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Journal
Multidisciplinary
Science UTSO
E
Volume II – Issue IV
July – December 2015
ISSN: 2395-860X
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ROSILES-Luis Ignacio, MsC. Universidad Tecnólogica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Co-Editors
MARÍN SÁNCHEZ- Juan, BsC.
Design
RODRIGUEZ ANGELES- Mario, cPhD.
ACOSTA NAVARRETE- María, cPhD.
ESPINOZA ZAMORA- Jesús,MsC.
CRISTOBAL CASTAÑEDA- José,MsC.
MORALES FELIX- Verónica,MsC.
RAMIREZ BARAJAS- Alejandro,MsC.
LEDESMA JAIME- Reynaldo,MsC.
AVILES FERRERA- José,MsC.
Style
Rector
RIVAS García-Olimpia Liliana, MsC.
Journal Director
GORDILLO SOSA- Jose, cPhD.
Editor in Chief
BARRON ADAME- Jose, PhD.
RODRIGUEZ MUÑOZ- Jose, cPhD. QUINTANILLA DOMINGUEZ –Joel, PhD.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science,
Volume 2, Issue 4, July-December-2015, is a
journal edited semiannual by UTSOE. Valle-
Huanímaro highway Km. 1.2, Valle de
Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip code: 38400. WEB:
www.utsoe-journal.mx, journal@utsoe-
journal.mx . Editor in Chief: Gordillo Sosa-
José. Reservations for Exclusive Use Rights
No: 04-2014-090914385900-203. ISSN-
ISSN-On line:2395-860X. Responsible for the
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Unit. Barron Adame- Jose, Rodríguez Muñóz-
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de Santiago, Guanajuato, Zip Code: 38400,
last updated June 30, 2015.
The opinions expressed by the authors do not
necessarily reflect the views of the editor of the
publication.
It is strictly forbidden to reproduce any part of
the contents and images of the publication
without permission of the National Institute of
Copyright.
III
Editorial Board
OJEDA MAGAÑA- Benjamin, PhD. (CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.
VEGA CORONA- Antonio, PhD.
(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.
ANDINA DE LA FUENTE- Diego, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
CORTINA JANUCHS- Maria, PhD. (Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
GARCIA MENDOZA- Ruben, PhD.
(Universidad Tecnologica Corregidora),
Mexico.
MINA ROSALES- Alejandra, cPhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
ROSTRO GONZALES- Horacio, PhD.
(Universidad de Guanajuato), Mexico.
MARCANO CEDEÑO- Alexis, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
RUIZ FERNANDEZ– Daniel, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
RUELAS LEPE- Ruben, PhD.
(CUCEI Universidad de Guadalajara), Mexico.
TARQUIS- Ana, PhD.
(Universidad Politecnica de Madrid), Spain.
GOMEZ ROMERO– Jose, PhD. (Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana), Mexico.
GIRET-Adriana ,PhD
(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.
BOTTI –Vicente, PhD
(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia), Spain.
Arbitration Committee
IV
RAMIREZ LEMUS-Lidia, PhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
ROSALES GARCIA-Juan, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
THOMSON LOPEZ-Reynaldo, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Management
GOMEZ AGUILAR- Jose, PhD
Universidad Autonoma de Mexico
Materials
CORDOVA FRAGA- Teodoro, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Medical Physicist
RUIZ PINALES- Jose, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Eletronic
GONZALEZ PARADA- Adrian, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
GUZMAN CABRERA- Rafael, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
IRETA MORENO- Fernando, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
ARROYO FIGUEROA- Gabriela, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Agroindustrial processes
MERCADO FLORES- Juan, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Food Biochemistry
LOPEZ OROZCO- Melva, PhD
Universidad de Guanajuato
Food Biochemistry
AGUILAR MORENO-Antonio, cPhD Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Mechanical - Industrial Area
AGUIRRE PUENTE- Jose Alfredo, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
HUERTA MASCOTE- Eduardo, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
RICO MORENO- Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
CANO CONTRERAS-Martin, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
FERRER ALMARAZ-Miguel, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Mechanical -Industrial Area
ARREGUIN CERVANTES-Antonio, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Mechanical- Industrial Area
MENDOZA GARCIA- Patricia, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
ALMANZA SERRANO-Leticia, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
URIBE PLAZA- Guadalupe, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Engineering and Management
SILVA CONTRERAS-Juan, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Accounting
ANDRADE OSEGUERA-Miguel, MsC
V Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Accounting
AMBRIZ COLIN-Fernando, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Industrial -Maintenance Area
CANO RAMIREZ-Jaime, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Industrial- Maintenance Area
CASTAÑEDA RAMIREZ-Jose, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Food Processes
LOPEZ RAMIREZ-Maria, MsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Sustainable Agriculture and Protected
GUZMAN SEPULVEDA-Jose, MsC
Universidad Autonoma de Tamaulipas
Mechatronics
TAPIA ORTEGA- Jose, MsC
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
HERNANDEZ FUSILIER- Donato, MsC
Universidad de Guanajuato
Electrical Engineering
MOSQUEDA SERRANO- Fatima, MsC Universidad Tecnológica del Norte de Guanajuato
Gastronomy
RODRIGUEZ VARGAS- Maria, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Information Technology and Communication
CARMONA GARCIA-Nelida, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Business Development - Marketing Area
NUÑEZ LEDESMA- Marcela, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Industrial Design and Fashion- Production Area
RODRIGUEZ SANCHEZ-Marcos, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Industrial -Maintenance Area
MACIEL BARAJAS-Gloria, BsC Universidad Tecnologica del Suroeste de Guanajuato
Food Processes
VI
Presentation
In this issue there are six sections: Agricultural Sciences, with the article Crop establishment in vitro of
chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum) by CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe,
LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice, BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA,
Israel affiliated to Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa. in the Section of Natural Sciences the article
Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type
2 Diabetes by ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel*†, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo, affiliated to Facultad de Enfermería
de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla. In the Section of Exact Sciences the article.The
effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules by
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario affiliated to Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec. In the section
of Engineering Sciences the article Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings
deposited on carbon steel by SOLIS, José*†, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES,
Miguel affiliated to IT de Tlalnepantla. In the Section of Technology Sciences the article Modbus
networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers by LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto affiliated to
Universidad Tecnológica de León. In the section of Social Sciences, the article Reality Education and
Science Teaching by De La RIVA, María*†, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente
affiliated to Universidad Pedagógica Nacional. In the Section of Administrative Sciences the article
Successors of family business and generational transition process by QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román
Alberto*†, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Universidad
Autónoma de Campeche
Content
Article
Page
Crop establishment in vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum)
CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,
BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel
Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa
62-66
Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging
Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
67-77
The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding simulations
of RNA molecules
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario
Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec
78-83
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel
IT de Tlalnepantla, Tlalnepantla
84-95
Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers
LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto
Universidad Tecnológica de León
96-105
Reality Education and Science Teaching
De La RIVA, María, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente
106-119
Successors of family business and generational transition process
QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-
MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón
Universidad Autónoma de Campeche
120-132
Instructions for Authors
Originality Format
Authorization Form
62
Article Agricultural Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 62-66
Crop establishment in vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum)
CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice, BOJORQUEZ-
SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel*†`
Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa. Carretera Municipal Libre Mazatlán Higueras Km 3, 82199 Mazatlán, Sin., México
Received July 3, 2015; Accepted August 17, 2015
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
The in vitro culture gives the micropropagation of wild plants so that it has attempt the micropropagation of
Chiltepin. Therefore, this study aimed to define a protocol for disinfestation of different source of Chiltepín explant
for in vitro culture establishment. The explants were tested with ethanol at 70 and 96% at 30 and 60s respectively,
and 2% of NaClO for 30s showed the best method found, acording to low contamination (30%), Oxidation (25%)
and higher dedifferentiation (32%) of explants for in vitro establishment. This procedure being efficient and
making it possible to be used routinely.
Objectives, methodology
Obtention an efficient protocol for disinfestation of explants of chiltepin
The disinfestations were tested with: T1: ethanol at 70 % (30 s) and 90% (60 s); T2: same condition of l T1
and NaClO at 2% (30 s) finally T3: ethanol at 70% (1 min), 96% (5 min) and NaClO at 2% (15 min). The explant
was placed on the MS medium supplemented with indoleacetic acid (IAA)
Contribution
The disinfestations of explants formed a possible proembriogenic structures important for micropropagation.
Chiltepín, disinfestations, in vitro culture ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice, BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ,
Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel. Crop establishment in vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum).
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4: 202-206
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
* Correspondence to Author ([email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
© UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx
63
Article Agricultural Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 62-66
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved. CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,
BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel. Crop establishment in
vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum). UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Introduction
Chili chiltepín (Capsicum annuum var.
Glabriusculum), it belongs to the genus
Capsicum annuum, and reaches a market price
of up to $ 260 pesos per kg in different states of
Mexico (Sonora to Chiapas on the Pacific and
Tamaulipas to Yucatan and Quintana Roo)
(Villalón Mendoza et al., 2013). However, there
is a big problem, the raw material is sold either
fresh, dried and pickled state, comes from
collections that are made on Mount seasonally,
making it difficult to obtain the fruits, coupled
with this, climatic conditions and anthropogenic
factors have reduced populations in collection
areas reducing the possibility of obtaining
biomass for extraction of metabolites with
therapeutic properties (Araiza-Lizarde et al.,
2011).
Wild species as Chiltepín, are difficult to
tame, however techniques plant tissue culture,
are a viable tool for generating in vitro explants
organisms from any part of the plant, to induce
the formation of embryos which they can be
propagated and multiplied in a culture medium
rich in nutrients and under aseptic conditions to
maturity and acclimatization seedling formation.
Despite the above, to achieve this it is necessary
to studies regarding the type of plant growth
regulators needed to induce the formation of
somatic embryos.
The Chiltepín has tried to tame in response
to one of the most common problems that have
generally wild species, the low percentage of
germination, poor performance in growth and
development, which has prevented generate
disease resistant varieties and micropropagation
clonal and obtaining of secondary metabolites
with therapeutic properties (col Rodriguez-
Mathurin and 2011;. Gonzales, 2013).
In terms of improvement for
micropropagation of Chiltepín, they have done
studies on processes of germination, propagation
by cuttings and selection of high-yielding
genotypes (Araiza-Lizarde et al., 2011), with the
aim of establishing varieties with fruits of good
quality and resistance to various biotic and
abiotic factors, however, these studies have not
been able to cover international demand (Report
of the Ministry of Economy 2005 on the market
study of C. annuum var. glabriusculum), so it has
been suggested to carry out further research
leading to the in vitro micropropagation of the
plant, as well as studies aimed at obtaining
metabolites from plant cells, as is done for other
species of the genus as chili Habanero (C.
chinense ) (Santana-Buzzy et al., 2005), green
(C. frutescens) (Ashwani et al., 2008) and
Pepper (C. annuum) (Shreya et al., 2014) Chile.
The in vitro plant cultivation means
cultivating fragments of plants inside a glass jar
in an artificial environment. This type of culture
has two fundamental caracterisias: asepsis
(absence of microorganisms), and controlling
the factors affecting the crcimiento.
Micropropagation or clonal propagation is one
of the most widespread applications of in vitro
culture, from a fragment (explant) from the
mother plant, a uniform offspring genetically
identical plants, called clones (Calva Calva and
Perez Vargas is obtained, 2005). In addition to
this, during the induction process clones,
specialized plant cells may dedifferentiate until
undifferentiation, and secondary metabolite
biosynthesis capacity with the same
concentration or greater with respect to the
specialized plant tissues. In the literature,
various methods have been reported
disinfestation explants for the establishment of
in vitro culture, each looking sencilles
refinement and technique that will achieve
higher rates of establishment of plant material in
vitro conditions.
Among the substances used in the
disinfestation of plant material are: sodium
hypochlorite (NaOCl), calcium hypochlorite
64
Article Agricultural Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 62-66
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved. CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,
BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel. Crop establishment in
vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum). UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
(Caclo), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), mercury
dichloride (HgCl2), antibiotics, fungicides and
surfactants (Borgues, 2009).
To achieve the in vitro culture Chiltepin
chili, it is necessary to obtain simple protocol
disinfestation, inexpensive and to allow the
tissue response to the culture medium and plant
hormones. So the aim of this study was to obtain
a protocol disinfestation Chiltepín explants for
the establishment of in vitro culture, which leads
to a plant regeneration system in vitro, which can
meet the demand and solve the problem of
declining of their populations in the wild and
also have a crop that does not depend on the
germination of the seed for the production of
plants.
Materials and methods
Protocol disinfestation
Leaf explants from plants grown under
greenhouse conditions used, the explants were
subjected to three disinfestation treatments (T).
T1: alcohol 70 and 96% with times of 30 and 60
seconds respectively; T2: T1 conditions more
chlorine was tested at 2% for 30 seconds and T3:
alcohol 70 and 96% for 1 and 5 minutes
respectively chlorine and 2% for 15 minutes.
Between each step with disinfectants, abundant
washes were performed with sterile distilled
water.
Seeding explants disinfested
Following disinfestation explants, leaf segments
0.5 to 1.0 cm, which are sown on MS medium
(Murashige and Skoog) 50% added sucrose,
indoleacetic acid (IAA) and adjusting the pH of
the medium was used 5.8. The explants were
kept under dark conditions at a temperature of 25
° C ± 2 ° C
Statistic analysis
Following the protocol disinfestation variables
were evaluated: the response of the explant
(dedifferentiation proembrionarias forming
structures and organogenesis) and contamination
of the explants in the middle. Statistical analysis
was ANOVA followed by Tukey test for
determining how the significant differences
between treatments.
Results and discussion
The effect of different treatments disinfestation
with ethanol and sodium hypochlorite, on the
percentage of contaminated eplantes, oxidized
and dedifferentiated during the establishment of
in vitro culture are seen in Table 1. It is seen that
the highest values for the establishment of crop
for the Treatment 2 (ethanol 70 and 96% by 30
and 60s respectively and sodium hypochlorite
(NaClO) 2% by 30s), which differ significantly
from other treatments evaluated for p <0.5. You
can also observe that the presence of NaClO
decreased the percentage of contamination,
however prolonged immersion in the time
disinfestant agent which increases the necrosis is
related to the presence of oxidation in tissue.
The latter is due to the effect produced
fitotótoxico NaClO on the explants, which
becomes more intense after the immersion of the
explants over 30 seconds. This coinide with
those reported by Azofeifa (2009), who reported
the phytotoxic effect of NaClOaplicado in
difente type of plant explant
Table 1. Effect of disinfectants on the response of the
explant during crop establishment in vitro treatments CContamination
(%)
Oxidation
(%)
Desdifferentiation
(%)
1 100 0 0
2 30 25 32
3 30 12 2
In addition the results showed a significant
effect on tissue dedifferentiation between
treatments, demonstrating that the two
65
Article Agricultural Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 62-66
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved. CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,
BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel. Crop establishment in
vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum). UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
treatments allows desdifferentiation of tissue
(Figure 1) reaching the establishment of in vitro
culture, coupled with this, explants generated
pro embryonic structures (Figure 2), the
aggregates observed in dedifferentiated explants
were observed cell masses as opaque yellow
brown embryogenic abundant cells in the
periphery.
Proembriogenic structures were also
observed in globular state. The observed
aggregates agree with the repotado Ramirez-
Villaobos and De Garcia (2012), who reported
cellares added embryogenic banana Williams,
These aggregates are characterized by small
cells, round, ovoid, cytoplasmically dense, with
thick wall and prominent nucleus, while non
embryogenic cells exhibited large, variably,
predominantly elongated shape, little
cytoplasmic contents, thin cell wall, nucleus
large peueño (Ramirez, 2012) vacuole.
Figure 1 Formation of proembrionarias structures. Arrows
indicate the formation of globular structures
Figure 2 Formation of globular structures (proembryos).
A) Possible proembriogenic cells, B) no different cellular
forms embryogenic cells
Conclusions
Under our experimental conditions oxidation
was observed in explants subjected to prolonged
treatment with ethanol and chlorine. Explants
under treatment two responders to the culture
medium, and observed dedifferentiation
proembrionarias likely formation structures.
References
Álvaro, A. (2009). Problemas de oxidación y
oscurecimiento de explantes cultivados in vitro.
Agronomía mesoaméricana, 153-175.
BORGES Misterbino, E. E. (2009). Uso de
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BRITO H., R. A. (2013). Antioxidant activity
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Josefina. Cultivo de células y tejidos vegetales:
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GONZÁLEZ Alberto, S. E. (2013).
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66
Article Agricultural Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 62-66
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved. CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,
BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel. Crop establishment in
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Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
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03 (AAAA) y su parental Williams (AAA).
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variabilidad genética del timpinchile (Capsicum
annum L. var. glabriusculum sin. aviculare) en
Chiapas. Quehacer científico, 4-18.
RODRÍGUEZ Alfonso, V. A. (2012).
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and Habanero (Capsicum chinese): A
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of Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinese jacq.)
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SHARMA Ashwani, K. V. (2008). Induction of
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67
Article Natural Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 67-77
Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs
Aging Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel*†, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-CHAGOYA, María
de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo
Facultad de Enfermería de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México. Dirección postal: Privada B oriente de
la 16 de Septiembre #9505, Colonia Arboledas de Loma Bella, Puebla, Puebla, México.,
Received July 7, 2015; Accepted August 19, 2015
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Faced with the challenges, changes and demands currently living family, health care of the person with
type 2 diabetes, can be affected by poor family functioning (FF) and nonadherence to therapy, evidenced
in glycemic control. Purpose: Know as family functioning, therapeutic treatment adherence and glycemic
control of type 2 diabetes in adults vs. elderly from Health Institution First Level of Care. Methodology:
descriptive, comparative , cross-sectional study in 170 adults and seniors selected by convenience
sampling, the effectiveness scale was applied in the Family Functioning, Scale for Treatment Adherence
in Diabetes Mellitus II, version III and measured the basal capillary glucose with Accutrend Plus and
Correlation Table A1C portable device Results: The mean age of the study was 57. 56 years and 60.6%
were women. No statistically significant difference was found FF and adherence regarding sex
therapeutic treatment (t = -.79, p = 0.429) and age (t = 1,116, p = 0.266) and compared with regard to
glycemic control sex (t = -.495, p = .621) and age (t = 1.675, p = .096). Discussion: Sex and age are not
factors that determine adherence to therapeutic treatment of T2D and glycemic control, at least in this
study. Conclusion: The results of the study contribute to the care of family health in the study population
in relation to therapeutic treatment adherence and glycemic control.
Glucemic control, theraphy, Diabetes Type 2
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-CHAGOYA, María de los
Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging
Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:207-217
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Correspondence to Author ([email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Sciences www.utsoe-journal.mx
68
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ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved. .
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Introduction
The family is a social system with its own
structure and organization that interacts with its
environment. System composed of subsystems
interpersonal dyads, triads, and larger units; its
members may or may not be related biologically,
or live in the same household, or have different
relationships defined by emotional ties and
common responsibilities to contribute to the
functioning of the family system. (Friedemann,
1995)
Family functioning is understood as the
ability of the family to maintain consistency /
stability to stressful situations or changing; result
of the balance of achieving your goals and
strategies of conduct implemented in the
dimensions of the life process of the family
system (Friedemann, 1995).
Currently the family has many challenges,
changes and demands which are predecessors of
anxiety or stress in the family system, health is
one of the most important issues, specifically the
presence of chronic degenerative diseases such
as type 2 diabetes (T2D), which You can alter
family functioning while the function of integral
patient care, (Latin American and Caribbean
Demographic [CELADE], 2013; Friedemann
1995).
