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The Art of Digital Video
Fourth Edition
John Watkinson
AMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON • NEW YORK • OXFORD
PARIS • SAN DIEGO • SAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO
E L S E V I E R Focal Press is an imprint of Elsevier
Contents
PREFACE TO FOURTH EDITION xiii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xv
CHAPTER1 Introducing Digital Video
Television Systems 1
Videosignals 2
Digital video 4
Standard and high-definition video 8
Colour 9
Convergence of video and Information technology 11
Basics: transmission, storage, and compression 17
Time compression and packetising 18
Synchronisation and time base correction 21
Error correction and concealment 25
Transmission 27
Storage 29
Video compression and MPEG 33
Real time? 36
Digital audio 37
Digital cinema 38
References ! 38
CHAPTER 2 Optical and Video Principles
Introduction 39
Whatislight? 4 0
Sources of light 41
Optical principles 4 4
Photometrie units 47
The human visual System 51
The eye 53
Motion portrayal and dynamic resolution 6 0
Scanning 62
ESSAY: Progressive or interlaced scan? 6 4
CONTENTS
Synchronising 69
Bandwidth and definition 76
Aperture effect 77
Scanning formats for SD and HDTV 79
Colour vision 79
Colorimetry 8 0
Colour difference signals 8 8
C H A P T E R 3 Digital Principles
Introduction 95
Digital processing 100
Binary addition 106
Gain control by multiplication 110
The Computer 110
Interrupts 113
Digital signal processors 117
Time base correction 121
Multiplexing principles 124
Statistical multiplexing 127
Digital faders and controls 127
ESSAY: The Galois field 131
Filters 134
Transforms 137
Convolution 138
FIRandl IRf i l ters 141
FIRfilters 142
Sampling-rate conversion 147
Transformsand duality 159
The Fourier transform 162
The discrete cosine transform (DCT) 170
The wavelet transform 174
References 176
CHAPTER 4 Conversion
Introduction to conversion 179
Sampling and aliasing 180
Reconstruction 183
Filter design 185
Two-dimensional sampling spectra 187
Sampling clockjitter 192
Quantizing 195
Quantizing error 196
Introduction to dither 201
Requantizing and digital dither 203
ESSAY: Dither techniques 207
Basic digital-to-analog conversion 211
Basic analog-to-digital conversion 213
ESSAY: Oversampling 215
Factors affecting convertor quality 221
ESSAY: Digitizing component video 223
Colour in the digital domain 230
References 235
CHAPTER S Digital Video Processing
Introduction 237
A simple digital vision mixer 237
Blanking 241
Keying 241
Chroma keying 242
Simple effects 246
Planar digital video effects 251
Address generation and interpolation 251
Skewand rotation 255
Perspective rotation 258
Non-planar effects 262
Controlling effects 263
Graphics 2 6 4
ESSAY: Converting between Computer and video formats 270
Graphic art/paint Systems 275
Linear and non-linear editing 276
Online and offline editing 277
Digital filmmaking 278
The non-linear Workstation 2 8 0
Locating the edit point 2 8 2
Performing the edit 2 8 4
Applications of motion compensation 2 8 6
ESSAY: Motion-estimation techniques 289
Motion-compensated Standards conversion 301
CONTENTS
Camera-shake compensation 307
De-interlacing 310
Noise reduction 314
References 315
CHAPTER 6 Video Compression and MPEG
Introduction to compression 317
What isMPEG? 325
Spatial and temporal redundancy in MPEG 329
I and P coding 338
Coding applications 342
Spatial compression 343
Scanning and run-length/variable-length coding 3 4 8
A bi-directional coder 352
Slices 357
An MPEG-2 coder 362
The elementary stream 3 6 4
An MPEG-2 decoder 365
MPEG-4 and advanced video coding (AVC) 367
Texture coding 369
Advanced video coding 375
Motion compensation (MC) in AVC 381
AnAVCcodec 383
Coding artifacts 385
Processing MPEG-2 and concatenation 3 8 8
References 395
CHAPTER 7 Digital Audio in Video
Whatissound? 397
Level and loudness 4 0 0
Critical bands 4 0 2
ESSAY: Stereo and Surround sound 4 0 6
Choice of sampling rate for audio 413
Basic digital-to-analog conversion 415
Basic analog-to-digital conversion 423
Alternative convertors 4 2 8
Oversampling and noise shaping 431
One-bit convertors 439
Operating levels in digital audio 4 4 3
MPEG audio compression 4 4 4
Dolby AC-3 457
References 4 5 8
CHAPTER 8 Digital Coding Principles
Introduction 461
Typesof transmission Channel 463
Transmission lines 4 6 4
Types of recording medium 467
Magnetic recording 4 6 8
Opticaland magneto-optical disks 475
Equalization and data Separation 477
Slicingandjitter rejection 478
Channel coding 4 8 4
Simple codes 4 8 6
Group codes 4 9 0
Randomizing and encryption 493
ESSAY: Partial response 4 9 6
Basic error correction 501
Concealment by interpolation 5 0 6
Block and convolutional codes 507
Cyclic codes 5 0 9
ESSAY: The Reed-Solomon codes 519
References 531
CHAPTER 9 Storage Technology
Introduction 533
Disk storage 534
Magnetic disks 537
Accessing the blocks 541
Servo-surface disks 543
The disk Controller 545
Defect handling 551
Disk Servers 553
Optical disk principles 554
Focus and tracking Systems 557
Structure of a DVD player 5 6 4
Digital videotape 569
The rotary head tape transport 571
Digital video cassettes 573
Digital VTR block diagram 574
DVandDVCPRO 5 8 0
C H A P T E R I O Communication Systems
Introduction 587
Production-related interfaces 591
Serial digital video interfaces 592
Synchronising 5 9 4
SD-SDI 597
HD-SDI 6 0 1
Ancillary data 603
SDTI 603
ASI .....605
AES/EBU 6 0 5
Telephone-based Systems 611
Digital television broadcasting 615
MPEG packets and time stamps 618
Program-specific Information (PSI) 621
Transport stream multiplexing 6 2 4
Broadcast modulation techniques 627
ESSAY: OFDM 633
Error correction in digital television broadcasting 637
DVB 637
The DVB receiver 6 4 0
ATSC 641
Networks 647
Network arbitration 6 4 9
FireWire 6 5 4
Broadband networks and ATM 657
ATMAALs 6 6 0
References 663
INDEX 665