r C o l e m a n ' s m e c h a n i s m t o b e c o n s i s t e n t w i t h

o b s e r v a t i o n , e v e n i f n o r e s t ri c ti o n s a r e p l a c e d o n o t h e r b a r e c o u p l i n g s ? A n d a ls o , d ot h e c o e f f i c i e n t s in t h e re n o r m a l i z e d g r a v i t a t i o n a l e f f e c t iv e a c t i o n o f t e r m s t h a t

i n v o l v e h i g h e r d e r i v a ti v e s o f t h e m e t r i c o b e y s u i t a b le b o u n d s e v e n a s t h e b a r e

c o u p l i n g s v a r y w i t h o u t r e s t r i c t i o n ? S u c h b o u n d s a r e a l s o r e q u i r e d f o r t h e c o n s i s -

t e n c y o f C o l e m a n ' s m e c h a n i s m .

I w ill a r g u e t h a t C o l e m a n ' s e x p l a n a t i o n f o r A - - 0 p a s s e s b o t h o f t h e c o n s i s t e n c y

t e st s p o s e d a b o v e . T h a t i s, o n l y o n e c o n d i t io n o n t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f th e b a s e

c o u p l i n g s - t h e u p p e r b o u n d o n G o 1 - s u f fi c e s t o j u s t i f y C o l e m a n ' s p i c t u r e o f t h e

i n f r a r e d b e h a v i o r o f g r a v i ty . T h e s e a r g u m e n t s a r e r a t h e r h e u r is t ic , b u t , I h o p e ,

c o g e n t .W h a t c a n b e s a i d a b o u t t h e c a l c u la b i l i ty , in p r a c ti c e , o f t h e c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e

( o t h e r t h a n t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t )? W i t h r e s p e c t t o t h is is s ue , t h e re is n o t m u c h

c a u s e f o r e n c o u r a g e m e n t . W e h o p e t o c a l cu l a te t h e v a ri o u s re n o r m a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r s

t h a t d e s c r i b e l o w - e n e r g y p h y s i c s. F o r t h is p u r p o s e , w e m u s t f i n d th e d e p e n d e n c e o f

t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d G o n t h es e re n o r m a l i z e d q u a n t it ie s . T h i s d e p e n d e n c e m i g h t h a v e

b e e n c a l c u l a b le i f t he r e n o r m a l i z a ti o n o f G w e r e d o m i n a t e d b y l o n g - w a v e l e n g th

e f f e c t s t h a t c o u l d b e n a t u r a l l y e x p r e s s e d in t e r m s o f c o u p l in g s r e n o r m a l i z e d a t lo w

e n e r g y . B u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y , t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G is a c t u a l ly d o m i n a t e d b y

* This means, of course, that the bare action varies "wi tho ut restri ction" within a space of reasonable

quasilocal theories.

Page 34: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 34/46

174 J. Preskill / Wormholes

s h o r t - w a v e l e n g t h q u a n t u m f l u c t u a t i o n s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e p r e f e r r e d v a l u e s o f t h e

c o n s t a n t s o f N a t u r e a r e a c t u a l l y s e n s i t i v e t o p h y s i c s a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e M , , , a n d

c a n n o t b e c o m p u t e d b a s e d o n l o w - e n e rg y p h y s i c s a lo n e .

I n a m o r e o p t i m i s t i c l i g h t , b y f a i l i n g t o m a k e p r e d i c t i o n s b e y o n d A = 0 w e h a v ea v o i d e d m a k i n g a n y wrong p r e d i c t i o n s t h a t w o u l d c a l l C o l e m a n ' s m e c h a n i s m i n t o

q u e s t i o n . I n d e e d , b a s e d o n a d i ff e r e n t p o i n t o f v i e w th a n a d v o c a t e d h e r e , G r i n s t e i n

a n d W i s e [1 5] a n d K l e b a n o v , S u s s k in d , a n d B a n k s [1 6] r e a c h e d s o m e u n f o r t u n a t e

c o n c l u s i o n s - f o r e x a m p l e , t h a t th e p i o n h a s v a n i s h i n g m a s s . T h i s e m b a r r a s s m e n t is

e v a d e d if , a s I c la i m , t h e p r e f e r r e d v a l u e s o f th e r e n o r m a l i z e d q u a n t i t ie s a r e a c t u a l l y

d e t e r m i n e d b y s h o r t - d i s ta n c e p h y s i c s . O f c o u rs e , it r e m a i n s t o b e s e e n w h e t h e r " t h e

b e s t o f p o s s i b l e w o r l d s " i n t h e r e v i s e d s e n s e p r o p o s e d h e r e w i l l r e s e m b l e t h e

u n i v e r s e t h a t w e o b s e r v e .

L e t u s n o w c o n s i d e r i n m o r e d e t a i l t h e r e l a t i o n b e t w e e n t h e b a r e t h e o r y a t t h ew o r m h o l e s c a l e M w a n d t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d t h e o r y t h a t d e s c r i b e s p h y s i c s a t v e r y lo w

e n e r g y . I t is c o n v e n i e n t t o im a g i n e t h a t t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d t h e o r y is o b t a i n e d f r o m t h e

b a r e t h e o r y b y m e a n s o f a r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p t r a n s f o r m a t i o n [ 23 ]. T h e b a r e

t h e o r y i s c u t o f f a t t h e m a s s s c a l e M W a n d i s q u a s i l o c a l o n t h e d i s t a n c e s c a l e M w i.

T h i s b a r e t h e o r y m i g h t b e q u i t e c o m p l i c a t e d , i n v o l v i n g m a n y d e g r e e s o f f r e e d o m

a n d i n t e r a c t i o n s . N o w w e a l lo w t h e c u t o f f t o f lo a t d o w n f r o m M w t o M << M w ; w e

i n t e g r a te o u t a l l q u a n t u m f lu c t u a ti o n s w i th w a v e n u m b e r b e t w e e n M w a n d M , a n d

w e i n c o r p o r a t e t h e e ff e c ts o f t h e se f l u c t u a ti o n s i n t o r e n o r m a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r s o f a n

e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y t h a t h a s c u t o f f M a n d i s q u a s i l o c a l o n t h e d i s t a n c e s c a l e M 1. A f t e r

M h a s d e s c e n d e d b e l o w t h e m a s s o f t h e li g h te s t m a s s i v e p a r t ic l e i n t h e o ri g in a l

t h e o r y , t h e o n l y r e m a i n i n g d e g r e e s o f f re e d o m i n t h e e f f e c ti v e t h e o r y a r e m a s s l e s s

f i e ld s , s u c h a s t h e g r a v i t o n a n d p h o t o n . I t is th e p a r a m e t e r s o f th i s e f fe c t i v e t h e o r y ,

i n t h e l i m i t M --* 0 , t h a t e n t e r i n t o C o l e m a n ' s c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n Q ( c 0 .

T h e M ~ 0 l im i t o f th e e f fe c t iv e th e o r y i s t h e " c o n t i n u u m l i m i t " o f t h e b a r e

t h e o r y t h a t w e s t a r t e d w i t h . I t d e s c r i b e s t h e p h y s i c s o f t h e t h e o r y o n l e n g t h s c a l e s

t h a t a r e a r b i t r a r i l y l a r g e c o m p a r e d t o t h e o r i g i n a l s h o r t - d i s t a n c e c u t o f f . F u r t h e r -

m o r e , t h e o n l y s u r v i v i n g in t e r a c t i o n i n t h e M ~ 0 li m i t i s g r a v i t y .

O t h e r m a s s l e s s p a r t i c l e s ( s u c h a s t h e p h o t o n ) m a y r e m a i n c o u p l e d t o t h e g r a v i t o n ,

b u t t h e s e l f - in t e r a c t io n s o f m a t t e r h a v e b e e n i n t e g r a t e d o u t . ( F o r e x a m p l e , t h e re i s

n o e l e c t r o d y n a m i c in t e r a c t i o n b e c a u s e t h e r e a r e n o m a s s l e s s c h a r g e d p a r t ic l e s .)

