Journal of the International Churchill Society

WINSTON CHURCHILL BY ROBERT CORKE AUTUMN 1986 • NUMBER 53

Quarterly Journal of the International Churchill Society Established 1968 Number 53 • Autumn 1986

THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETY

A non-profit association of scholars, historians, philatelists, collectors andbibliophiles, the Society was founded in 1968 to promote interest in andknowledge of the life and thought of Sir Winston Churchill, and to preservehis memory. ICS is certified as a tax-free charity under Section 501(c) (3) ofthe US Internal Revenue Code, is Affiliate #49 of the American PhilatelicSociety, and is a study unit of the American Topical Association. Finest Hoursubscriptions are included in a membership fee, which offers several levels ofsupport in four different currencies. Membership applications and changes ofaddress welcomed at the business office listed on page 3. Editorial cor-respondence: PO Box 385, Contoocook, NH 03229 USA. Permission to mailat non-profit rates granted by the United States Postal Service. Produced byDragonwyck Publishing Inc. Copyright © 1986. All rights reserved.

PATRON OF THE SOCIETY

The Lady Soames, DBE

HONORARY MEMBERS

The Marquess of BathWinston S. Churchill, MPSir John Colville, CB, CVOMartin Gilbert, MAGrace Hamblin, OBEThe Duke of Marlborough, DL, JPSir John Martin, KCMG, CB, CVOAnthony Montague Browne, CBE, DFCThe Rt Hon The Lord Soames, GCMG, GCVO, CH, CBEThe Rt Hon The Earl of Stockton, OMThe Hon Caspar W. Weinberger

In Memoriam:Randolph S. Churchill, 1911-1968The Baroness Clementine Spencer-Churchill of Chartwell, 1885-1977The Earl Mountbatten of Burma, 1900-1979Dalton Newfield, 1918-1982Oscar Nemon, 1906-1985Governor the Hon. W. Averell Harriman, 1891-1986

BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Australia: Peter M. JenkinsCanada: Arthur Cload, Ronald W. Downey, John Plumpton,

W.J. Sterling Sunley, George E. TempleNew Zealand: R. Barry CollinsUnited Kingdom: Peter Coombs, Geoffrey J. WheelerUnited States: W. Glen Browne, Derek Brownleader, Sue M. Hefner,

Richard M. Langworth, George A. Lewis, David Marcus

COVER: OFFER TO ICS MEMBERS ONLY

Richard Haslam-Hopwood, who commissioned this work, has kindlymade prints available (25x18", print size 16x13") at a special price toICS members, half of which will be donated to the Society's 1986Fund Appeal: £100 UK, $150 USA, $200 Canada/Australia securesyour copy. Send cheques to your local national business office (seepage opposite). Robert D. Corke holds an Honours Degree fromKingston Art College and is recognised as one of Europe's best il-lustrators. His work shows Sir Winston in a typical pose, but com-prises an entirely fresh and original study.

Produced by Dragonwyck Publishing Inc. \^

FINEST HOUR

Editor: Richard M. LangworthPost Office Box 385, Contoocook, New Hampshire 03229 USA

Senior Editor: John G. Plumpton130 Collingsbrook Blvd, Agincourt, Ontario, Canada M1W 1M7

Bibliographic Editor (Works by Churchill): Ronald I. Cohen5 Murray Avenue, Westmount, Quebec, Canada H3Y 2X9

Bibliographic Editor (Works about Churchill): H. Ashley Redburn7 Auriol Drive, Bedhampton, Havant, Hants. PO9 3LR, England

Cuttings Editor: John Frost8 Monks Ave, New Barnet, Herts., EN5 1D8, England

Contributors:George Richard, 7 Channel Hwy, Taroona, Tasmania, Australia 7006Stanley E. Smith, 155 Monument St., Concord, Mass. 01742 USASidney Altneu, 2851 NE 183rd St., N. Miami Beach, Fla. 33160 USA

Composition by C&R Composition, Pittsfield, New HampshirePrinting by Hazen Printing Co., Penacook, New Hampshire

FEATURES

"Winnie:" The Making of a Musical 6The Story Thus Farby John G. Plumpton

Churchill and the Baltic gPart I, 1918-1931: "Very Lively and Truculent"by Richard M. Langworth

Churchill Collector's Handbook c t r

Section 3: Society Membership November 1986

Books: Their Finest Hour Revised and Unrevised 14The Neilson Critique — The Smith Responseby Stanley E. Smith

Churchill in Stamps: Part 11 18With Fisher at the Admiraltyby Richard M. Langworth

Collecting Locals and Labels 20A Churchill Collector Looks at an Inexpensive Sidelightby W. Glen Browne

DEPARTMENTS

Thoughts and Adventures/3 International Datelines/4 Despatch Box/5Riddles, Mysteries, Enigmas/5 Classified/5 Reviewing Churchill/16Inside the Journals/17 Coming Events/17 Action this Day/22 ISCStores/23 Immortal Words/24

^7 Copyright © 1986 Finest Hour

OVER THE TOP!WESTTIELD. NJ. AUGUST 25 — George Lewiswrites: "We are over $18,000. Con-gratulations. Have a good trip toEngland. I'm going on holiday!"

We did it! Over 25% of the USmembership have now contributed toour 1986 fund appeal, and our mailingto 30,000 potential new members ofthe Society will have been in the postseveral weeks when you read this. Theaverage contribution of $ 150 was overtwice what we expected. We can'tthank you enough for your faithfulsupport. You may be sure we will doour best to make it count.

TAX-FREE IN CANADAWILLOWDALE. ONTARIO, SEPTEMBER 2 — I C S -Canada director George Templereports that the Society has receivedapproval from Ottawa as a certifiedCanadian charitable organisation, andall donations over and about the basic$20 subscription rate are tax-deduct-ible from 8 May 1986.

Canadian members will be hearingmore about the 1986 Fund Drive andrelated developments in a specialletter later this autumn.

LORDBOOTHBY 1900-1986LONDON. JULY 16 — Lord Boothby, anoutspoken Conservative who hadbeen private secretary to WinstonChurchill (1926-29), and who hadserved as many years in Parliamentas WSC, died after a heart attack,aged 86. Born in Edinburgh, RobertJohn Graham Boothby representedEast Aberdeenshire, Scotland from1924 to 1958, when he was created aLife Peer.

Boothby was one of WSC's few sup-porters in the fight to rearm Britainduring the 1930s, but criticized Chur-chill in his memoirs, "Recollections ofa Rebel" (1976). In 1940-41 he servedas Minister of Food.

ERRATAIn issue #52 we wrongly elevated LordShinwell to Marquess-or-above byusing his first name in his title. Weliked him best as just "MannyShinwell," anyway. He was a great ex-ample of the basic civility, back-stage,between political opponents, thatseems to have generally vanishednow. Also in issue #52, page 11 cap-tion, we blamed CBS Television formisrepresenting George Will with thewrong Churchill cartoon. It was ABC,not CBS. Hard to tell them apart. . .

TORONTO AWARDS DINNERTORONTO. ONTARIO, JUNE 24 — The First An-nual Churchill Awards Dinner washeld tonight at the Royal CanadianMilitary Institute, through the kind-ness of Robert S. Gillan, who arrangedthe club facilities.

After an enjoyable dinner, the FirstAnnual Award to "the most dis-tinguished student of British History"in any year of University study waspresented to John Logan of YorkUniversity by Chapter president PatCassels. Douglas McLeod then sharedsome personal' remembrances fromhis association with Inspector TommyThompson, Sir Winston's longtimebodyguard.

Among those in attendance wereMrs. Mary Alexander, Mr. GarnetBarber, Mrs. Pat Cassels, Mr. & Mrs.David Currie, Mr. & Mrs. Robert S.Gillan, Mr. Glynne Jenkins, Mr. JohnLogan, Miss Lisa Logan, Mr. DouglasJ. McLeod, Mr. Murray W. Milne, Mr.Edward R. Moorhouse, Mr. WilliamSempie, Mrs. Betty Shand, Mr. GeorgeE. Temple, Mr. Bernard Webber, Mr.Ian G. Weir.

Commencing 1987, the TorontoChapter will honour a student fromthe University of Toronto as well asYork University.

Toronto area members are cordiallyinvited to future events, for which see"Coming Events" this issue.

— Pat Cassels, Pres.

"THE FIRTH OF FORTH" PRINTSNEWPORT. RHODE ISLAND, AUGUST 15 — T h e

America's Cup Gallery has beenauthorized to offer limited editionprints of Sir Winston's only knownnaval painting, "Firth of Forth,"lithographed from the original ownedby Edwina Sandys. Depicting WorldWar I warships, this work is alive withcolor and impressionistic drama —typically Churchill, but a unique sub-ject. The prints measure 2214 x24".For further information contact theGallery at 411 Thames St., NewportRI 02840 USA.

ANOTHER WINSTONMARLOW. BUCKS. ENGLAND, JUNE 1 — M r .

John Evans, a member of the Society,appears as Sir Winston circa 1938-50on stage, television and at privatefunctions. John is available to ICSevents planners and other functions,and may be contacted at 1 HighfieldPark, Marlow, Bucks. SL7 2DD,telephone (062 84) 2914.

TO DAVID FROM WINSTONLONDON, AUGUST i — An auction disposedof a remarkable collection of Churchillautograph letters, including one writ-ten from imprisonment in the BoerWar and several personal letters toLloyd George at unprecendentedprices. The WSC-DLG letters includedeverything from requests for ameeting to important letters on the1908 strike, 1909 budget estimates,the 1911 Agadir Crisis, a 7-page thesison wartime food supply, and a letterfrom the trenches on 10 April 1916.Advance estimates were as high as£3500 for some letters, and we areadvised that realised prices werehigher than that. We would appreciatemore information, and hope that theletters reached a responsible archive.

CHURCHILL'S BRITAIN 1987We have now confirmed the dates ofthe ICS tour of London and Scotland:we begin at noon on Thursday 3September at the Waldorf Hotel inLondon, and finish Monday morning14 September at Loch Lomond.(Coach runs to either Prestwick air-port or central London from the finishpoint are included.) Deposits of $200per person (refundable if cancelledbefore 31 May) may be sent payable toSpecialist Tours, PO Box 385, Con-toocook, NH 03229 USA.

Register now to avoid the rush. Afull itinerary is available and will alsoappear next issue. See page 17 formore details.

aa>HUNGARIAN RAP-SODY

While in Budapest in June I stopped intoa Russian-run book/record shop and askedif they had any books by Churchill. Theysneered, gave me a dirty look, then prac-tically threw me out. Hungarian-run shopswere friendlier but with limited resources.I obtained the Soviet biography WinstonChurchill by Trukhanovsky for US$1.[Worth a ruble! Ed.]

Hungary is beautiful, with much farm-ing. The people hate the Russians, andtheir own government. Prices were verylow, 10-25% of US, food excellent, peoplecautious but friendly.

—David Druckman, Chicago, III.

ROBERT HARDY'S CHURCHILLI would like to comment on the reviews

of the Hardy-Churchill performance inissue 52.

I cannot disagree with any of the factualassertions of the reviewers, but I think itimportant to realize what Mr. Susskindhad in mind as the purpose of the produc-tion. At the press reception for the show, inanswer to a question as to his future plans,Susskind replied that he viewed the seriesas an educational tool for school systems.He feels that the only way to bring "dryhistory" to life is through the visualmedium and this was his primary goal.Eventually he wants to distribute these

shows to schools throughout the country.Each will be accompanied by a study guideand the show will be the catalyst for thestudent to delve into the personalities andhistory of the time.

Given this aim, I think he succeeded ad-mirably. Heaven knows how he is going tomake a dry character like Eisenhower in-teresting to a group of school children.

- Paul Biba. Bernardsville. NJ, USA

REPORT FROM RSATime has slipped by since I came here on

an agricultural exchange from Israel. Asyou have no doubt read, things are not tookosher here at the moment. However weare all fine, and I am extremely busy withmy work, hence my long silence.