Diabetes is a serious worldwide public
health problem under which increases costs for
individuals, families and the health sector;
worldwide affects more than 387 million people
and is estimated to increase to 592 million by
2035 if timely and effective preventive measures
(International Diabetes Federation [FID], 2014
do not apply; World Health Organization
[WHO] , 2014). Mexico is no exception, as
currently ranks first in mortality with 84.445
deaths a year in people over 30 years of age due
to its complications (National Population
Council [CONAPO], 2012)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D), starting in
adulthood represents 90% of global cases and
12.63% in Mexico; the condition is due to
inefficient use of insulin due to metabolism of
carbohydrates, proteins and inadequate fat,
resulting from factors such as hereditary
predisposition, high blood pressure, gestational
diabetes, physical inactivity, obesity and
lifestyle unhealthy ( WHO, 2014).
Hyperglycemia is the main symptom of
the poor controll of T2D that eventually cause
severely damage of vital organs and body
systems causing complications such as heart
disease, cerebrovascular disease, nephropathy,
diabetic foot, retinopathy among others. (IDF,
2014). For WHO (2013) and the Ministry of
Health (SS, 2013) adherence to therapeutic
treatment of T2D it implies that the person
complies properly with the recommendations
given by a health professional regarding
medication intake, following a regimen food,
physical exercise, modify inappropriate
lifestyles and take adequate glycemic control.
Elements that limit the person as diabetic foot
complications, retinopathy, kidney failure
among others (Salinas & Nava, 2012).
For Villalobos, Quiros, Leon and Brenes
(2007) adherence to therapeutic treatment
including delivery of psychological and socio-
environmental factors such as family support,
organization and community support, exercise,
medical management, hygiene and self-care ,
diet and fitness assessment. Variables whose
fulfillment according to Garcia, Bittner, Brahm
and Pusche (2010) relate to family functioning
and glycemic control. Family support is the aid
relationship established by the family to the
person with T2D in relation to therapeutic
treatment. The organization and community
support is the degree of support that the
community gives the person with T2D and his
family, and their participation in the activities
organized by the community.
69
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ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Physical exercise, are all actions related to
physical activity: type of exercise, and schedules
for doing perception people have of the body to
develop the exercise as well as their relationship
with the therapeutic treatment.
The medical supervision, represents
behaviors related checkup, home monitoring of
blood glucose or urine, intake of hypoglycemic
medications, insulin etc. Hygiene and self-care,
symbolizes the care that gives the person with
DT2 your body in order to avoid situations that
might affect their health and reduce the
likelihood of complications. It involves specific
actions self-feet, dental care, use of appropriate
clothing etc. The diet comprises adjusting
carbohydrates and other foods that should be
consumed people with T2D, to meet the daily
needs and match available insulin. Finally, the
assessment of physical condition, is the
perception that the patient can develop their
daily work with energy efficiency without notice
tiredness (Villalobos, Quiroz, Leon & Brenes,
2007).
The American Diabetes Association
(ADA, 2013), at the international level and the
Ministry of Health (2013) in Mexico, indicate
that a key indicator of adherence to treatment is
therapeutic glycemic control through the blood
glucose test whose ideal is glycosylated
hemoglobin (HbA1c). Today glycosylated
hemoglobin tests can be inferred by basal
glucose limiting complications from
hyperglycemia. (Hernandez Gutierrez &
Reynoso, 2013).
Research such as Huerta (2011) and
Gonzalez (2010) mention that family
functioning is an important factor in adherence
to the therapeutic treatment of T2D; while
Concha y Rodríguez (2010) point out that family
dysfunction limits treatment compliance and
leads to adult DT2 to poor metabolic control.
On the other Mayberry and Osborn (2012)
side, Keogh et al. (2011), Watanabe et al. (2010)
and Choi (2009), reveal that elements of
adherence to therapeutic treatment and the
support of family, nutrition and monitoring of
medical indications for the patient, aimed at
adequate glycemic control. Not so for Kang et al.
(2010) who despite having found that family
functioning is crucial for glucose control, the
values found were not statistically significant,
since the study subjects showed higher values;
however none of the previous studies made the
comparison between men and women and / or
the difference between adults and seniors.
Why was raised to know whether family
functioning predicted therapeutic treatment
adherence and glycemic control in adults and
older adults with T2D, from the perspective of
MOS, family nursing theory allows studying
family functioning and its relationship or
association with other variables.
Evidence that in a future plans will
contribute to strengthening health programs and
care for adults and seniors, their families and the
implementation of specific interventions aimed
at family health care. It is, concern arises from
the professional life with this type of population.
Theoretical framework
This research was based on the theoretical
framework of systemic organization (MOS), "A
Conceptual Approach to Families and Nursing"
(Friedemann, 1995). Which defines family
functioning as the ability of the family to
dampen anxiety in stressful situations, result of
balance in achieving their goals: stability,
control, growth and spirituality and their
behavioral strategies in the four dimensions of
your life process: system maintenance, system
changes, individuation and consistency
(Friedemann, 1995).
The four goals of the family interact with
each other around the family and are
70
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UTSOE® All rights reserved. .
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
continuously adjusted to find congruence
between their own order and your environment
and maintain a dynamic balance through which
the system is healthy. The author of this theory
is that each family emphasizes these goals and
strategies of behavior in a unique and proprietary
processes used learned and acquired over time
for this purpose.
The goal of stability is to keep your family
traditions, behavior patterns, values and beliefs
rooted in the culture in which it is inserted
through behavioral strategies implemented in
consistency and size maintenance. The control
target is oriented to reject or reduce threats to the
environment and channel energy adequately to
restore the consistency of the family system
through behaviors performed in the dimensions
of the system maintenance and system change.
Growth targets takes shape in the process of
transformation of culture, through the
performance of roles of its members in other
systems: schools, workplaces, church and others,
where family members receive new ideas,
accomplishments and skills that influence them
and they can change the culture of the family
system. Therefore it is based on behavioral
strategies of the size change of the system and
individuation and finally the goal of spirituality
is directed to unite family members emotionally,
encouraging them to seek personal growth
outside the family system, it uses individuation
of dimensions and consistency
Achieving the goals of the family it is
given by behaviors or actions on the four
dimensions of the process of life: system
maintenance, system change, individualization
and consistency.
The system maintenance, dimension
includes behavioral strategies based on tradition,
dealing with the organization and operation of
the family system, decision making, problem
solving, rules and norms, sexual behavior,
breeding patterns, care for the sick, habits and
routines.
System Change the dimension refers to the
transmission of the family culture that represents
the preservation of traditional patterns
(homeostasis), or incorporation of new
knowledge or not and the assumption of new
behaviors, values and family structures. What
represents the transformation of culture in the
family (morphogenesis).
Individuation dimension encourages
members to learn new skills, develop new roles
inside and outside the system, achieve personal
goals and experience personal growth, according
to his earthly conditions of space, time, energy,
and mass.
Coherence dimension refers to the
relationship established members of the family,
the result of a sense of unity, belonging and
mutual commitment and by blending patterns
and rhythms lead to spirituality and the
congruence of the family system, (Figure 1).
For the study of family functioning MOS
arises assumptions, which guide the work
express 1. "The crucial determinant of a health
deficiency is the result of anxiety incongruity of
the family system, individual welfare is a sign of
a high level of family "health; 2.”Family Health
is a dynamic process that, in response to
changing situations is continuously trying new
ways to restore consistency within the system
and the environment."
Which is why the following hypotheses
were raised to work, 1. The higher family
functioning, greater adherence to therapeutic
treatment and glycemic control in adults and
71
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UTSOE® All rights reserved. .
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
older adults with T2D of a health institution of
primary care and 2. The dimensions of the life
processes of family functioning at least explains
the variation of therapeutic treatment adherence
and glycemic control in adults and older adults
with T2D of a health institution of primary care.
Figure 1 Framework of Systemic Organization: A
Conceptual Approach to Families and Nursing.
Friedemann (1995)
Family Life Process System
Methodology
The study was descriptive, correlational,
predictive, and transversal (Polit & Beck, 2012).
The study population was adults and older adults
with T2D attending outpatient "Urban Health
Center of the People" of the Ministry of Health
of the State of Puebla, as well as the family who
accompanied them. The sample size was
determined by power analysis, with a
significance level of .05, a confidence level of
95%, a power of .80 and .30 effect size plus a
10% attrition. It is comprised of 170 people ≥ 30
years. The sample was not probabilistic for
convenience by the nominal census of patients
with T2D with a minimum year of medical
diagnosis and accompanied by family
caregivers, undiagnosed visual, hearing loss and
severe language; Mental deficiency, senile
dementia or Alzheimer's.
1. Schedule of personal and family socio-
demographic factors (CFSDPF) consists of two
sections was applied, the first general data
speaking adults and seniors and the second
specifically data on type 2 diabetes.
2. Scale effectiveness in family functioning
(EE-FF) Chavez, Friedemann and Alcorta
(2000) readapted by Garcia (2005), consisting of
24 items on Likert (1 = type scale never, 2 =
sometimes, 3 = always), which values the system
maintenance (2,6,9,11,14,16,19), change the
system (4,8,13,17,20), individuation (3,7,12)
and coherence (1,5,10,15,18). The overall score
is 72 points, to 56-72 corresponds to families
with higher family functioning, 40 to 55 families
with an average of 39 family functioning and
fewer families with dysfunctional families. The
scale Cronbach alphas obtained from .73 to .84
(Garcia et al 2007;. Rodriguez et al 2009;.
Zavala, et al. 2009). This scale as the certificate
accompanying the family caregiver of the person
applied with T2D
3. Scale for Treatment Adherence in
Diabetes Mellitus II Version III (EATDM-III ©)
structured and validated by Villalobos, Quiroz,
Leon and Brenes (2007) evaluated seven
psychological factors and socio-environmental.
Family support (33, 44), social or community
organization and support (31, 32, 45, 51, 54),
exercise (13, 17, 20, 23), medical monitoring
(24, 30), hygiene and self-care (9, 11, 12, 52, 53,
55), diet (1, 8.10), and assessment of physical
condition (18-19). The scale consists of 55
reagents, with five Likert response options,
where 0 corresponds: I never do and the situation
does not occur; 1 almost never do, and the
situation occurs approximately between 1% and
33% of the time; 2 I do it regularly, and the
situation occurs between 34% and
approximately 66% of occasions; 3 almost
always do, and the situation occurs
approximately between 67% and 99% of the
time, 4 I always do, and the situation always
happen.
The total scale score is 220 points.
However, measuring the adhesion is made in
relation to each of the factors by which no
cutting figures indicating globally the level of
adherence of T2D, whereby the index of each is
estimated factor to consider the score from 0%
to 33% lower adherence to treatment, 34% to
72
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ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
66% average adherence to treatment and 67% to
99% high treatment adherence. The scale has
been applied in different contexts in Latin
America and Mexico with a Cronbach's alpha of
0.89 (Huerta, 2011; Villalobos Quirós, Leon &
Brenes, 2007).
Making capillary basal glycemic also to
measure glycemic control performed using test
strips with Accutrend Plus portable apparatus
Roche Diagnostics (2007) with a measuring time
of 12 seconds, using a drop of blood equivalent
to 0.02 ml (20 .mu.l) with a range of 20-600 mg
/ dl and finally the results were estimated to
determine the percentage of glycated
hemoglobin by the mapping table A1C Average
Glucose document Standards of Medical Care of
the American Diabetes Association (2014). So
determined whether glycemic control when the
HbA1c is inside the 6% to 7% interval; at risk of
slippage when it is between 7% to 8% and
slippage when> 8%.
One prior to application of the final pilot
test was conducted. The authorization of the
Ethics Committee of the educational institution
with the official authorization FE / SIEP /
3249/2014 and government health agency with
official authorization SEI / DIS / 4005/2014 was
requested. Data were obtained on a doctor's
health center, through face to face with the
participants, where they explained to everyone,
the goal of this research after signing informed
(Ministry of Health, 2014) consent interview.
The data analysis was performed using SPSS
statistical package Statics 21 with license
number 11241, according to the characteristics
of the variables and objectives are made using
descriptive statistics:
Frequency and percentages, measures of
central tendency (mean, median and mode) and
dispersion (standard deviation). To answer the
hypotheses inferential statistics were used, after
conversion of data indices score 0-100,
obtaining confidence level of the instruments
through Cronbach's alpha and the normal curve
data through Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. As
there is a normal distribution of the data it was
decided to use parametric tests.
Results
The sample comprises a total of 170 adults and
older adults with type 2 diabetes, mean age was
57.56 years (SD = 13.57), the predominant
gender was female (60.6%, f = 103). As
education level prevailed being illiterate and
incomplete primary (39.9%, f = 68); most are
married (50%, f = 85). 74.1% (f = 126) is
employed. 47.1% (f = 61) was formed by
extended families with children on stage of
emancipation (41.2%, f = 70), made up of 4-5
members (39.4%, f = 67), mostly with a level
middle socioeconomic (64.1%, f = 109).
In relation to T2D it was found that a large
portion of adults and older adults are of 1-5 years
with the disease (37.1%, f = 63). Most use
metformin and glyburide (44.1%, f = 75) and the
most prevalent disease found apart from T2D
was hypertension (32.4%, f = 55). Reliability
analysis of the instruments was obtained by
Cronbach's alpha coefficient, with a value of .80
for the Effectiveness Scale and .86 Family
Functioning Scale for Treatment Adherence in
DT2. A high percentage of families with average
family functioning (81%, f = 138) was found.
Regarding the goals of family functioning goal
spirituality (X = 82.50, SD = 14.73) won the
largest media, followed by meta stability (X =
75.90, SD = 14.15) and the dimensions of family
functioning consistency ( X = 87.06, SD =
17.27) and individuation ( X = 79.76, SD =
17.67) had the highest average.
Glycemic control compared to an average
for the basal blood glucose levels of 170.6 mg /
dl (SD = 80.67) was found and a large
percentage glycosylated hemoglobin ≥ 7%
(49.5%, f = 84) was found.
The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test showed
normal distribution (p> .05) from the data
73
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ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
obtained in the overall scale of both instruments,
therefore the use of parametric tests were
decided.
To respond to the finding of family
functioning, therapeutic treatment adherence
and glycemic control in adults and older adults
with T2D of a health institution of primary care
by gender and age, use was made of the
statistical t Student for independent samples,
previously determining the principles of equal
variance and equivalent groups.
Table 1 Comparison Matrix Student t age and sex of the
adult and older adult and family functioning.
Table 2 Student t matrix comparison of the age and sex of
adherence to therapeutic treatment in adults and elderly
Table 3 Student t matrix comparison of the age and sex of
the adult and elderly with respect to glycemic control.
According to the data shown in Tables 1, 2
and 3, no statistically significant differences in
family functioning were found, adherence to
therapeutic treatment and glycemic control in
relation to sex and age, so the hypothesis is not
supported raised.
Discussion
The purpose of this study sought to determine
whether family functioning predicts adherence
to therapeutic treatment of psychological, socio
- environmental and glycemic control of type 2
diabetes in adults and elderly in a health
institution of primary care level.
The main findings according to the lower
average age to 60 years, agrees with studies of
Avila et al. (2013), Gonzalez and Martinez
(2012), Mayberry and Osborn (2012), Concha y
Rodríguez (2010) to find that his subjects did not
exceed 60 years. All together these works are
similar to reports of WHO (2013) and CONAPO
(2012) to refer to the DT2 is submitted before 60
years, a situation that contributes to the
development of micro and macro-vascular
complications in Mexico are the leading cause of
death in adults aged 30 and older.
By characterizing the families of the
patients in this study, the type of family of adults
and older adults with T2D are extensive. Reason
that could explain the presence of a high
percentage of families with children on stage
with members of emancipation and aging in this
study, which differs with populations Huerta
(2011), Zavala et al. (2009) and Rodriguez et al.
(2009), who found mostly nuclear families in
their studies. Which may be due to time and
context where studies were applied in relation to
socio-demographic changes in the family today
as: low birth rates, increased life expectancy and
stepfamilies according to CELADE (2013).
Regarding the high percentage of families
with average family functioning is deferred
found with studies by Gonzalez and Martinez
(2012), Concha y Rodríguez (2010), Rodriguez
et al. (2009), finding high family functioning and
Huerta (2011) and Zavala et al. (2009) to find
family functioning under. Which can
theoretically be because most of the families in
this study makes use mainly of the dimensions
Coherence and individuation and minority
System Maintenance and System Change
(Friedemann, 1995). Therefore, it could discuss
Caracteristics Family Functioning
𝑋 DE F t p
Gender Masculine 77.21 13.23
.06 -1.830 .069 Femenine 73.42 13.09
Age < 59 years 74.58 13.40
.01 -.338 .699 > 60 years 75.38 13.16
Note: E - EFF24, EATDM-III. Puebla, 2014
n = 170
Caracteristics Therapeutic Treatment Adherence
𝑋 DE F t p
Gender Masculine 56.96 12.04
.02 -.792 .429 Femenine 55.47 11.86
Age < 59 years 55.19 13.00
3.60 -1.116 .266 > 60 years 57.27 10.29
Note: E - EFF24, EATDM-III. Puebla, 2014
n = 170
Caracteristics Glycemia
𝑋 DE F t p
Masculine 174.43 84.99 .82 -.495 .621
Femenine 168.15 74.00
< 59 Years 179.35 83.80 4.62 1.675 .096
> 60 years 158.45 74.99
Note: E - EFF24, EATDM-III. Puebla, 2014
n = 170
74
Article Natural Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 67-77
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved. .
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
the way how the family faces not be as effective
problems concerning T2D however remain
attached to demonstrate the means of Spirituality
and stability goals as the highest.
Regarding the findings of poor adherence
to therapeutic treatment of the organization and
community support, medium adherence to
therapeutic treatment of family support and high
physical exercise and adherence to therapeutic
treatment of medical control, hygiene and self-
care, diet and physical examination are
consistent with the Gonzalez and Martinez
(2012) to find the medical control, hygiene and
self-care with the highest rates of adherence to
therapy. This could be because the samples were
collected in health institutions, where people
take control of DT2. It differs with Gonzalez and
Martinez (2012) to find the family support high
factor, which could be because the elderly needs
more support from the family according to the
Ministry of Health (2012). It also differs, with
Huerta (2011) finding in his study all the factors
of adherence to therapeutic treatment with low,
possibly due to limited access to health services
that have people living in rural areas compared
with the urban population where the sample of
this study was applied.
Regarding the high glycemic control found
in just over half of the population is consistent
with Avila et al. (2013) Mayberry and Osborn
(2012) and Watanabe et al. (2010)
In their studies to find that most of the
subjects in the study populations had good
glycemic control. This could be because the
study sample was taken in a clinical setting,
where adults and older adults with T2D regularly
attend their consultation disease control. In
contrast to Keogh et al. (2011) and Choi (2009)
to find that most of the study population was out
of control and risk of control. This could be due
according to Villalobos et al. (2007) the
existence of factors of adherence to therapeutic
treatment contemplated moderately or not
medical consultation for control of T2D and / or
could be due according to the WHO (2013) and
the Ministry of Health (SS, 2013 ) to the person
with DT2 comply with the recommendations
given by a health professional. Al buscar
conocer si había diferencias del funcionamiento
familiar, la adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico
y el control glucémico de adultos y adultos
mayores con DT2 en función del generó y edad;
los hallazgos mostraron que no existe diferencia
alguna, por lo tanto se puede deducir que el sexo
y la edad no son factores que determinen la
adherencia al tratamiento terapéutico de la DT2
y el control glucémico, al menos en este estudio.