T h u s , t h e M ---, 0 l i m i t is t h e c o n t i n u u m l i m i t o f a c u t o f f t h e o r y o f g r a v i t y . I n f a c t , a s

w e a l l o w M t o f l o a t t o w a r d z er o , t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t A m u s t

a l s o a p p r o a c h z e r o , a s w e d i s c u s s e d i n s e c t . 3 . S o w e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e c o n t i n u u m

l i m i t o f g r a v i t y w i t h a v a n i s h i n g c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t .

T h i s is a u s e f u l i n si g h t, b e c a u s e E i n s te i n g r a v i t y is n o n r e n o r m a l i z a b l e in p e r t u r b a -

t i o n t h e o r y , a n d i t w o u l d b e a s t u n n i n g s u r p r i s e if i t t u r n e d o u t t o b e p o s s i b l e t o

t a k e a c o n t i n u u m l im i t o f q u a n t u m g r a v i t y o t h e r t h a n f re e f ie ld t h e o ry . I n o t h e r

w o r d s , i f t h e s t r e n g t h o f g r a v i t a t i o n a l e f f e c t s i s h e l d f i x e d a t th e m a s s s c a l e M , w e

d o n o t e x p e c t t o b e a b l e t o p u s h t h e c u t o f f m a s s M o u p a r b i t r a ri l y h ig h , w h i le

Page 35: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 35/46

J. Pre skil l / Worm holes 175

m a i n t a i n i n g a q u a s i l o c a l t h e o r y o f g r a v i t y a t t h e s c a le M 0. I f th i s w e r e p o s s i b le , t h e n

w e c o u l d d e v i s e a n o r d i n a r y f ie l d th e o r y o f g r a v i ty t h a t m a k e s s e n s e a t a r b i t ra r i l y

s h o r t d i s t a n ce s , j u s t a s q u a n t u m c h r o m o d y n a m i c s ( p r e su m a b l y ) c a n d e s c r i b e th e

s t r o n g i n t e r a c t i o n a t a r b i t r a r i l y s h o r t d i s t a n c e s . T h e n w e w o u l d h a v e a c o n s i s t e n tf i e ld t h e o r y o f q u a n t u m g r a v it y ; th e r e w o u l d b e n o n e e d f o r s tr in g s .

T h e c o n j e c t u r e t h a t q u a n t u m g r av i ty h as n o n o n t r iv i a l c o n t i n u u m l im i t ca n b e

s t a t e d f r o m t w o d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s o f v ie w . W e m a y c o n s i d e r ( as a b o v e ) p h y s i c s a t

s c a le M t o b e f i xe d , a n d t h e n a s k w h e t h e r a b a r e t h e o r y c a n b e c o n s t r u c t e d t h a t

r e p r o d u c e s t h e p h y s i c s a t s c al e M a s t h e c u t o f f M 0 o f t h e b a r e t h e o r y a p p r o a c h e s

i n f i n i ty . A l t e r n a t iv e l y , w e m a y c o n s i d e r t h e c u t o f f M 0 o f t h e b a r e t h e o r y t o b e f ix e d ,

a n d t h e n a s k w h e t h e r a g r a v i ta t i o n a l i n t e r a c ti o n a t s ca le M c a n r e m a i n n o n t r i v i a l a s

M ~ 0 , f o r a n y c h o i c e o f t h e q u a s i l o ca l b a r e t h e o r y w i th c u t o f f M o.

T h e e f f e c t i v e t h e o r y a t sc a le M h a s a n a c t i o n S , t h a t c a n b e e x p a n d e d i n t e r m so f ( q u a s i - )l o c a l o p e r a t o r s . E a c h o p e r a t o r h a s a c o e f f ic i e n t t h a t c a n b e m a d e

d i m e n s i o n l e s s b y m u l t ip l y in g b y a n a p p r o p r i a te p o w e r o f M . T h u s , S M c a n b e

s p e c i f i e d b y a n i n f i n i t e s e t o f d i m e n s i o n l e s s c o u p l i n g s * , X % , a = 1, 2 , 3 . . . . . T h e

c o n j e c t u r e t h a t g r a v i t y h a s n o c o n t i n u u m l im i t , t h en , in t h e s e c o n d f o r m m e n t i o n e d

a b o v e , c a n b e s t a t e d : F o r a n y c h o i c e o f t he q u a s i lo c a l b a r e t h e o r y a t t h e c u t o f f M 0 ,

a l l d i m e n s i o n l e s s r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g s ? ~ a p p r o a c h z e r o a s M - -* 0 " * . I n f a ct ,

o n e e x p e c t s t h a t f o r s m a l l n o n v a n i s h i n g M , t h e k % ' s o b e y a s o m e w h a t s t r o n g e r

i n e q u a l i t y c o n s t r a i n t ,

X% ~ X"m~, , M << M o , (6 .1 )

w h e r e t h e u p p e r b o u n d X ~ x , a d im e n s i o nl e ss f u n c t io n o f M U M , a p p r o a c h e s z e r o

f o r M o / M - - - , o o .

T h e i n e q u a l i t y e q . ( 6 . 1 ) h o l d s f o r a n y c h o i c e o f th e q u a s i lo c a l b a r e t h e o r y a t

c u t o f f s c a l e M o , e v e n a s t h e b a r e c o u p l i n g s r a n g e w i t h o u t b o u n d ; t h e r e is n o

r e n o r m a l i z e d t h e o r y a t s ca le M t h a t is d e s c e n d e d f r o m a q u a s il o c a l b a r e t h e o r y a t

s c a l e M o a n d t h a t h a s ; k ~ g r e a t e r t h a n ~ ' ~ ( M o / M ) . O n e m i g h t h a v e s u p p o s e dt h a t w e c a n s p e c i f y a n y r e n o r m a l i z e d t h e o r y w e p l e as e a t sc a le M a n d t h e n o b t a i n

t h e c o r r e s p o n d i n g b a r e t h e o r y a t s c al e M 0 b y r u n n i n g t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p

t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n r e v e rs e . B u t t h is t y p i c a l l y fa ils , b e c a u s e t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p

f l o w r e a c h e s a b o u n d a r y o f t h e s p a c e o f q u a s i lo c a l t h e o r ie s b e f o r e t h e f l o a ti n g

c u t o f f M o is a t t a i n e d .

T h e c l a i m t h a t t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g s a r e b o u n d e d e v e n t h o u g h t h e b a r e

c o u p l i n g s a r e n o t , m a y s o u n d s u r p r i s i n g a t fi rs t , b u t t h is b e h a v i o r is j u s t t h e

* S t r i ct l y s p e a k i n g , t h e s e a r e t h e " e s s e n t i a l " c o u p l i n g s t h a t a r e n o t c h a n g e d b y l o c a l r e d e f i n i t i o n s o f

the f i e ld s [ 23 , 26 ] .

* * R e c a l l t h a t w e a r e c o n s i d e r i n g t h e i n f r a r e d b e h a v i o r o f g r a v i t y w i t h v a n i s h i n g r c n o r m a l i z e d

c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t .