I am happy to say I have found furtheradditions to my Churchill collection,which has improved with stamps, books,covers and pottery. Among the flat itemswas a S.A. Christmas card with Smuts andhis wife and a large "V", as well as acigarette card with military personnel andsimilar motif, copies of which I enclose.

Whilst in Cape Town I met another ICSmember, Paul Mills, at Clarke's Bookshop,who approached me as I browsed throughhis Churchill stock with an invitation tojoin. It really is a small world.

- Hillel Schnaps,Port Elizabeth, South Africa

EPERNAY REMEMBERSI would like you to know that a copy of

your charming letter dated July 18th hasbeen addressed with favourable advice toour UK representatives. Today, I am happyto confirm that we will provide the cham-pagne at the party for former private officestaff at Chartwell.

I read with great interest the 50th issueof Finest Hour, for which I would ap-preciate receiving a subscription form.You will certainly enjoy going through ourChurchill magazine enclosed.

Remaining at your entire disposal forany further requirements and looking for-ward to welcoming you at Epernay nexttime you come over to France, I am, dearMr. Langworth,

— Christian Pol-RogerDirecteur General

Pol Roger et Cie., Epernay, France

Our UK branch had hoped to hold a buf-fet at Chartwell for former members of SirWinston's staff, but other events andschedules conflicted. Mr. Christian Pol-Roger's very gracious offer to supply theappropriate champagne is deeply ap-preciated, and he has been given a com-plimentary membership with our sincerebest wishes. — Ed.

Send your queries to the editor. FinestHour, and we will ask our experts.

Q. I have been asked to find the precisecitation in the works of Sir Winston for aquotation allegedly ascribed to him. Thesense of the aphorism is that, while auto-mobiles are doubtless more practically effi-cient than horses, horses are intrinsicallymore beautiful. No standard collections ofquotes were of any help, so I turn to yourexpertise.

-Arno M. Klausmeier, MLS, LibrarianWisconsin Regional Planning Comsn.

A. The best-known remark of that sortwas made in WSC's speech at M.I.T. inBoston, 31 March 1949:

"Man has parted company with hisfaithful friend the horse, and has sailedinto the azure on the wings of eagles —eagles being represented by the infernal-ah INTERNAL - combustion engine -ah — engine!"

Q. How was it that Lord Randolph Chur-chill was able to sit in the House of Com-mons? (This occurred when I read thatWaldorf Astor had to give up his Commonsseat on inheriting his Peerage.)

A. All Peers in their own right have seatsin the Lords (except those who only haveIrish Peerages). The eldest son, on suc-ceeding his father, must also become amember of the Lords — unless hedisclaims his Peerage and becomes acommoner (like Wedgwood Benn; orHailsham and Home when they hoped tobe PM). Thus Marlborough's eldest son,the Marquess of Blandford, succeeded tothe title and was entitled to the seat in theLords.

But Lord Randolph — in fact allyounger sons of Peers — are not Peers inthis sense: they are in effect commonersand can enter and stay in the House ofCommons.

Had Blandford died without issuebefore Randolph, Winston would havesucceeded to the title. He would then havebeen in Halifax's position re succeedingChamberlain in 1940. In the same senseWaldorf Astor had no option when hisfather died — they had made no ar-rangementsfor disclaiming in those days.

— H. Ashley Redburn

Ad deadlines: Winter 1 Dec. Spring 1March, Summer 1 June. Autumn 1 Sept.

FOR SALE OR TRADE: New Houghton-Mifflin "Chartwell Edition" of the6-volume Second World War, quarter darkblue leather and tan cloth, gilt spines, col-or maps on eps, Chartwell painting tippedonto covers. A magnificent edition. Retailprice $295. Best offer or trade. DouglasMarden. Box 253. Rutland MA 01543

WANTED: Good VCR recordings of "Chur-chill/The Wilderness" years and recent"Tour" program required. Poor ruralreception made bajd recordings. Blanktapes sent, or integrity of your copiesguaranteed. Brother Richard McGrath.Crosier Seminary. Onamia, Minn. 56359.

FOR SALE: Our 16-page catalogue of anti-quarian, out-of-print and new books by orabout Sir Winston Churchill will beavailable in mid-November. We stock alleditions from paperbacks to firsts; our goalis to make a Churchill library affordable byeveryone. Send for a copy if you are not onour mailing list. Churchillbooks. BurrageRd.. Contoocook. NH 03229 USA.

"Winnie:"^e(^Making of a<3V[usicalStory u s Tar

By John G. Plumpton

Evita, Man of La Mancha, Cats, SirWinston Churchill: all subjects of suc-cessful theatrical productions in London'sWest End and New York's Broadway. SirWinston Churchill you say? Yes, such arethe hopes of a group of investors andartists working on the forthcoming pro-duction of Winnie: A Musical Tribute to SirWinston Churchill.

Celia and Edwina Sandys, grand-daughters of Sir Winston, approached theaccomplished writer/producer/directorRobin Hardy to write the script and headthe production team of producer RexBerry and director Albert Marre. Alreadycommitted, if available, to play SirWinston is actor Robert Hardy, famous forhis portrayal of Churchill in TheWilderness Years and Winston Churchill ontelevision.

Winnie will be a dramatic musical whichwill blend film clips, slides, productionnumbers, and music-hall songs, sometraditional and many new, into a compel-ling drama on what it was like to be led byWinston Churchill from 1940 to 1945.

On entering the foyer of the Theatre, theaudience will step back in time to the year1945, at the Potsdam Light Opera Housein Germany. They will find themselveswitnessing the rehearsal of a musicaltribute to then-Prime Minister WinstonChurchill, who has been in this Berlinsuburb to negotiate with PresidentTruman and Marshal Stalin, but who istemporarily absent in London, awaitingthe results of the general election.

The British and Americans have com-mandeered the Opera House and itsorchestra, two touring theatrical troupesfrom Britain (a predominantly left-wingShakespearean group and a predominantlyTory variety troupe), and an AmericanJazz Combo. To write the show and playChurchill they have recruited a West Endperformer of the genre of Noel Coward.

After the actors resolve their quarrelling,the "play within a play" begins and theWriter/Director emerges from his Chur-chill role periodically to instruct the castand thus incidentally give the audiencesome assistance on the context of thehistorical events. We see Churchill

Winston Churchill's first meeting withPresident Truman, at the White House,16 July 1945, just before Potsdam.presiding over the war effort during hisfirst 20 months in office. In bed, in thebath, at the dining table and in his CabinetOffice and the House of Commons, hecommands, cajoles, jokes, creates greatspeeches and dictates memorable lettersand telegrams.

Act One takes us through the Battle ofBritain and the successful resistance to theNazi Blitzkrieg against British cities. ActTwo begins within his sending troops on asuicidal mission to Greece to convincePresident Roosevelt's personal envoy,Harry Hopkins, that British troops cantake the offensive. Military reverses andlosses on the Atlantic make him vul-nerable in the House of Commons and wesee him at his lowest moment. But on avisit to Harrow, he regains his confidenceand, much moved by the boys singing of"The Giants of Old," he asserts that theirmotto must always be "Never Give In.Never. Never. Never . . ."

After Pearl Harbour he telephonesFranklin Roosevelt to declare that he willmake war on Japan because he nowknows that "deliverance has come, fortogether with America . . . we cannot, inthe end, fail."

Three years later, while giving a victory

speech about the British people having thelion's heart and his privilege to give theroar, one of the actors interrupts the "playwithin a play" to shout at Churchill,"You've lost the election." The great manhas become the Writer/Director again andall are stunned by the unexpected electionresults. Both Shakespearean and varietytroupes are moved by the greatness of theman they have helped to portray. The en-tire cast joins to perform a musical finalefor a show that will now never take place.Churchill will not be returning toPotsdam.

The guiding spirit behind this produc-tion is Robin Hardy. Mr. Hardy has exten-sive experience in television and motionpictures. He made the motion picture, TheWicker Man, based on his own novel. Hislatest novel, The Education of Don Juan,was a Book-of-the-Month Club selectionand is shortly to become a televisionseries. Winnie is his first play with music.

Mr. Hardy stresses that this is not amusical play: "People hear that word'musical' and envision a dandied-upWinston, singing and dancing about thestage. Well, of course, he never does. Justonce, in his tub, we have him singing asnatch of Gilbert and Sullivan."

How will British, American and Cana-dian theatregoers react to this new rendi-tion of the Churchill story? "I ask myselfthe same thing," says Mr. Hardy. "Why,when everyone has tip-toed around themonument, has no-one ever told thishugely great chapter of his life? The Toryestablishment never liked Churchill. Hecrossed the floor twice and was actually anold-fashioned Whig at heart. Some peoplesay he was a dreadful old warmonger: Buthis memory today is fresher in Britain thanRoosevelt's is in America. This is not apaean of undiluted praise; the play showsChurchill in all his moods of anger and ar-rogance. But one has to establish that, likehim or not — and many didn't — hisgreatness is indisputable."

Start-up financing of the production hasnow been completed and public shares init are being offered through a public stockcompany appropriately called Marl-borough Productions. •

• •COMING SOON

"WINNIE"A MUSICAL

TRIBUTE TOSIR WINSTONCHURCHILL

BY ROBIN HARDY

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT

MARLBOROUGH PRODUCTIONSVancouver, B.C.Toronto, Ont.New York, N.Y.Beverly Hills, Ca.London, Eng.

- J. Newton (604) 789-2792- I. Rotterman (416) 535-2293

- R. Hardy (212) 860-8439- L. MacConnell (213) 556-2824

- M. Blaber (44-1) 638-9545

• •

Ghurchill and the BalticTart I: 1918-1931

'<cVery lively and Truculent"BY RICHARD M. LANGWORTH

The strategic Baltic, from a 1938 Latvian tourism brochure

MY GRANDFATHER sailed into Riga in the intoxicatingspring of the Latvian Republic to look up distantrelatives, trying to track the Latvian branch of hisheritage. He told me of it 30 years later: an "easternParis," filled with parks and wide streets, fashionableshops and peasant markets, dignified buildings andhandsome people; a bustling harbor that handledmore timber than any other port in Europe. Heremembered the confidence and hope, the ex-huberance and patriotism, the burgeoning realizationthat after 700 years Latvians were masters of theirland. They could not know that their freedom wouldbe measured by scarcely a generation.

In 1940, as France fell under the Nazi blitz andBritain's attention was focused on avoidingcatastrophe, Stalin's Red Army marched into Latviaand the other Baltic States, Estonia and Lithuania.Following "elections" of a one-party slate, the three

small border nations "applied for admission" to theSoviet Union, which was graciously granted.

Hitler marched into the Baltic in June 1941, and astrange twilight ensued, during which Baits had thetemerity to hope for national reemergence. As theSoviets swept west in 1944-45, most of them foughtwith the Germans, maintaining a stubborn frontagainst half a million Red soldiers hurled vainlyagainst them, until the final ceasefire on 8 May 1945.

Since then the Soviets have conducted genocideagainst the native share of Latvia's population, re-ducing it from 83% in 1940 to 53.7% today1: first by aholocaust which in relative terms puts Hitler's in thepale; later by vast non-native immigration. And theprocess continues. The USSR has no intention ofgoing back to 1920, when Lenin recognized the smallrepublics, vowing to respect their independence"forever."2

8

"Here we stir the embers of the pastand light the beacons of the future.

Old Flags are raised anew;the passions of vanished generations awake;

beneath the shell-torn soil of the twentieth centurythe bones of long dead warriors and victims are exposed.