In another vein, the study had some
methodological limitations. First, the study
design was cross-sectional, and therefore could
not follow up study phenomena over time, which
may have limited understanding of the study
variables according to the theory used; however
the objective set according to literature suggests
that design is ideal for addressing the proposed
study. Second, the sample used in the study is
not large enough mind, however, the calculation
of the sample was used to understand the
behavior of the variables in this group of people.
Third, the sample was chosen for convenience
which limited the randomness of the population,
so the results can not be generalized to adults and
older adults with T2D.
However it can be considered an approach
to describing health phenomena raised in this
study.
Conclusions
According to the assumptions made in this study
we conclude the following. There are no
differences of family functioning, therapeutic
treatment adherence and glycemic control in
adults and older adults with T2D according to
sex and age in a health institution of primary
care.
Finally, this study contributes to the
promotion and development of alternative care
75
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UTSOE® All rights reserved. .
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-
CHAGOYA, María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo. Family Functioning,
Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging Adults with Type 2
Diabetes. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
involving family health to improve adherence to
therapeutic and glycemic control of adults and
older adults with T2D.
Recommendations
According to the findings in this dissertation, the
following recommendations are made. The study
of the family as a system widely known concepts
of study is considered necessary. You should
consider studying the family over time,
repeatedly measuring the variables of interest to
see how it behaves adherence to therapeutic
treatment in relation to family functioning and
glycemic control. Consider intervention studies
such multidisciplinary way to effectively check
the behavior of the variables studied in this
population. It also considers studies with a
qualitative approach to help meet depth study
variables.
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78
Article Exact Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 78-83
The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding
simulations of RNA molecules
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario*†`
Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec, Libramiento Universidad 106, San Bartolo el llano, Santa María del monte,
Zinacantepec, C.P. 51366, Estado de México México.
Received July 10, 2015; Accepted 21 August 21, 2015
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Mechanical unfolding of ribonucleic acid (RNA) has been studied by means of numerical simulations
using the self-organized polymer (SOP) model, introduced by Thirumalai’s group. This model includes
bonding and excluded volume terms, and a Lennard-Jones (L-J) potential that takes into account the
interactions that stabilize the native topology of the molecules. The parameters in the SOP model and the
terms included in it have been empirically selected, with the limitation to obtain realistic values of forces.
Through Brownian Dynamics simulations, the effects of the softness of the L-J potential in the SOP
model are studied using two values for the exponent of the repulsive term. Force-ramp simulations were
performed using the L-J potentials 9-6 and 12-6. For each potential, we obtain the force exerted on the
molecule as a function of the end-to-end distance and analyse the variations.
RNA, Lennard-Jones, Brownian Dynamics ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding
simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:218-223
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
©UTSOEJournal Multidsciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx
79
Article Exact Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 78-83
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones
potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Introduction
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is one of the three major
macromolecules essential for all known forms of
life. It plays roles in coding, decoding,
regulation, and expression of genes. Despite its
importance, we have limited information about
the structure, given by a few high-resolution
RNA structures obtained from X-ray
crystallographic studies. Also, it is not possible
to crystallize some states and regions.
On the other hand, we have less
information about its dynamics. RNA folding is
one of the central problems in Biophysics.
Mechanical unfolding of RNA structures using
laser optical tweezers has been studied by
several groups, for example, Steven Block at
Stanford University, Tinoco Jr. and Bustamente
at University of California, Berkeley. These
experiments have shown the complexity of the
potential energy surface and the theoretical
limitations of considering one reaction
coordinate. To study the dynamics of RNA,
some tools have been used, such as numerical
simulations. The difficulty of using this tool lies
in the complexity of modeling the elements of
the real system. The most detailed techniques are
quantum mechanics based methods, like Ab-
initio and Density Functional Theory, but these
methods require large computing power even for
small systems. Classical methods, such as
Molecular Dynamics (MD) and Brownian
Dynamics (BD) need less computing power and
allow us to study bigger systems. In these
methods we have different approaches,
depending on their degree of sophistication,
from all-atom, which considers an atom with its
electrons as a single particle, united-atom, which
groups several atoms in a single pseudoatom,
and coarse-grained (CG) models, which takes a
large group of atoms or molecules and associates
them a single pseudoparticle.
We used the CG approximation and
associate a pseudoparticle to a single nucleotide
(nt). The nucleotides are composed of a
nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar (ribose)
and at leats one phosphate group. The
pseudoparticle that represents the nt is centered
in the nt center of mass.
Several research groups around the world
have used different approaches for studying the
RNA folding and RNA mechanical unfolding-
refolding problem. Some of them have proposed
their own model to study various phenomena.
One of the most remarkable models to study the
mechanical unfolding of RNA molecules is the
self organized polymer (SOP) model
(Thirumalai, 2007). This model propose a series
of potential energy terms which includes
bonding, excluded volume and interactions that
stabilize the native structure. One of the terms
simulates the hydrogen bonds in the RNA
molecules and uses the Lennard-Jones (L-J) pair
potential. This interaction model is modified to
study its effects on the mechanical unfolding.
This work is organized as follows: In section
Methodology we explain the BD simulation
technique and we introduce the computational
model to simulate the mechanical unfolding of
RNA molecules. Also, we describe SOP model
and the modification to the L-J potential. In
section Results we present the results from the
BD simulations for different loading rates, and
the comparison between the curves force vs.
end-to-end distance. Finally, in section
Conclusions we discuss the differences between
the curves obtained for the different potential
energies used in this study and conclude which
one agrees with experimental data.
Methodology
Brownian Dynamics simulations
80
Article Exact Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 78-83
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones
potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
The BD simulations technique is a mesoscopic
method in which explicit colvent molecules are
replaced instead by a stochastic force (M. P.
Allen, 1991).This technique takes advantage of
the fact that there is a large separation in time
scales between the rapid motin of solvent
molecules and the slow motion of polymers or
colloids. The ability of using coarse-grained
models allows us to simulate much larger time
scales than in MD simulations. BD is used to
simulate the dynamics of particles that undergo
Brownian motion. The total force on a particle is
composed of a drag force Fid from the particle
moving through a viscous solvent, a Brownian
Force FiB due to the random collisions of the
solvent with the particle, and all non-
hydrodynamic forces Finh; these non-
hydrodynamics forces include any external body
forces, spring forces, excluded volume
interactions. The differential equation governing
the motion of the particle is
𝑑𝒓𝑖
𝑑𝑡= 𝒖∞(𝒓𝑖) +
1
𝜁(𝑭𝑖
𝑛ℎ({𝒓𝑗}) + 𝑭𝑖𝐵(𝑡)), (1)
Where ζ is the drag coefficient and u∞ (ri)
is the unperturbed velocity of the solvent
evaluated at the position of the particle. This
equation is known as the Langevin equation. In
order for the dynamics to satisfy the fluctuation-
dissipation theorem, the expected values of the
Brownian force are
< 𝑭𝑖𝐵(𝑡) > = 𝟎, (2)
< 𝑭𝑖𝐵(𝑡)𝑭𝑗
𝐵(𝑡′) > = 2𝑘𝐵𝑇𝜁𝛿𝑖𝑗𝛿(𝑡 − 𝑡′)𝜹, (3)
Where kB is the Boltzmann constant, T is
the absolute temperatire, δij is the Kronecker
delta, δ(t - t’) is the Dirac delta, and δ is the unit
second-order tensor. The most used algorithm
for BD simulation is that proposed by Ermak and
McCammon.
Considering a constant self-diffusion
coefficient, the Ermak-McCammon algorithm is
(Donald L. Ermak, 1978)
𝒓𝑖 = 𝒓𝑖0 +
𝛿𝑡
𝑘𝐵𝑇𝛴𝑗(𝐷 · 𝑭𝑗) + 𝑹𝑖(𝛿𝑡), (4)
Where ri is the final position, ri0 is the
initial position, δt is the time step, D is the
diffusion coefficient, Fj is the force on the j-th
particle, and Ri is a Gaussian distributed random
vector with zero mean and covariance 2Dδt, for
each degree of freedom.
Steered Brownian Dynamics
In order to reproduce the effects of optical
tweezers on RNA molecules in unfolding (force-
ramp) experiments, an external spring force is
applied on the extreme of the molecule by means
of an dummy particle attached to the last particle
in the molecule. The dummy particle is moved at
constant velocity and interacts with the molecule
through the potential energy
𝑈 =𝑘𝑠
2(𝒗𝑡 − (𝒓 − 𝒓0) · 𝒏)2, (5)
Where ks is the spring constant, v is the
pulling velocity, t is the time, r is the position of
the dummy particle, r0 is the initial position of
the dummy particle and n is the pulling
direction.
The masses of the nucleotides are 300-400
g/mol, the characteristic distance of these
systems is 1-10nm and the binding energy is
approximately 0.7kcal/mol. In MD simulations,
the characteristic time is (mσ2/εh)1/2=1.15ps, for
the description level used, and the integration
time step is in the order of 1.15-11.5fs. In BD
simulations, using a self-diffusion coefficient
D=4.33×10-6cm2/s, the time step is 0.23ps.
The SOP model
The SOP model has been widely used to study
the unfolding of polymers such as proteins and
81
Article Exact Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 78-83
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones
potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
RNA. The input information we need to use this
model is the three-dimensional configuration of
the molecule, usually obtained from the Protein
Data Bank (PDB). This information will give us
some characteristic distances. The total potential
energy in the SOP model representation is
𝑈𝑇 = UFENE + 𝑈𝑛𝑏𝑎𝑡𝑡 + 𝑈𝑛𝑏
𝑟𝑒𝑝 =
−∑𝑘
2𝑅0
2 log (1 −(𝑟𝑖,𝑖+1−𝑟𝑖,𝑖+1
0 )2
𝑅02 )𝑁−1
𝑖=1 +
∑ ∑ 𝜖ℎ𝑁𝑗=𝑖+3 [(
𝑟𝑖𝑗0
𝑟𝑖𝑗)12
− 2(𝑟𝑖𝑗0
𝑟𝑖𝑗)6
] ∆𝑖𝑗 +𝑁−3𝑖=1
∑ 𝜖𝑙 (𝜎∗
𝑟𝑖,𝑖+3)6
+𝑁−2𝑖=1
∑ ∑ 𝜖𝑙 (𝜎
𝑟𝑖𝑗)6
(1 − ∆𝑖𝑗)𝑁𝑗=𝑖+3
𝑁−3𝑖=1 . (6)
The first term is for the molecule
connectivity. The finite extensible nonlinear
elastic (FENE) potential is used with
k=20kcal/(mol·Å2), R0=0.2nm is the fluctuation
distance strictly restricted around ri,i+10, ri,i+1 is
the distance between neighboring beads
interaction centers i and i+1; ri,i+10 is the distance
in the native structure, rij is the distance between
particles i and j, and finally, rij0 is the distance
between the same particles in the native
structure. The L-J potential is used to account for
interactions that stabilize the native topology.
Native contact is defined for the pair of
interaction centers whose distance is < Rc <
1.4nm in the native state for |i-j|>2. If i and j sites
are in contact in the native state, Δij=1, otherwise
Δij=0. The SOP model uses εh=0.7kcal/mol for
the native pairs and εl=1.0kcal/mol for nonnative
pairs. To ensure the noncrossing of the molecule,
σ=0.7nm, and σ*=0.35nm are set to prevent the
flattening of the helical structures when the
overall repulsion is large.
The L-J forces scale as O (N2), for this
reason we use a cut-off radius of 3σ=2.1nm; after
this distance, the forces due to the L-J potential
is considered zero.
In DNA and RNA, base pairs are held
together by hydrogen bonds, which are dipole-
dipole interactions. In the SOP model, the L-J
potential describes the dipole-dipole interaction.
This attractive interaction depends on the
distance as 1/r6. Also, this potential includes a
repulsive term, which usually is written as 1/r12
to describe the exclusion principle. That is the
reason why this potential is known as LJ 12-6.
Nevertheless, the exclusion term is not unique,
so we can use a different exponent. To increase
the softness of the potential barrier we use a
smaller exponent in the repulsion term and
change the energy coefficient and the coefficient
of the attraction term in order to obtain the same
depth. This is the L-J 9-6 potential
𝑈𝐿−𝐽 = ∑ ∑ 𝜖′ℎ𝑁𝑗=𝑖+3 [(
𝑟𝑖𝑗0
𝑟𝑖𝑗)9
−3
2(𝑟𝑖𝑗0
𝑟𝑖𝑗)6
]𝑁−3𝑖=1 . (7)
The coefficient ε’h=2εh is used in this
potential. In Figure 1 we show a comparison
between L-J 12-6 and L-J 9-6 potential energy.
The 9-6 potential has a softer barrier, but also has
a wider well. Both potentials have the same
minimum value at the same distance. At long
distances both tend to zero.
Figure 1 Comparison between L-J 12-6 (continuous line)
and L-J 9-6 potential (dashed line).
In mechanical unfolding experiments, a
measured quantity is the loading rate rs, which in
molecular simulations can be estimated as
rs=ks·v, where ks is the spring constant between
the dummy particle and the nt, and v is the
pulling velocity. Experimental loading rate
82
Article Exact Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 78-83
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones
potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
varies from 1-1000 pN/s. unfortunately, this
range is not fully accessible computationally.
We performed unfolding BD simulations
employing L-J 12-6 and L-J 9-6 potentials on a
small 22-nt RNA hairpin, P5GA (PDB id: 1F9L)
at different loading rates. Figure 2 shows
molecule P5GA in a simplified representation.
Each vertex of the figure corresponds to a
centroid.
Figure 2 Simplified representation of RNA molecule
P5GA.
Results
Unfolding BD simulations were carried out at
three different loading rates, rs=540mN/s,
54mN/s, 5.4mN/s.
For the first two loading rates, we used 107
time steps that correspond to 2.31μs, and for the
smallest we used 108 time steps, which
corresponds to 23.1 μs. Figure 3 shows the force
exerted on the RNA molecule and the change in
the end-to-end distance using the L-J 9-6
potential. The light gray dotted line corresponds
to rs=540mN/s, the dark gray dashed line
corresponds to rs=54mN/s and the black
continuous line corresponds to rs=5.4mN/s. We
can observe from this figure that at large loading
rate, the step shown in unfolding experiments
disappear.
Figure 3 Force vs. End-to-end distance for different
loading rates using the L-J 9-6 potential
Figure 4 shows the force exerted on the
RNA molecule and the change in the end-to-end
distance using the L-J 12-6 potential. The light
gray dotted line corresponds to rs=540mN/s, the
dark gray dashed line corresponds to rs=54mN/s
and the black continuous line corresponds to
rs=5.4mN/s. The behavior at big loading rate is
similar to the behavior observed in the L-J 9-6
potential. This suggests that such behavior is
independent of the change in the interaction
potential. In figures 3 and 4, the data points are
recorded every 0.231ns.
Figure 5 shows a comparison between
unfolding simulations performed with L-J 9-6
(gray dashed line) and L-J 12-6 (black
continuous line) potentials at rs=5.4mN/s. Data
points are recorded every 0.231ns. For better
illustration, figure 6 shows the same data,
averaged every 23.1ns. In this figure, we can
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VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario. The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones
potential on the unfolding simulations of RNA molecules. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
observe the difference in the trajectories.
Figure 4 Force vs. End-to-end distance for different
loading rates using the L-J 12-6 potential
The change of the repulsive term in the L-
J potential affects the dynamics of the system.
As shown in figure 6, at small forces, the
fluctuations in the end-to-end distance are
smaller for the L-J 9-6 potential. But, in the
transition state that is presented at 5-10 pN the
fluctuations in the force are smaller for the L-J
12-6 potential, and the RNA molecule tend to be
more extended. At forces > 15pN, both systems
have the same behavior.
Figure 5 Force vs. End-to-end distance for the smallest
loading rate using the L-J 9-6 (gray dashed line) and 12-6
(black continuos line) potential
Figure 6 Force vs. End-to-end distance for the smallest
loading rate using the L-J 9-6 (gray dashed line) and 12-6
(black continuos line) potential
Conclusions
SOP model allows us to perform molecular
simulations in small amounts of time and using
small computing power. We performed
unfolding BD simulations of a small RNA
molecule represented in the SOP model. We
changed the repulsive term in the Lennard-Jones
interaction potential to study the difference in
the molecule dynamics. At large loading rates,
the system does not behave as the experimental
system. This behavior could be caused because
the velocity of the dummy particle is big enough
to not allow the system to relax. At smaller
loading rates, the systems behave in accordance
with the experiment. At the smallest loading
rate, the molecule cohesion changes and the
molecule tends to be more elongated for the
original potential. For forces >15pN, the
dynamics of the molecule remains unchanged. It
is necessary to continue exploring the SOP
model to improve it.
References
Donald L. Ermak, J. A. (1978). Brownian dynamics
with hydrodynamic interactions. J. Chem. Phys.,
1352-1360.
M. P. Allen, D. J. (1991). Numerical Simulation of
Liquids. New York: Oxford University Press.
Thirumalai, C. H. (2007, February). Mechanical
Unfolding of RNA: From Hairpins to Structures with
internal multiloops. Biophys. J., 731-743.
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Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel
SOLIS, José*†, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel
SEP/SES/TecNM, IT de Tlalnepantla, Tlalnepantla (DEPI-Depto. de Ing. Mecánica) Edo. de Méx. 54070. México.
Received July 14, 2015; Accepted August 24, 2015
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
In oil and gas companies many components are subjected to wear and corrosive environments. The
development of protective coatings on these parts is of high interest to preserve its structural integrity.
The chemical stability of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings seems to be good candidates for corrosion
protection in addition to their wear resistance for using in pipelines equipment, such as subsea check
valves, pistons and pumps. The aim of this study is to evaluate the tribological performance of
hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings. The coatings were deposited on API X65 carbon steel using
plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition technology. Characterization of the films was carried out
by means of nano-indentation, surface roughness, calotest, Raman spectroscopy, atomic force and
scanning electron microscopy. The tribological analysis were done in terms of wear tests under
continuous sliding with maximum initial Hertzian stress of 150 and 400 MPa under dry and wet
conditions. The silicon DLC presented total delamination for both contact pressures, showing that this
coating does not have good performance in relation to tribology endurance.
Hydrogenated Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC), Tribology, API X65 carbon steel ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES Miguel. Tribological behaviour of the
hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:224-
235 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
© UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx
Introduction
85
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
The recent interest and great challenges of the oil
and gas companies are to improve the efficiency
and viability of crude oil recovery. However,
there are some obstacles related to the viability
for commercial extraction, such as the water/oil
that contains high salinity, and sand particles
(Hu, Barker, Neville, & Gnanavelu, 2011).
Therefore, the DLC film can be a good candidate
for protection of carbon steel used in critical
equipment of oil transportation that need to
preserve its structural integrity, such as subsea
check valves, pistons and pumps. The DLC
coatings could improve the oil carriage by
reducing friction, wear and corrosion inside the
pipelines and their components.
Currently, the main method used to avoid
the internal scale corrosion are the inhibitors due
to the fact that promote the adsorption of film on
the surface, and as a result, enhance the
corrosion resistance by forming a compact
protective layer (Hu et al., 2011; Jenkins, Mok,
Gamble, & Dicken, 2004). However, there are a
number of conditions that can affect the
efficiency of these inhibitors, such as fluid
(composition, temperature, flow velocities,
pressure of CO2 gas, wettability of the fluid,
fluid density and types of crude oil), solid
particles (sand contents, size, attack angle of the
particles, density and velocity) and steel
(hardness, microstructure, strength, ductility and
toughness). Seamless steels coated with resin are
used to improve the wear and corrosion
resistance in pipeline and drill (Bahadori, 2015).
However, polymeric coatings lack of a hard
surface, low coefficient friction, high corrosion
resistance and high electrical resistivity. Because
of this, DLC coatings could be applied on
internal parts of pipelines providing good
corrosion resistance for oil and gas applications
(Vetter, 2014).
