Joint classifications:by function:

SynarthrosesAmphiarthrosesDiarthroses

by structure:Fibrous (sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses)Cartilaginous (synchondroses, symphyses)Synovial

Fibrous joints

1. Suture:

•Thin fibrous layer

•Synarthrotic

•Ossifies in adults = synotosis

2. Syndesmosis

•Substantial fibrous layer

•Ampiarthrotic

•Distal tibiofibular,

3. Gomphosis

•Periodontal ligament

•Cone shape peg in socket

•synarthrotic

Cartilaginous joints:

1. Synchondrosis

•Hyaline cartilage

•Synarthrotic or amphiarthrotic

•Epiphyseal plates, sternocostal joints

2. Symphysis•Fibrocartilage disc•Amphiarthrotic•Intervertrbral joints

•Diarthrotic

•Articular capsule

•Synovial membrane

•Articular cartilage

•Accessory structures

•Extracapsular L

•Intracapsular L

•Menisci

•Bursae

Synovial joints

Synovial joint types

Planar (gliding)

•Nonaxial

•Flat surfaces mostly

Hinge•Monaxial•Movements

•flexion•extension•hyperextension

Pivot•Monaxial •Rotation•Proximal radioulnar joint

•supination•pronation

Condyloid•Oval-shaped process into oval depression•Biaxial •Flex/extend •Abduct/adduct•Examples

•wrist •metacarpophalangeal joints for digits 2 to 5

Saddle•Biaxial

•Circumduction•Opposition

•Trapezium & 1st metacarpal

Ball and Socket•Triaxial

•flexion/extension•abduction/adduction•rotation

•Shoulder joint•Hip joint

Synovial joint structural integrity factors:fit of articulating bonesstrength of joint ligamentsmuscle tension

Factors influencing synovial joint ROM:fit of articulating bonesligament tensionmuscle tensionopposition of soft body parts

Ankle articulations

medial - tibiotalar

lateral - talofibular

**Distal tibiofibular

Foot articulations

intertarsal

tarsometatarsal

metatarsophalangeal (MP)

interphalangeal

Applications to health1. Rheumatism – pain in supporting structures2. Arthritis – a form of rheumatism w/ inflammation

a. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) - autoimmune disease

- bilateral- strikes small joints first- attacks cartilage and joint linings- inflammation of synovial membrane

- thickens, fluid volume grows- pain, swelling- pannus, granulated tissue emerges- cartilage destroyed, fibrous tissue joins bones and ossifies- immobility

b. Osteoarthritis (OA)- degenerative joint disease- unilateral- strikes large weight bearing joints first- non-inflammatory, progressive

- articular cartilage destroyed- exposed bone generates spurs, restrict motion

c. Gouty arthritis (GA)- Gout: excess uric acid + sodium = sodium urate- in GA sodium urate collects joints- erodes cartilage, pain, swelling, inflammation- can destroy all joint tissue- fusion and immobility