And the wail of lost causes sounds in the Wind."W.S.C., THE AFTERMATH, 1929

Winston S. Churchill played a varied and crucialrole in the bittersweet Baltic story. Ostensibly, afterWorld War I, he was opposed to small nationalmovements among the peoples of Europe. "What wasneeded," he wrote, "was federation and larger group-ings."3 But a far more important objective, in hisview, was to rid the world of Lenin, and he easilywarmed to what he called "the foul baboonery ofBolshevism."4 On 31 December 1918, Churchillurged Allied intervention upon the Imperial WarCabinet: "Bolshevism in Russia represents a merefraction of the population, and would be exposed andswept away by a general election held under Alliedauspices."5

The Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, viewedChurchill's antipathies with a jaundiced eye.Winston, Lloyd George wrote, "had no doubt

a genuine distaste for Communism. He washorrified, as we all were, at the savage murder ofthe Czar, the Czarina and their helpless children.His ducal blood revolted against the wholesaleelimination of Grand Dukes in Russia. [I believed]that under the impulse of this brilliant Minister,we were gradually being drawn into war withRussia."6

Yet Great Britain had been the first nation to take apractical interest in the independence struggle of theBaltic peoples, which began in the wake of the Rus-sian collapse and revolution of 1917. Britishstatesmen had realized that Estonia, Latvia andLithuania had advanced sufficiently to form independ-ent nations, controlling their own destinies.7 Allthree Baltic States had declared independence by theend of 1918.

At the same time, if the Bolsheviks were to be over-thrown, Britain looked to a Russian republic with itsprewar boundaries intact. Foreign secretary LordBalfour thus took a middle course, extending defacto,but not dejure, recognition to Estonia on 3 May 1918,and to Latvia on Armistice Day, 11 November.8

Independence and recognition were not, however,won without bloodshed, nor without Allied militaryintervention. Churchill, writing later, gave a sym-pathetic view toward the struggles of the small coun-tries. "Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania

found themselves in a peculiarly unhappy posi-tion. They were close neighbours on the East toPetrograd and Kronstadt, the nurseries ofBolshevism; on the West to the birthplace andstamping-ground of those Prussian landownerswho had proved themselves to be the most rigidelement in the German system and one of themost formidable. During the winter of 1918 andthe early summer of 1919 the Baltic States weresubjected alternately to the rigours of Prussian

and Bolshevik domination . . . In these circum-stances it is not surprising that the independ-ence of Esthonia, Latvia and Lithuania existedfor the time being only in the aspirations of theirinhabitants and the sympathies of allied andassociated Powers."9

In order to support the three republics, or at leastkeep them out of Lenin's bloody grasp, the Allies usedGerman troops as a surrogate army. Under the termsof the Armistice, the Germans were to withdrawgradually, leaving the republics to set up their govern-ments. Britain also lent sea power through operation"Red Trek," a naval squadron under Rear-AdmiralAlexander Sinclair. In December 1918, Sinclairsallied into Estonian and Latvian ports, sending introops and supplies, and promising to attack theBolsheviks "as far as my guns can reach."8 Latvianprime minister Karlis Ulmanis, a patriot returnedfrom exile (he had studied agriculture in the UnitedStates), sent the first of many appeals for support toLondon on 3 December.10

For much of 1919 this strange alliance of cir-cumstance continued, the British with the Germans,aligned with native Baits against the Russians. As thelatter retreated, the surrogate German armies turnedon the Baits, hoping to establish regional supremacyfor the German-Bait barons who had largely run thesecountries in Czarist days. This resulted in the onlyBritish-German military engagement after ArmisticeDay. On 20 October, for example, German fire killedand wounded 13 sailors aboard the British cruiserDragon at Riga.11

Throughout 1919 Churchill, as Secretary of Statefor War, was torn between his own impulse to throttleBolshevism and an almost unanimous view to thecontrary by his fellow cabinet ministers. Lloyd Georgeand the rest highly doubted that the White Russians,under Denikin and Kolchak, could successfully oustLenin; Churchill argued for heightened financial andmaterial support. Seizing every anti-Bolshevik causeto support his view, he took the position of all-out aidto the larval Baltic states, speaking forcefully for theirnational freedom:

The Estonians, to some extent supplied withBritish arms, have made a very stout fight andhave really shown the weakness of the Bolshe-vists for quite small forces have driven themback.12

When our pacifists or Bolshevist featherheadsin this country raise their shrill voices in hys-terical glee at every Bolshevist victory, let themremember that but for the armies of Koltchakand Denikin the whole weight of Bolshevist

aggression would be thrust upon these smallstates.13

These small States have stood. They are intacttoday. They have maintained their existenceprecariously. Quivering and shaking, but stillstanding, they have held back not only theBolshevik armies but the more devastatingBolshevik propaganda which, applied to peoplein the depths of misery, just recovering fromthe convulsions of the War, without any of theresources of a civilised State, offers everytemptation to internal disorder and anarchy.14

Lord Curzon, one of Churchill's few supporters,argued in August 1919 that the Baits "were too smalland too near Russia and Germany to maintainthemselves, and it was desirable therefore that theyshould have some sort of protection." But G.N.Barnes, a Labour minister-without-portfolio, replied"with his usual shrewdness and common sense"(Lloyd George15) that Britain "had fully dischargedher obligations to these peoples, we were always back-ing the wrong horse. The real governing force inRussia was the Soviet Government"16

Curzon became foreign minister on 23 October1919, a relief to Churchill, whose letters were strongand persuasive. "To what extent do you consideryourself responsible for the policy we are pursuing inthe Baltic States?," he wrote Curzon on 10September. "Secondly, can you give me any ideawhat that policy is? . . . Are you going to do anythingto prevent the Esthonians making peace with theBolsheviks?"16 Twelve days later Churchill added, "Icannot see why we shd refuse to give anycountenance to the claims of these states to a measureof independence, so long as we do not have toguarantee their defence."17

German General Count von der Goltz, commandingthe surrogate division who fought with and thenagainst the Baltic national forces, was forced by theBritish to disband his army and return to Germanythis same month. But the struggle for independencecontinued against the Red Army. Except in Estonia,where they fought with their backs to the sea andrelatively untroubled by the Germans, it was a bitterand costly war, one the infant Baltic republics werehardpressed to weather. Appeals from their heads ofstate were frequent and heart-rending. When KarlisUlmanis of Latvia addressed yet another of these toLloyd George it was sent to Churchill for routinereview. It occasioned perhaps the most heated debateever between Winston and his longtime Liberal col-league.

ABOVE RIGHT: Churchill in August 1919, on a visit of the ArmyCouncil to the Rhine, with Field Marshal Sir William Robertson.A good impression of the then-War Secretary who harangued hiscolleagues about Russia, RIGHT: Karlis Ulmanis, first prime ministerof Latvia, served his nation through 1940 when he was deportedby the Soviets. Contrary to his biography in the Churchill Com-panion Volumes, he died in exile in 1942. He had been arrested bythe invading Russians in June 1-940; they forced him to resign andto call for new elections at which only Communists could stand.Deported to Russia, he died at sea, on the Caspian.

10

"I would advise the following reply to the PrimeMinister of Latvia," Churchill wrote the PM on 22September . . .

I assure Your Excellency that the freedom,safety and well-being of Latvia is a matter ofearnest concern to His Majesty's Government inconjunction with the other Great Powers. Theinfluence of His Majesty's Government will beconsistently used to secure each of these statesfull and free development under an auto-nomous constitution in accordance with thewishes of their people . . .

With regard to the Bolshevik danger whichLatvia has hitherto so manfully withstood, HMGadvise, and so far as they have a right to do so,urge, that concerted action should be takenbetween the Baltic States to maintain theirsecurity against this danger.18

Lloyd George viewed such a statement as the heightof folly: "You want their independence recognised inreturn for [their undertaking to] attack theBolsheviks. That would not satisfy them in the least."What they wanted, the PM went on, was complete in-dependence, plus British equipment and money.

Are you prepared to comply with these tworequests? There is no other member of theCabinet who would. Whether the Bolsheviks orthe anti-Bolsheviks get the upper hand, theywould not recognise the independence of theseStates as it would involve the permanent exclu-sion of Russia from the Baltic. Would you beprepared to make war with an Anti-Bolshevikregime? . . . do you wish this country tomaintain armies in the field of Estonians,

Churchill in 1922 (Eleanor Newfield Collection)

Latvians and Lithuanians to invade Russia?Unless you do it is idle to hurl vague reproachesat your colleagues.

You won't find another responsible person inthe whole land who will take your view, whywaste your energy and your usefulness in thisvain fretting? I think I have given you tangibleproof that I wish you well. It is for that reasonthat I write frankly to you."19

One can understand how it was so easy for theBlack Dog of depression to occupy WinstonChurchill's mind. "I find the suggestions of yr lettervy unkind & I think also unjust," he replied with ob-vious sadness. He had but tried, he continued,

to impress upon you the realisation I have of theintense and horrible situation in Russia & of itsprofound influence upon all our affairs. I mayget rid of my 'obsession' or you may get rid ofme; but you will not get rid of Russia . . . thewhole anti-Bolshevik front in the Baltic Statesis treated as if it were a matter of indifferenceto Britain.20

Doggedly, fighting with outmoded weapons, out-numbered by as much as ten to one, the determinedBaits fought on. Slowly, after Britain sent the worri-some Germans home, they began to clear their nativelands. Russia was too weak, still too divided inter-nally, and too occupied with more urgent matters topress its actions. And did not Lenin himself say therights of national minorities would be a benchmarkfor Bolshevik Russia? Apparently he meant it, at leaston paper: by the Spring of 1920 peace treaties hadbeen signed between Moscow and all three Balticrepublics by which the USSR "voluntarily and foreternal times" renounced "all sovereign rights overthe people and territory" of Lithuania, Latvia andEstonia.21

"To anyone who had seen the Latvian people atwar, their gentle tolerance in peace was perplexing,"wrote Baltic historian John Roche.22 "By the brutallyintolerant standards so common in the world today,one would expect the Latvians to have deported allthe Baltic Germans, levied discriminatory taxes onthe Jews . . . Instead they pronounced amnesty forthose who had fought against them [and allowed]minorities full citizenship and free education." Therewas strict sexual equality — by allowing women tovote during the momentary Russian elections in1905, Latvia had become the first district in Europewith female suffrage.

Slowly, the small businesses recovered, and somegrew into industries. Textiles, metals and machinerywere produced; the famous Minox camera was in-vented in Riga. As ever, the Baits remained greatreaders and seekers of knowledge. In books pub-lished per capita, the Baltic States ranked among thetop five countries in Europe; in college enrollmentsthey were in the top four. National operas were heldby many to be the best of their kind; the annual SongFestivals were colossal expressions of national senti-ment. "They work and play happily," said JanisCakste, first president of Latvia. "For them every dayis Sunday — now."

But Sundays never last. And, as the 1930s dawnedand with them a new, virile form of German

11

militarism, the few far-seeing European statesmenlooked with doubt on the future of the Balticrepublics.

Churchill's immediate impulse after Baltic in-dependence was established de jure was their com-mon defense. His prescription was typical of hiscareer as a whole: amalgamate, ally, stand togetherfor the mutual safety; do not go it alone. One maywish the Baits had listened to, or even heard, thatlonely voice from the wilderness, from a man withmuch to offer, yet no audience to hear.

Arguably his old friend Sir Henry Wilson put theidea to Churchill in September 1919, at the height ofthe controversy over British aid to the Baltic: "I wouldhave liked to see some effort made, if such a thingwere possible, to combine the Baltic States, includingFinland and Poland, in an effort to keep theBolsheviks out of their territories."23 Two monthslater Churchill in a cabinet memo pointed to "thedubious value of any title deeds obtained at this stagefrom the Bolsheviks," and suggested

an autonomous federal State comprisingEsthonia, Latvia, Lithuania, within the limits ofa reconstituted Russia. The agreement, ifreached, should be under the safe-guard of theLeague of Nations. Although this solution is notall the Baltic States desire, where else are theygoing to get so good a title deed?24

Before World War II the facade of the LatvianMinistry of Foreign Affairs in Riga contained an in-scription in Latin: Concordia res parvae crescunt,discordia magnae concidant.25 An old but still truecounsel by Sallust: united they stand, divided theyfall. Churchill used it well and often during the greatwar to come.