The DLC coatings are designed to have a
combined resistance of wear and corrosion in
automotive and biomedical áreas (Choi, Nakao,
Kim, Ikeyama, & Kato, 2007; Nam, Lee, Kim,
Yi, & Lee, 2009). However, the DLC has not
been widely studied and used in some parts of
the crude oil exploration. With all the above in
mind, the study to evaluate the feasibility of
using this coating for surface modification of
carbon steel is very interesting and promissory
for the oil and gas corporations.
In this regard, plasma enhanced chemical
vapour deposition (PECVD) could be a good
option to create an internal scale corrosion
barrier for a carbon steel to avoiding the
precipitation of salt scales (Lusk et al., 2008).
This latter would be possible since the particular
properties of the DLC’s films, such as
amorphous and inertness structure, hydrophobic,
low coefficient of friction (CoF), high corrosion
resistance, high hardness, high Young`s
modulus and good wear/abrasion resistance
(Dorner-Reisel, Schürer, Irmer, & Müller, 2004;
Jellesen, Christiansen, Hilbert, & Møller, 2009;
Sharma, Barhai, & Kumari, 2008). In addition,
the DLC could improve the efficiency for the
transport of oil by reducing the friction, wear and
corrosion inside the equipment (Costa,
Marciano, Lima-Oliveira, Corat, & Trava-
Airoldi, 2011). However, the main results in the
literature are associated with defects and
microstructure and only few papers have been
postulated to wear resistance for this kind of
coatings (Jellesen et al., 2009; Wang et al.,
2014).
In (Manhabosco, Barboza, Batista, Neves,
& Müller, 2013) the authors report that the main
problem of the DLC coatings is associated with
some failures and delamination of the film.
These defects are related to poor adhesion
of the film, plastic deformation of the bulk
86
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
material and cracking on the surface coating,
which could be linked to the chemical and
mechanical properties between the film and
substrate. As a consequence, the adhesion layer
and surface treatments are being studied in order
to improve the mechanical properties, like load
bearing capacity, hardness and tension
distribution between the film and bulk material.
According to (Hadinata et al., 2013), there
is an extremely high resistivity in the DLC’s
mainly associated to wear/corrosion resistance,
however, some involved electrochemical
parameters were not completely explained.
Hence, the interface film/substrate, the
deposition method and the applied conditions to
produce the film can affect the properties of the
DLC films directly influencing the corrosion
behaviour of the coating.
There are several studies related to
tribocorrosion of stainless steel coated with a-
C:H films (Sharma et al., 2008), however,
literature reporting the combined effect of the
tribological conditions in a corrosive medium for
a-C:H and a-C:H:Si using carbon steel as a
substrate is scarce (Hadinata et al., 2013; Wang
et al., 2014). The behaviour of these materials
subjected to tribocorrosion is very complex
owing to many parameters involved in the
process but sliding testing simultaneously with
the use of electrochemical techniques could
contribute to better understand the deterioration
effect that takes place.
In this work, the tribological performance
of two different bond layers were studied,
namely, amorphous hydrogenated DLC and
silicon DLC.
Experimental
Materials
The H-DLC and Si-DLC coatings were
deposited on API X65 carbon steel discs of
dimensions 60 mm in diameter and 30 mm in
thickness with the chemical composition (wt,
%): C 0.04, Si 0.2, Mn 1.5, P 0.011, S 0.003, Mo
0.02 and Fe balance. The substrates were
mechanically polished using 1 μm diamond
paste with a maximum roughness of Ra = 0.08
μm. After polishing, the specimens were
ultrasonically cleaned in acetone (10 min)
followed by rinsing in deionized water and dried
in air jet. The substrates were first cleaned inside
the chamber with sputter-etch in argon prior to
any deposition. The coatings were produced
using the PECVD technology, and the C2H2 gas
was selected for the reaction gases at a pressure
of 0.3 Pa. The substrate was maintained at the
temperature of less than 200 °C, the pulsed bias
was a voltage of 780 V with a frequency of
40kHz for the plasma. The deposition rate was
about 0.8 µm min-1 for hydrogenated DLC and
0.6 µm min-1 for Si-DLC. The deposition time is
about 2,1 hours for the interlayer and 2,3 hours
for the DLC films. The deposition procedure
included an adherent Cr interlayer (by DC
magnetron sputtering) followed by the DLC
coating, namely, Cr/WC/a-C: H, with 20-40 at.
% of H content and Si-DLC.
Characterization of the coatings
The roughness of surfaces was evaluated using
two dimensional contacting profilometry
(Talysurf5, Taylor-Hobson, UK). Surface
roughness data of 8mm trace was analysed to the
least square line, with Gaussian filter, 0.25 mm
upper cut-off and bandwidth 100 ÷ 1.
The hardness and elastic modules were
measured by depth-sensing Nano indentation
(MicroMaterials, Wrexham UK), an enclosed
box platform with temperature regulated,
software suite and micro capture camera. The
87
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
diamond indenter was a Berkovich tip. The load
was incremental with depth from 1 to 100 mN
and a matrix of 50 indents was used. A
maximum penetration of 10 % of the film
thickness to avoid the substrate effect was the
criteria to take the measurements.
The thickness of the coating was
determined by means of the abrasion ball
cratering technique utilizing a calotester
apparatus (tribotechnic, France).
The Atomic force Microscopy (AFM,
Bruker, ICON dimension with scan asyst) was
used to analyse the surface topography before
and after tribology tests (outside and inside the
wear scar). The surfaces were cleaned with
acetone before analyses. The scan images were
obtained using a silicon tip (cantilever stiffness
~0.4 N/m and tip radius of ~10 nm) in contact
mode and a scan area of 10 μm x 10 μm.
The Renishaw Raman spectrometer was
used to characterise the bonding structure of the
DLC films. The extended and static modes were
used to detect chemical compound formation
and the carbon peaks (disorder D and amorphous
graphitic G peaks), both for the coating structure
before and after wear tests. All measurements
were carried out in air at room temperature (20
±2 °C), 35-50% RH and with a wavelength of
488 nm and 2 mW power. Data were fitted with
a Gaussian Line shape in order to show the G and
D peaks positions and the ratio of peak
intensities. The ratio ID/IG was considered as an
indicator of the carbon sp2/sp3 structure. Curve
fitting was done considering full-width at half-
maximum (FWMH) as constraint.
Assessment of the surface chemical
composition and cross section of the coating as
well as the silicon nitride ball used at the
tribology tests was carried out with the energy
dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and also with
glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy
(GDOES). It should be specified that the
quantitative EDS and GDOES analysis had the
limitation of light elements (Z < 11) and could
not be routinely analysed. Thus, hydrogen (Z =
1) did not have characteristic X-rays and
therefore it is not shown both in the
corresponding EDX analysis and the
composition profiles. Light white interferometry
(NPFLEX Bruker) was employed after tribology
test in order to determine the volume and area of
the worn track. Optical microscopy (LEICA DM
6000M) was utilised to analyse the diameter of
wear scars on the balls after tribology tests.
Mechanical characterization
The scratch test is an effective method to obtain
the critical load and to identify the initiation of
failure along the film. The tests were carried out
using progressive loads from 0.1 to 80 N with a
load rate of 100 N/min and for a transverse
scratch length of 8 mm in dry condition. The
scratch tester was equipped with an acoustic
emission monitoring sensor.
The Tribological tests of the H-DLC and
Si-DLC under dry and wet conditions were
carried out with a ball-on-plate tribometer
Biceri. Due to its high hardness and good
chemical stability, Si3N4 ceramic (62.0 wt. % Si
and 37.5 wt. % N) balls with a diameter of 5 mm,
surface roughness of 0.02 µm and hardness of
HV50g 1600 were chosen as counter bodies
having a reciprocating movement against
stationary coated steel.
Wear tests were carried out to maximum
contact pressure (Pmax) of 150 MPa and 400
MPa, during for 6 h, frequency of 1 Hz, sliding
velocity of 0.02 ms-1 and 10 mm sliding stroke.
These contact pressures were defined in order to
simulate real conditions where equipment for oil
or gas can be subjected. The tests were carried
out at room temperature of 18-23 °C in dry
condition with relative humidity approximately
88
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
of 25% RH; and in wet condition with the
solution of 3.5% NaCl and pH: 6.5.
Results and discussion
Coating characterization
The roughness of the H-DLC, Si-DLC and the
carbon steel substrate were 0.02 ± 0.005 µm,
0.002 ± 0.0005 µm and 0.02 ± 0.007µm,
respectively. The elastic modulus and hardness
of the H-DLC was 181.2 ± 7 and 20.4 ± 3 GPa,
respectively and for the Si-DLC 132.6 ± 9 and
14.1 ± 4 GPa, respectively. All the above
mechanical properties were in line with some
reported works (Dorner-Reisel et al., 2004;
Hadinata et al., 2013; Jellesen et al., 2009).
Coating thicknesses were 2.69 ± 0.2 and 1.59 ±
0.15 µm for the H-DLC and Si-DLC,
respectively.
The Raman technique was used to identify
the diamond and graphite materials in order to
specify the chemical structure of the DLC films.
According to some studies (Jellesen et al., 2009;
Wang et al., 2014) the spectrum of the coating
has two types of C-C bonding structure, being
diamond-like (sp3 – D band) around 1200-1450
cm-1 and graphite-like structure (sp2 – G band)
around 1500–1700 cm-1. The spectrum of H-
DLC film presented two bands, namely, the D
and G bands with peaks (Raman shifts) of 1365
cm-1 and 1549 cm-1, respectively.
Hence, the ratio of D and G peaks (ID/IG)
was 0.42. In the spectrum of the Si-DLC film it
can be seen the D and G bands with peaks of
1376 cm-1 and 1496 cm-1, respectively and with
the ratio of D and G peaks as ID/IG = 0.61. The
two of the DLC coatings under study showed the
peak of G higher than D indicating that the films
have more graphite-like as shown in Fig. 1. The
meta-stable form of the DLC film is an
amorphous carbon with crystalline phases and
fractions of sp3 and sp2 bonds. The
characteristics of the sp3 bonds are associated
with mechanical (hardness, rigidity, fracture
toughness, wear and friction), chemical and
electrochemical properties (corrosion
resistance). In addition, the sp2 controls the
electronic properties (Dorner-Reisel et al.,
2004).
Figure 1 Raman spectra before the wear test: (a) H-DLC
and (b) Si-DLC coatings
Surface topography was analysed with
AFM. The H-DLC film (Fig. 2a) illustrates a
surface with a roughness containing large and
small grains and also compact and
homogeneous. It was observed a distribution of
grains with the maximum roughness of 63.7 nm
calculated from an area of 10 x 10 μm. Although
the Si-DLC had a smoother surface than the H-
DLC, it also hold large and small grains with
compact and homogeneous characteristics. The
maximum size for these grains-like was 1.9 nm
as it is shown in Fig. 2b.
According to (H. Liu, Xu, Wang, Zhang,
& Tang, 2013), the formation of sp3 bonds
occurs when the bulk surface received the
carbon ions in higher kinetic energy, which can
be produced by increasing the pulse bias during
the deposition process of the DLC film.
Therefore, the kinetic energy of the carbon ion
tends to increase when there is a high voltage
applied on DLC film deposition process, causing
the formation of diamond-like (sp3 – D band) by
the bombardment of ion carbon on the bulk
surface. However, when there is a high value of
bulk bias, a high energy of carbon ions, applied
89
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
by a pulse bias above 500V, promotes the
graphitization by the formation of a DLC film
with graphitic clusters spread, causing a
roughness on the surface of the DLC coating.
This explains the results obtained in this work,
i.e. since the DLC films was deposited at 780V,
it presented high roughness (observations
through AFM) and high concentration of
graphite-like structures (sp2 – G band).
Figure 2 AFM images of the as deposited coatings: (a) H-
DLC film and (b) Si-DLC
The SEM was utilised to measure the
thickness of the adhesion layers of Cr/WC for
the H-DLC and Cr/WSi for the Si-DLC. Figs. 3
and 4 depict SEM images and GDOES
spectrums of the DLC coating cross sections. It
can also be seen that adhesion of the coating and
the bulk are acceptable since the structures are
without visible defects and the interface with the
carbon steel appears to be of high quality.
The H-DLC film presented a surface layer
composed of iron (carbon steel), the adhesion
layers of Cr (2,2 μm) and W (1,4 μm); and a final
layer of H-DLC (2.7 μm). It is stated in the
literature (Wänstrand, Larsson, & Hedenqvist,
1999) that the interlayer WC and H forms a non-
stoichiometric hydrogenated tungsten carbide
WC:H, also known as W-C:H or as W-DLC. The
Si-DLC is composed by the adhesion layers of
Cr (2.25 μm), W (2.25 μm) and a final layer of
Si-DLC (3.75 μm).
Figure 3 SEM images: cross section of the H-DLC film
and linear EDS scan
Figure 4 SEM images: cross section of the Si-DLC film
and linear EDS scan
Mechanical behaviour
The results of DLC films related to the variation
of CoF in dry and wet conditions are shown in
Fig. 5. The H-DLC coating exhibited lower
levels of CoF than the Si-DLC coating for both
of the contact pressures after completion of the
sliding.
Figure 5. Coefficient of friction curves for (a) WC-DLC
and (b) Si-DLC coatings under dry and wet conditions
The Si-DLC exhibited insufficient
adherence, detachment of the coating occurred
90
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
along the worn track after sliding under both dry
and wet conditions at the lower contact pressure.
Unlike the Si-DLC, a better adhesive strength
was observed on the H-DLC, i.e. its surface did
not undergo adhesive failure after the wear test
under wet conditions and at the lower contact
pressures.
In (X. Liu, Wang, Pu, & Xue, 2012) it is
reported that some lubricants are used to
diminish the wear and friction on the DLC film,
such as ionic liquids, which enables the
reduction in friction and increase the load
carrying capacity. Therefore, it is possible to
infer that NaCl solution can also reduce the
friction. Furthermore, this solution is rather
aggressive and capable to attack the metal
substrate at the localised defects in the coating,
however, the H-DLC coating proved reasonable
adhesion against the development of corrosion
between the film and substrate even after the
wear test and anodic polarization (note that
corrosión results are not presented in this paper).
It appears the H-DLC coating to be a good
candidate to have application in oil and gas
equipment.
The marginal difference between these
results in dry and wet conditions is associated to
the solution. The H-DLC coating undergoes a
reduction in friction under wet conditions.
According to (Hadinata et al., 2013) such
reduction is linked to the roughness and hardness
of the H-DLC coating. The contact pressure is
mostly concentrated at the top of the material
crests when the sliding commences, and this
small contact area induces higher shear stress. In
this regard, it has been reported (Hadinata et al.,
2013) wear tracks of 3700 times larger on bare
materials than on coated materials.
In addition, the variation of CoF with
sliding distance with respect to loading in H-
DLC tested under both conditions, clearly shows
a decrease in the steady state values of CoF when
the contact pressure is augmented. In general,
this reduction occurs when the contact pressure
of some carbon layers of the H-DLC film are
transferred to the ball creating a lubricious
graphite-like or amorphised transfer layer at the
interface of coating and counterpart. This is the
well-known graphitization process that develops
on the H-DLC surface. These results are also in
agreement with (Hadinata et al., 2013) where the
lowness in the CoF of the H-DLC is attributed to
the high coating hardness. It was also put
forward in (Samyn, Schoukens, Quintelier, & De
Baets, 2006) that the CoF of the DLC in 3%
NaCl was µ = 0.11 after 1000 cycles owing to
the sand particles in the solution, which
promoted the erosion of the DLC film.
SEM and EDS observations of the wear
scars on the silicon nitride balls after sliding on
the H-DLC coating with contact pressure of 400
MPa were also studied (Fig. 6). The occurrence
of a carbon transfer almost covered the whole
worn surface. The EDS detected some Nano-
particles of graphite on the wear scar of the ball.
Furthermore, the wear track of the coating
evinced some Nano-particles of graphite in the
DLC structure, caused by the graphitization
process associated with the tension imposed by
the rubbing. Therefore, the graphitised layer
formed between the H-DLC film and the ball
promoted the formation of low shear strength
and consequently, a low wear rate of the H-DLC
film (Zhou, Li, Bello, Lee, & Lee, 2005).
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Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Figure 6 Wear scar of the counterparts (Si3N4) at contact
pressure of 150 MPa. (a) H-DLC dry condition, (b) H-
DLC wet condition, (c) Si-DLC dry condition and (d) Si-
DLC wet condition.
It is evident from optical white light
interferometry that wear tracks for both
conditions inscribed in 150 MPa are
considerably less wide compared to those
recorded in 400 MPa as depicted in Fig. 7-8. In
both conditions and for the two contact pressures
there is a mass loss of the DLC surfaces, but is
rather less for the contact pressures of 150 MPa.
A comparison between the wear rates of the
coatings tested at different conditions and
contact pressures is shown in Table 1. As
mentioned, dry condition (high friction) with
higher contact pressures was the most severe
test.
As expected, the Si-DLC showed the
widest worn tracks and highest wear rates due to
its adhesive failures.
This result could be likely attributed to the
resistance to wear in terms of the hardness and
stiffness of the coatings. As previously
determined, the hardness and elastic modulus of
the Si-DLC coating were 30% and 26 %
respectively; noticeably inferior to the H-DLC
coating.
In this study, two types of DLCs have been
investigated and it is clear that H-DLC shows
consistently lower wear compared to the Si-DLC
as shown in the SEM micrographs and chemical
profiles (GDOES). However, in spite of
knowing that higher stresses in the contact
promoted graphitisation of the H-DLC,
particularly under dry condition, it should be
noted that the carbon transfer weakens the
coating structure and above some critical point
when coating cannot withstand higher loads and
failures arose from the detachment of the coating
by interfacial fractures with the consequent
increase of wear. This is also in agreement with
the substantial variations of the CoF depicted in
Fig. 5. Conversely, in the H-DLC under wet
conditions it appears to be that graphitisation
promoted by the impinged stresses in the contact
is not completely suppressed since the carbon
contents remain. Analogously, it is also in
agreement with behaviour of the CoF, where it
can be seen that the variations of the CoF are
scarce (Fig. 5).
As for the Si-DLC coating, the insufficient
adherence for the overall assessment ruled out
the corresponding surface analysis. SEM and
chemical contents through the EDS and GDOES
provide enough evidence of the delamination
failures.
92
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Figure 7 Dry condition and contact pressure of 150 MPa.
(a) H-DLC and (b) Si-DLC.
Figure 8 Dry condition and contact pressure of 400 MPa.
(a) H-DLC and (b) Si-DLC.
Table 1 Wear rates for different environments and contact
pressures
In Fig. 9, both conditions of the two
different loads a reduction in the surface
roughness was identified, although, as expected
in minor level for the lowest load. Again, no
measurable features are given for the Si-DLC
coating because of the delamination failures
throughout the tests.
(a) Dry and (b) wet conditions at contact pressure of 150
MPa.
(a) Dry and (b) wet conditions at contact pressure of 400
MPa.
Figure 9 AFM of the H-DLC coating at different loads
and under (a) dry and (b) wet conditions.
Coating
Contact
Pressure
(Mpa)
Test
condition
Wear rate
(mm3/Nm)
Dry 55,68
Wet 4,60
Dry 58,32
Wet 55,41
Dry 1299,83
Wet 1718,47
Dry 10258,68
Wet 32907,24
H-DLC
150
400
Si-DLC
150
400
93
Article Engineering Sciences July-December 2015 Vol.2 No. 4 84-95
ISSN 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
As illustrated in the Fig. 2, the roughness
values of the H-DLC before wear test exhibited
a compact and homogeneous distribution of
small grains with a maximum crest of 67.3 nm.
