Joints• The area where two bones are attached for

the purpose of permitting body parts to move. A joint is usually formed of fibrous connective tissue and cartilage.

• Joints allow movement, support, and structure to bones and ligaments .

From a structure viewpoint there are 3 categories:

1. Fibrous-no joint cavity and are connected via fibrous connective tissue

2. Cartilaginous- are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline).

3. Synovial-have a space between the articulating bones that is filled with synovial fluid.

From a functions viewpoint there are 3 categories

• 1. Amphiarthrosis - allow minimal movement 2. Diarthrosis - A large amount of movement 3. Synarthrosis - almost none to no movement

Types of Joints• Suture joints – fibrous joints – found

on skull between cranial sutures

• Plane joints – synovial joint – ankle, hand – allow bones to glide to side of another bone

• Hinge joints – synovial joint – Knee, elbow, fingers, and toes – allow for only bendingand straightening movements

• Pivot joints – synovial joint – neck – allow for somewhat limited rotating movement

Types of joints continued• Ellipsoidal joint – synovial joint –

wrist – allow for a more complicated movement –

• Saddle joints – synovial joint – thumb – allow for other complex movements in two planes

• Ball and socket joint – synovial joint – hip and shoulders – allow for forward and backward movement along with sideways and rotating movements

• flexion- refers to a movement that decreases the angle between two body parts

• extension- describing a straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts.

• abduction- moving away from body

• adduction- moving toward the body

Types of movement and examples

• inversion- turning foot so sole is inward• eversion- sole is out

• protraction-extension or protrusion• retraction – to bring back

• rotation- around its axis• circumduction- swinging arms

in circles

• supination- rotation of arm to palm-up position

• pronation- palm down

Arthritis• inflammation of one or

more of your joints. The main symptoms are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age.

• osteoarthritis –wear and tear and rheumatoid arthritis- auto- immune