But geography, politics, culture and developmentprevented Sallust's or Churchill's advice from beingtaken. Baltic security, if it existed at all, depended onstalemate and stand-off between the two giantneighbors, Germany and Russia. "But Baltic percep-tions of their relations with these neighbors differedwidely," wrote Professor Edgar Anderson:

A sympathetic British observer noted thatBaltic attitudes had a certain "lives of thehaunted" quality, making it difficult for theBaits to decide whether they feared most theprovocative solicitude of the Soviet Union, theclumsy directness of a potentially aggressiveGermany, or the devouring overtures ofPoland.26

Though several conferences were held betweenFinland, Poland and the Baltic republics, no federa-tion was ever seriously discussed, and worse, nomilitary cooperation. Aside from cultural differencesthere were politics: Poland had taken the ancientLithuanian capital of Vilnius and surrounding ter-ritory when it won independence following the GreatWar; the Lithuanians had never forgiven the Poles;the Estonians and Latvians avoided close alliancewith Poland for fear of antagonizing Lithuania.Finland, across its gulf, was geographically isolated.Finland, too, had signed a treaty of peace and securitywith Russia . . .

Would Russia one day seek to reclaim the conquestsof Peter the Great, regaining her ice-free Balticcoastline, which the Czars had dominated for 200years? In the early 1930s, the small republics could.

only hope that the Soviet treaties would hold, or thatGermany would insist on Baltic integrity for her ownsecurity interests.

Others were less optimistic, and among these — in-evitably — was a Cassandra named Winston Chur-chill. In 1931 he spoke of the upcoming DisarmamentConference in Geneva which — much as today — had

ABOVE: PR it may have been, but this Latvian arwhat the Baits had accomplished, BELOW LEFT

Tallinn, June 1938. BELOW RIGHT: Part of Riga's ;

12

CHURCHILL COLLECTORS HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENT 3 (REV 10-86)

Section 3: Directory to the International Churchill SocietyWith Members of Record as of 30 September 1986

For the personal use oflCS members, branches and chapters.

Publication of complete addresses is prohibited by Article VI of the Society By-laws, in order to assure the privacy of our members.However, any individual member may request a partial list, covering all other members in his or her local area, for personal contact orfor the purpose of organizing a chapter. To receive such lists, please contact your membership office in any of the five countries listed irithe Directory on page 3 of each Finest Hour. We do hope this list of current members will remind you of the increasing number ofneighbors who share your interest, and prompt you to contact them in the near future.

AUSTRALIA*

Note: seven new members have recently Joined from Sydney, and a major Austral*inn memttcrship campaign is underway, finest Hour will report additions later.

ACT: CAMPBELL/PETER BUCHANAN, CHURCHILL MEMORIAL TRUST, R.A.L.M0RANT.O8ENSW: DUBIIO/RAM'H DORMAN, STRATHFIBLD/B.J.BR1TTON, SYDNEY/W.R.GALVINQUEENSLAND: BRISBANB/H.D.HUMPHREYS, MAROATB/C.A.LEBSANFT, TOOWONQ/HELEN BANFFSA: CAMI'BELLTOWN/R.D.ROSSER TASMANIA: TAROONA, GEORGE RICHARDVICTORIA: RNDKAVOUR HILLS/PETER M. JENKINS

C ANAD A

ALBEHTA/GKNEHAI,

CALGARY: CHRIS BELL, E.M.BREDON OC, LT.J.GI1ODZ1NSKI, BEVERLY PAYNE, N.J.RYANLAMONT: Ull .J.K.HUTSON, DR.JOHN SUNLEY; ST.ALBERT: JOHN DE BRUNN, E .A . SEITZ,MAJ.W.WBST; SHERWOOD PARK: M.K.PALS, E.M.SILVER; WINTRE1URN: J.CAITHNESS

sj A !.BKRTA^EDMONTON

jj.>ROB ANDREWS, BARNABY J. BAKER, MARK BELL, DR. J . J . B 0 U L T 9 N , DR.D. I.BUCHANAN,F.H.CLARK, ARTHUR CLOAD, D.M.CORMIE.QC, TREVOR DAVIES, MAYOR L.DECORE,H.H.DHISCOLL, L.M.DUSHINSKY, R.G.FIELD, D.W.FLECK, GEORGE FORD, G.FRYETT, MARCGREEN, LORNE GUNTER, DR.HARVKY HEBB, HAHRY HOLE, R.K.HOLE, R.HURLBURT, CAPTCHRIS KRISINGER, GEORGE LAMBERT, DAVID T.LEAKER, HON.S.I.EGG, S.A.MACTAGGART,A.D.MASKELL, M.A.MILES, J . O . H . M I L L S , A.T.MURRAY, JAMES NEWBY, KENNETH C.PALS,DR.J.G.PATEHSON, PRESIDENT/AIR FORCE, HON.S.S .PURVIS, DR.COLIN RAMSAY, D.V.REYNOLDS, LT.COL.H.H.ROSS,CD, WILFRED SADLER, DR.J.S1EGENBERG, V . L . S I M S , L . B .STAPLES, RON STODDAND, W.J.STERLING SUNLEY, KEITH WAKBFIELD, DH.H.T.WILLIAMS

BRITISH SOLUMBIA/gENERAI,

ABBOTSFORD: DR.MICHAEL BREAR; BURNABY: FRED GING.ELL, JOSEPH RAPHAEL;COQUITLAM: ROY S.FLAXMAN; DUNCAN: JOHN C.DAVIE; LANDUY: GEORGE BROWN, ANDRE*J.SCOTT; NEW WBSTMINSTEH: DR.ARTHUR LIEN; OCBAN PARK: HUGH A.M.CLEE;PT.COQUITLAM: FRANK R.SMYTH; POWELL RIVER: CAPT.S.B.ALSGARD; OUALICUM BBACB:MRS.I1.R.M1LNKR; RICHHOND: DR.H.STANSFIELD; SAANICHTOM: KEN A.LANE; SIDNEY:H.DAVE 8OWKER, HON.W.J.C.K1RBY.QC; VICTORIA: EDWARD C.BOWDBN GREEN,DR.A.H.LANE, RON CYNEWULF ROBBINS, MRS.TOM SOUTHWOOD; WRITE ROCK: LEONARDW.TAYLOR, DR.J.QUAYLE.

BRITISH COiUMBIAZN^VANCOUVER

SADRU AHMED, MICHAEL ASHBY, PHILIP BARTAR, FRANK BATTERSI11LL, W.H.BERUKOFF,BARRIE R. JACKSON, DR.G.D.KETTYLS, DR.A.E.MACDONALD, LARRY T.MCAULEY,G.W.STABLES, PETER A. WHITE, HARRY R. WOOD

BRITISH CpLtJMBIA/yANCgyVER

DR.HAROLD BERGMAN, W.J.BORRIE, DR.WILLIAM BURNS, MACDONALD CAMPBELL, HUBERT0.CHAPMAN, J.STUART CLYNE, HON.J.V.CLYNK.OC, A.IAN DAVIDSON, JOHN D'EATH,DAVID DEVINE, LIEON-JEAN DOISE, R.THEODORE DU MOULIN,OC, M.DONALD BASTON,WM.EASTON, THOMAS C. EDDIE, JOHN FLOWERREW, DENNIS FORRISTAL, DOUGLASH.GARDNER, DAVID A.GRAHAM, D.R.HILDRETH, DEREK LUKIN JOHNSTON, D.BARRYKIRKHAM, W.C.KOKRNER, THOMAS B.LAMER, FRANK B.MILONI, C.CLIFFORD MINCIIELL,DAVID ODHAMS, H.A.D.OLIVER, QC, MARCEL OLLIVIER, RONALD D.PBNHALL, MURRAYL'LIMN, RODERICK 1.A.SMITH, GORDON T. SOUTHAM, ALLAN D^TIIACKRAY, W.D.A.TUCK,PAUL K.VATCHER, RICHARD H.VOGBL, BRIG.GEN.W.T.W1CKETT, FRANK R.WIBLER.CD, JOHNWILLIAMS, J.D.WILSON, STANLEY H.WINFIELD, HAROLD M.WRIGKT, CHARLES YOUNG

BHITJCSH COLUMBIA/WiVANCgyVER

G.GRANT BEATSON, FRANK P.BERNARD, JOHN E.BIRTH, WILLIAM G.BROWN, C.A.DECOSSON,

RONALD W.DOWNEY, JOHN FARRELL, NORMAN M.FAIERS, G.MARTIN GREER, JOHN H.GOODGEHC.H.HEBB, D.HUMPHREYS, JAMES D.KADLEC, STANLEY J.KERNAGHAN, DONALDA.S.LANSKAIL, CLAYTON LEHMAN, FRANK MCNULTY, W.T.MONEY, CAPT.JOHN NEWRURY,MURRAY A. NEWMAN, W.F.RAMSEY, DAVID R.L.ROLFE, ANTHONY B.SCAMMELL, DR.HAROLDSHORT, MARK R.STEVEN, LESLIE A.STRIKE, LIONEL S.SUCH, IAN J.WARD, IAN WHITELAWW.ROBERT WYMAN, BRYAN E. YIRUSH

MANITOBA=NEW BRUNSWICK

WINNIPEG,MAN: DAVID T.ANDERSON, S.F.OWEN;

NEWEt>UNDLANU=NOVA SCOTIA

ST.JOHN'S,NFLD: JAMES H.STEELE

MONCTON.NB: CELWYN P.BALL

HALIFAX,NS: LEONARD A. KITZ.OC

QNTARIO^gENERAL

AGINCOURT: JOHN G. PLUMI'TON; BOBCATQEON: CHRISTINA FLETCHER; BRANTPORD:WILLIAM SEMPIE, JOSEPH FULLAN; CAMBRIDGE: JOHN H.PAULL; ETOSICOKE: COLINWACKETT; GLOUCESTER: MRS.JOANNE JOHNSTON; GRIMSBY: DR.D.W.MCLENNAN; HAMILTON:PAUL TORKINGTON; KITCHENER: R.G.R.LAWRENCE,OC; OODERICE: CARL W.ANDERSON;ISLINGTON: P.A.H.CASSELS; MISSISSAUOA: E.R.MOORIIOUSR II, JOHN RONSON, BERNARDF.WEBBER; ORONO: ROY DALZBLL; OTTAWA: COL.STROME GALLOWAY; PETERBOROUGH: JOHNA. STEWART; PICKERING: DR.H.J.VEAR; FORT HOPE: MAJ.J.A.DURE.RBT.; RICHMONDBILL: DON MCVICAR; ST.CATHERINES: MRS.SHEENA PATTERSON; SCARBOROUOH: WINSTONCHURCHILL COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE; STRATHROY: DAVID S. FERGUSON; SUTTON WEST:MISS M.M.WO0D; TBORNHILL: GARNET R.BARBER; UXBRIDGE: RONALD J. TINDLEY;WILLOWDALB: G.W.CHURTON, NEIL EARLE, HON.DONALD M.FLEMING, S.J.GLASSER, MURRAYWILLIAM MILNE, M.C.SHONFIELD, GEORGB B.TEMPLE; WOODSTOCK: MRS.MARY ALEXANDER

QNTARig/.TORONTO

G.E.CAMPDELL, DAVID CURRIB, JOHN EDISON,OC, ROBERT S.GILI.AN, MISS L.C.HLNCHCLIFFB, DR. FREDERICK L.R.JACKMAN, MRS.HENRY JACKMAN, GLYNNB JENKINS,J.G.KILGOUR, MRS.MARGARET R.LACHAPELLE, ERNEST J.LITTLE, NORMAN MACROGERS,DOUGLAS J.MCLEOD, DR.JOSEPH B. ROGERS, F.B.WATT, P.MICHAEL WILSON

Q11EBEC

MONTREAL: ALAIN HEBERT; SRERBROOK: DR.PIERRE GAGNB; WESTHOUNT: RONALD 1. COHBN

SASKATC H12 WAN

RBGINA: STANLEY FREESTONE

UNITED KINGDOM

BE.RKSHIRE=flyCKINGHAMSHIRE

BERKS: MAIDENHEAD: KEITH W.HATCH; THATCHAM NEWBURY: ANTHONY MILSOMBUCKS: QT.M1SSENDEN: KATHLEEN HILL.MBE, SIR RICHARD HILL.BT.MBE;