After wearing of the H-DLC surfaces, a
reduction of roughness was generally observed
(Fig. 9). This indicates that when the contact
pressure increased, the plastic deformation of the
surface asperities increased too. The samples
under dry environment at 400 MPa were the
worst condition due to film delamination and
total roughness reduction. In that case, the tips of
asperities were practically polished by the
loaded ball resulting a very smooth surface.
A closer examination of Fig. 9 (400MPa,
dry and wet), an incidence of micro-holes on the
direction of sliding was formed, which had a
depth of 10 nm and a diameter of approximately
1 μm. According to (Zhou et al., 2005) it is a
demonstration of the development of fatigue on
the H-DLC surface originated by high loading in
the wear performance.
The Si-DLC had the biggest wear track
and wear rate than H-DLC because this coating
presented total delamination. Analyzing the
Nano indentation results, the hardness of the H-
DLC was 20,4GPa and the Si-DLC was 14,1
GPa. Thus, it probably occurred because the Si-
DLC presented lower hardness than the H-DLC,
promoting less resistance to wear. In addition,
the quantities of sp3 bondings and hydrogen are
central to improve the hardness and wear
properties.
This is an important information because it
was shown that H-DLC film (higher hardness)
had an excellent adhesion and wear resistance on
the carbon steel.
Conclusions
The Silicon DLC presented total delamination in
both contact pressure (150 and 400 MPa),
showing that this DLC film does not have good
performance in relation to tribology test.
The SEM analyses showed that the
incidence of coating damage by the wear test
with H- DLC occurred with contact pressure of
400 MPa (dry and wet condition) and 150 MPA
(dry condition) but not for 150 MPa (wet
condition). Therefore, the wear tests with load of
150 MPa (wet condition) showed that the H-
DLC film presented excellent adhesion.
The H-DLC coating could improve the oil
carriage by reducing friction, wear and corrosion
inside the equipment. The H-DLC provides a
good improvement on the integrity against
corrosion in carbon steel, because it had good
results in relation to wear tests. In addition, the
results showed that the resistance of the film,
applied over carbon steel, had excellent
performance in situations where the equipment
is subjected to conditions of wear and corrosion
acting together in saline environments.
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UTSOE® All rights reserved.
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
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SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel.
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on
carbon steel. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
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96
Article Technology Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 96-105
Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers
LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto*†`
Universidad Tecnológica de León. Blvd. Universidad Tecnológica #225 Col. San Carlos CP. 37670. León, Gto. Mex.
Received July 15, 2015; Accepted August 25, 2015
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
The Modbus protocol over serial line is used, despite being considered "legacy", for most companies
producing SCADA systems.
Due to the fact of an incipient phase on Modbus developing solutions for the MSP430G
microcontroller family from Texas Instruments, this paper outlines the process of implementation for the
MSP340G2553 in compliance with the Modbus Organization specification; having as objectives the
reasoned justification for use of such microcontroller and implementation of the Modbus functions 03
and 06 therein.
A brief but no detail-lacking description of Modbus protocol has been included that can help one
easily understand how the protocol Modbus over serial line works.
Pieces of code in C language are reflected in this document that can be used as a starting point for
creating a library for Modbus unprecedented Energia framework support or porting of Modbus Arduino
library to the framework mentioned before.
At the end of this document it is concluded that the MSP340G2553 is a plausible option to compete
with the ATmega328P to produce small, low-cost and ultra low power prototypes for use in SCADA
systems.
Modbus, networks, low cost, microcontrollers
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal
Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:236-246
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx
97
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ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power
microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Introduction
This work comes as the forced continuation of a
project begun in 2010 that aims the free
development of SCADA systems. This project
explores the proposal of Daneels and Salter from
CERN to find development alternatives that can
be implemented independently and parallel to
the commercial proposals that hold the market in
few hands and tend to be, for obvious reasons,
extremely expensive to be considered by small
business and home as options for control
monitoring and data acquisition of intelligent
facilities, which is called Domotics.
The Modbus communication protocol was
developed in 1979 by the company Modicon to
allow communication between electronic
devices such as PLCs used in automation
systems. The Modbus organization has defined a
standard placed at the application layer of the
OSI model to provide client/server architecture
for communications between devices on
different buses or networks. The Modbus
standard also provides communication between
devices via a protocol located in layers one and
two of the OSI model using a serial line
communication. This definition of serial line
protocol is considered by the Modbus
organization as legacy; however, despite its time
having appeared on stage of control industry,
this legacy specification is still widely used and
most, if not all, of the OPC servers for SCADA
and control devices continue supporting this
variant of the protocol. The idea behind the use
of a serial line in this document is the fact that
microcontrollers, including ultra-low power
consumption ones as the G series of popular
Texas Instruments MSP430, can use the serial
protocol to produce a network of
microcontrollers with which to share data
between similar devices, using a master device
as coordinator with the Modbus protocol serial
line built in it.
A network of microcontrollers is itself an
idea that can be applied in various scenarios and
control stages of a plant; but for this particular
case, the protocol implementation is intended to
provide the means for slave microcontrollers in
the network to be polled and produce data that
can be used in SCADA systems of free
development.
It is important to point out that while
industrial high performance and cost devices
implement the Modbus protocol as part of their
basic features, it is very difficult to find
implementations of this protocol for the
inexpensive and ultra-low power MSP430 G
series microcontrollers from Texas Instruments.
The challenge is that the memory amounts,
master clock frequency and restrictions imposed
by free usage development environments, limit
the size of programs that can be loaded on these
devices and others produced by other
companies. You can find implementations for
PICs but these seem to suffer from the same
limitations, with the addition of requiring
external circuitry to complete additional
features; not only for the implementation of the
Modbus stack itself, but for the Modbus registers
tables that require an external flash memory to
be placed in, such as the Microchip PIC Modbus
RTU 16F87X Projects developed by modbus.pl
on its website "Modbus in embedded systems",
for instance.
Use of, in this case, MSP430G2553
microcontroller means a plausible choice for the
job given the good reputation of the product and
its increasing use among developers of control
systems, supported largely by the introduction
by Texas Instruments of the MSP-EXP430G2
Launchpad and support for the Energia
framework, to compete against the Arduino
evaluation board and the Arduino Wiring.
98
Article Technology Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 96-105
ISSN-On line: 2395-860X
UTSOE® All rights reserved.
LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power
microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Modbus overview
The Modbus protocol over serial line is a
master/slave protocol that is positioned at layer
two of the OSI model, the data link layer; and is
based on EIA/TIA-485 and EIA/TIA-232
physical layer standards.
It is a master/slave protocol consisting of
two nodes, one for the master issuing specific
commands for which receives response from one
or more slaves that are on the opposite node;
slaves do not transmit any data if they are not
required to do so by the master and do not
communicate with other slaves.
The version 1.02 of the Implementation
Guide indicates that communication can be
established from one master to many slaves if
they are interconnected using the 2-wire
EIA/TIA-485 standard, although it is also
possible to use 3-wire EIA/TIA-232 as long as
device communications are point to point.
Data link layer
In connections made from one master to multiple
slaves, only one master is connected to the serial
bus in which one or more slave devices, as many
as 247, are also connected.
Transactions between devices are
performed according to the following rules:
- The communication is always initiated by the
master.
- Under no circumstances a slave would send
data without a master node request.
- The slaves must not communicate with each
other.
- The master takes only one transaction at a
time.
According to the way the messages are
sent and response is generated, messages are
classified as:
- Unicast, which is the request made by the
master to a single slave device. The
requested functions are read or write, these
are directed to a device that has a unique
identifier on the network, an address that can
be a number between 1 and 247. Then the
slave device issues a response which acts as
notification that the message has been
received, but not necessarily report the
success of the operation requested.
- Broadcast is a request that the master makes
to all devices on the network using the
address 0; it is a write request that must be
accepted by all slaves in the network, but
slaves should not issue response to such
request. It is obvious that no slave on the
network can take address 0.
The Modbus frame
For serial line a standard Protocol Data Unit
(PDU) is defined and consists of four fields that
are shown below:
Bit transmission
For RTU mode, each bit has to be
transmitted in ascending order starting with the
LSB and ending with the MSB. A Byte
transmitted must be preceded by a start bit,
followed by one parity bit and one stop bit. To
meet the standard, even parity should be used;
but support for odd parity and no parity is
required for compatibility. If parity is not used,
then an extra stop bit should be sent to
compensate the missing parity bit.
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LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power
microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Each frame in RTU mode must be sent
separately, 3.5 characters at least, from
following. If the device detects a silence of more
than 3.5 characters, it must consider that frame
is complete and message must be processed.
Similarly, bits should not have a gap
therebetween bigger than 1.5 characters over
frames to be considered as correct. If a silence
between bits received is more than 1.5 characters
big, the frame should be dismissed as
incomplete.
Functions
24 funtions are defined for the Modbus protocol:
- 01 Read Coil Status
- 02 Read Input Status
- 03 Read Holding Registers
- 04 Read Input Registers
- 05 Force Single Coil
- 06 Preset Single Register
- 07 Read Exception Status
- 11 (0B Hex) Fetch Comm Event Ctr
- 12 (0C Hex) Fetch Comm Event Log
- 15 (0F Hex) Force Multiple Coils
- 16 (10 Hex) Preset Multiple Regs
- 17 (11 Hex) Report Slave ID
- 20 (14Hex) Read General Reference
- 21 (15Hex) Write General Reference
- 22 (16Hex) Mask Write 4X Register
- 23 (17Hex) Read/Write 4X Registers
- 24 (18Hex) Read FIFO Queue
Holding Registers table
The Modbus data addresses are referenced to
zero, the Holding Registers table has an offset of
40001 points; so register 40001 is addressed as
0000 in the data address field in a Modbus
message. The registers in this table are 16 bits
long; and transmitted they decompose into upper
byte, Hi, and bottom byte, Lo.
Function 03
Read Holding Registers function is defined as a
request for 8 bytes as follows:
Slave Address
Function
Starting Address Hi
Starting Address Lo
No. of Points Hi
No. of Points Lo
Error Check (LRC or CRC)
The response is a frame which length depends on
N points requested by the master:
Slave Address
Function
Byte Count
Data1 Hi
Data1 Lo
…
DataN Hi
DataN Lo
Error Check (LRC or CRC)
Función 06
The Preset Single Register function is a request
for 8 bytes which is structured as follows:
Slave Address
Function
Address Hi
Address Lo
Preset data Hi
Preset data Lo
Error Check (LRC or CRC)
The response is an eco of the request made by
the master.
Exception response
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LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power
microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
One of four events is possible after a request
from the master:
- The slave processes the request correctly and
returns the normal response.
- The slave does not receive the request and
remains unresponsive.
- The slave receives the request, but detects a
communication error and issues no response.
- The slave receives the request without a
communication error but can not process it,
so it responds reporting the error.
In a normal response, the slave sends a
message with an echo of the function in the
function field; but if there is an exception it sets
an HEX 80 flag in function field, the MSB set to
1 plus the function number and sends the
exception code in the data field. Exception codes
can be any of the following:
01 ILLEGAL FUNCTION
02 ILLEGAL DATA ADDRESS
03 ILLEGAL DATA VALUE
04 SLAVE DEVICE FAILURE
05 ACKNOWLEDGE
06 SLAVE DEVICE BUSY
Methodology
This applied research project starts from the
premise that the microcontroller MSP430G2553
is a viable option, given its performance and
cost, to be used as data acquisition and
monitoring device of a plant already having a
control system; which is better compared to
other, commercial and open source, with higher
costs and higher power consumption options.
Based on the above, the objectives are:
1. Justify the use of MSP430G2553.
2. Implement the Modbus protocol in the
microcontroller MSP430G2553 with
support for functions 03 and 06.
To justify the use of MSP430G2553 is first
proposed to identify I/O features required for a
generic microcontroller needed to be used in a
SCADA system and compare them with those
provided by the microcontroller in question to
determine their suitability.
For the second objective it is necessary to
test the feasibility of microcontroller by
implementing state machines defined in
document MODBUS over serial line
specification and Implementation Guide V1.02
issued by Modbus organization and that these
are pieces of code in C language.
The code should be small and efficient so
that they do not exceeded the performance of
MSP430G2553. It is assumed that if the code
size limitations of development environment
IAR Workbench which TI distributes toll free
are not exceeded, then the above about code size
is met. The boundary of the kickstart version is
32KB of code. Code efficiency is evaluated
using commercial Modbus RTU/master
applications; so if these get incomplete frames,
CRC errors or discarded frames due to
exceeding timeout, the objective will not be met.
The reason for the code to be written in C
is that the resulting code can be ported to other
platforms.
Results
Justification for the use of MSP430G2553
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LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto. Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power
microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
The MSP430G2553 is a 16-bit, ultra-low power
consumption and low cost microcontroller that
has an UART serial communication unit, 0.5 KB
of SRAM, 16 KB of flash memory, 2 I/O ports:
8-bit P1 and 6-bit P2, two 16-bit timers, 10-bit
8-channel ADC, 8 comparators, temperature
sensor and 2 PWM channels, all for a cost about
90 US cents. Regarding to energy consumption
it consumes 230μA in active mode with a
frequency of 1 MHz for master clock, in standby
mode reaches .5μA and in shutdown mode with
RAM retention, .1μA.
In contrast, Amtel’s ATmega328P is an 8-
bit high performance and low power
consumption microcontroller that has a USART
unit, 2K SRAM, 32KB of flash memory, 23
programmable I/O lines, 2 timers 8 bits each and
one 16-bit more, 10-bit ADC and 6-channel
PWM. Its power consumption in active mode is
0.2μA at a frequency of 1MHz, 0.1 μA in low
power mode and 0.75 μ A in power saving mode.
It seems that variation in the price of the two
microcontrollers is basically a confirmation of
Lipasti and Shen (2006) saying that the price of
a chip depends heavily on the amount of memory
that is built with; as comparing the specifications
of both, the most notable difference that can be
seen is that the microcontroller Amtel has a
greater number of both flash and SRAM
memory. Now, compared to ATMEGA328P the
one used by Arduino UNO, the MSP430G2553
is US $1 cheaper, which may seem insignificant,
but when comparing evaluation boards for one
and another microcontroller, then the difference
in price becomes quite evident as the Arduino
UNO is $23 more expensive on average than the
Launchpad MSP-EXP430G2.
These prices were budgeted directly on the
websites of manufacturers.
Recently, efforts to incorporate the
Modbus protocol into the Arduino wiring have
resulted in the launch of the V2rev2 libraries for
masterRTU and slaveRTU V10, however the
process to port code for the Energia framework
has not advanced and coordination of work to
achieve it is still in incipient stages.
Hence, it becomes necessary the protocol
to be available for both largest low power
industry platforms and this paper presents some
proposals that can guide either to port Arduino
wiring libraries to Energia, or the generation of
new Energia native libraries to implement the
protocol in the MSP340G family processors.
Implementing Modbus protocol in
MSP430G2553
Let serial communication be the starting of this
work. In this regard; along with the release of
Launchpad MSP-EXP430G2 by Texas
Instruments, a package of code illustrations
called MSP430G2xx1 Code Examples was also
released. There is an example called
msp430g2xx1_ta_uart9600.c Timer_A, Ultra-
Low Pwr Full-duplex UART 9600, 32 kHz ACLK
provided as a reference to the "…proper use of
[timer_A CCR0] output modes and SCCI data
latch “. The code was developed by D.Dang and
although the name suggests the use of an
external 32 KHz clock, the truth is that it makes
use of the internal DCO clock set to a frequency
of 1MHz. This code was implemented by
placing it in the physical layer of the OSI model
for a serial communication of 8 data bits, one
start bit, one stop bit and no parity. Programming
this layer as event handling oriented, an event for
reception and other for transmission were
developed.
The microcontroller is always in the low
power mode LPM0 and exits when receiving bits
on UART_RXD pin. After reception of a byte,
which is stored in a buffer, the microcontroller
returns to LPM0 mode.
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microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Having the serial communication layer, a
library was programmed for the modeled data
link layer state machine by Modbus.org (2006).
Frame validation
To validate the master request the following C
functions are implemented:
void validarPoll() {if(rxByteCount>7)
{if(modbusReadBuffer[0]==ID)
{char CRC[2];
GetCRC(modbusReadBuffer, 8, CRC);
if (CRC[0] == modbusReadBuffer[8 - 2] &&
CRC[1] == modbusReadBuffer[8 - 1])
responder=YES;}}}
Where rxByteCount is a counter for a
Modbus read buffer, modbusReadBuffer is
the 64-bit read buffer and respond is a flag
indicating successful validation of a message;
the three are global variables.
In the above function a CRC check is done,
this routine is the adaptation of one published by
the user Distancity in the
http://www.codeproject.com/ code blog,
originally coded in C #. The advantage of this
feature compared to that published by
Modbus.org is that it does not use large
predefined tables that could increase code size.
void GetCRC(char *message, char
message_len, char *CRC) {int CRCFull = 0xFFFF;
int CRCLSB;
for (int i = 0; i < (message_len) - 2; i++)
{CRCFull = CRCFull ^ message[i];
for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++)
{CRCLSB = CRCFull & 0x0001;
CRCFull = (CRCFull >> 1) & 0x7FFF;
if (CRCLSB == 1)
CRCFull = CRCFull ^ 0xA001;}}
CRC[1] = (CRCFull >> 8) & 0xFF;
CRC[0] = CRCFull & 0xFF;}
Action processing
Whether for read or write requests, pointers
tables of P1 and P2 records of the MSP430 ports
were generated.
This is the writing table when ports are set
as output:
unsigned char volatile
*holdingRegWritable[]= {&P1OUT
&P2OUT};
And this is the reading table when the ports
are set as inputs:
unsigned char const volatile
*holdingRegReadable[]= {&P1IN,
&P2IN,
&P1DIR,
&P2DIR};
While P1DIR and P2DIR are writable, it is
not advisable to change the ports I/O by this
method since for a SCADA system, the goal is
not to control but control monitoring. Altering
I/O of a control system on the fly can be risky
when the system response must be very fast; a
SCADA system is not intended to do so.
Building responses
Response building involves generating CRC
values that are put in the last two fields of the
Modbus frame.