Page 36: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 36/46

176 J. Preskill /Worrnholes

( n o n p e r t u r b a t i v e ) " L a n d a u g h o s t " p h e n o m e n o n . T h e L a n d a u g h o s t is f a m i l ia r in ,

f o r e x a m p l e , Q E D a n d 0 4 t h e o r y i n f o u r d i m e n s i o n s , t w o f i e ld t h e o r ie s t h a t , t h o u g h

p e r t u r b a t i v e l y r e n o r m a l i z a b l e , a r e n o t e x p e c t e d t o h a v e n o n t r i v i a l c o n t i n u u m l i m i t s

[ 2 3 ,2 7 ]. I t is c h a r a c t e r is t i c o f t h is p h e n o m e n o n t h a t a r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g )tM ,

w h e n e v o l v e d b y m e a n s o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p t o a l a r g e r r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n

s c a l e , a t t a i n s a n i n f i n i t e v a l u e a t a f i n i t e s c a l e M ' > M . E q u i v a l e n t l y , L a n d a u g h o s t

b e h a v i o r m e a n s t h a t r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g s a t s ca l e M o b e y t h e i n e q u a l i ty e q . ( 6.1 ),

e v e n a s b a r e c o u p l i n g s a t t h e c u t o f f M 0 v a r y w i t h o u t r e s tr ic t io n . P h y s i c a ll y , v e r y

s t r o n g c h a r g e s c r e e n in g e f f e c ts k e e p t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g f i n it e e v e n i f t h e

b a r e c o u p l i n g i s i n f i n i t e .

W e c o n c l u d e , t h e n , th a t i f n o q u a n t u m f ie ld t h e o r y o f g r a v i t y h a s a c o n t i n u u m

l i m i t , t h e n a l l g r a v i t a t i o n a l e f f e c t s m u s t b e c o m e w e a k i n th e M - ~ 0 li m i t, ir r e s p e c -

t i v e o f t h e b a r e t h e o r y d e f i n e d a t s c a l e M 0 >> M ; a l l d i m e n s i o n l e s s c o u p l i n g s ) t%a p p r o a c h z e r o . B e c a u s e a l l d i m e n s i o n l e s s c o u p l i n g s a r e s m a l l , t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n

g r o u p f l o w c a n b e r e li a b l y c o m p u t e d f o r M << M 0 in p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y . T h i s

p e r t u r b a t i v e a n a l y s i s a l lo w s u s t o j u s t i fy n e g l e c t in g t e r m s i n t h e e f f e c ti v e a c t i o n t h a t

i n v o l v e h i g h e r d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e m e t r i c i n t h e d e r i v a t i o n i n s e c t . 3 . ( T h e p e r t u r b a t i v e

f l o w e q u a t i o n s w i l l b e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r b e l o w . ) T h u s , C o l e m a n ' s e x p l a n a t i o n f o r

A = 0 h a s p a s s e d a n o n t r iv i a l c o n s i s t e n c y t e s t; w e n e e d n o t w o r r y a b o u t h i g h e r-

d e r i v a t i v e i n t e r a c t io n s u p s e t t i n g h is m e c h a n i s m , r e g a r d le s s o f t h e a - d e p e n d e n c e o f

t h e b a r e h i g h e r - d e r i v a t i v e c o u p l i n g s .

L i k e t h e o t h e r d i m e n s i o n l e s s c o u p l i n g s , GM M2 o b e y s t h e i n e q u a l i t y e q . ( 6 . 1 ) .

P e r t u r b a t i v e p o w e r - c o u n t i n g a s d e s cr ib e d b e l o w t h e n s h o w s t h a t G M s t o p s ru n n i n g

a s M - , 0 ; i t a p p r o a c h e s t h e l im i t G , t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t . T h e r e f o r e

G o b e y s a n i n e q u a l i ty

G < C mo 2 , ( 6 . 2 )

w h e r e C is a c o n s t a n t , p r e s u m a b l y o f o r d e r o n e , i n d e p e n d e n t o f t h e b a r e t h e o r y a t

t h e c u t o f f M 0. C o r r e s p o n d i n g l y , t h e c o e f f i c i e n t G 1 o f R i n t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d

e f f e c t iv e a c t i o n e q . (3 .5 ) is b o u n d e d f r o m be lo w . I n p a r t i c u l a r , t h e n , G 1 i s p o s i t i v e ,

a s w e a s s u m e d i n s e c t . 3 .

B u t t h e r e i s n o l o we r b o u n d o n G t h a t w e c a n i nf e r f r o m a re n o r m a l i z a ti o n g r o u p

a r g u m e n t a l o n e . I n d e e d , a l l g r a v i t a t io n a l i n t e r a c t io n s a r e p r o p o r t i o n a l t o a p o s i t i v e

p o w e r o f G , a n d g r a v i t y b e c o m e s a f r ee t h e o r y f o r G = 0 . E v i d e n t ly , t h e n , t h e r e is n o

r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n f o r G = 0 , a n d G = 0 is a f ix e d p o i n t o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t io n g r o u p .

I f th e b a r e N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t G O v a n i s h es , t h e n s o d o e s t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g

G . W e a r r i v e a g a i n a t t h e c o n c l u s i o n a n n u n c i a t e d e a r l i e r ; C o l e m a n ' s m e c h a n i s m

f a v o r s t h e l o w e s t p o s s ib l e v a lu e o f G , a n d h e n c e i s i n c o m p a t i b l e w i t h o b s e r v a t i o n

u n l e s s t h e b a r e p a r a m e t e r G O is b o u n d e d a w a y f r o m z e ro .

M a y w e a l s o s a y th a t a lo w e r b o u n d o n t h e b a r e N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t G O>/G0,min > 0

s u f f ic e s t o e n s u r e t h a t t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d G d o e s n o t v a n i s h ? T h e i ss u e is w h e t h e r

Page 37: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 37/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes 177

G M 1 c a n b e i n f i n i t e l y r e n o r m a l i z e d a s M f l o a ts f r o m M o d o w n t o ze r o , o r , i n o t h e r

w o r d s , w h e t h e r t h e m e t r i c c a n u n d e r g o a n i n f i n i t e f i e l d r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n . S i n c e t h e

r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n f o r M << M 0 c a n b e s t u d i e d p e r t u r b a t i v e l y , a n d w e k n o w t h a t G M

s t o p s r u n n i n g , t h e o n l y q u e s t i o n i s w h e t h e ri n f i n i t e

h i g h e r - d e r i v a t i v e b a r e c o u p l i n g sc a n i n d u c e a n i n f i n it e f ie l d r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n a t M - M 0. T h i s q u e s t i o n i s h ig h l y

n o n p e r t u r b a t i v e a n d is h a r d t o a n s w e r d e f in i ti v e ly , b u t I b e l ie v e th a t t h e s a m e

s c r e e n i n g e f f e c t s t h a t u n d e r l i e t h e i n e q u a l i ti e s e q . ( 6 .1 ) w i ll a ls o p r e v e n t i n f i n i t e f i e ld

r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n , e v e n i f s o m e b a r e c o u p l i n g s a r e i n fi n it e . T h e p o i n t is t h a t i n fi n i te

b a r e c o u p l i n g s r u n i n f in i te l y q u i c k l y a s th e c u t o f f f l o a ts , a n d s o a lw a y s i n d u c e f in i te

e f f e c ts . T h e r e f o r e , i f th e b a r e N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t i s G o << M o 2 , t h e n t h e r e n o r m a l -

i z e d c o u p l i n g i s G - G 0, r e g a r d l e s s o f th e v a l u e s o f th e o t h e r b a r e c o u p l i n g s . ( F o r

G o > 3 4 o 2, t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g i s G - M 0 2, i n a c c o r d w i t h t h e b o u n d e q .

( 6 . 2 ) . )I f t h e b a r e c o u p l i n g G o h a s a m i n i m u m a s a f u n c t i o n o f a , o n e e x p e c t s o n

d i m e n s i o n a l g r o u n d s t h a t t he m i n i m u m o c c u r s f o r G o - 3 4 o - 2 ; t h e n t h e m i n i m a l

r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g is a ls o G - M 0 2. T h i s m i n i m a l r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g s h o u l d

c o i n c i d e w i t h t h e o b s e r v e d N e w t o n ' s c o n s t a n t . I t is t h e r e f o r e re a s o n a b l e t o id e n t i f y

t h e w o r m h o l e s c a le M w = M o w i th t h e P l a n c k s c a le M v - 1 0 1 9 G e V .