MARLOW: JOHN EVANS

CORNWALL: BUDE: H.M.BOBTTINGER; PENHALE WADKBRIDOE: RICHARD G.G.RASLAM-HOPWOODDBVON: COMBE DOWN: DET.SGT.EDMUND MURRAY; OTTERY-ST.NART: F.G.IIOUNSLOWDORSET: BRIDPORT: GRAHAM ROBSON; CORFS MULLEN, WIMBORNB: D.G.ANDREWS

EAST SUSSEX

EASTBOURNE: CLIVE OGDEN; EAST GRINSTEAD: MHS.M.WELLESLEY WESLEY

CCH3.01(rev)

inued

ESSEX

8ASILDON: P..I.WOOD; BILLSHICAY: NORMAN J. MITCHINSON: LOUOHTON: JOHN E.HARVEY;RAMSDEN HEATH: COLIN A. SPENCER; RAYLBIGH: A.H.BENHAM; S.BBNFLBET: J.E.MORRIS;TOLLESBURY.MALDEN: FRANK RENDELL; WOODFORD GREEN; DONALD FORBES, R.T.PHOUT.MBB

GLOIJCESTEH

CHELTENHAM: ROY FAIERS; NAILSEA: SYDNEY BENNETT

IIAMPSH1RE

ALDBRSHOT: FRED HAMBROOK, H..I.WHITE; BKAULIBU: IXJIID MONTAGU OF BEAULIEU;BEDHAHPTON: H.A.REDBURN.OBB; HAYLING ISLAND: WILFRED THOMAS PERKINS; NORTHBADDLESLEY: DON PAYNE: ODIHAM: EVAN M.DAVIES; PAMPER HEATH: ELIZABETHBAVERSTOCK; STOCHRIDGB: SIR JOHN COLVILLE.CB.CVO; TADLEY: GEOFFREY J. WHEELER

HERTFpRDSHinE

BISHOPS STORirORD: DAVID A.THOMAS; NEW BARNET: JOHN FROST; THING: ROBT.FINCHER

KENT

SEVENOAKS: MRS.M.GREEN; TONBRIDGK: VISCOUNT DE I. 'ISI.E,VC,KG, PETER B.GRIFFITHS,FCA; TUNBRIDGE WELLS: WALTER SYMONS OSBOHNE; NESTERHAM: JEAN BHOOME,WINSTON S.CHURCHILL,MP, GRACE HAMBLIN.OBE

LANOASHIHB=LEICESTERSHIRE=LINCOI.NSHIRE

LANCS: HAMBLSTON: P.M.WALSH; ORMSKIM: E.W.SAVAGELKICS: LEICESTER: R.G.GARNER; PACIINGTON.ASHBY: M . J . LAINCHBURYLINCS: BOURNE: TREVOR HOLLINSHEAD

LONDON

JAMES BELL, HARRY CA11N, JONATHAN CHADWICK, MARTIN GILBERT, ELIZABETHGILLIAT.MBF, NEIL HUGHES-ONSLOW, MICHAEL KELION, DENIS KELLY, I.H.LEVY,G.B.H.MAGCSS, DAVID B.MAYOU, ANTHONY MONTAGUE BnoWNE.CBE.DFC, ROSALIND B.OKIN,ETTA PALMER, SIDNEY L.SHIPTON, THE LORD SOAMES,GCMG,GCVO,CH,CBE,THE LADY SOAMES.DBB, THB EARL OF STOCKTON.OM, JEFFREY YOUNG,JP

MIDDLESEX

ENFIELD: RONALD A.SMITH; BARROW: HARROW SCHOOL; NORTHOLT: VALANCE A.WOODCOCK

NOHTHAMPTONSHIRE

BOUGRTON: D.BOLSOVER

OXFORDSHIRE

BICESTER: R.W.J.PRICK; BLADON: ARTHUR O.CORK; FRKELAND: DWGR.DIICHBSS OF ONSLOWOXFORD: DR.J.A.CHALMERS, V.ADM SIR PETER GRKTTON, DR.K.LUMSDEN, PATRICIANKMON, REV.G.PAGE TURNER; WANTAGE: HENRY EDWARD CROOKS; WATLINGTON: SIR JOHNMARTIN,KGMG.CB.CVO; WOODSTOCK: THB DUKE OF MARLBOROUGH.DL.JP, MARCUS R.N1NER

SCOTLAND

GLASGOW: BOB SUTHERLAND; STRACHUR: SIR FITZROY MACCLEAN

SHRQCSHIRE-STAFFORDSUIRE

SALOPS: LUDLOW: MATIIKW GILES REES STAFFS: STAFFORD: A.T.GOODYER

SURREY

ASRTEAD: MRS.CLAUDE BLAIR; BRAMLCT: MICHAEL WYBROW; HASCOMH: ARTHUR SIMON;SILVERSTONE: GERALD LOVELL; WARLINOHAM: L.L.THOMAS

WALES

aLAMORGAN: UNQLAND: ERIC R. JONES; PENARTB: L.H.WILLIAMS; MDNMOUTH: CBRPSTOW:K.G.TUFFT; MONTGOMERYSHIRE: NEWTON MANNS: DR.C.TOBIAS

WARWICKSHIRE-WEST MIDLANDS

WARKS: LEAMINGTON SPA: HELEN R.KAY; NUNSATON: R.W.TEBBBTT; STRATFORD: D.WEBERW.MIDLANDS: COVENTRY: P.H.SQUIRE; SHIRLXT, SOLIHULL: ROY THOMPSON

WEST SUSSEXARUNDEL: T. CAUTE WORTHING: T.H. RUSSELL

WEST YORKSHIREWAIEFULD: GEORGE RHODES

W-tLTSHIRE

WARMINSTER: THE MARQUESS OF BATH

YORKSHIHE

COPMAKTHORP8: G.RAYMOND BUHN; SHEFFIELD: Mns.M.A.GIBBS

UNITED STATES

USA members ale arranged in Zip code order, east to west, north to south.Rend the following columns left to right fully across.

MASSACHUSETTS

01001 AMIIKHST: JOHN LOVETT DOUST01267 W1LLIAMSTOWN: DOROTHY REINKE01513 RUTLAND: DOUGLAS MARDKN017-12 CONCORD: STANLEY E. SMITH0IR.13 GEORGETOWN: I'AUL S. KING02115 BOSTON: THOMAS A. ROBINSON02I3B CAMBRIDGE: GHAIIAM T.ALLISON,JR02101 WABAN: KENNETH DREYER02181 WBLSLY HILLS: SHEILA MCCARTHY021B1 WELSLY HILLS: FRANCIS WOLFORT02324 BRIDGEWATER: GUSTAF E.NEWCOMB02642 EASTHAM: IAN AITCHISON

NEW HAMPSHIRE

03102 BEDFOliD: JON S. RICHARDSON03212 CONTOOCOOK: HARRIET LANGWORTH03242 HKNNIKEH: IAN W. MORRISON

01201 PITTSFIELD: WINSTON ROULIER01365 ORANGE: ROBERT W. LEACH01742 CONCORD: ROBERT O. BOWKN01776 SUDBURY: JACK NIXON019-15 MARBLEHKAD: DR.GARY EISENHOWER02126 MATTAPAN: RICHARD ROBERTS02159 NEWTON CENTRR: DR.CYRIL MAZANSKY02173 LEXINGTON: J.J.GERALD MCCUE02181 WELSLY HILLS: HOWARD I..CHURCHILL02193 WESTON: MATTHEW COSTELLO02631 BREWSTER: JOHN LO;BINniBH,JR.02766 NORTON: AUSTIN C. SMITH

03104 MANCHESTER: TED SEVERANCE03229 CONTOOCOOK: RICHARD M.LANGWORTH03255 NEWBUHY: CHARLES E. SANDEEN

MAINE — VERMONT = RHOOE-

04108 PEAKS ISLAND: DONALD WILDER0 2 8 4 0 NEWPORT R I : JOSHUA ROOERS

CONNECTICUT

06074 S.WINDSOR: KEVIN F. RENNIE06281 WOODSTOCK: RICHARD F. POTTER00355 MYSTIC: WILLIAM O. ROCKWOO1)06410 CHESHIRE: ALBERT J. SHERMAN06457 MIDDLETOWN: WILLIAM MANCHESTER0K604 BRIDGEPORT: VIOLET SCIALLA06759 LITCHFIELD: ASA E. HALL06877 RIDGEF1ELD: HOWARD B. WALZER06897 WILTON: SVEN ERIK NIELSEN

NEW JERSEY

07024 FT.1.KE: GERALD B. LECHTKH07039 LIVINGSTON: DOUCLAS G. TARR07090 WESTF1BLD: GEOROB A. LEWIS07401 ALI.ENDALE: MSOR.F.R. SEYMOUR07701 RED BANK: E.E. MOORE07924 BERNARDSVILLE: PAUL BIBA08033 HADD0NF1ELD: RALPH D. EASTW1CK08066 PAULSFORO: RICHARD STEVENSONOBf.Ol ALI.ENTOWN: YVONNE M. HENRY08807 BRIDGEWATER: RICHARD C. EVANS08904 HIGHLAND PARK: HERMAN BRE1TKOPF

05101 BELLOWS FALLS: BARBARA WHITEHKAD02860 PAWTUCKET RI: BENTON ROSEN

06255 N.GROSVENOnDALK: RICHARD CARRENO06430 OROTON: JOHN MCCAFFERY06378 STONINGTON: DAVID C. ELKS06415 COLCHESTER: JOHN CURTIS ARNOLD06492 WALL1NGFORD: DR.GORDON S. COHEN06610 BRIDGEPORT: MICHAEL M. STANIO06820 DARIEN: GERALD B. MO KENZIE06883 WESTON: DR. JEFFREY SATINOVER

07039 LIVINGSTON: RONALD I. PARKER07070 RUTHERFORD; ANTHONY LANCIA07110 NUTLEY: GILBERT H. ILBS07410 FAIR LAWN: MANFRED WEIDHORN07920 BASKING RIDGE: CHARLES M. MENAGH0794S MENDHAM: SHIRLEY J. STAKE08052 MAPLE SHADE: RONALD GREENWALD08088 VINCENTOWN: RALPH WILEN08534 PENNINGTON: RUSSELL H. MULLEN08812 DUNBLLEN: REV. WILLIAM BENWELL

NEW YORK CITY

SOLOMON BOGARD, BENJAMIN M.CARDOZO, MICHAEL J.CLOSB, COLLEEN L.CROFT,RUTH EMERY, ROGER FEMENELLA, C.AUSTIN FITTS, SAMUEL GARRETT, BRYAN GINNS,JAMES H.IIE1NAMANN, GLENN HOROWITZ, HOWARD KOPKLSON, ROBERT KUMM, IAN LATTER,DONALD F.MALIN.JR., MRS.J.STERLING MCCLUSKEY, EDWARD E. RIGNEY, EDWARD S.RIGNHY, EDWIN F. RUSSELL, EDWINA SANDYS, BARRY SINGER, CHARLES W.SPRAGUE,NORIHOKO TAN1OKA, PETER J. THAVERS

NEW YORK

10536 KATONAH: RICHARD I.. FISHER10708 BRONXVILLB: WM.W.MOORE10970 POMONA: STEVE V. DROBNY11021 GT.NECK: DR.S.M. SARAVAY11103 ASTORIA: RONALD S. MEI.NYK11545 GLEN HEAD: WILLLIAM T. MURRAY11581 VAI.LRY STREAM: MRS.M.WELLINGTON11946 HAMPTON BAYS: REV.R.W.CHURCHILL14201 BUFFALO: H1CHARD T. STEPHENS14221 W1LLIAMSVILLE: DR.M.A.SHANBHAG14512 NAPLES: HOBEHT R. OILMAN

PENNSYLVANIA

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CCH3.02(rev)