If the answer is processed without errors,
then either an echo of the request is returned or a
response in which the data requested in the
corresponding field of the message being sent is
built, but if there are errors when processing the
message it is necessary to raise an error flag in
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microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
the function field, this being adding an HEX 80
to the function and reporting the exception code
(comments are interspersed in the style of the C
language, with a larger print).
void modbusBuildResponse(char responseLength,
char error)
{
char CRC[2];
char
*modbusSlaveResponse=malloc(responseLength);
/ * Dynamic creation of the response buffer, the
answer is always an echo of the first 2 bytes
unless an error is reported. */
modbusSlaveResponse[0]=modbusReadBuffer[0];
if (!error)
modbusSlaveResponse[1]=modbusReadBuffer[1];
else
{
modbusSlaveResponse[1]=modbusReadBuffer[1]|0x80;
/ * Notify error to master, if any sends the
exception code * /
modbusSlaveResponse[2]=error;}
/ *Bulding of response for the supported
functions. modbusReadBuffer[5] is the number
of requested records, modbusReadBuffer[3]
contains the requested start register. The
response frame is always built putting zeros in
the upper Modbus register and data port on the
bottom of the Modbus register * /
switch (modbusReadBuffer[1])
{
case 3:
modbusSlaveResponse[2]=modbusReadBuffer[5]*2;
for (int i=0;i<modbusReadBuffer[5];i++)
{
modbusSlaveResponse[3+(i*2)]=0;
if (modbusReadBuffer[3]<128)
modbusSlaveResponse[4+(i*2)]=*holdingRegWritable
[modbusReadBuffer[3]+i];
else
modbusSlaveResponse[4+(i*2)]=*holdingRegReadable
[modbusReadBuffer[3]+i-128];}
break;
case 6:
*holdingRegWritable[modbusReadBuffer[3]]=modbusR
eadBuffer[5];
for (int i=2;i<6;i++)
modbusSlaveResponse[i]=modbusReadBuffer[i];
break;}
/*End of the frame*/
GetCRC(modbusSlaveResponse, responseLength,
CRC);
modbusSlaveResponse[responseLength-2]=CRC[0];
modbusSlaveResponse[responseLength-1]=CRC[1];
/ * The frame is transmitted using the serial
communication layer and the dynamic array is
freed * /
for (char i=0; i<responseLength; i++)
TimerA_UART_tx(modbusSlaveResponse[i]);
free(modbusSlaveResponse);}
Reception timeout
Managing timeout is done with a DataReceived
type event manager. For this the second timerA
of MSP430G2553 and a 64-bit size read buffer
(such as that used in the Arduino wiring) was
used.
void modbusMasterPoll() {
//char CRC[2];
start_TimerA1_ReadTimeout();
modbusReadBuffer[rxByteCount]=rxBuffer;
/ * Is rxByteCount counter that determines the
size of the message received but also functions
as a witness when the buffer overflows * /
if(rxByteCount<BUFFER_SIZE)
rxByteCount++;
validarPoll();}
The timer is started each time a bit is heard
by the UART_RXD pin, provided with counter
initialized to zero, count up and interrupts
enabled; timeout is set to 3.5 characters, which
is the maximum gap between frames.
void start_TimerA1_ReadTimeout()
{
TA1CCR0 = 3.5*1000000/9600;
TA1CCTL0 = CCIE;
TA1CTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_1 + TACLR;}
The readings time are monitored on a
different interrupt vector from the one of serial
communication layer and the buffer is forced to
be filled up to the buffer size or till no more bytes
are received in an infinite loop, reseting
rxByteCount only when timeout occurs. The
timeout timer stops at the service routine for the
corresponding interrupt vector.
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#pragma vector=TIMER1_A0_VECTOR
__interrupt void readTimeOut (void){
TA1CTL = TASSEL_2 + MC_0;
rxByteCount=0;}
As Modbus specification determines that
the silences between frames should not be larger
than 3.5 characters, the timeout throw an
exception that would be the condition to exit the
endless cycle of reception, processing the
request and respond with a valid message of
success or, failing that, of error.
Code size
The size of the resulting code to implement
functions 03 and 06 on compliance with the
Modbus standard was 18.8KB, leaving a margin
of 13.2KB to implement more features,
especially seeking to implement function 16.
Tests with commercial Modbus masters
It is hard to find commercial versions of RTU
masters without having to spend large amounts
of money, but resorted to limited trial or number
of queries versions that left see that the prototype
made with MSP430G2553 is able to interact in
industrial areas that are implemented using
commercial generic solutions, including
National Instruments’ LabView.
One of these masters used is Simply
Modbus Master 6.4.1 encoded in LabView, with
which requests for functions 03, 06 and 16 were
performed, obtaining successful responses to the
first 2 and a valid exception response for the last.
The sequence of images seen below depict
the original state of the output ports P1 and P2
by a function 03 request; values are 0,0,
respectively. It then writes a 255 in the P1 port
using function 06 and re-checks the status of the
outputs of the ports, returning a value of 190; this
because that the prototype does not process
writes to P1.1 and P1.2 due to their use for serial
communication, neither writes to P1.0 and P16
because they are used as indicators of the state
machine. The latter is an exception response by
the application since function 16 is not
implemented.
105
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microcontrollers. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Conclusions
In this research were presented arguments to
favor the development of solutions for the
Modbus protocol using the MSP430G
microcontroller, lack of development for the
evaluation board Launchpad MSP-EXP430G2
represents a niche opportunity that should be
explored as growth in popularity of device so
demands.
The contribution made here can definitely
serve to port code from the Arduino wiring to
Energia framework, to help understand and
implement pursuing existing proposal of
Arduino, or to include new Energia libraries.
The results indicate that the
MSP430G2553 is an option to consider seriously
given the conditions of reduced cost and
performance, virtually identical to that used in
the Arduino UNO board.
Management of serial communication
mode used in the prototype as events, represents
an advantage over traditional sequential Arduino
approach on serial communication, by reducing
the power consumption of the slave devices;
these can be used battery powered and thought
as energy independent for a long time.
It should be clarified that the initial
motivation for this research is that, firstly
traditional Arduino libraries for serial
communication are not geared to events and
keep the microcontroller continuously in active
state without saving energy and, secondly, by
not having a Modbus library for Energia, making
the porting of the library from the wiring
Arduino was the easy way but somehow it felt it
would be easier to start from scratch. Having this
in mind, it is ignored if Modbus serial layer of
Arduino handles communication as events.
References
A. Daneels, & W.Salter. (1999). WHAT IS
SCADA? International Conference on
Accelerator and Large Experimental Physics
Control Systems, 1999, (págs. 339-343). Trieste,
Italy.
Amtel. (2009). 8-bit Microcontroller with
4/8/16/32K Bytes In-System Programmable
Flash ATmega48PA ATmega88PA
ATmega168PA ATmega328P. Recuperado el 04
de 2015, de www.amtel.com:
http://www.atmel.com/images/doc8161.pdf
Modbus. (12 de 2006). MODBUS over serial
line specification and implementation guide
V1.02. Recuperado el 04 de 2015, de
www.modbus.org:
http://www.modbus.org/docs/Modbus_over_ser
ial_line_V1_02.pdf
Modicon, Inc. (1996). Modicon Modbus
Protocol Reference Guide PI–MBUS–300 Rev.
J. Recuperado el 04 de 2015, de
www.modbus.org:
http://www.modbus.org/docs/PI_MBUS_300.p
df
Shen, J. P., & Lipasti, M. H. (2006).
Arquitectura de computadores. Madrid:
McGraw-Hill.
Texas Instruments. (2015). MSP430G2x53,
MSP430G2x13 Mixed Signal Microcontroller.
Recuperado el 04 de 2015, de www.ti.com:
http://www.ti.com/product/msp430g2553
106
Article Social Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 106-119
Reality Education and Science Teaching
De La RIVA, María*†, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente
Received July 16, 2015; Accepted August 27, 2015
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
This document shows the first approaches and results of an investigation to clarify the characteristics and
needs of the beneficiaries of the Masters program in Basic Education with a specialty in Reality, Science,
Technology and Society (MEB-RCTS) offered by the National Pedagogical University in the Mexico
City; in order to recognize whether the program meets the characteristics of the beneficiaries (primary
school teachers), promoting knowledge, practices and reflections relevant to their needs.
Knowledge of educational reality contributes curricular adjustments. The beneficiaries are
teachers-students directly MEB-RCTS, and indirectly to their students.
The research uses the diverse backgrounds of the members of the Academic Body offered by the
MEB-RCTS and the possibility of empirical work in situ within schools. Through the case study, mixed
methods and interpretive analysis will be possible to generate operating improvements in seminars,
tutorials and program committees.
Science Teaching, Teacher Education, Educative Reality ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: De La RIVA, María, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente. Reality Education and Science Teaching.
UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:247-259
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx
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Education and Science Teaching. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Introduction
Science, object of study and teaching.
The appreciation of science in modernity
involves a whole historical process that authors
such as Popper (1934; 1963), Lakatos (1978),
Feyerabend (1970, 1978) Bunge (1960, 1969)
and Chalmers (1976) have discussed from the
perspective philosophical; or thinkers like
Bernal (1954), Kuhn (1962, 1970) or Koyré
(1968; 1973) exposed from a historical and
sociological perspective. Jürgen Habermas
(1968) is incorporated in this discussion
explaining how the theory of knowledge was
replaced by a theory of science, driven by
positivism, rational justifications found to be
introduced as the hegemonic form of thought in
Western culture. The purpose of Habermas in
Knowledge and interest was to rebuild the
prehistory of modern positivism. Later, with his
book The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity
(1985), the German thinker attempt to warn
about the crisis of "grand narratives" of
knowledge that Lyotard (1979) was revealing in
modernity. Thus, Habermas located to science,
from a historical perspective, as part of the
project of the Enlightenment; and this, among
other consequences; update the philosophical
debate on science, framed historically in the
transition modernity / postmodernity. In recent
form, it can be seen that the discussion about the
nature of science, its scope and limitated,
considered both a philosophical perspective as
well as a socio-historical approach. In this
context, talking about science is to recognize the
over-determination of multiple social, economic,
political, educational and cultural processes that
condense in the institution of science and, from
the Renaissance through the Enlightenment and
the late nineteenth century, it was emerging as a
dominant mode of representing reality (Bernal,
1957; Meixueiro and Ramirez, 2010), without
denying that prevailed and other worldviews
prevail.
Thus, the adoption of a scientific thought
in modern societies became imperative to spur
the birth, growth and maturity of nation states.
Thus in many countries consolidated or unborn
is attributed and it is spreading this worldview
that apparently meets adaptive best conditions.
The new company then required to train
their people in the new perspective of thinking
and interpreting reality. Hence the formation of
a scientific culture becomes indispensable. In
modern societies the formation of a scientific
culture is a commitment that has fallen primarily
on schools. Teachers have to take that
assignment despite the enormous difficulties and
obstacles that means starting school contents
established in educational programs in contexts
in which their opinions and criticisms are and
have been considered marginally. Most school
contents are information extracted from
scientific knowledge so we can say that science
in schools more or less systematically taught: In
restricted groups concepts, products of different
scientific disciplines are transmitted, and it will
certify formal learning through (preschool,
primary, secondary, etc.) levels and time cycles
(quarters, semesters, years, etc.). One precaution
is that after some tough battles from the
nineteenth and twentieth century the relationship
between educational content and scientific
concepts has been increasingly close; primarily
in schools science is taught. The popularization
of science is another way of promoting a
scientific culture that is done informally. While
in school a formal science learning is
encouraged, scientific instruments disclosure
raises informal learning, which bypasses
accreditation processes. Thus, the teaching of
science in school and scientific media are the
cornerstones for the formation of a scientific and
technological culture, both for students and for
civil society as a whole.
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Public Education and Science Policy
According to the European Community (1995),
the traditional model of teaching science is not
responding to the challenges of the three
civilizational clashes that arose in the 1995
White Paper, namely the advent of the
information society, the rapid evolution of
scientific and technological civilization and
economic globalization. From the three shocks,
accelerated by the use of information and
communications technology, one of the
approaches of the Community is that in future
individuals should understand ever more
"complex situations" evolve unexpectedly
Community and warned that "the control of the
individual should be higher," thanks to advances
in science.
Based on the above, the initiatives
proposed in the White Paper were divided into
five objectives: promoting the acquisition of new
knowledge, bringing schools to the company,
combat exclusion, speak three Community
languages, and give equal importance to
investment in equipment that investment in
training. And the Community obligations arose
were: social inclusion, skills development for
employment and personal fulfillment; in order to
develop the autonomy of the individual and
professional capacity. The profiled answer was
twofold: general knowledge and the
development of employability and activity. The
first was intended to be a tool for understanding
the world outside the framework of education,
and proposed the development of the following
capabilities: grasp the meaning of things,
understanding and creativity, and judgment and
decision.
The first, ability to challenge young people
to find answers based on human values is aimed
at the formation of citizenship and a European
society open to multiculturalism and democracy.
Second, ability to analyze the way are built
and destroy things, it proposes to introduce the
teaching of history of science and technology in
school education, to strengthen the links
between research and basic education; and third,
suggests that the ability to judge and make
decisions are essential for understanding the
world, based on historical culture for the future,
but not as built built (involves the integration of
selection criteria, the memory of the past and
intuition of the future).
In line with the strategic approach of the
European Community in public policy for the
teaching of science in Mexico and in line with
the country's participation in the Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development
(OECD), an articulation of the contents arises
from kindergarten to secondary education (from
age 3 to 15 years old, approximately). In this
sense, the science standards are designed to meet
the level 3 of the International Program for
Student Assessment (PISA, for its acronym in
English) (OECD, 2012):
The recommendation I remain raised in the
Agreement 592, which establishes the
articulation of basic education: The entire
curriculum should provide in their vision
towards 2021 generalize average in Mexican
society, the powers that currently shows the level
3 PISA; eliminate the gap of Mexican children
now located below the level 2 and decisively
support those who are at level 2 and above it. The
reason for this policy must be understood from
the need to promote with determination, from the
education sector, the country towards a
knowledge society (SEP, 2011, p.95).
As you can read, the government of
Mexico integrates into its public policy
(understood as government decision) in basic
education for the teaching of science, the
strategic guidelines for the European
Community above.
In that agreement also defines the
curriculum standards as part of the pedagogical
principles that underpin the curriculum of Basic
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Education 2011 and for each of the subjects
included in the curriculum of science, defining
them as:
Descriptors achievement and define what
students will demonstrate at the end of a school
period; synthesize the expected learning that in
the curricula of primary and secondary
education, are organized by subject-degree-
block, and preschool education for training-
camp appearance. The curriculum standards are
comparable to international standards and,
together with the expected learning, are related
to national and international assessments that
serve to know the progress of students during
their transit through basic education, assuming
the complexity and progression of learning.
(SEP, 2011, p. 65).
In this sense, for the specific area of
science, the National Institute of Educational
Evaluation (INEE), in accordance with the
points made by the OECD, has issued scientific
competence defined in PISA, which proposed
standard educational work from the curriculum
programs to each of the subjects that make up the
area of knowledge in basic education.
The PISA Science Competition
Scientific literacy is a complex of elements
articulated together; ideally make an inquisitive
and skeptical, capable of appealing to reality in
an informed, systematic and reasoned person.
The training Camp III, Exploration and
understanding of the natural and social
environment of the curriculum for Basic
Education 2011, in Science Education has such
guidance, is governed by science curriculum
standards whose primary purpose is; "[...]
Achieve populations using knowledge
associated with science that provide a basic
scientific training [...]" (SEP, 2011b, p. 85).
In the classroom PISA document,
published by the National Institute for
Educational Evaluation (INEE). The definition
of scientific literacy that occurs there is:
... The ability of an individual who has
scientific knowledge and uses it to acquire new
knowledge, identify scientific issues, explain
phenomena and draw conclusions based on
evidence in order to understand and take related
to the natural world and the changes produced by
the decisions human activity. It also includes the
ability to understand the main characteristics of
science, understood as a form of human
knowledge and research; to perceive the way up
the material, intellectual and cultural
environment; as well as the willingness to
engage in thoughtful citizen issues and ideas
related to science. (INEE, 2008, p. 31)
In the above it can be seen that the
definition of scientific literacy in PISA has three
dimensions:
1. The procedural (the method)
2. The conceptual
3. The contexts and application areas.
The first dimension, the procedural refers
to tasks or activities that should be encouraged,
depending on the types of situations that students
will encounter in real life. It seeks to develop the
scientific, critical, integrative thinking and
design processes that provide evidence to create
arguments that contribute to understanding of
phenomena. It consists of three steps: Identify
topics as scientists, explaining phenomena
scientifically and using scientific evidence.
The second dimension, conceptual,
realizes the kind of knowledge that is divided
into two: First, the knowledge of science, which
is the study of their products (concepts and
theories), grouped into four systems:
1. Physical, 2. - Living, 3. From the land
and space, 4. Technology. The second,
knowledge about science, is regarding its nature
and importance as a social activity.
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The third dimension, the contexts and
application areas, runs from the personal to the
global, it is divided into two: First, the context in
1.- Personal fragment, 2. Social 3. Global.
Second, the application areas are parceled into;
1. Health, 2. Natural Resources, 3. Environment,
4. Risk Frontiers of science and technology
(INEE, 2008, pp. 32-33).
In the competency-based approach, to
appreciate the achievement of students based on
their performance, are taken as reference
descriptors, called "levels of performance in
scientific competition," made from the potential
abilities of students. In the ensuing section, the
levels of student achievement, which winds
through six levels and three items are located, he
described the achievements on Science
Education for all Basic Education. For example,
in the case of primary education, ideally,
students should get to level three. The structure
of the item corresponds to the steps of the
procedural dimension of scientific literacy PISA
ie identifying scientific issues, explaining
phenomena scientifically and using scientific
evidence (INEE, 2008, p. 35).
In the rubric of scientific literacy PISA, the
upper levels (4-6) mention "significant levels of
abstraction" (INEE, 2008, p. 35) that are beyond
the stage of development of the child in Primary.
In contrast, the basics, the development of
causality (level 1) corresponding to Preschool.
Recognition of concepts applicable to simple
contexts (level 2), is part of the first three grades
of primary school. The ambition to homogenize
these achievements, is what is called
standardization.
Basic education in Mexico a joint to the
achievement of the purposes of the Teaching of
Science that focuses its design to the supposed
scientific competence, defined in a first
approach as:
Understand and raise initial explanations
of natural phenomena and processes and at the
same time, implement skills associated with
school science exploration and experimentation,
attitudes related to disease prevention, risk and
environmental care. (SEP, 2011, p. 99)
The dimension that is emphasized in
school work is more than procedural contexts
and proposes that the work promotes integration,
that is, display more than one discipline in the
development of a project, in line with the phase
syncretic student, who relate the issues naturally.
Therefore, the methodology is promoted in the
design and development of science projects that
encourage processes of inquiry, from questions
and hypotheses to communicate results (cfr.
Peace and Martinez, 2008).
Form to teach science
In Mexico, the National Pedagogic University
(UPN) is created as a public institution of higher
education, in order to provide, develop and
direct educational institutions above type to the
training of education professionals according to
the needs of country. In the decree of creation, it
is established that this will take place through the
ongoing relationship with the goals and
objectives of national educational planning,
through three main functions: teaching, research,
dissemination and extension. Currently, the
University has the fundamental purpose lifelong
learning, improvement and updating of
education professionals, particularly in what
concerns to Basic Education, which includes the
same pre-school, primary and secondary. At
present the national education system promotes
schools, where:
Students have to find the right for the full
development of their capabilities and potential
conditions; his reason and his artistic sensibility,
his body and mind; of value-related and social
training; its citizens and environmental
awareness. There must therefore learn to
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exercise their freedom and their responsibility in
every way; like, to live and relate to others;
essential to feel part of their community and their
country; to care for and enrich our natural,
historical and cultural heritage; contemporary
feel and followers of those who have contributed
to the free and democratic Mexico we live (SEP,
2007, p. 10)
In this context, in 2008 initiated the
curriculum of the Master Teacher of Basic
Education; which it sees information regarding
problems arising at that level and take into
account the results of standardized tests like the
National Assessment of Academic Achievement
in Schools (LINK) which is applied annually in
all primary schools and high schools throughout
the country; and the results of PISA, displaying
those countries seeking an equitable distribution
of learning opportunities.
The Masters program in Basic Education
(MEB) intends to contribute to the training of
education professionals in its continuing need
for learning, focusing directly on the reflection
of their teaching. This objective directly
influences the solid training of students of basic
level, without implying, neglecting other aspects
that address training or authorization to perform
specific functions such as administration and
educational management, in addition to
evaluation in its various spheres, dimensions,
and the same training of trainers (UPN, 2008, p.
8; V. UPN, 2009).
Although the Reform of Basic Education
was fragmented into small reforms, one for each
level of education, all these share a common
vision, are based on competencies (cfr. Selection
and definition of core competencies for Life
(dried). These changes the educational context
produced new needs and expectations in
education and, therefore, a change in vision
training and updating of teachers with theoretical
and conceptual elements consistent with the
social, local, regional, national and international
involving focus. Thus, an education that
promotes greater learning opportunities, ie,
requires teachers with a reflexive and
transformative educational intervention is
promoted.