W h i l e t h e a b o v e d is c u s s i o n s u g g e s ts t h a t t h e o th e r b a r e c o u p l i n g s d o n o t r e n o r -

m a l i z e G o b y a n e n o r m o u s f a c to r , e a c h c o u p l i n g d o e s g i ve a c o n t r i b u t i o n , h o w e v e r

s m a l l , t o t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G o , b e c a u s e a ll d e g r e e s o f f r e e d o m i n t h e b a r e

t h e o r y c o u p l e t o g r a v i t y . I n o t h e r w o r d s , t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g G i s a f u n c t i o no f a ll t h e b a r e p a r a m e t e r s . T h e r e f o r e , t h e r e q u i r e m e n t t h a t G a t t a i n i ts m i n i m u m

v a l u e i s e x p e c t e d t o c o m p l e t e l y d e t e r m i n e t h e b a r e t h e o r y , a n d h e n c e t o c o m p l e t e l y

d e t e r m i n e a ll lo w - e n e r g y p h y s ic s . Q u a n t u m i n d e t e r m i n a c y o f t he c o n s t a n t s o f

N a t u r e i s t h u s , i n p r i n c i p l e , a v o i d e d .

O f c o u r s e , t h is a n a l y s is is p r e m i s e d o n t h e a s s u m p t i o n t h a t q u a n t u m g r a v i t y h a s

n o n o n t r i v i a l c o n t i n u u m l i m i t . I t i s a t l e a s t a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n

g r o u p e q u a t i o n s o f q u a n t u m g r a v i t y h a v e a n o n t r i v i a l fi xe d p o in t . T h e n a n o n t r i v i a l

c o n t i n u u m t h e o r y c o u ld b e f o r m u l a t e d * . V a r io u s d i m e n s i o n le s s c o u p l i n g s w o u l d b e

n o n v a n i s h i n g a t th e f ix e d p o n t , a n d h i g h e r - d e r i v a ti v e i n t e r a c ti o n s w o u l d h a v ei m p o r t a n t e f f e c t s i n t h e c o n t i n u u m t h e o r y . T h e r e w o u l d t h e n b e a s e r io u s d a n g e r

t h a t t h e s e i n t e r a c t io n s w o u l d d e s t a b il iz e t h e p e a k a t A = 0 th a t C o l e m a n f o u n d i n

t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n Q ( a ) . B u t i f , a s o n e e x p e c t s , t h e r e i s n o n o n t r i v i a l c o n t i n u u m l i m i t

o f q u a n t u m g r a v it y , t h e n o u r a r g u m e n t s b u t t r e ss C o l e m a n ' s p r e d ic t io n t h a t A = 0 .

T o f u r t h e r s u p p o r t t h e s e c l a i m s , w e s h o u l d n o w d i s c u s s s o m e w h a t m o r e e x p l i c i t l y

t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p e q u a t i o n s o f q u a n t u m g r a v i t y [2 6]. T h e s e e q u a t i o n s

d e s c r i b e h o w t h e e f fe c t iv e a c t i o n S M f l o w s a s t h e f l o a t i n g c u t o f f M i s l o w e r e d . T h e

* T h e p o s s i b l e e x i s t e n c e o f a n o n t r i v i a l f i x e d p o i n t h a s b e e n d i s c u s s e d ( f ro m q u i t e d i f f e r e n t p o i n t s o f

v i e w ) b y W e i n b e rg [ 2 6 ] a n d b y A n t o n i a d i s a n d T o m b o u l i s [ 2 8 ] . T h e c o n c l u s i o n s o f r ef . [ 2 8 ] h a v e

b e e n c r i t i c i z e d b y J o h n s t o n [ 2 9 ] .

Page 38: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 38/46

178 J. Preskill / Wormholes

g r e a t u t i l i t y o f t h e s e e q u a t i o n s d e r i v e s f r o m t h e o b s e r v a t i o n t h a t , i n t h e i n f r a r e d

l i m i t M ---, O, S M e x h i b it s " u n i v e r s a l " b e h a v i o r th a t d e p e n d s o n l y r a t h e r w e a k l y o n

t h e o r i g i n a l b a r e a c t i o n SMo.

I f t h e b a r e t h e o r ySM o

d e p e n d s u p o n a n in f i n it e n u m b e r o f a d ju s t a b l e b a r ep a r a m e t e r s , o n e m i g h t w o r r y t h a t t h e th e o r y h a s n o p r e d i c t iv e p o w e r . B u t a s W i l s o n

e m p h a s i z e d [2 3], p h y s i c s a t t h e e n e r g y s c a l e M << M 0 c a n b e p r e d i c t e d , b e c a u s e , u p

t o c o r r e c t i o n s s u p p r e s s e d b y p o w e r s o f M / M o, S M c a n b e e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o f a

s m a l l n u m b e r o f r e n o r m a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r s . I n d e e d , e v e n t h e p o w e r c o r r e c ti o n s c a n

b e s y s t e m a t i c a l l y t a k e n i n t o a c c o u n t ; t o a n y f i n i t e o r d e r i n M / M o , S M c a n b e

e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o f a f i n it e n u m b e r o f r e n o r m a l i z e d q u a n t i t ie s .

I n d i s c u s s i n g C o l e m a n ' s m e c h a n i s m , w e c o n s i d e r t h e v a l u e o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d

e u c l i d e a n a c t i o n a t i t s s t a t i o n a r y p o i n t . I n t h i s c o n t e x t , t h e e x p a n s i o n o f S M in

p o w e r s o f M b e c o m e s a n e x p a n s i o n o f t h e s t a t i o n a r y v a lu e o f t h e a c t i o n in p o w e r so f R 1, w h e r e R i s t h e " r a d i u s " o f th e c la s s ic a l s o l u t i o n . F o r e x a m p l e , th e a c t i o n

S M [ g ] o f e q . (3 .5 ), w h e n e v a l u a t e d f o r a f o u r - s p h e r e o f r a d iu s R , b e c o m e s

S ( R ) - 1 6 ~ r G ( 2 A R a - 1 2 R 2 + A 4 + A 6 R 2 + . . . ) , ( 6 . 3 )

whe re ~ ' 2 = 8 q r 2 / 3 i s t h e v o l u m e o f a u n i t f o u r - s p h e r e . H e r e A 4 , A 6 . . . . a r i s e f r o m

t e r m s i n t h e a c t i o n i n v o l v i n g 4 , 6 . . . . d e r i v a t i v e s o f t h e m e t r ic . B e c a u s e o f r e n o r m a l -

i z a t i o n e f f e c ts , t h e p a r a m e t e r s A , G , A 4, A 6 . . . . . a r e a ll i m p l i ci tl y d e p e n d e n t o n t h er a d i u s R .

N a i v e l y , e q . ( 6 . 3 ) s h o w s " u n i v e r s a l " b e h a v i o r i n t h a t S ( R ) c a n b e e x p r e s s e d t o

o r d e r R -2m i n t e r m s o f m + 3 r e n o r m a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r s . T h i s s t a t e m e n t is n a i v e

b e c a u s e w e h a v e i g n o r e d t h e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d p a r a m e t e r s o n

R - M 1. F o r e x a m p l e , w e m a y w is h t o c l a im t h a t S ( R ) u p t o o r d e r R ° c a n b e

e x p r e s s e d i n t e r m s o f o n l y th e re n o r m a l i z e d A a n d G . W e m u s t a r g u e , t h e n , t h a t as

t h e b a r e p a r a m e t e r s o f SM , v a r y o n t h e s u r f a c e w h e r e A M a n d G M h a v e s p e c i f i e d

v a l u e s , A 4. M v a r ie s b y a n a m o u n t o f o r d e r o n e ( i n d e p e n d e n t o f M ) . W e c a n a n a l y z e

t h is p r o b l e m i n p e r t u r b a t io n t h e o r y u si ng e l e m e n t a r y a r g u m e n t s b a s e d o n d i m e n -s i o n a l a n a l y s i s a n d p o w e r - c o u n t i n g o f F e y n m a n d i a g r a m s .