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DELAWARE

19711 NEWARK: PROP. RAYMOND CALI.AIIAN 19899 WILMINGTON: CHARLES BRANDT

DONALD HRENKE, WARD B. CIIAMBERLIN, REP.JIM COURTER, RICHARD M.EDELMAN,KAY MURPHY HALLE, CELIA HOKE, NORWOOD H.KEENEY, FRANK LAVIN, SEN.SAM NUNN,SEN.BOB PACKWOOD, HBM AMBASSADOR SIR OLIVER WRIGHT

MARYLAND

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VIRGINIA

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WEST yiRQINIA

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NORTH CAROLINA

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GEORGJtA

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TENNESSEE

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KENTUCKY

402I9 LOUISVILLE: PAUL E. MULI.BTT41017 EDGEWOOD: TIMOTHY SULLIVAN,JR42041 FULTON: JOE W. JOHNSON

OHIO

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INDIANA

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MICHIUAN

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IOWA

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60015 DEERFIELD: DONALD C.JOHNSON60076 SKOKIE: PAUL KAPLAN60093 WINNETKA: DOUGLAS M. REINER60302 OAK PARK: DONALD R. MARKEY61074 SAVANNA: WALTER I. SHRAKE61701 BLOOMINGTON: DENNIS LUDWIG

ILLLINOIS/.CENTRAL CHICAGO

HORACE B.BARKS, ROBERT CAIRO, MATTHEW FOX, MARK S.GRIMSICH, WILLIAM C.IVES,HENRY KOHORN, JAMES H.LOHIB, PHILIP J.LYONS,CLU, PATRICK L. MOORE, TIM PITZER,AMBASSADOR PAUL G.ROBINSON JR., LBS WINICK

MISSOURI

6 3 1 0 5 ST.LOUIS: WILLIAM R. PIPER6 3 1 2 5 ST.LOUIS: ARTHUR ROSENBERG6 3 1 4 1 ST.LOUIS: JAMES NIETMANN6 4 1 1 4 KANSAS CITY: JOHN C. COZAD6 5 2 0 3 COLUMBIA: DR.& MRS.A.J.NASH6 5 2 5 1 FULTON: DR. RUSSELL JONES6 5 2 5 1 FULTON: LEON C. WILKERSON

KANSAS — NEBRASKA

615044 LAWRENCE KS: HAL ELLIOTT WERT6 6 5 0 2 MANIIATTEN KS: ROBIN HICHAM6 8 1 1 4 OMAHA NE: WALLACE H.JOHNSON

6 3 1 0 5 ST.LOUIS: F.CARL SCHUMACHER6 3 1 3 0 UNIV.CITY: ROBERT S. DAVIS6 3 3 7 6 ST.PETERS: TOM GETTEMEYER6 4 4 6 8 MARYVILLE: R.fc M . J . SUNKEL6 5 2 5 1 FULTON: WARREN HOI.LRAH6 5 2 5 1 FULTON: JOHN E. MARSHALL6 5 2 7 0 MOBERLY: DR.WILL FLEMING

6 6 2 1 2 OVRLND FK KS: ELIZABETH B.HAYNES6 7 5 0 1 HUTCHINSON KS: TOM SHERMAN

LOUISIANA — ARKANSAS

7 0 1 1 2 N.ORLEANS LA: LEB SCHLESINGKR7 0 1 3 0 N.ORLEANS LA: JAS.J.COLEMAN.JR7 2 2 1 2 LITTLE ROCK AR: DONALD J.KELLY

OKLAHOMA

73122 OK1.HMA CITY: KEN PHILLIPS74868 SEMINOLB: THOMAS P.DAVIS

TEXASZGENEHAL

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70115 N.ORLEANS LA: BRITANNIA MAGAZINE70816 BATON ROUGE LA: DEREK BROWNLEADER

73034 BDMOND: WILLIAM T. DBVER74146 TULSA: JONATHAN R. WALLACE

75115 DESOTO: ERNEST GOWER76102 FT.WORTH: ROBERT S. TRAVIS76255 NOCONA: JACK A. MCGAUGHEY77030 HOUSTON: DR.WILLIAM E.WALKER78228 SAN ANTONIO: GUY RUDESA78767 AUSTIN: JAMIE CLEMENTS

TEXASZEALLAS S. ARLINGTON

MRS.GARY ALORIDGB, DR&MRS.HBNHY R.ALTI, GWEN BODENHAMBR, MARY M.BODENHAMER,DH.W.J.BUFKIN, HOMER BURKS, BONNIE J.BURSON, RALPH D. CHURCHILL, LEA MARYBDAVIS, RICHARD M.FLATT, BARBARA J.GIRARD, NAOMI GOTTLIEB, BARBARA E.R.HEGEL,DAVID D.HILL, LOWELL HOOVER, MARGARET KOONS, MRS.MARTHA LAWING.JR, TEX LEZAR,MARK MAHAN, G.C.MCGILL, WM.P.MURCHISON, JACK W.MYNBTT, MRJMRS EARL L.N1CH0L,DAVID OSBORNE, ALICE PIES, DAVID A.SAMPSON, DR.MITCHELL SMITH, RANDYSTRVENSON, TIM T1MMINS, DAPHNE BAYNHAM WHYTB

CCH3.03(rev)

<:o L.ORAIIO

IIOZOSI DliNVIilt: WAI.TKII R. FOI.TZ801)07 001,0 .SPGS: VIKGIL BOIIENSTENGEI.

JUAllO = UTAH

8 3 B 3 8 MCCALL 10: IAN G. BESW1CK

8 0 3 0 3 B0II1.DKR: ROGER S. CICIIORZ

(14037 XAYSVILLR UT: LEWIS J.SPRAGUE

AHIZONA — NEW MEXICO — NEVADA

8 5 2 5 1 SCOTTSDAIE AZ: HM.R.SCHUL7.871 I I ALBUQUERQUE NM: I.ABI1Y FHICKE8 0 1 0 3 I.AS VEGAS NV; HAROLD ARMSTRONG

Q A 1 . I . K O I J N 1 A—— S O U T H

90004 I..A.: WINSTON L.FARHAK9 0 2 5 0 HAWTHORNE: E.P .O'BRIEN9 0 2 7 8 RE1I0ND0 BCD: J.ALLO;N 01IIGI.EY9 0 6 0 1 WHITTIER: JOHN T.MCLAUGHLIN9 0 7 3 1 SAN rEPIIO: DR.JAMES BENEDICT9 1 1 0 1 PASADENA: DR.WM.L.INGRAM,JR.9 1 3 0 7 CANOGA PARK: STKVK PETERS9 1 3 2 6 NORTIIHIDGE: BRUCE L.BOGSTAD91711 Cl.AHKMONT: JOHN BUTTEHWORTH9 1 7 1 1 CI.AREMONT: DOUGLAS A.JEFFREY9 2 0 3 7 LA J01.I.A: ROBERT G.SUI.LLIVAN9 2 1 0 3 SAN DIEGO: A.H.MACPIIAIL9 2 2 6 2 PA 1*1 SPGS: J.KAY CORLISS9 2 2 7 0 RANCHO MIRAGE: DEREK ASIITON9 2 3 8 0 SUN CITY: W.RLEN BROWNE9 2 6 6 0 NEWPORT BCH: CELIA S.TURNER9 2 6 7 0 PLACENT1A: DAVID FREEMAN

P A.)j 1 LFp.BN I A - r NORTH

83105 SNTA BARBARA: JAS.T.HURLEY,JH93105 SNTA BARBARA: LEO I). F1AI.K0FF94010 HILLSBOROUGH: MRS R.l.HAMMETT94108 SAN FRNCSCO: VICTOR B.I.EVIT94127 SAN FHNCSCO: STEPHANIE HART95240 1.01)1: II.G. HOOPER95240 I.OD1: BETTY NEWFIELD95819 SACIMMENTO: TIMOTHY A.Z1EBEU95831 SACRAMENTO: JOHN T. HAY

QIJKC3QN

97321 ALBANY: STAMP COLLECTOR MAG.97403 EUGENE: ROBIN E. STEUSSY

WASIllNGTON

9 8 0 0 4 HKLLEVUK: JAMES A. F1NDI.AY9 8 0 1 1 BOTIIELL: EDWARD L. MOORE9H033 KUIKLAND: RICHARD L. COCHRANR9 8 1 0 7 SEATTLE: ALEXIS A. ALVEY9 8 6 6 0 VANCOUVER: CARL F. KOCH

ALASKA

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BAHAMAS/NASSAU: MICHAEL LLOYDDENMARK/COPENHAGEN: PER COCK-CLAUSENCEKMANY/OBEHSU1M: J.T.SMITHIREI.AND/CARRICK: JACK DARRAHJAMAICA/KINGSTON: H. AUDREY FHASBI1S.AFRICA/CAPETOWN: P.V.MILLSS.AFRICA/JOHANNESBURG: DR.J.R.LOUDONS.AFRICA/PT.ELIZ: HILLEL SCIINAPSSWEDEN/GAVI.E: STUPE WENNERBEIIOSWEDEN/VARBERG: OLAF SVANBERG

85311 GLFNDALE AZ: P.L.PIKUL87301 GALLUP NM: CHARLES E.CURRENT

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93108 SNTA BARBARA: J.TIM TERRY93940 MONTEREY: TOM DUDLEY94063 REDWOOD CITY: NOREEN E.WILL94118 SAN FHNCSCO: SEN.MILTON MARKS95129 SAN JOSE: J.EARL DENNISON95210 LODI: ELOISE HUNNELL95B18 SACRAMENTO: MIL.HISTORY REVIEW95822 SACRAMENTO: MRS. DALTON NEWFIELD

97401 EUGENE: ROBERT L. BROWN97487 VENETA: JOE CANNON

98006 BEl.LEVUE: WALTER F. ROBINSON, JR.98011 BOTIIELL: R. G. CHAMBERLAIN98031 KIRKI.AND: KIRBY A. WILBUR98362 PT.ANGELES: LAWRENCE J. MONTELLO99156 NEWPORT: FRANKLIN BILLINGS

99516 ANCHORAGE: MICHAEL HAGOOD

BAHAMAS/NASSAU: CHRISTOPHER P.R.COOMBSDENMARK/HAVDRUP: HANS NYDAM BUCHGREECE/ATHENS: NICHOLAS G. KOUTSOSISRAEL/RISHON LE-ZION: SHMUEI. ROTEMNEW ZEALAND/WARKWORTH: BARRY COLLLINSS.AFRICA/HOUGIITON: DR. L.STEINS.AFRICA/PT.ELIZABETH: ELIZABETH l.NELSPAIN/MALAGA: RONALD E. GOLDINGSWEDEN/VAHBERO: PER STAREFORSSWITZERLAND/ZURICH: CHURCHILL SOCIETY

CHURCHILL LITERARY FOUNDATION

Established by the International Churchill Society in 1985, the Foundationserves to nssure continued access, by students, scholars nnd librnries, to nilworks by ami about Sir Winston Churchill. The Foundation has set five goals:

1. EncourHging republication of the 31 individual book-length works byChurchill now out-of print, and distributing same to libraries and colleges.

2. Encouraging publication of scholarly and vital works about Churchillwhich mny not be viable without charitoble assistance: »ost important at pre-sent: the Companion Volumes of the Official Biography covering 1940 1965.

3. Creating a bequest department by which fine Churchill book collectionsmay be channeled io needy libraries and universities per donors' instructions.

4. Establishing n computerized Concordance indexing all of Sir Winston's15 million spoken nnd written words, with telephone link for libraries.

5. Publishing important monographs, speeches and studies.Contributions to the Churchill Literary Foundation are tnx deductible by

Canadian and American citizens. For further information contact the ExecutiveDirector, Churchill Literary Foundation, Box 385, Hopkinton Nil 03229 USA.

HONORARY MEMBERS

The Board of Directors of the Society nwnrds honorary memberships to per-

sons who hnve mmlo n significant contribution Io I he life oT Sir Winston

Churchill, to the study of his career, or to the Society. Eighteen honorary

members have been named since 1968:

The Marquess of BathThe Baroness Clement inn Spencer-Churchill of ChartweUt

Randolph S. Churchill, M.B.g.tWinston S. Churchill, M.P.

