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Joint Research Centre
The European Commission’s in-house science service
2http://www.jrc.ec.europa.eu
Cyclotron laboratory
Early evaluation of the radiological inventory
for future decommissioning
activities
Federica Simonelli
L&O SectorNuclear Decommissioning Unit
Ispra Site Management
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CONTENT
Licensing framework
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Operating principle of the Cyclotron acceleratorResearch and commercial activities in the Cyclotron laboratory2
Cyclotron laboratory early evaluation on radioactive inventory for future decommissioning purposes
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COURSE CONTENT
Licensing framework
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Operating principle of the Cyclotron acceleratorResearch and commercial activities in the Cyclotron laboratory2
Cyclotron laboratory early evaluation on radioactive inventory for future decommissioning purposes
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Licensing framework
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Cyclotron Operation License: D.M.-248 28.10.1986
Cyclotron License Conversion to Nulla Osta Cat. A
(art.28 D.Lgs. N. 230/95):
D.I. 05.04.2007
Cyclotron operations STOPPED definitively last December 2014.Hot laboratories are still in use with radiotracers previously produced or supplied by other cyclotrons.
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• Scanditronix MC40 Cyclotron
• Acceleration of positive ions with variable energy
• Beam of p, d, He-3, He-4(αααα)
CYCLOTRON LABORATORY
• 3 irradiation rooms
• 7 beamlines
• Various "hot" laboratories
ParticlesMaximum
Energy (MeV)Maximum Extracted
Current (µA)
p 40 60
α 40 30
3He2+ 53 30
d 20 60
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COURSE CONTENT
Licensing framework
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Cyclotron laboratory early evaluation on radioactive inventory for future decommissioning purposes
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Operating principle of the Cyclotron acceleratorResearch and commercial activities in the Cyclotron laboratory2
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CYCLOTRON ACCELERATOR
� The strong magnetic field forces the particle on a curved path (60 Tons magnet!)
� The alternating electric field accelerates the particles twice (or more) times perrevolution in the magnetic field
� As the velocity increases, the radiusof the curve grows for eachrevolution, leading to a spiraltrajectory
� After about 100 revolutions, the ‘ionbeam’ exits from the magnetic fieldwith an energy equivalent to anacceleration in 40 MeV, around 70 %of extraction at variable current
� The beam is used to hit targets and transform atoms of a target material intoother atoms or isotopes for applications in medicine, industry or research
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ROOM 1
ROOM 2
ROOM 3
ROOM 4STORAGE ROOM
LABORATORIES
POWER SUPPLY ROOM
CONTROL ROOM
VENTILATION ROOM
GROUND FLOOR: planimetry
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ROOM 1: overview
The cyclotron vault
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Irradiation of solid target: nanoparticles or other target
Irradiation of solid targets for cross section studies
2 IRRADIATION LINES
BEAM LINE 2BEAM LINE 1
ROOM 2: overview
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2 IRRADIATION LINES
used to irradiate target in liquid solution
used by GE Healthcare for the production of 18F-FDG
BEAM LINE 4BEAM LINE 3
ROOM 3: overview
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2 IRRADIATION LINES
Used for the ARC project, which providesneutron activation of liquid/solid targets andnanoparticles.
BEAM LINE 6BEAM LINE 5
High Power Target used for irradiation ofsolid and powder target
ROOM 4: overview
CONTAMINATION
ABSENT
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LABORATORIES: description
Alpha Laboratory
Cell Culture Laboratory
Radiochemistry Laboratory
Gamma Spectrometry Laboratory
Beta Laboratory
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BASEMENT FLOOR
Dubious liquid storage
Presence of 2 tanks for active and dubious water
collection from the Controlled Area of the Cyclotron Laboratory
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FIRST FLOOR: description
HOT WORKSHOP
VENTILATION ROOM
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Air monitoring system Cyclotron cooling system
ROOM FANS: description
12 November 2015 18
APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES
Nuclear Medicine
Development of production methods of new radioisotopes for diagnosis and/or therapy
Development of a new method of micro- and nanoparticle activation for cancer therapy
Nanotoxicology
Use of radiolabelled nanoparticles for cellular uptake studies and in
vitro bio-kinetic studies
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APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES
Two productions of 18F-FDG every night (5 at week) for MORE THAN 10 YEARS.
The product was transported to various hospitals and diagnostic centres in north Italy for cancer diagnosis with PET technology.
PRODUCTION OF 18F-FDG RADIOPHARMACEUTICALGE HEALTHCARE – JRC ISPRA COLLABORATION
1) Bombardment of water enriched in 18O creates a quantity of 18F (fluorine-18).
2) The fluorine-18 is transferred to the radiopharmaceutical laboratory and attached to a type of glucose molecule, FDG.
POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHYPET
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APPLICATIONS OF RADIOISOTOPES
4) In the hospital a small quantity is injected into the patient. Being a glucose molecule, the 18F-FDG concentrates in areas of high energy use: typically the brain and cancer cells.
5) In a special scanner, the gamma rays created after positrons annihilation are emitted by the 18F, detected and used to create an image of metabolic activity
3) The product is checked for purity and sterility, loaded into transport vials and sent (in shielded containers) to hospitals
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GROUND FLOOR: planimetry
AT THE GROUND FLOOR THE PHARMACEUTICAL LABORATORY OF GE HEALTHCARE WAS ALSO LOCATED
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COURSE CONTENT
Cyclotron laboratory early evaluation on radioactive inventory for future decommissioning purposes
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Licensing framework
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Operating principle of the Cyclotron acceleratorResearch and commercial activities in the Cyclotron laboratory2
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Early evaluation on radiological inventory
Health Phys. 2006 Jun;90(6):588-96."Decommissioning procedures for an 11 MeV self-shielded medical cyclotron after 16 years of working time", Calandrino et Al.
• Cyclotron CTI RDS112, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
from 1988 to 2004
• Cyclotron MC-40, JRC-Ispra, Varese, Italy
from 1986 to 2014
Ref.Doc. NE.91.1020.A.001, "CCR – Inventario radiologico delle installazioni nucleari" 23
Cyclotron MC-40 working-load
2010 Hours hours/week uA*h/sett
Jan 156 39 1560
Febr 159 39.75 1590
March 170 42.5 1700
Apr 158 39.5 1580
May 124 31 1240
June 158 39.5 1580
July 161 40.25 1610
Aug 129 32.25 1290
Sept 187 46.75 1870
Oct 183 45.75 1830
Nov 153 38.25 1530
Dec 78 19.5 780
Tot. 1816 18160
2010 has been selected as model for the evaluation of the working load of the
MC-40 cyclotron during its 28 years of life
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Material Inventory
Item Weight (ton)
Magnet 120
Targets with chambers 5
Beam lines 10
Internals 5
Shields 60
Perimetric walls (1) 70
Total metallic 200
Total concrete 70
(1) 70 tons produced by scarifying 1 cm from concrete walls
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Radiological Inventory
Concrete Metal
Main radionuclides Bq Main radionuclides Bq
Eu-152 2.13E+09 Fe-55 4.56E+11
Eu-154 2.70E+08 Fe-59 1.44E+09
Co-60 1.19E+09 Co-58 4.40E+10
Sc-46 4.12E+08 Co-60 2.48E+09
Mn-54 3.12E+08 Ni-63 5.16E+10
Tot. 4.32E+09 Tot. 5.56E+11
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12 November 2015
016
L.1
L.2
L.3
L.4
L.5
L.6
L.7
At the entrance:
10–20 µSv/h at Oct 2014
2 µSv/h at Sept 2015
ROOM 1: risks
50–1000 µSv/h at Oct 2014
25 -250 µSv/h at Sept 2015
Max 15 mSv/h at Sept 2014
Max 1000 µSv/h at Oct 2015
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020
L.1
L.2
50–1000 µSv/h at Oct 2014
20-200 µSv/h at Sept 2015
< 0.3 µSv/h
ROOM 2: risks
50–200 µSv/h at Oct 2014
Max 10 µSv/h at Sept 2015
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021
LINEA 3
LINEA 4
50 – 70 µSv/h
250 µSv/h after F-18 production
10 µSv/h Sept 20152–3 mSv/h after F-18 production
0.5 mSv/h Sept 2015
80–120 mSv/h after F-18 production
5 mSv/h Sept 2015
shielded box
ROOM 3: risks
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12 November 2015 30
40 µSv/h after irradiation
Background at Sept 2015
Values for Beam line 5 are measured at the opening of the Room,
usually 3 days after ARC irradiation
L.7
L.6
L.5
100 µSv/h Oct 2014
5 µSv/h Spet 2015
2000 µSv/h Oct 2014
150 µSv/h Sept 2015
ROOM 4: risks
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Cyclotron Laboratory final consideration
Final considerations
Radioactive InventoryMetals: 5.56E+11 Bq
Concrete 4.32E+09 Bq
Dose rateHigh variability
(maximum rates up to 15 mSv/h)
ContaminationUsually absent but some risk of
contamination in labs
Main radionuclides
Produced for research purposes by cyclotron irradiations
F-18, Co-56, V-48, Be-7, Au-196,
Ag-110m, Ho-166, Lu-177, Re-186….
Main radionuclides
Present as activation products
Co-56, Co-57, Co-58, Co-60, Fe-55, Mn-54, Zn-65, Eu-152, Eu-154, Sc-46
….
THANK YOU
FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION!