( T h e r e i s a t e c h n i c a l p o i n t t h a t w e s h o u l d c o m m e n t o n h e r e * . A l l te r m s i n S M

t h a t i n v o l v e f o u r d e r i v a t i v e s o f th e m e t r i c a r e a c t u a l l y " i n e s s e n t i a l " [2 6, 1 4]; t h e s e

t e r m s a r e e i t h e r to p o l o g i c a l a n d c a n b e i g n o r e d in p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y o r c a n b e

e l i m i n a t e d f r o m t h e a c t io n b y a lo c a l r e d e f i n i ti o n o f t h e m e t r i c g v O r d i n a r i ly , i t is

a d v i s a b l e t o e l i m i n a t e i n e s s e n t i a l c o u p l i n g s w h e n r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p e q u a t i o n s

a r e d e r i v e d , b u t w e w ill f in d i t c o n v e n i e n t to c o n s i d e r t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f A 4 . I n

p a r t , t h is is b e c a u s e w e a r e u l ti m a t e l y i n te r e s t e d in m i n i m i z i n g S ( R ) w i t h r e s p e c t to

R a n d t h e a - p a r a m e t e r s , s u b j ec t t o a n i n f r a r e d c u t o f f . T h e r e d e f i n i t io n o f t h e m e t r i c

* T h i s p o i n t w a s d i s c u s s e d b y G r i n s t e i n a n d W i s e [ 15 ].

Page 39: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 39/46

J. Pres kil l / Worm holes 17 9

t h a t e l i m i n a t e s A 4 p r e s e r v e s t h e v a l u e o f t h e a c t i o n a t i t s m i n i m u m , b u t m o d i f i e s

t h e ( i n v a r i a n t ) r a d i u s o f t h e f o u r - s p h e r e s o lu t io n . F u r t h e r m o r e , t h is r e d e f i n i t io n

d e p e n d s o n c~; i f w e c h a n g e t h e b a r e p a r a m e t e r s , a c h a n g e i n A 4 i s t y p i c a l l y

i n d u c e d , a n d w e m u s t r e d e f i n e t h e fi e l d s a g a i n t o e l i m i n a t e i t. T h u s , i f w e w e r e t oe l i m i n a t e A 4 a n d then m i n i m i z e t h e a c t i o n w i t h r e s p e c t t o a , w e w o u l d b e

m i n i m i z i n g s u b j e c t t o a n a-dependent i n f r a r e d c u t o f f . I t s e e m s l e s s c o n f u s i n g t o

k e e p t h e i n f r a r e d c u t o f f fi x ed a n d a - i n d e p e n d e n t ; w e t h e n lo s e t h e fr e e d o m t o

e l i m i n a t e A 4 . )

R o u g h l y s p e a k i n g , S ~t c a n b e o b t a i n e d f r o m SMo i n p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y b y

e v a l u a t i n g F e y n m a n d i a g r a m s t h a t a r e c u t o f f in t h e u l t r av i o l e t a t M 0 a n d i n t h e

i n f r a r e d a t M . T h e s e d i a g r a m s c a n b e d i v i d e d , a c c o r d i n g t o t h e i r s e n s i t i v i t y t o t h e

u l t r a v i o l e t c u t o f f , i n t o t h r e e c l a s s e s - p o w e r - d i v e r g e n t , l o g - d i v e r g e n t , a n d c o n v e r -

g e n t .P o w e r - d i v e r g e n t d ia g r a m s a r e o f o r d e r M 0D w h e r e D > 0 is t h e s u p e r f i c i a l d e g r e e

o f d i v e r g e n c e o f t h e d ia g r am . T h e s e d i a g ra m s a re " n o n u n i v e r s a l " c o n t r i b u t i o n s t h a t

a r e d o m i n a t e d b y q u a n t u m f lu c t u a ti o n s w it h w a v e n u m b e r o f o r d e r M 0 a n d t h a t a r e

s e n s i t i v e t o t h e d e t a i l e d f o r m o f t h e b a r e a c t i o n SMo. B e c a u s e o f t h e p o w e r

d i v e r g e n c e s , t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p f l o w is v e r y c o m p l e x fo r M - M o ; m a n y

h i g h e r d i m e n s i o n o p e r a t o r s i n S M c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f l o w e r

d i m e n s i o n o p e r a t o r s . B u t , i n p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y , t h e p o w e r - d i v e r g e n t d i a g ra m s g i ve

a d e c r e a s i n g l y i m p o r t a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n t o t h e fl o w as M d e c r ea s e s.

O f m u c h g r e a t e r i n te r e s t ar e th e l o g - d iv e r g e n t d i a g r a m s t h a t a r e p r o p o r t i o n a l t o ap o w e r o f l n ( M 0 / M ). T h e s e d i a g r a m s r e c e iv e a si g n i fi c a n t c o n t r i b u t i o n f r o m q u a n -

t u m f l u c t u a t i o n s o v e r a b r o a d r a n g e o f l e n g th s c a le s. U n l i k e p o w e r d i v e rg e n c e s , th e

l o g d i v e r g e n c e s a r e u n i v e r s al ; t h e c o e f f i c ie n t s o f le a d i n g a n d n o n l e a d i n g p o w e r s o f

l n ( M o / M ) a r e c a l c u l a b l e i n t e r m s o f l o w - e n e r g y p h y s i c s a l o n e a n d a r e in s e n s i t i v e t o

t h e d e t a i l s o f p h y s i c s a t t h e c u t o f f .

F i n a l l y , t h e r e a r e c o n v e r g e n t d i a g r a m s . T h e s e t o o a r e c a l c u l a b l e i n t e r m s o f

l o w - e n e r g y p h y s i c s a l o n e . T h e i r s e n s it i v it y to t h e c u t o f f is o f o r d e r M ~ , w h e r e D < 0

i s th e s u p e r f i c i a l d e g r e e o f d i v e r g e n c e o f t h e d i a g r a m . I f w e a r e i n t e r e s t e d i n t h e

f l o w o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n S M f o r M << M o , w e n e e d c o n s i d e r o n l yt h e l o g - d i v e r g e n t a n d c o n v e r g e n t d i a g r am s , f o r th e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n e f f e ct s i n d u c e d

b y t h e p o w e r - d i v e r g e n t d i a g r a m s a r e n o t s e n s i t i v e t o M .

N o w c o n s i d e r t h e i m p l i c a t i o n s o f t h i s c l a s s i f i c a t i o n f o r t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f

q u a n t u m g r a v i t y . F i r s t w e c o n s i d e r p u r e g r a v i t y , u n c o u p l e d t o m a t t e r , w h i c h w e

h a v e a r g u e d is a d e q u a t e f o r s t u d y i n g t h e a s y m p t o t i c M -+ 0 b e h a v i o r o f t h e e f f e c ti v e

a c t i o n S M . T h e n w e w i ll d i sc u s s h o w o u r c o n c l u s i o n s a r e m o d i f i e d w h e n g r a v i t y is

c o u p l e d t o m a t t e r w i t h r e n o r m a l i z a b l e o r s u p e r r e n o r m a l i z a b l e i n t e r a c t i o n s .

W e h a v e a r g u e d t h a t t h e f lo w o f SM f o r M s m a ll is d e t e r m i n e d b y l o g - d i v e r g e n t

a n d c o n v e r g e n t d i a g r a m s . B u t i n a t h e o r y li ke p u r e g r a v i t y w i t h A = 0 , i n w h i c h a l l

c o u p l i n g s a r e o f n o n r e n o r m a l i z a b l e t y p e , a l l r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n s i n d u c e d b y s u c h

d i a g r a m s a r e r e n o r m a l i z a t io n s o f h ig h e r d im e n s i o n a l c o u p l i n g s b y l o w e r d i m e n -

Page 40: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 40/46

180 J. Preskill / Wormholes

F i g . 1 5 . A o n e - l o o p d i a g ra m t h a t c o n t r i b u t e s t o t h e r e n o rm a l i z a t i o n o f t h e g r a v i t a t i o n a l e f f e c t iv e a c t i o n .