Sir John Colville, C.B., C.V.O.Martin Gilbert, M.A.Grace Hamhlin, O.B.g.

Governor the Honornhle K. Averell llnrriman*The Puke of Mar thorough, D.I.., J.P.

Sir .John Mnrtin, K.C.M.G., C.B., C.V.O.Anthony Montague Brttwne, C.B.S., D.F.C.

The Snrl Mount batten of Burma, K.G., P.C., G.C.V.O., D.S.O.*Oscar Nemon, F.R.S.*Ballon Newfield*

The Rt. Hon. The Lord Sonmes, G.C.M.G., G. C.V.O., C.H., C.B.S.The Lady Sorwcs, D.B.S.

The Rt. Hon. The Sari of Stockton, O.M.The Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger

tdeceased

PATRONS OF THE SOCIETY

Since 1971 ICS has named two Honorary Members as Patrons of the Society.While never trying to define too closely this role, we regulnr consult withand send board correspondence to our Patron, who in turn comments and adviseson all aspects of Society policy:

The Snrl Mountbatten of Rurmn (1971-1979)The Lady Sonmes (1986-dnte)

THE BLENHEIM AWARD

The Board of Directors has authorized the Blenheim Award ns a specialrecognition of those individuals who have notably contributed to the Inter-national Churchill Society, either by service as an officer, director oreditor, or by dignifying Society meetings by their presence as guest speakers.The Blenheim Award consists of a gold plated Churchill commemorative coinmounted in a suitably inscribed black lucite plinthe. The recipients since theAward was implemented in 1982, in the order received, are:

The Lady Soanes, P.B.S. (1983)Sir John Colville, C.B., C.V.O. (1983)

Richard M. langworth (1984)Martin t Susie Gilbert (1985)

Winston S. Churchill, M.P. (1985)Anthony Montague Browne, C.B.S., B.F.C. (1985)

The Hon. Caspar W. Weinberger (1985)William Manchester (1986)

THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS

The ICS Constitution provides proportional worldwide representation on thegoverning board of the Society according to the proportion of notional member-ships among Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the UnitedSlnles. In elections to be held during the winter of 1986-87, the followingindividuals have been nominated. (Parentheses = seats assigned per country.)

AUSTRALIA (1)W.R. Galvin, Peter M. Jenkins

CANADA (4)Celwyn P. Ball, Ronald W. Downey, John G. Plumpton,

W.J. Sterling Sunley, George B. Temple

NEW ZEALAND (1)H. Barry Collins

UNITED KINGDOM (2)Colin Alfred Spencer, Geoffrey J. Wheeler

UNITED STATES (7)Derek Brownleoder, Donald R. Carmichocl, Sue M. Hefner,

William C. Ives, Wallace H. Johnson,Richnrd M. Lnngworth, George A. Lewis, David A. Sampson

ICS BUSINESS OFFICES

AUSTRALIA: Peter M. Jenkins, 8 Regnnns Avenue, Endeavour Hills, Victoria 3802CANADA: George E. Temple, 20 Burhank Drive, Willowdale, Ontario M2K 1MBNEW ZEALAND: R. Barry Collins, 9 Millstrenm Place, WarkworthUNITED KINGDOM: GeoTfrey J.Wheeler, 8BA Franklin, Tndley, Basingstoke RG26 6BUUNITED STATES: Derek Brownlcader, 1847 Stonewood Drive, Baton Rouge LA 70816

CHAPTERS C AFFLILIATE(«)

Canndn/N.Brunswick: 1079 Coverdole Rd, RR2, Moncton, NB EIC 8J6Canada/Other Club of Toronto: 10 Woodmere Ct, Islington, Ontario M9A 3J1•Cnnndn/Vaocouver Churchill Society: 2450 Mathers Av, W.Vancouver BC V7V 2IIB*UK/Central: I Pound Close, Yaranton, Oxon. 0X5 10GUK/London: Colin Spencer, Homestead Rd, Ramsden Henlh, Essex CM11 1RPUSA/Chicago: Wm.C.Ives, 8300 Soars Tower, Chicago IL 60606USA/New England: 47 Old Farm Rond, Bedford NH 03102USA/New York Metro: 23 Crestview Drive, Bernnrdsvilie NJ 07924USA/North Texns: 5603 Honey Locust Trnil, Arlington TX 76017USA/Tennessee: 4817 Shadecrest Drive, Nashville TN 37211USA/Wnshiiiglon: 13111 78lh Place NE, Kirklnnd WA 98034

If you wish to organize s chapter, contact the editor, Finest Hour.

I

-V,

It

•4

C

C C H 3.04(rev)

been hailed as a sure step toward preventing war.While most of his decent, fairminded, democratic con-temporaries expressed their fervent belief in the pro-cess of negotiations, Churchill was not sure.

Hitler, of course, was still the nebulous leader of asmall party, an unknown quantity. But there was afactor other than Germany in the equation, even then.

work represent ing abundance does serve to indicateThe Estonian Song Festival at tracted 17,000 to

^tract ive skyline, from the Daugauva River, 1928.

•i uWHJW fl"""*0 •

"The foundations of world peace are strengtheningamong all the civilised countries of the world," Chur-chill said, "but there is one country that is outsidethese considerations, and that is Russia. Russia is in-calculable, aloof and malignant.

All that line of small new States from the Balticto the Black Sea are in lively apprehension ofRussia. Finland, Estonia, Lithuania, Latvia,Poland and Rumania — every one is in greatfear and anxiety about its neighbour.

All are strongly anti-Communist. They havegone through great internal stress and tension,and they have built themselves up on a Radical,democratic antithesis to Communism."

From their founding amidst blood and war in 1918,through their successful transition to nationhood inthe 1920s, and on into the 1930s, Churchill had beenone of the outstanding friends of the Baltic States. Theday would come, however, when he would be forcedto reexamine those views, during the gravest years inthe history of his country.

In the Thirties that time was still ahead. For thenonce, Churchill's own philosophy on the Baltic wasmuch as he described those countries in The SecondWorld War: "Very lively and truculent."28

To be continued.

FOOTNOTES

1. Latvia SSR Demography of Inhabitants and Distribution byCities and Regions, According to the 1979 Census, LatvianSSR Central Statistics Board, Riga, 1980

2. From the Treaty of Peace between the USSR and the Repub-lic of Latvia, March 1920

3. A well-known quote of Churchill's which the author has notlocated; advice is requested

4. WSC, speech at Mansion House, London, 19 February 19195. War Cabinet Minutes, London, 31 December 19186. David Lloyd George, Memoirs of the Peace Conference, New

Haven 1937, Volume I, page 2147. Herbert A. Grant Watson, An Account of a Mission to the

Baltic States in the Year 1919, London 1958, page 258. Edgar Anderson, "British Policy Toward the Baltic States,

1918-1920," Journal of Central European Affairs, April 1959,• page 275

9. WSC, The World Crisis/The Aftermath, London 1929, page 10010. Edgar Anderson, "An Undeclared Naval War: The British-

Soviet Struggle in the Baltic," Journal of Central EuropeanAffairs, April 1962, page 46

11. Cf. Anderson, page 6912. WSC, House of Commons, 21 March 1919, Complete Speeches

Volume III, New York 1974, page 272413. Cf. Complete Speeches page 2821, speech at British-Russian

Club dinner, 17 July 191914. Cf. Complete Speeches page 2831, House of Commons, 29

July 191915. Cf. Lloyd George, page 21416. Cf. Companion Part 2, WSC to Curzon, 10 September 1919,

page 84817. Cf. WSC to Curzon, 19 September 1919, page 86218. Cf. WSC to Lloyd George, 22 September 1919, page 86619. Cf. Lloyd George to WSC, 22 September 1919, page 867-820. Cf. WSC to Lloyd George, 22 Setempber 1919, pp. 870-121. Wording in all three Soviet-Baltic treaties of 1920.22. Roche, The New Baltic States, London 192523. Cf. Companion Part 2, Wilson to WSC, 16 September 1919,

page 85224. Cf. Companion Part 2, Cabinet Minutes, page 95625. Edgar Anderson, "The Baltic Entente" in The Baltic States in

Peace and War, New York 1970, page 12826. Cf Anderson, page 12627. Cf. Complete Speeches, WSC in the House of Commons, 29

June 1931, Volume IV, page 505628. WSC. The Grand Alliance. Boston, 1950. P. 695: London,

1950, p. 615

13

"Books:'Finest 'Hour,

'Revised and cUnrevisedThe'Neilson Critique - The Smith'Response

BY STANLEY E. SMITH

IN THE second volume of his war memoirs, Their FinestHour, Winston Churchill relates the course of the warfrom his accession to power, and the almost im-mediate collapse of France, to the British victory overthe Italian armies in northern Africa seven monthslater. This is the story of 1940 — the great and terribleyear when Britain faced a menacing continent alone

Francis Neilson, in his review of the work, adheresto his practice of eschewing a comprehensive orsystematic summary and touches instead on par-ticular unrelated — and sometimes unimportant —topics that happen to catch his fancy. These in turnserve as pegs upon which he hangs anti-Churchill ac-cusations and innuendoes, as well as themes and

The Prime Minister with General Sir Edmund Ironside, his first Chief of theImperial General Staff, walking a London street on 25 May 1940. as France

reeled under the German hammer, later recounted in Their Finest Hour.

14

variations of his general conviction that Churchill atheart despised democratic institutions — that in suchdictatorial leanings, WSC was no more worthy ofesteem than Hitler or Stalin. Pinpricks like these maybe peremptorily dismissed, for Churchill demon-strated throughout the war and throughout his life hisdeep-seated respect for and devotion to Parliament,and all it stood for. Neilson could have filled a largehayloft with the Churchill strawmen he delighted insetting up and knocking down.

Neilson devotes considerable disparaging ink to thefamous correspondence between Churchill andRoosevelt prior to the entry of the United States intothe war. The clearly-intended implication is thatChurchill, in engaging in this correspondence, actedillegally and eventually trapped the United States intoa state of belligerency.

It is surely no violation of international law to ex-change letters, to persuade, argue, humor, cajole, orput forth one's case eloquently and bluntly. This isthe core and whole of what Churchill did. Neither manplayed the dupe. Roosevelt knew full well that Chur-chill badly wanted the United States to enter the war,and to give all possible assistance to Britain in themeantime. Far from blaming Churchill for this, onecould argue that he would have been derelict in hisduty as custodian of his country's welfare had hefailed to use every tool within his reach for the pur-pose of getting all possible succor from a powerfulfriend in desperate times. As the recently-publishedFDR-WSC correspondence shows, Churchill deservesenormous credit for the skill with which he managedthe delicate aid negotiations.

Furthermore, the niceties of international law in-volved in the destroyer deal were almost moot fromthe British standpoint. As the old saying runs, "youcan lead a horse to water, but you can't make himdrink." Churchill could ask or argue for American aid;only Roosevelt could authorize or send it. The onus ofbreaking international law by the sending of aid froma neutral power to a belligerent, if such an onus therebe in this case, rests upon the sender rather than uponthe recipient.

In any event, Churchill is hardly to be blamed forthe entry of the United States into the war. It was notthe British who bombed Pearl Harbor.

Neilson devotes a section to cautioning the readerabout Churchill's account of the fall of France withoutdirectly calling any of it false or specifying which por-tions of it are questionable. Instead he presents a listof other accounts and argues in essence that they aretrue because they are coldly unemotional. The natureof this argument needs only to be pointed out to beshorn of its force. Churchill was in a position to knowthe facts and was responsible for knowing them, sohis account is not to be lightly dismissed merelybecause it is presented vividly.

In his preface to The Gathering Storm, Churchilldisclaimed any pretense of presenting his memoirs asobjective history. In his review, as in his review of theprevious volume, Neilson never tires of extractingthat disclaimer, endorsing it fervently, and then fling-ing it down and dancing upon it as if it said just theopposite.