The design of the MEB-Reality, Science,
Technology and Society responded to the
educational reform focusing on competencies,
which proposes a way of working that is
consistent to the respective changes in the plans
and programs for preschool (2004), primary
(2009) and secondary (2006). Its essence is to
see aspects of daily life to reinterpret them from
a rational look in the same direction and the daily
work in the classroom is to resignifying from a
reflexive and transformational look at each
module. So usually the teaching work and the
articulation of the Comprehensive Reform of
Basic Education (2011) which links the three
levels of basic education, will be how to
approach everyday life from a scientific-
technological rationality (UPN, 2010, p .4).
The starting point in this curriculum is the
reality, this brings us to an epistemological
principle that tells us that it is constructed and
transformed by man, the philosophical basis,
agrees to its active form to question the reality
that develops constructivism. The latter
harmonizes with a form of collective work
where each participant gives a set of ideas,
brings his.
Group discussion that there is intended by
definition leaves out the magiscentrismo, ie the
teacher must leave the Ptolemaic model to
understand educational practice. Hence lines
with a problem-based (UPN, 2010, p.5)
approach is proposed.
From reality, with the intention not only to
meet but to transform it, or Haking (1996) to
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represent it and participate in it say, what shore
problematize us to understand and transform.
Each new look that is achieved build on this
principle will own achievement, denial of
conceptual copy of the prescribed ideas, tells us
that we can understand our reason to reality, not
the other.
It aims instead to develop the master a
course of action in the classroom, with a modular
work focused on addressing problems of reality,
a process of conceptual change based on
knowledge from experience (and theory) that
employees during the process to resolve an issue
give us a practical knowledge, an interpellation
to reality following a process of personal
reflection and group discussion enrichment,
socio cultural event, to see education as a socio -
educational process.
Also, another fundamental conceptual
elements for this specialty is focus on the
teaching of science, now has been understood as
Science Education, an approach that aims to
make science a part of the culture of society, that
is close to the individuals, as something that
exists and is reflected in the attitude, in thinking,
in the influence it has on everyday life in the
form of rational knowledge and technology.
With these two elements, the specialty
provides the ability to understand that you can
change reality and that this is likely to be
explained by science in a technological
environment.
It is the way in which the specialty is
articulated taking reality as substrate, science as
how to explain it, to technology as the
embodiment of scientific knowledge, and
society as the environment in which individuals
interact creating a way of behaving and thinking
rationally.
Working towards the teacher in front
group is vital, therefore it takes into
consideration design aspects of the socio
historical, epistemological and educational,
articulating this in an empirical work in the
classroom that benefits your group. The pillars
of a social dynamic, work and health are seen
from its constant change wrought by technology,
integrating it into the teaching work that
becomes the focus of the proposal for each
module (UPN, 2010, pp. 4-5):
Module I: Philosophy of science and educational
psychology perspectives that have influenced
the teaching of scientific knowledge.
Module II: The impact of educational
psychology research in the curriculum of science
education in basic education.
Module III: Articulation of basic education
levels and educational intervention in teaching
science.
The specialty is centered teachers in
service, recognizing it as an adult who has an
opinion and own thought, which is responsible,
in order to reach assertiveness in their work.
Having critical thinking as one of the purposes
of these lines is a necessity that anyone who
engages in the teaching of science should
develop. The thought of this type has a
requirement that mindset needed to make a
decision, that is, critical thinking we responsible
for our opinions and thus makes us inclined to
take own positions. (UPN, 2010, p. 6)
The structuring axis of the SEM is the
constant reflection of teaching practice in order
to transform traditional teaching practices of
science and open the possibility that the new
generations of Mexicans integrate related to
scientific professions. The inclusive labor within
six postgraduate modules, where teachers
attending the three levels of basic education
enables experiences that each place in the
educational level at which works are shared.
This avoids the solo work that usually prevails in
basic education school groups.
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The operation of the SEM-RCTS requires
data that allow us a better relationship between
the philosophy of science, educational
psychology teaching trends and how they are
specified in the curriculum design of study plans
and programs, and practices specific education.
Hence I arise the following:
Research Questions
What is the profile of our beneficiaries?
What knowledge of beneficiaries on the teaching
of natural SCIENCES in the context of the
reform?
How do the practices of the beneficiaries from
their journey by the Master?
How it is reflected in academic writings
beneficiaries their reflection on the practice of
science education?
Methodology
The authors of this document belong to a group
constituted as the Academicians UPN-CA-92,
whose line of generation and application of
knowledge are interdisciplinary studies on the
relationship between the educational reality and
scientific culture. CA profile is interdisciplinary
experience in teacher training and research
methodologies mixed.
The type of research to be developed is a
case study. The meanings of Robert Stake (1999)
and Robert Yin (1994) are those that define it
formally. The first characterizes it as a study of
the particularity and complexity of a particular
case, to get to understand their activity in
important circumstances; and second, as a
research method that allows a holistic and
significant study of an event or contemporary
phenomenon within the actual context in which
it occurs comprises all methods with the logic of
incorporation in the design of specific
approaches to data collection and analysis
thereof.
Case study of a limited context and is
regarded as an investigation during which
knowledge is acquired under study as a
theoretical framework, which in our research
would be conducted within the mixed
methodology approach interpretive, based on
ethnographic procedures, since it provides the
necessary to describe, interpret and understand
what happens in the classroom with students and
master elements. In this sense Erickson (1986, p.
199) argues that the interpretive field research
demands to be especially careful and thoughtful
to warn and describe everyday events on stage
work and identify the meaning of the actions of
these events from the various views of the actors
(V. De la Riva, 2013), in this case the teacher-
Student Local Trade of expertise and their
students. Hammersley and Atkinson (2001,
p.13) argue "that the main characteristic of
ethnography is open or covertly participation in
the daily life of the people for a period of time
watching what happens, listening to what they
say, doing questions; in fact summoning any
available data that serves to shed light on the
issue in research centers ". This response to the
above, as teachers of MEB-RCTS have the
ability to observe and analyze in detail what
happens in the training of teachers-students and
the impact it has on their daily teaching
practices.
While analyzing the content of the
documents produced by the study subjects and
the use of instruments are important to collect
data, the use of video as a resource is critical
analysis of school practice, where our
beneficiaries interact. The video gives evidence
of the type of educational mediation for the
teaching and learning of science teachers in
basic education conducted in their respective
school spaces.
Results on beneficiaries Profiles
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On the specific objective 1, meet the needs and
characteristics of the beneficiaries, it can be said
that are teacher-students attending the MEB-
RCTS, working in schools of basic and
secondary education, preschool, elementary, of
the City of Mexico and metropolitan area. Also
beneficiaries are students, children, adolescents
and young people attending these schools. For
teachers looking for the academic and
professional development, and their students to
develop pedagogical practices that promote
better learning.
According to the Census of Schools,
Teachers and Students of Basic Education and
Special 2013, in the Federal District there are a
total of 101.444 teachers, of which 62.3% are
against group and 5.5% are managers of basic
and special education (INEGI, 2013). The
percentages reflect the number of potential
candidates to enter this graduate program.
2011 to date has had a total income of 37
teachers-students. There are four generations of
students. In the first of these five teachers
entered in the second five, the third 8, while the
fourth (that is being imparted) can have 9
participants. Two generations coursed b-
learning mode, with a total of 10 teachers. More
than half of teachers in training (Figure 1) comes
from high school campuses. Although there is a
growing interest in training in the area of science
education from preschool.
Figure 1 Educational attainment of origin of the teacher-
students (Source Gomez Rodriguez and Ruiz, 2015)
The location of schools where teachers-
students work involves marginalized urban
populations; however the specific characteristics
of children and adolescents who would benefit
from improved teaching practices, ie in their
learning, partially known. It is therefore
necessary to investigate the socioeconomic and
cultural characteristics of teachers and students
within the "zone of influence". For it is currently
developing a questionnaire from Indicators:
Diversity of family origin, socioeconomic and
cultural level of the teachers and the children and
youth they serve. Problem Type in the personal
and community health, environmental
protection, use of natural resources risk, and use
of technology, with reference to the application
areas contextosy PISA (INEE, 2008).
Results on the Champs, skills and knowledge of
beneficiaries.
Specific Objective 2 To assess the impact of the
program on knowledge of the beneficiaries. It is
known that treated in the research / thematic
intervention not only depend on the needs of
beneficiaries, but also the educational level of
initial training, sense of taste or problems
regarding a particular content. Among those
selected by the teacher-student themes it leads us
to recognize at least four areas (Figure 2).
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Figure 2 Guidelines educational proposals of teachers-
students (Source: Gomez Rodriguez and Ruiz, 2015).
The topics are grouped as follows:
Mathematics, Químic, Physics, Health and
Environment. The facts of having a greater
number of teachers-students who work at the
high school level, results in the subjects who
want to work are rather cutting discipline. So
that 25.71% of them raise educational proposals
mainly oriented curriculum linked to improving
student health or the environment, while a
22.86% prefers develop teaching strategies for
teaching mathematical content first order, and
chemistry and physics in the background.
Among the projects that belong to this group you
can be located as follows:
- The concept of proportionality: how to make
the second graders of secondary understand
it and apply it to other areas of science.
- Why avoid frequent consumption of acidic
foods: teaching strategy for high school
students.
- The teaching of chemistry in high school,
attending learning styles model VAK;
Knowing and nature interactions with
humans by APB students from 4th grade.
Experimentation: The 14.28% are
teachers-school students considering testing as
an alternative to foster interest in science among
students, both in preschool education, as primary
and secondary. Note that in this postgraduate
reflects the experimental activity at school,
beyond looking at it as an application of a
"recipe" that the student must follow, it is a way
of providing explanations, arguments and
submissions of scientific fact, by student,
through collaborative work and group
discussion. Examples of this group are:
- Workshop: Experiencing natural sciences in
primary school.
- Experimentation in the classroom to develop
student’s argumentative competition in 6th
grade.
Digital Skills: There are three sets of
teachers, each consisting of the 8.57% of
teacher-student analyzed. A first set focuses its
educational intervention to develop general or
the scope of the disclosure of science scientific
skills. Another considers the mediation of digital
tools for addressing contents related to the
training field: exploration and understanding of
the natural and social world. Those teacher-
students identified in the third set whose main
focus is on developing collegial work or
workshops for other teachers, by which
competencies to improve their educational
practices that affect the development of content
in science work. Again, these features are found
in the three levels that make basic education.
Only a few examples:
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- Projects classroom and instrumental
mediation of HDT to develop scientific
literacy, aimed at students from 6th grade
education.
- The development of creative competition in
the 2-year-old as a tool that promotes
scientific thinking.
Art, motivation and leadership: Finally,
this whole 5.72% of teachers-students
considering art as a mediator to make learning
science attractive content, establishing a creative
link between these areas is identified. Another
equal percentage of primary school teachers
(5.72%) shows his interest and motivation and
leadership aspects to boost scientific disciplines
attractive cut. In this group are located projects
such as:
- Art and science as significant mediators of
the challenges of classroom learning.
- Dance as art that enables the construction of
mathematical concepts in preschool
population.
In the training that is conducive to
profesoress-students it has placed special
emphasis on the use of a mixed qualitative
methodology or an interpretive approach,
making use of some ethnographic techniques.
This in the interest of providing them with
analytical tools in their teaching, expand their
conceptual and explanatory horizon regarding
their actions in the classroom, to manage
knowledge on the training field exploration and
understanding of the natural and social world.
From this viewpoint, it is intended to approach
them elements to describe, interpret and
understand what happens in the classroom
interaction between students, faculty and
students, and self-reflection to describe, analyze
and transform the educational interactions to
best practices.
Discussion
The topics that teachers-students develop in the
MEB-RCTS stem from Articulated field training
program (SEP, 2011, p. 49) that "integrates
various disciplinary approaches to biological,
historical, social, political, economic, cultural,
geographic and scientific ". It is formulated from
the perspective of exploring and understanding
the environment through systematic and gradual
approach to social processes and natural
phenomena, specialized curriculum areas as
advances in grades, without prejudice to the
multidimensional view of the curriculum.
However, integrating this
multidimensional contexts, skills, content, and
ethical disciplines, more complex construction
of the objects of study and intervention in a
graduate thesis. Therefore, in our research, in
parallel with the investigation of his practice,
through survey procedures and self-report
instruments they arise for the analysis of
planning and classroom practice, with following
indicators: Knowledge, learning outcomes and
competences greater importance within the
plenificación. Dedication and type related to the
dimensions of scientific literacy (content,
procedures and contexts) activities.
Mainstreaming of scientific competence,
articulation of the subjects, sequences of
activities undertaken in the classroom teacher,
and preferably contents worked problems
(physical, alive, earth and space, technology).
Materials, methods, times and ways of use of
experimentation. Time devoted to discussion of
results of experiments or data processing.
Features teacher, what pleases or not students,
problems, fears and concerns from teachers and
from students. Expectations, success stories, best
practices, authentic practices. For it is also
proposed as research objectives:
To assess the impact of the program on
improving practices. And assess the impact of
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proposed teaching in academic texts and
discourses that produce teachers-students.
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120
Article Administrative Sciences
July-December 2015 Vol.2 No.4 120-132
Successors of family business and generational transition process
QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto*†, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-MARTÍNEZ,
Fidel Ramón
Universidad Autónoma de Campeche Av. Agustín Melgar S/N, Col. Buenavista C.P. 24039 Campeche, Campeche.
Received July 17, 2015; Accepted August 28, 2015
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
The research’s objective is to describe the likely successor’s perception about generational transition, the
factors that affect it, and the strategies implemented by the family businesses to achieve it. The research’s
design is non experimental descriptive transactional, and the instrument used in field work to obtain data
was the interview. The results indicate that successors know that an adequate generational transition is
part of the continuity and evolution of business life, and the influence that leadership style and family
culture have in this process; finally it was determined an index about the perception that successors have
about generational transitional and what considers as desirable characteristics in the future leaders of
family businesses in the deep-water shrimp fishing sector in the city of Campeche.
Generational transition, successor’s attributes, family business
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
Citation: QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Successors of family business and generational transition process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015, 2-4:260-
271
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________
*Correspondence to Author ([email protected])
† Researcher contributing first author.
©UTSOE Journal Multidisciplinary Science www.utsoe-journal.mx
121
Article Administrative Sciences
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UTSOE® All rights reserved. QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-
MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Successors of family business and generational transition
process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Introduction
The issues that family businesses face is
transcendental and has developed an extensive
research literature (Brockhaus, 2004; Poza,
2005; Barbeito Guillen Martinez and
Dominguez, 2006; Chittor and Das, 2007;
Kajihara, 2007) to describe causes that prevent
family businesses transcend to the next
generation. Some research has focused on the
characteristics attributable to the founding
partner (Garcia, Lopez and Saldaña, 2002), the
attitude of the other family members to the
succession process (De Massis, Chrisman and
Chua, 2008), family relationships (Lee 2006;
Lozano, 2006), personality or attributes of
successors who will have the responsibility to
preserve and innovate the family business
(Chrisman, Chua, and Sharma, 1998) and the
participation of shareholders in the process of
succession (Vilaseca, 2002 ).
The shrimp sector in height is considered a
priority for the economy of Mexico, and
retention and development is essential for the
federal government and the states where it is
developed, and that through this activity is
provided revenue of the population more
vulnerable by the economic job creation. In this
sector participating family businesses that invest
large amounts of financial, human and
technological resources but its permanence and
development is threatened by economic factors
and public policy as restrictions imposed by state
oil company Pemex to prevent the incursion of
vessels in the designated as protected areas and
national security (Mexican Chamber of Fishing
and Aquaculture Industry Delegation
Campeche, 2012).
This study aims to achieve the following
objectives:
To. Evaluate the perception of the
successors of family businesses shrimp sector
height Campeche regarding the generational
transition.
b. Identify the factors that may affect the
succession process in family businesses shrimp
sector height Campeche
c. Identify how they design, implement and
evaluate strategies succession of family
businesses height shrimp sector Campeche.
Theoretical framework
To evaluate some of the differences between
family businesses and those that are not,
Gudmundson, Hartman and Tower (1999)
develop a study on the structure of ownership of
the family business and conflicts obtained as a
result of their strategies, they analyze how they
compete family businesses in the market, the
different strategies they use and how designs;
suggest that the selection of strategies is
influenced by factors such as gender of the
leader of the organization, the degree of
professionalism of the executive body and the
number of generation in power.
Regarding the establishment of goals,
attitudes and conflicts that occur in the family,
Lee and Rogoff (1996) believe that family
businesses have to deal with the conflicts that
arise, but also depend on the ability of the leader
of the same shape and that they are resolved
quickly, so plan to make the transition from one
generation to another it is a difficult process and
is considered the most important in the
management of family businesses commitment
and it shows sooner or later will be for different
reasons ( Sorenson, 2000), his lack of foresight
as we know can lead to family division and as a
result the disappearance of the organization.
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MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Successors of family business and generational transition
process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
And this is where the contribution of
leadership style is given to the success of the
family and the company, as indicated Vilaseca
(2002).
Recent studies show that strategies can not
be standardized even in cases of recovery by
organizational crisis, as to changes in senior
management does not just include management
experts outside the company or downsizing as
proven in other solutions organizations. Cater
and Schwab (2008), using a case study argue that
the development and implementation of
strategies for family firms are influenced eight
characteristics are: strong family ties,
replacement candidates for senior management,
internal guidance systems informal
management, altruistic motives, integration of
professional managers, consensus orientation
and guidance of long-term goals.
On the issue of succession, the right design
strategy allows planning, set the time to happen,
considering the interests of the next generation
and who will be responsible for carrying it out.
Shu-hui and Shing-yang (2007) developed a
study where they question who should lead a
family business, does a family member? Or a
professional manager? and the impact of this
decision on the performance of the organization.
They applied an empirical method that includes
variables such as the degree of risk and
development, firm size, expandability, cash flow
and ownership structure.
The study was conducted with a sample of
Thai companies and observed that they mostly
prefer to hire a CEO (Chief Executive Officer,
translated from its acronym in English)
professional and turn the analysis of professional
and personal characteristics that should have it
done by a professional agency conducting the
initial choice.
This situation arises when the same
companies recognized to have a high need for
efficient administration and require improve the
overall performance of it not risking their
requirements for cash flow experimenting with
CEOs family.
The succession process for a generational
transition is defined by Sharma, Chrisman, Paul,
and Chua, (2001), cited by Vera and Dean
(2005) and the actions and events that lead to the
transition of leadership of a family member
another family member, in family businesses.
The two members may be part of the household
or another degree, not necessarily from the same
generation.
Factors impeding the succession
Massis, Chrisman and Chua (2008), indicate that
these factors do not appear until it is felt within
the organization need to choose a potential
successor for identification, theory and case of
studies were evaluated and found Not all firms
are unique to and can be not decisive, but no
grounds for the succession in family firms. The
authors developed a model which identifies three
direct causes and exhaustive but not mutually
exclusive: 1) all potential successors of the firm
declined the leading Business Administration, 2)
the ruling coalition rejects any potential family
successor and 3) the ruling coalition decides
against family succession but acceptable, and
although there are potential successors and
willing to it. The third cause includes those
situations where the family business is not
sufficiently strong ideals or financial conditions.
Individual, relational, contextual, financial and
process: five separate categories also
background knowledge of these factors were
identified. Massis, et al. (2008) conclude that
there has been little attention to the modeling of
the factors preventing the succession, and this
may facilitate forecasting the occurrence of such
elements and cause it does not happen.