A l l l i n e s r e p re s e n t g r a v i t o n s .

s i o n a l c o u p l i n g s . T h i s c o n c l u s i o n f o l l o w s d i r e c tl y f r o m s i m p l e d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s is .

C o n s i d e r , f o r e x a m p l e , t h e lo g a r i t h m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t io n s . I f w e s c al e G - 1 o u t o f t h e

a c t i o n a s in e q . (6 .3 ), th e n G is a l o o p - c o u n t i n g p a r a m e t e r ; a n L - l o o p d i a g r a m is o f

o r d e r G L - 1 . S i n c e al l o t h e r c o u p l i n g s h a v e d i m e n s i o n s o f m a s s t o a n e g a t i v e p o w e r ,

i t f o l lo w s i m m e d i a t e l y o n d i m e n s i o n a l g r o u n d s ( f o r A = 0 ) th a t t h e r e i s n o l o g a r i th -

m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G - 1 . S im i l a rl y , a l o g a r it h m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o f A 4 oc cur s

o n l y i n o n e - l o o p o r d e r , a n d h a s t h e f o r m

(~A 4

1 6 ~ G- b 4 l n ( M o /M ) , ( 6 . 4 )

w h e r e b 4 is a n u m e r i c a l c o n s t a n t . ( T h i s r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n i s g e n e r a t e d b y t h e d i a g r a m

i n f i g . 1 5 , f r o m w h i c h t h e v a l u e o f b4 c a n b e e x t r a c t e d . ) E a c h c o u p l i n g A 2 , r e c e i v e s

a lo g a r i t h m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o n l y u p t o (n - 1 ) - lo o p o r d e r in p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y

[ 2 6 ] . F o r e x a m p l e , A 6 r e ce iv e s t w o - l o o p r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o f o r d e r G 2 a n d a o n e - l o o pr e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f o r d e r G A a .

W e s ee , t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e i n f ra r e d - s e n s it i v e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f e a c h c o u p l i n g i n

t h e e f f e c t i v e a c t i o n i s d e t e r m i n e d b y r e n o r m a l i z e d c o u p l i n g s o f l o w e r d i m e n s i o n .

O n c e w e h a v e f i x e d t h e v a l u e o f A , G , a n d A 2m f o r m < n , t h e s e n s i t i v it y o f t h e

r e n o r m a l i z e d A 2 n t o t h e b a r e p a r a m e t e r s i n v o l v e s o n l y t h e n o n u n i v e r s a l p o w e r -

d i v e r g e n t r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n s . I n p e r t u r b a t i o n t h e o r y , G M o a n d A 2 m M o2 " 2 a r e

r e g a r d e d a s s m a ll , a n d t h e p o w e r - d i v e r g e n t r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o f A 2n is b o u n d e d b y a

p o w e r o f M 0 d e t e r m i n e d b y d i m e n s i o n a l a n a l y s is

( S A 2 n ) . . . . n i . . . . 1 ~ C M ° 2 n + 2 . ( 6 . 5 )

O u r e a r l ie r d i s c u s s io n o f n o n p e r t u r b a t i v e e f f e c t s t h e n s u g g e s ts t h a t a n i n e q u a l i ty o f

t h is f o r m h o l d s e v e n b e y o n d t h e d o m a i n o f v a li d it y o f p e r t u r b a t io n t h e o r y * .

S p e c i f i c a l l y , t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f t h e c o s m o l o g i c a l c o n s t a n t A i s d u e t o

p o w e r - d i v e r g e n t d i a g r a m s o n ly . T h e se d i a g ra m s r e n o r m a l i ze A / 8 ~ r G b y a n a m o u n t

o f o r d e r M 4 , a n d A / 8 ~ r G a p p r o a c h e s a f i n i t e l i m i t a s t h e f l o a t i n g c u t o f f M

a p p r o a c h e s z e r o . S im i l a rl y , i n p u r e g r a v i t y w i t h v a n i s h i n g r e n o r m a l i z e d A , G 1 is

r e n o r m a l i z e d b y p o w e r - d i v e r g e n t d i a g r a m s o n l y , a n d i t t o o a p p r o a c h e s a f in i te li m i t

* A related suggestion was m ade by Weinberg [14].

Page 41: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 41/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes" 181

f o r M ~ 0 . W e s a y th a t A a n d G s t o p r u n n i n g i n t h e f a r i n f r a r e d . O n t h e o t h e r

han d , A 4 d o e s n o t s t o p r u n n i n g ; i t r e c e i v e s t h e l o g a r i t h m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n e q .

( 6 .4 ) . T h i s l o g a r i t h m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n d i v e r g e s in t h e i n f r a r e d l im i t M --+ 0 , b u t t h e

c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e l o g a r i t h m i s d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e r e n o r m a l i z e d G . W h e n A a n d Ga r e h e l d f i x e d , t h e n , S(R) i n e q. (6 . 3) v a r i e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e a ' s b y a n a m o u n t

o f o r d e r o n e ; i t is a b o u n d e d f u n c t i o n o f b o t h a a n d R . T h e r e f o r e , t h e a - d e p e n -

d e n c e t h a t a r i s e s f r o m h i g h e r - d e r i v a t i v e o p e r a t o r s c a n b e n e g l e c t e d i n t h e R --+

l i m i t , j u s t a s w e a s s u m e d i n s e ct . 3.

T h e p o w e r - c o u n t i n g d e s c r i b e d a b o v e a p p l i e s t o p u r e g r a v i t y , a n d h e n c e t o t h e

r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n g r o u p f lo w o f t h e g r a v i t a t io n a l e f f e ct i v e a c t i o n S M in t h e f a r

i n f r a r e d , a f t e r a ll m a t t e r h a s b e e n i n t e g r a t e d o u t . I t is a ls o o f i n t e r e s t t o c o n s i d e r t h e

f l o w o f S M a t i n t e r m e d i a t e l e n g t h s ca le s, w h e r e t h e c o u p l i n g o f g r a v i ty t o m a t t e r

c a n n o t b e n e g l e c te d . B e c a u s e t h e m a t t e r a c t io n c a n c o n t a i n t e r m s o f re n o r m a l i z a b l eo r s u p e r r e n o r m a l i z a b l e t y p e , w e m u s t m o d i f y t h e e a r li e r a n a ly s is , w h i c h a p p l i e d t o a

t h e o r y i n w h i c h a l l i n t e r a c t i o n s a r e o f n o n r e n o r m a l i z a b l e t y p e .

O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t is th e d e p e n d e n c e o f t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G o n t h e m a s se s

o f m a t t e r p a r t i c l e s , a n d t h is is t h e o n l y e f f e c t o f t h e m a t t e r t h a t w e w i ll d is c u s s h e r e

i n a n y d e t a i l . I n s o f a r a s t h e m a s s - d e p e n d e n t r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G i s c a l c u l a b l e , w e

m i g h t h o p e t o r e a c h n o n t r i v ia l c o n c l u s i o n s a b o u t t h e m a s s es o f e l e m e n t a r y p a r t ic l e s

f o r m t h e r e q u i r e m e n t th a t G a a t t a i n s it s l a r g e s t p o s s i b l e v a l u e.

