Joints/Articulations• Joints can be classified two ways

– functional and structural• Functional (freedom of movement)

– diarthrosis (freely movable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), synarthrosis (little or no movement)

• Structural (how adjacent bones are joined)– fibrous, cartilaginous, bony and

synovial joints

Joint Classification

Cartilage• Specialized CT

– Cells (___________________) & Extracellular Matrix– Matrix rich in chondroitin sulfate and collagen– Avascular– Perichondrium– Appositional & Interstitial Growth– 3 Types

• Hyaline cart, Elastic cart, & Fibrocartilage

Cartilage Types

Synovial (Diarthosis) Joint

• Joint in which two bones are separated by a space called a joint cavity• Most are freely movable

Anatomy of Synovial Joints• Articular capsule

– fibrous capsule w/ synovial membrane– continuous with periosteum

• Synovial fluid– viscous slippery fluid; albumin &

hyaluronic acid• Articular cartilage• Meniscus

– ______________ - jaw, wrist, kneeand sternoclavicular joints

• Tendons• Ligaments

What are Tendon Sheaths and Bursae?

• Bursa is saclike extension of joint capsule that extends between nearby structures allowing them to slide more easily past each other

• Tendon sheaths are elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane & wrapped around a tendon

The Humeroscapular Joint• Shoulder is most freely movable joint in the body

– shallow glenoid cavity• Supported by ligaments & tendons

– 4 tendons = rotator cuff– subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor

• Bursae associated with shoulder joint

Check out the Shoulder Bursa

Knee Joint – most complex joint

Knee Joint – 4 ligaments to know

• Two external ligaments are the medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments

• Anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments are internal and prevent sliding of bones past each other

• Common knee injury – lateral blow, tears the anterior cruciate, medial collateral ligament & medial meniscus

Intervertebral Discs

Joint Problems• Arthritis is a broad term for pain & inflammation• Osteoarthritis

– cartilage softens & degenerates, crepitus, bone spurs• Rheumatoid arthritis - _____________________

– antibodies attack synovial mb, cartilage degrades, bones ossify

– steroids & aspirin control inflammation• Gout is a metabolic disorder• Bunion