In another study by Barbeito, et al (2004)
on factors impeding the succession, extend the
geographical scope of European research and
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MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Successors of family business and generational transition
process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
point like other researchers who regardless of
geographic region a key issue in the field of
study the family business is its continuity and
that the death of the employer often result in
extinction of the company when the succession
has not been planned, prevented the generational
transcendence. The researchers classified the
problems into two basic groups: 1. Problems
arising from the operation of the company
mainly due to confusion between business and
family interests’ flows and 2. Issues of
succession which is subdivided into two
subgroups: a) fiscal problems: these arise from
the lack of adequate fiscal strategy at the annual
operation of the company as well as the lack of
estate planning to cover the removal founding
partner b) family conflicts: caused by the lack of
a succession plan defined in these cases the
support of non-family managers is essential.
Attributes of successor
Chrisman, et al (1998) evaluated some of the
desirable attributes of the successor that are: the
level of cooperation of the predecessor and
successor, the age of the successor and the
compatibility of goals between the successor and
the CEO; respect of family members actively
involved, respect for family members not
involved, trusted family members and ability to
get along with: and on the level of relations it
should have with other family members four
aspects are evaluated members of the family.
These authors point out that traditionally the
eldest son who is seen as the first choice to be
the successor, but current results demonstrate
that several organizations are for a younger son
or a daughter directed, as studied Vera and Dean
(2005).
Who conclude that the likely successors
also face many challenges but have a capacity
that distinguishes them and makes them worthy
to be the ones who carry on the business
tradition; even when the predecessors are not
entirely agree with this trend, which added as
attribute birth order and gender. It is clear that
thinking is different in-law for succession and
are usually not displayed on the short list of
candidates, therefore another desirable attribute
is the blood relationship.
Regarding attribute competition seeks the
successor traditionally their level of education,
experience in and out of the company and its
performance in the past in terms of desirable
personality characteristics literature refers traits
such as aggressiveness, creativity and integrity,
independence and intelligence as desirable
attributes. On his involvement with the family
business Agency theory suggests that those with
higher shareholding engage more with the
problems and their solution, those with a
minority stake; therefore a desirable attribute
most, is the degree of shareholding successor
within the organization.
Chrisman, et al. (1998) obtained at the
conclusion of their study, the desirable attributes
suggested by the literature and were identified as
most important by respondents are integrity and
commitment to the business and conversely birth
order and gender were classified as less
important. These findings suggest that the
decision of who should be the successor relies
more on natural but very personal characteristics
such as gender and age or bloodline; another
attribute that received a lot of weight is the
experience in the family business to ensure their
involvement to meet and collaborate in solving
problems.
The family policy in the protocol as
succession planning.
Having a governance structure allows
family firms evolve into new models of
organization where it continues with the turn
taken since the establishment of the company or
contributes to the initiation of processes of
diversification by taking appropriate decisions
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process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
of top management (Jaffe and Lane, 2004).
Meanwhile strategic management seeks to
identify and minimize the impact of the
problems that arise in organizations and
elements that contribute to forecast them. A
good strategic plan within their policies
welcomes the development of the family
protocol and succession plan. But what is a
family?, protocol is a written document that sets
out clearly the values and the relationship
between families and their policies regarding the
company (Lozano, 2000). It is a document
prepared family but intentionally toward
establishing a business mission that will guide
family relationships and business. Usually, at the
beginning not all members agree but show its
advantages allows full acceptance should not be
developed in times of conflict can and should
take advantage of periods of family and business
unit, as it does not seek disappear but prevent
conflicts from occurring. Lozano (2000)
identified high value tools to treat these
situations as strategic management, succession
planning, implementation of the family council,
knowledge of business trends in the market and
the manifest or family protocol.
Overall, the structure of the protocol will
depend on the same family, their beliefs, their
values, their culture, when it is done and what
they want about the company and themselves. It
should include an implementation plan, training,
succession planning and retirement aspects of
socialization among family members, schedule,
budget, financing and supervision.
Economic importance of the sector
The contribution to GDP fishing industry
in the third quarter of 2012 is 1.7%, which only
increased the contribution of professional and
technical services (1.0%) and educational
services (0.7%); even though its contribution to
economic development is not ideal, it is a basic
sector for the country as it is generating direct
employment in the neediest social strata,
occupying the 13.6% of the economically active
population (EAP) as part of the sector primary,
the end of 2008, falling below the commercial
sector that requires at 19.7%, with
manufacturing contributing 15.5% according to
data from the National Survey of Occupation
and Employment (ENOE) (INEGI, 2009).
In the state of Campeche, according to the 2009
Economic Census (INEGI) sector provided
employment to 18.6% of the economically
active population according to information
provided by INEGI through the National Survey
of Occupation and Employment (ENOE)
(INEGI, 2009). Campeche fleet currently
includes 104 vessels engaged in fishing for
shrimp in height, companies whose owners
currently face the challenges posed profitability
and stay in the market.
Methodology
The design of this research is to identify the
perception of possible successors to family
businesses height of shrimp sector in the city of
Campeche, about the generational transition and
its problems. This study is descriptive because it
is intended to measure or collect information
about the variables involved in the problem
under study. The experimental design was not
cross because data were collected at one time in
their natural context, by interviewing the
children who form the executive body of the
company, with the purpose the variables
describing and analyzing their impact and
interaction.
The method used to collect qualitative
information is through fieldwork and interview
technique used (Hernández, Fernández and
Baptista, 2010).
The study population was developed using
as family businesses shrimp sector height
Campeche and agreed to participate in it.
126
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process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Companies of this sector to consider two aspects
that were chosen as population: a) generate
employment for individuals who mostly do not
have levels of study, allowing them access to
other activities, and b) for his contribution to the
state's economy. The companies identified by
this specialty were 44, according to the
membership directory System Product offshore
shrimp AC state of Campeche day October 31,
2014, as shown in Table 1.
Table 1 Shrimp fishing companies height 2014 Campeche
City.
The aforementioned universe was
identified and eliminated 14 companies, being
built under the regime of Individuals with
business activity, and they were not organized as
corporations (entities) which reduced the
population to 30 companies. Additionally, when
conducting interviews at 30 companies
considered in the population, those that do not
meet the requirements to be considered as family
businesses are discriminated, and then have fully
defined the population. This situation could not
be foreseen at the time of the interview the
director of each company and meet the
shareholding subsidiary and integration and
employment of the members who compose it. Of
the 30 family companies identified, 24 agreed to
participate, representing 80% of the early
universe; in the same working 60 managers, of
which 12 are family, 43 are children and 5 are
unfamiliar managers.
Tools
The instrument used was the semi-structured
interview designed by Vera and Dean (2005) and
administered to a total of 43 children managers
with the aim of investigating the firm history,
history of the children, joining the company,
family relationships, relationships business,
work-family conflict and succession. This tool
was used by the authors with 10 managers of
family businesses were contacted through
associations of women entrepreneurs and
companies who run many laps as wholesale and
retail, manufacturing, construction, and services;
all located in the western United States, who
relate their experience leading organizations and
subsidiaries conflicts as a result of his election as
successor.
This instrument (Table 2) contributes to
the study in question when evaluating children
as fundamental elements in succession and
conflicts that they point at the moment of
generational transition.
Business Relations
It is the manager's experience and perception son in his working relationships with other participants of the organization and who are not family members.
1 – 2 9%
Sector
Companies
natural
persons
Business
entities Total
Shrimp
companies
height
14 30 44
Dimens io nOpera tio nal
Definitio nReactive P ro po rtio n
Firm Background
Knowledge of
probable
successor o f the
origin and
evolution of the
organization.
1 – 3 13%
Background of
the children
Determines the
subsidiary
position,
educational level
and experience of
the children.
1 – 6 26%
Joined the Firm
It is the
assessment o f
the reasons for
the current
participation of
children within the
firm.
1 – 3 13%
Family
relationships
It refers to the
state of the
subsidiary
employment
relationship
between owner
and children.
1 – 5 21%
Co nceptua l definitio n: It is reached by the children as like ly s ucces s o rs within
the o rganiza tio n and the perceptio n o f them may have the predeces s o r and
the executive bo dy acco rding to the ir pro fes s io nal and pers o nal qua lities
po s itio n.
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process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Work-family conflicts
It refers to how staff can affect balance successor conflicts binomial family enterprise.
1 – 1 5%
succession
Determine the view that has the son succession process and likely conflicts arising from the election.
1 – 3 13%
Table 2 Guide Specifications. Dimensions under study
Procedure for Data Collection and Analysis
Interviews were conducted with manager’s
children that make up the governing body of
each company and lasted twenty minutes each.
Completed interviews qualitative data were
evaluated, and an analysis of the general content
of the answers of all interviews were conducted,
we proceeded to classify the data from the
questionnaires into categories and subcategories,
operationally defined and calculated the
frequencies of the phenomena involved in them
(Goetz and Le Compte, 1988) using the
frequencies for dichotomous or numeric
questions and string variables interpretation
according to each of the elements of each
category (Rodriguez, Gil and García 1999).
The content analysis of the interviews
responses to identify the frequency of ideas and
key words to express the same thing, let become
"sentences testimony" (Savall, 2003). The
frequency of mention of each sentence testimony
on each of the companies were identified, they
were grouped according to the assigned
question, category, responses, the key of the
participating company, the total responses and
frequency agree key as the Likert scale.
Results
43 questionnaires to children working in the
family firm of total 24 companies where applied
who agreed to participate, or meet the minimum
requirements to be considered family businesses
and be subjects of study were applied; as it is
delimited in the methodology section of this
research.
In assessing the size of the firm
background, all children who work in the same
line with the owner on the age of the
organization as well as the number of workers
they had in 2013. Of those interviewed
mentioned the 79.06% a generation that has been
involved in the firm and 20.94% mentioned that
it is now the second generation who runs the
organization and everyone, without exception,
say that the owner is the father, regarding the
dimension on the background of the children
63% said having siblings and 55.8% said the
firstborn as shown in Table 3.
Table 3 Birth order of children managers
By questioning the marital status of the
participants 81.6% say being married and 13.2%
reported 30 years representing the majority of
participants. Grouped into age ranges shows that
the workforce at the management level is still
young, Table 4.
Table 4 Age range of children managers
60.5% ansewered that they haven´t
worked outside the family business, 11.8% had
no previous working experience and 20% of
respondents previously worked part-time as
shown in Table 5.
Order Frequency %
first 24 55.8
second 8 18.6
Third 6 13.9
Fourth 5 11.7
Age Frequency %
26 a 30 14 32.55
31 a 35 18 41.86
36 a 40 8 18.60
41 a 45 3 6.99
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process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Table 5 Work experience
Regarding the dimension that assesses
their age and managers to decide joining the
firm, respondents reported having at that time 27
years mostly as shown in Table 6.
Table 6 Age range of children managers to joining the
firm
All children managers have discussed
studies being professional degree in business
administration which had the highest percentage
(53.5%). See Table 7.
Table 7 Profession managers’ children of the family firm
The results of the decision of managers
working in the firm, or it is always assumed as a
fact shown in Table 8. The frequencies
mentioned the fact that the children work in the
company was somewhat taken forever by
family.
Table 8 Range on the decision of the children working in
the family business
The results of the analysis of the familial
relationship throw that 84.2% of managers
believe that if children will be difficult for his
father to leave the company and expect to elapse
between 5 and 10 years for the predecessor
assume this. Also they state that the parent-child
relationship has not changed the fact of working
in the family firm.
Regarding the relationship with his
brothers most reported that those working in the
company are themselves involved with the same
and 7% if they have problems including the
takeover. See Table 9.
Table 9 Involvement and conflict managers takeover of
children in the family firm
In the dimension of business
relationships, respondents report feeling
discriminated on occasion regarding succession
and a high percentage think that gender is a
difference when evaluating the future successor.
See Table 10
Table 10 Discrimination and gender in succession.
Answ
er
Working out
of the
company Experience Total work
Freque
ncy %
Freque
ncy %
Frecue
ncy %
Si 17 39.
5 15
88.
2 12
80.
0
No 26 60.
5 2
11.
8 3
20.
0
Age Frequency %
15 a 19 1 2.3
20 a 24 6 13.95
25 a 29 29 67.4
30 a 34 5 11.6
35 a 39 2 4.75
Profession Frequency %
Civil engineer 6 13.9
Lic. In Business
Administration 23 53.5
Certified Public
Accountant 10 23.25
architect 3 7.0
others 1 2.3
Reactive Frequency %
Did you decide
to work in the
family business? 17 39.5
Did he assumed
that should
work in the
company?
26 60.5
Answer Involvement of
Children
Conflicts
between
brothers
Frequency % Frequency %
yes 37 86 3 7
No 6 14 40 93
Answer
Have you ever
felt discriminated
against?
Is gender a
differentiator in
succession?
Frequency % Frequency %
yes 7 16.3 24 63.15
No 36 83.7 14 36.85
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MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón. Successors of family business and generational transition
process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Content analysis
In the interview questions they were raised with
qualitative responses the frequency and content
led to a set of phrases that are grouped according
to the assigned question, category, responses, the
key of the participating company, the total
responses and key rate achieved by the Likert
scale.
In order to have a clearer idea about the
perception of the company and the succession
children who work in the administration of
family firms, qualitative information was an
analyzed instrument, assigning a score to obtain
Index Perception of Succession (IPS). With the
semi-structured interview section the most
representative comments from all the answers,
regarded as "witness statements" by the steps
which are reflected in Table 11 were selected: a)
the frequency of mention of each sentence
testimony on each of the responses of children
managers working in companies was identified.
Scores for it according to the following
parameters are assigned:
Table 11 Parameters used for the classification of witness
statements
b) The sum of the frequency of each of the
testimony phrases, business was obtained.
c) The maximum score that could have any
business was 120 (6 points maximum 20 items).
d) The number obtained in paragraph "b"
between 120 and the result is multiplied by 100
to obtain an index of perception of individual
succession by each participant in each company
was divided.
e) The individual indices of all participants of
each company were added and divided by the
total of individuals of each firm to obtain an
average rate that represents the overall
perception of succession of each organization
(IPS).
The construction of this index shows us
that most IPS, mean that children who work in
family firms have greater knowledge of the
company, its business and family relationships
as well as the importance of succession. (Table
12)
Table 12 Perceptions Index succession (IPS) = Score /
Total Points x 100
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process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
Table 13 Perceptions Index succession (IPS) = Score /
Total Points x 100 (Continued)
Discussion of Results
Regarding the dimension of knowledge,
managers children know the origin of the
organization and its contribution to job creation.
They mostly reported working within the
company because we always had preconceived
by the family and few entered on its own
initiative. This is consistent with reports by
Garcia et al. (2002).
Regarding the background of the children
in the case of only children, they are the
undisputed successor if a parent opts for a family
member to lead the organization; recent studies
indicate that by choosing a successor,
primogeniture is not the main feature to
designate the successor (Vera and Dean 2005),
but the degree of integrity and commitment,
discarding the concept of junior or gender as
determinants to favor as the study by Chirsman
et al. (1998). In analyzing the reasons that took
the child to join the company almost all
respondents stated that the main reason is his
family and heritage and that his greatest
commitment is to the family and not with the
company, which is evaluated positively in the
choice of successor as referred Chrisman et al.
(1998).
Manager’s children expressed a set of
advantages and disadvantages that have to be
part of a family business, emphasizing primarily
values the support they receive from family,
trust, understanding and family support,
followed by individual effort that children
performing managers affects their benefit and
that of the organization. However, also referred
to as main drawback the fact that the company
issues affecting the family, followed by the
problems that children have with other family
couples mainly with his brothers. This hints and
conclude that the children who work in the
companies under study, give greater priority to
the emotional and domestic relations of the
organization to the problems of the firm, as a
profit or remain and expand into new markets
within of the company-family relationship,
which it is corroborated by the studies referred
to in Garcia et al. (2002), De Massis et al. (2008)
and Brockhaus (2004).
In describing the relationship father-son-
owner, the latter comment that has always been
good, although with different opinions, that
working with him as the head is excellent for
learning much of its predecessor's experience
and consider itself it will be difficult for his
father leaving the company with a term of
between 5 and 10 years to really be separated
from the operation thereof, which would be
reflected in the important decisions to conduct
the business as stated García et al. (2002). With
regard to business relationships always the
children reported that entered to work to the
company was considered. With regard to
customers, suppliers and employees interviewed
say they have a cordial relationship, except in the
case of the daughters reported feeling
discriminated against because of their gender
because they believe it's a male-dominated
sector (within the cultural context of the city of
Campeche and economic activity), therefore it is
unlikely that the successor belongs to the female
gender regardless of whether family or
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process. UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science. 2015.
professional administrator. (Lee 2006, Chittoor
and Das 2007 and Vera and Dean 2005).
Conclusions
In assessing the first objective of this research
with the view of the participants regarding the
succession, it was found that the main problem,
according to their perception, is precisely the
ideal successor to choose according to their
personal characteristics and professional
capacity.
Those involved in the administration are
aware that the succession is a latent problem;
they know they will manifest at some point, but
have not been prepared for it by any
methodology or tool as they claimed not to have
or know of a written succession plan or family
protocol, as suggested by Lozano (2000).
Factors that may affect the succession
process, children managers recommend that
when this generational transition should always
keep the family together through good
communication, it must be planned to avoid
conflicts in the company-family, and that this
joint decision should be both the outgoing
generation as new officers for the benefit and
permanence of the family organization, which is
consistent with those reported by Lambrecht
(2005). Implicitly assume that the successor
belong to the male gender, for the risks of the
activity which reinforces the idea that corporate
culture has been transmitted by the father
basically coinciding with reports by Vera and
Dean (2005 ). No evidence that these
organizations have specific strategies for the
issue of generational transition, it is a fact known
latent was obtained, but not perhaps addressed
by the presence of the founding members still
working and taking key decisions in most cases,
which is confirmed by the low values obtained
in the IPS designed.
Future research could contribute regarding
the problem under study, since the corporate
culture and leadership styles are factors that
influence the long-term planning of such
organizations.
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UTSOE-Journal Multidisciplinary Science
Crop establishment in vitro of chile Chiltepín (Capsicum annum Var. glabriusculum)
CARRILLO-TIRADO, Jennifer Guadalupe, LOAIZA-AGUILAR, Gloria Berenice,
BOJORQUEZ-SANCHEZ, Carolina y BENÍTEZ-GARCÍA, Israel
Universidad Politécnica de Sinaloa
Family Functioning, Therapeutic Treatment adherence and glycemic control vs Aging
Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
ZENTENO-LÓPEZ, Miguel Angel, GARCÍA-MADRID, Guillermina, MARÍN-CHAGOYA,
María de los Ángeles, MARCELA-FLORES, Merlo
Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
The effects of the softness of the Lennard-Jones potential on the unfolding simulations of
RNA molecules
VILLADA-BALBUENA, Mario
Universidad Tecnológica de Zinacantepec
Tribological behaviour of the hydrogenated and silicon DLC coatings deposited on carbon
steel
SOLIS, José, CASTELLANOS, Víctor, GÓMEZ, Oscar A. y PAREDES, Miguel
IT de Tlalnepantla, Tlalnepantla
Modbus networks for low cost and ultra-low power microcontrollers
LÓPEZ-PADILLA, Gilberto
Universidad Tecnológica de León
Reality Education and Science Teaching
De La RIVA, María, RODRÍGUEZ, Karina, RUIZ, Juana y PAZ, Vicente
Successors of family business and generational transition process
QUIJANO-GARCÍA, Román Alberto, ARGUELLES-MA Luis, Alfredo y ALCOCER-
MARTÍNEZ, Fidel Ramón
Universidad Autónoma de Campeche