D i m e n s i o n a l l y , a c a l c u l ab l e o r d e r - m 2 l o g a r i th m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G 1 is

p o s s i b l e i n o n e - l o o p o r d e r , a n d i n d e e d , o n e f i n d s t h a t t h i s r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n isg e n e r a t e d b y t h e d i a g r a m i n f i g . 1 6 . C a l c u l a t i o n o f t h i s d i a g r a m [ 3 0 ] s h o w s t h a t t h e

l o g a r i t h m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n i s

1 ) 1 m21n(Mo2/mZ)+O(m Z)+O(Gm 4 ) ( 6 . 6 )6 ~ 192~r 2

w h e r e m i s t h e m a s s o f either a f r e e ( D i r a c ) f e r m i o n o r o f a f r e e m i n i m a l l y c o u p l e d

( r e a l ) s c a l a r . T h e o r d e r - m 2 c o r r e c t i o n i n e q . (6 . 6 ) is a n o n u n i v e r s a l e f f e c t ( w h i c h c a n

b e a b s o r b e d b y s h i ft in g M 2 i n t h e l o g a r it h m ) , a n d t h e o r d e r - G m 4 c o r r e c t i o n is d u e

t o d i a g r a m s w i t h t w o o r m o r e l o o p s . O f c o u r s e, if w e i n c l u d e t h e c o n t r i b u t i o n s d u e

t o r e n o r m a l i z a b l e i n t e r a c ti o n s , t h e l o g a r i th m i c re n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G 1 is m o d i f i e d .

T h e i n t e r a c t i o n s g e n e r a t e a d d i t io n a l l o g a r i t h m s i n e a c h o r d e r o f p e r t u r b a t i o n

t h e o r y . T h e s e l o g a r i t h m s c a n b e s u m m e d , a n d t h e y h a v e t h e e f f e c t o f c a u s i n g m 2 t o

Fig. 16. A one-lo op diagram that induce s a logarithmi c renormaliza tion of G. The solid linc repres ents a

massil~e matt er particle; it may be either a scalar or a spin - ½ fermion.

Page 42: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 42/46

182 J. Preskill / Wormholes

b e c o m e a s c a l e - d e p e n d e n t r u n n i n g p a r a m e t e r . I f t h e m a t t e r p a r ti c le t h a t i n d u c e s

t h i s r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n is a c o m p o s i t e o b j e c t ( li k e th e p i o n ) , t h e n t h e c u t o f f M 0 i n t h e

l o g a r i t h m i s n o t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e , b u t r a t h e r t h e m a s s s c a l e ( l i k e 4 ~ r f = ) b e l o w

w h i c h t h e p a r t i c l e b e h a v e s l ik e a n e f f e c t iv e l y e l e m e n t a r y o b j e c t.

T h e p h y s i c a l m a s s m o f t h e m a t t e r p a r ti c l e a p p e a r s i n th e a r g u m e n t o f th e

l o g a r i t h m i n e q . ( 6.6 ). T h i s is b e c a u s e t h e m a t t e r l o o p c o n t i n u e s t o c o n t r i b u t e t o t h e

r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G 1 a s t h e c u t o f f M f l o a t s d o w n u n t il M - m , a t w h i c h p o i n t

w e i n t e g r a t e t h e m a t t e r p a r t i c le o u t o f t h e e f f e c ti v e a c t io n , a n d i t c e a s e s t o

c o n t r i b u t e t o l o o p d i a g r a m s . I n s p i t e o f t h e l o g a r i t h m , t h o u g h , t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n

e q . (6 .6 ) a c t u a l l y v a n is h e s in t h e l im i t m 2 ~ 0 . T h i s o b s e r v a t i o n c o r r o b o r a t e s o u r

e a r l i e r c o n c l u s i o n t h a t G 1 s t o p s ru n n i n g i n t h e i n f ra r e d . L o n g - w a v e l e n g t h fl u c t u a -

t i o n s o f li g h t m a t t e r p a r t i c le s , li k e l o n g - w a v e l e n g t h g r a v i t o n f l u c t u a t i o n s , c o n t r i b u t e

v e r y l i t t l e t o t h e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G .T h e sign o f t h e c a l c u l a b l e l o g a r i t h m i c r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n i n e q . ( 6 . 6 ) i s s u c h a s t o

d e c r e a s e G 1. T h e c r it e r io n o f m a x i m i z i n g G - l , t h e n , f a v o r s l ighter m a t t e r p a r t i c l e s .

W e o u g h t n o t t o a c c e p t t h i s c o n c l u s i o n t o o r e a d i l y , h o w e v e r . B e c a u s e t h e c a l c u l a b l e

i n f r a r e d r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n is sm a l l f o r s m a l l m z, o n e m u s t w o r r y a b o u t w h e t h e r t h is

e f f e c t is s w a m p e d b y n o n u n i v e r s a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s .

T h e f o r m o f eq . ( 6.6 ) s h o u l d b e c o n t r a s t e d w i th t h e l o g a r i t h m i c m a s s - d e p e n d e n t

o n e - l o o p r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o f A4; f o r a m i n i m a l l y c o u p l e d r e a l s c a l a r t h i s i s

8 A 4 2 9

16~rG 30( 6 . 7 )

A s n o t e d b y G r i n s t e i n a n d W i s e [ 1 5 ] a n d K l e b a n o v , S u s s k i n d , a n d B a n k s [ 1 6 ] , t h e n ,

i f t h e c o r r e c t c r i t e r i o n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e c ~'s w e r e t o m i n i m i z e A 4 r a t h e r t h a n t o

m a x i m i z e G - l , t h e n e q . ( 6.7 ) w o u l d f a v o r t h a t m 2 a p p r o a c h z e ro . B u t fu r t h e r m o r e ,

b e c a u s e t h e m a s s - d e p e n d e n t r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f A 4 b e c o m e s infinite f o r m 2 ~ 0 , w e

c a n b e c o n f i d e n t t h a t t h e c a l c u l a b l e d e p e n d e n c e o f A 4 on t h e p h y s i c a l m a s s m 2

d o m i n a t e s n o n u n i v e r s a l e f f e c ts f o r rn Z ~ 0 . W e w o u l d c o n c l u d e , t h e r e f o r e , th a t t h e

p i o n m a s s m , , i s e x a c t l y z e r o , i f m ~ = 0 c a n b e a c h i e v e d f o r a n y v a l u e o f t h e c ~ 's . ( I t

d o e s n o t e v e n m a t t e r t h a t , f o r t h e p i o n , M 0 i n e q . (6 .7 ) is o f o r d e r 4 ~rf~ , r a t h e r t h a n

t h e w o r m h o l e s c a l e . )

T h i s u n p l e a s a n t c o n c l u s i o n c a n b e a v o i d e d if , a s w e h a v e p r o p o s e d , t h e c o r re c t

c r i t e r io n t o d e t e r m i n e t h e a ' s is a c t u a l l y th a t G - 1 i s a t is m a x i m u m . T h e n b a r e

p a r a m e t e r s a t t h e w o r m h o l e s c a le m u s t b e a d j u s t e d s o a s to m a x i m i z e t h e s u m o f t h e

c a l c u l a b l e i n f r a r e d r e n o r m a l i z a t io n o f G 1 i n eq . ( 6.5 ) a n d o f th e u n c a l c u l a b l e ( b u t

n o n - n e g l i g i b l e ) n o n u n i v e r s a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o th e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G 1 . T h e

n a t u r e o f t h e n o n u n i v e r s a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s d e p e n d s o n w h e t h e r t h e li g ht p a r t ic l e s h a v e

b a r e m a s s e s o r a c q u i r e t h e i r m a s s e s f r o m r e n o r m a l i z a b l e i n t e r a c t i o n s .

C o n s i d e r , f o r e x a m p l e , a n e l e m e n t a r y s c a l a r w i t h a n a d j u s t a b l e b a r e m a s s . In t h is

c a s e w e can a r g u e t h a t i f t h e b a r e m a s s m 0 i s c h o s e n t o m a x i m i z e G 1, t h e n t h e

Page 43: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 43/46

J . P r e s k i l l / W o r m h o l e s 183

r e n o r m a l i z e d s c a l a r m a s s m u s t e i t h e r v a n i s h o r b e o f t h e o r d e r o f t h e c u t o f f M o. I f

G - 1 is s t a t i o n a r y a s a f u n c t i o n o f m 2 , w e m u s t h a v e

0

0 = -~ m ~ ( 1 6 7 rG ) 1

0 1 ( o 2 )a m 2 ( 1 6 ~ rG o ) - 1 1 92 ~ r2 l n ( M ( 2 / m 2) -~m~ )m + . . . , ( 6 . 8 )

w h e r e G o i n c l u d e s a ll n o n u n i v e r s a l m a s s - d e p e n d e n t c o n t r i b u t i o n s t o t h e r e n o r m a l -

i z a t i o n o f G . B u t b e c a u s e w e e x p e c t t h a t

0- - m 2 ~ 1 ,Om~

3 1

3m2o ( 1 6 ~ r G o ) - i Z 1 9 2~ r2 , ( 6 . 9 )

e q . ( 6 . 8 ) c a n b e s a t i s f i e d o n l y f o r

In ( Mo2/m 2 ) - 1 . ( 6 . 1 0 )

T h u s , w h i l e 1 6 7 rG o 1 m i g h t b e a c o m p l i c a t e d f u n c t i o n o f m ~ t h a t is m a x i m i z e d a t a

n o n t r i v i a l v a l u e o f m o , th is m a x i m u m w i ll b e d e s t a b i l iz e d b y t h e c a l c u l a b l e

i n f r a r e d - s e n s i t i v e r e n o r m a l i z a t i o n o f G , i f m 2 << M o .

T h e s i t u a t i o n i s q u i t e d i f f e r e n t , h o w e v e r , i n t h e m o r e r e a l i s t i c c a s e o f a p a r t i c l e

t h a t h a s n o b a r e m a s s a n d a c q u i r e s i t s p h y s i c a l m a s s f r o m a r e n o r m a l i z a b l e

i n t e r a c t i o n , l ik e a Y u k a w a c o u p l i n g . I n th i s c a s e , w e re q u i r e G 1 t o b e s t a t i o n a r y a s

a f u n c t i o n o f t h e b a r e Y u k a w a c o u p l i n g X o , o r

0 = ~ o ( 1 6 rr G o ) 1 l n ( M ( Z / m 2) +1 92 Tr2 ~ o m . . . . ( 6 . 1 1 )

B u t n o w w e e x p e c t

0 102% (16~ ' G° ) -1 < (16~v2)~M o2 (6 .1 2 )

d u e t o d i a g r a m s l i k e f i g . 1 7 , a n d

0Oq~-~O m 2 ~ O 2 , ( 6 . 1 3 )

Page 44: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 44/46

184 J. Pre skill / Wormholes

Fig. i7. A two-loop diagram that contributes to the renormalization G. The solid line represents a spin~ fermion, and the dotted line represents a scalar.

where v is an expectation value that is determined by other, independent bare

parameter s*. The maximum of Go I will not be destabilized by the infrared

renorma lizat ion of G, then, provided only that v 2 << Mo .

We see, then, that if one accepts Coleman's explanation for the vanishing of the

cosmological constant, then one must also find unacceptable any elementary particle

that is light compared to the wormhole scale and that has a bare mass that can be

adjusted at the wormhole scale, unless the physical mass of the particle vanishes

identically**. This argument has nothing to do with the quadratically divergent

renormalization of the mass of an elementary scalar. In fact, the same conclusion

applies to a light elementary fermion with an adjustable bare mass, even though the

fermion mass is protected from any power-divergent renormalization by approxi-

mate chiral symmetry.

If Coleman's mechanism is to apply to Nature, we must require therefore that all

mass scales of low-energy physics are determined dynamically, rather than by

adjusting bare mass parameters in the action Sgo at the wormhole scale. This

conclusion is actually unsurprising. If the bare parameters are to be determined by

the in f rared- insensi t ive renormalization of G, it would evidently require a miracle

for the bare Higgs mass, for example, to be fine-tuned just so as to ensure that the

weak-interaction mass scale is far below the Planck scale. But if all low-energy mass

scales are determined dynamically, then it seems at least conceivable that the

low-energy physics that we observe can be accounted for (to excellent accuracy) by

maximizing the infrared-insensitive nonuniversal renormalization of G-~.

The curious and rather surprising thing that we have found is that a light

elementary particle with an adjustable bare mass is compatible with Coleman's

mechanism if its physical mass is exactly zero. This observation, unfortunately, does

not help us to understand why the weak-interaction scale is so small compared to

the Planck scale, but it might have other interesting implications for low-energy

physics.

In the end, we have been unable to extract from wormhole physics any quantita-

tive conclusion other than A = 0. Indeed, it seems unlikely that any other precise

* The logarithmic renormalization of ?, has been ignored here.* * I am assuming that the a-dependence of the bare mass is such that the physical mass vanishes for

some value of a. Note also that, in order to simplify the discussion, I have assumed that elementary"scalars are minimally coupled.

Page 45: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 45/46

J. Preskill / Wormholes 18 5

predictions can be made without a detailed understanding of Planck-scale physics.

This is disappointing. On the other hand, we have probed carefully for fatal flaws in

Coleman's beautiful explanation for the vanishing of the cosmological constant, and

have found none. This is encouraging.

This research began in collaboration with Andy Cohen and Mark Wise; I am very

grateful to both of them for many enlightening discussions. I have also benefited

from conversations about wormholes with Jim Cline, Sidney Coleman, Gerry

Gilbert, Stephen Hawking, Igor Klebanov, and Frank Wilczek.

N o t e s A d d e d

There is an interesting exception to the general feature that the dependence of therenormalized Newton's constant G on other renormalized parameters cannot be

computed. The dependence of G on the vacuum angle 0 of quantum chromodynam-

ics i s determined by low-energy physics [31]. This exception arises because the

0-dependence of G is entirely due to nonperturbative strong-interaction effects that

are extremely weak at very short distances.

More careful consideration indicates that the excluded volume interaction be-

tween large and small instantons, discussed in sect. 5, does not by itself suffice to

suppress the effects of large wormholes. Rather, these interactions induce a very

strong renormalization of the relation between the a-parameters of the largewormholes and the density of large instantons. I am indebted to Joe Polchinski for

an enlightening discussion of this point. (See ref. [32].) If the large wormhole

problem is to be evaded within the framework described in this paper, it will

presumably be necessary to invoke a more subtle interaction between large and

small instantons. Other recent discussions of the large wormhole problem may be

found in ref. [33].

R e f e r e n c e s

[1] S.W. H aw king , Phys . Lett . B 195 (1987) 337: Phys . Rev. D3 7 (1988) 904

[2] G.V. Lavre las hv i l i , V. Rubako v and P .G. Tinyakov , JET P Let t . 46 (1987) 167

[3] S.B. G idd ing s and A. Strominger, N ucl. Phys . B30 6 (1988) 890;

K. Lee, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 263

[4] S .W. Hawking , in Rela t iv i ty , g roups , an d topo logy I I , ed . B . De W it t and R. S to ra (N or th -H ol land ,

Am s te r d a m , 1 9 8 3 )

[5] J . Hartle , in H igh ene rgy physics 1985, ed. M. Bow ick and F. G iirsey (Wor ld Scientif ic , Singapore~

1986)

[6] J . Hartle and S.W. Hawking, Phys . Rev. D28 (1983) 2960

[7] S .W. Haw king , D .N. P age and C.N . Pope , Nucl . Phys . B170 (1980) 283 ;

S .W. Haw king , Com mu n. Math . Phys . 87 (1982) 395 : N ucl . Phys . B244 (1984) 135

[8] S. Co lem an , Nu cl. Phys . B3 07 (1988) 867[9] S.B. Gid din gs a nd A . Strominger, N ucl. Phys . B3 07 (1988) 854

[10] S. Coleman, Nucl. Phys . B310 (1988) 643

Page 46: John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

8/3/2019 John Preskill- Wormholes in Spacetime and the Constants of Nature

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/john-preskill-wormholes-in-spacetime-and-the-constants-of-nature 46/46