This occurs again in the section on the controversialactions of the King of the Belgians. Several differing

versions of the circumstances surrounding thecapitulations of the Belgian army have appeared.Neilson cites several other sources, including a letterwritten a year before the event, and labels Churchill'saccount a false one. This is despite Churchill'sundeniable knowledge, in his official position, of anypromises made or notices given to Britain by Belgium,and despite the possibility that the differing accountof the political advisor to the Belgian King might bemore self-serving than historically objective. Ap-parently, to Neilson, disagreeing with Churchill suf-ficed to prove him wrong.

Neilson concludes his review with a long section onChurchill's supposed dictatorial yearnings andHitler's attitude following the fall of France. Indiscussing the latter, it is amusing to see Neilson turnhumbly to the relevant accounts of those citadels oftruth, the Nazi generals, and urge that they be read"by every earnest student . . . who wishes to escapefrom the murk of war propaganda and find daylight."Turning from the review to the book itself, TheirFinest Hour is the first of the memoir volumes inwhich Churchill is Prime Minister, in full command ofthe British war effort. The narrative is consequentlymuch closer and more detailed than that of TheGathering Storm. Churchill relies heavily on theminutes and memoranda he issued throughout theperiod, making the book a gold mine of actualhistorical documentation. In a fascinating early sec-tion on his administrative techniques (pp. 17-22),Churchill describes himself as "a strong believer intransacting official business by The Written Word"(emphasis his). This was a natural attitude for asuperb writer like Churchill to take, and the bookshows that he invariably maintained this practice.

While the book keeps the reader fully informedabout the general strategic ebbs and flows of the war,its greatest value lies in the insight it gives of the dailynuts and bolts of managing the war effort from thesummit of British affairs. This is especially invaluablein the second half of the book, when France has beenconquered and Britain remains as Hitler's only activefoe. The story of the Battle of Britain and the exten-sive, exhaustive measures taken for the defense ofthe island is told well and fully. So too is the accountof the Middle East, where, in spite of enormouspressures to withdraw, Churchill insisted on main-taining a strong and eventually successful army.

The memoranda consigned to the appendicesshould not be passed over by the serious student ofChurchill, for they show how extensively and closelyhe monitored even the details of the war effort. Manyof his colleagues have commented on the discipline ofhis mind, and this trait is shown nowhere so clearly asin the appendices. In a single day his concerns wouldrange from supplying de Gaulle to arranging holidaysto making contingency plans for local police. Aboveall, questions touching on the allocation of perilouslyslender resources confronted him daily and fullychallenged his considerable'managerial skills.

As the war progressed and other mighty nationsbecame embroiled in it, Churchill increasingly had toshare the limelight and the power. In Their FinestHour, however, he and his courageous countrymenheld the stage alone. This chronicle of 1940 will proveimperishable.*

15

Edited h\ John G. PlumpttnnI JO Collingshrook Blvd. Aginamn, Onl. MIW 1M7

SAVROLA, A TALE OF THE REVO-LUTION IN LAURANIA by WinstonSpencer Churchill; Longmans, Greenand Company, London, New York,and Bombay, 1900. (Woods A3: 4000copies published in New York inNovember 1899. price $1.25; 1500copies published in London on 13February 1900, price 6s.)

First Colonial Edition (Editor collection)

THE DIAL, New York, (Vol. XXVIII,No. 334) 16 May 1900.Mr. Winston Spencer Churchill's"Savrola" was published as a serialthree years ago, and now appears inbook form. It is described as a "tale ofthe Revolution in Laurania" and is aromance of the familiar "Zenda" type.The Republic of Laurania would bedifficult to locate upon the map. It is aMediterranean state, possessing a fleetand colonial interests in South Africa.Its President has ruled as a dictator forseveral years, and the people arerestless. The revolution of which thisstory tells us is of the socialdemocratic type, and ends with thedeath of the tyrant, and the union ofhis beautiful widow with the leader ofthe revolt. The story is rather dull atfirst, and its movement slow; but thepace became quickened about mid-way in the volume, and there is nolack of excitement toward the close.

LONDON TO LADYSMITH VIAPRETORIA by Winston SpencerChurchill; Longmans, Green andCompany, London, New York andBombay, 1900 (Woods A4: 10,000copies published in London on 15May 1900, price 6s; 3000 copiespublished in New York on 16 June1900, price $1.50.)

THE NATION, (Vol. 70, No. 1826),New York, 28 June 1900.

Mr. Churchill's experience as a war

correspondent had an episode whichadded much to the romantic characterof his army life in South Africa. Hewas taken prisoner with the detach-ment on an armored railway train thatwas derailed and captured by theBoers on November 15 and made theacquaintance of Kruger's Secretary ofWar and other distinguished Afri-kanders. He made a daring escapefrom the military prison, and had anadventurous journey to Delagoa Baywhich would make any boy greenwith envy. Back by sea to Durban, hehastened again to, his post at the front,and on the day before Christmas histent was at the very spot where he hadbeen captured.

He now got a commission in thevolunteer cavalry to save question asto his status if he was captured againin some less absurd reconnaissancethan one ±>y rail.

The operations to try a second cross-ing of the Tugela began on January11. It is evident that there was no com-petent direction of the attack. If Chur-chill's description of events is ac-curate, it is no wonder that LordRoberts condemned the generalship ofthe battle.

The campaign under Buller, judgedfrom Mr. Churchill's narrative (whichtries to be friendly), was marked by adeliberation in planning and a slug-gishness in execution so extreme as totake away from it all energetic ag-gressiveness, and to give to the mobilearmy of Boers abundant time and op-portunity to plant themselves instrong positions and intrench in frontof each new movement of the British.

It is pleasant to note that Mr. Chur-chill, while he was prisoner, foundeven the least cultivated of the VeldtBoers free from personal hate, andconsiderately kind in their treatmentof him. They seemed to him goodhonest farmers, anxious to end thewar and get back to their families andfields if they might do so in the na-tional independence on which theyhad set their hearts. It was humannature that they should underrate therights of Vitlanders and of blackAfricans, and stick for the completedominance of the Dutch settlers inwhat they consider their own country.

IAN HAMILTON'S MARCH byWinston S. Churchill; Together withExtracts from The Diary of Lieuten-ant H. Frankland, A Prisoner of Warat Pretoria with Portrait; Longmans.

Green and Co., London. New Yorkand Bombay, 1900. (Woods A5: 5000copies published in London on 12 Oc-tober 1900. price 6s: 1533 copiespublished in New York on 1December, price $1.50.)

First Canadian Edition (Jack Nixon coll.)

THE NEW YORK TIMES SATURDAYREVIEW OF BOOKS AND ART (12January 1901.)

The war of South Africa drags to itstedious end. A multitude of impres-sions of that rugged campaign havebeen written by a cloud of cor-respondents who followed the armies.We now want facts, collected by menwho know the relative value of facts,and we want judgment, ripened by ex-perience and responsibility andmeditation.

In considerable degree, Mr. Chur-chill is qualified to do serious militarywriting. He is a man of talent, courageand boundless energy. He has seenreal war as a soldier. He is practiced inobserving, arranging and presentingmilitary facts. His "River War" is oneof the very best books on the recon-quest of the Egyptian Soudan.

This small volume is a collection ofnewspaper letters concerning the ad-vance to Johannesburg and Pretoria— that part about which little hasbeen published.

Of course, Mr. Churchill had adven-tures in this 400-mile march; he has atalent for adventures. In one fight hishorse bolted, and he was left on footwithin close range of the Boers, thenearest cover a mile away. He wassaved by a gallant trooper, who tookhim up behind, and who seemed to re-pent the deed when his own horse waskilled by the explosive bullet. But wemust not be tempted into relating theexperiences of this enterprising younggentleman, and can only stop to say,further, that a very entertainingchapter, quite unrelated to the rest ofthe book, is a diary of a young officeras a prisoner at Pretoria. •

16

WINSTON CHURCHILLIN PRESS & PERIODICALS

EDITED BY JOHN G. PLUMPTON

David Dilks: THE TWILIGHT WARAND THE FALL OF FRANCE:CHAMBERLAIN AND CHURCHILLIN 1940, Transactions of theRoyal Historical Society, FifthSeries, Volume 28, 1978, pp.61 -86.

The belief that Neville Chamber-lain and Winston Churchill werealways divided by irreconcilabledifferences of policy persistsstrongly, not least because of thestern strictures passed by Chur-chill himself upon his predecessorin The Gathering Storm. Further-more, during the decade whichseparated Churchill's departurefrom the Exchequer from his re-turn to the Admiralty, differencesof policy between him and hisformer colleagues had cut deep:his adherence to free trade [N.B.:In fact he abandoned Free Tradeearly in the 1930s. Ed.], hisviolent dissent over India, alterca-tions about disarmament and thepace of German rearmament, therow over the Abdication, outrightand unqualified condemnation ofthe Munich settlement.

But when Churchill joinedChamberlain's Government inSeptember, 1939, there was agree-ment between the two on a num-ber of issues. They felt deeplyaffronted by Stalin's decision topartition Poland and to supplyraw materials vital to the Nazis'war effort; they agreed to wage thestruggle at sea with unremittingvigor from the start; they en-trusted the holding of the westernfront to France; they expected along war; they did not wish to pro-voke Italy or Japan; and they didnot anticipate much assistancefrom the United States.

Churchill bombarded the P.M.with memoranda. There wassome initial disagreement onpriorities. Chamberlain drew alesson from the Polish experiencethat air power was critical anddirected resources to the R.A.F.Churchill doubted that the French

would pay almost the whole of theblood tax on land and give theBritish the sea and the air.

The Prime Minister seemed tobelieve that some of the paperswhich he received from Churchillwere plainly written for the pur-pose of future quotation to proveforesight. Indeed, as Chamberlaintold his wife, his own memoran-dum on the efforts of air power inthe Polish campaign was writtenbecause "I thought I must getsomething on the record too,which would have to be quoted inthe Book."

Chamberlain was aware thatChurchill wanted to be Minister ofDefence, and in April he made himChairman of the Military Co-ordi-nation Committee - an experimentthat did not work, because (inChamberlain's opinion) of Chur-chill's dominating personality,refusal to delegate, and irregularwork habits.

During the May crisis, it becameclear that Lord Halifax had nostomach for power and that Chur-chill was clearly the choice of theopposition parties to head a nationalgovernment. But the new PrimeMinister, Winston Churchill, re-mained dependent on his successorfor support within the Conserva-tive Party. (". . . To a very largeextent I am in your hands — and Ifeel no fear of that.") It seems thatboth men felt that the right manwas now P.M.! And the new PrimeMinister grew in stature andcharacter. As Baldwin said: " . . .the furnace of war smelted out allthe base metal from him."

Chamberlain became Lord Presi-dent of the Council with primaryresponsibility for domestic prob-lems. When Churchill was requiredto go to France, he said, "Neville,please mind the shop!"

After Chamberlain's death, Chur-chill delivered a memorable speechof tribute, but a private remark isperhaps even more revealing of hisfeelings: "I shall never find such acolleague again."*

17

29 November/North TexasCelebration of Sir Winston's birthday bythe North Texas Chapter, Dallas. For in-formation contact David Sampson, 5603Honey Locust Drive, Arlington, TX.

30 November/TorontoCelebration of Sir Winston's birthday byThe Other Club of Toronto. For informa-tion contact Mrs. Pat Cassels, 10Woodmere Court, Islington, Ont.

30 November/LondonA wreath-laying ceremony in Londonwith The Lady Soames. Information fromPeter Coombs, 1 Pound Close, Yarnton,Oxon. OX5 1QG. All members invited.25 January/TorontoDinner meeting of The Other Club ofToronto. Speaker Richard Lang worthwill discuss "Churchill as Journalist."The location will shortly be announced.For information contact Mrs. PatCassels, 10 Woodmere Court, Islington,Ontario M9A 3J1.

Winter/New BrunswickNew Brunswick Chapter organizationalmeeting. Information: John Ball, 1079Coverdale Road, RR2, Moncton, NewBrunswick E1C 8J6.

Winter/London AreaColin Spencer will be planning an eventthis winter. For details contact him atHomestead Road, Ramsden Heath,Essex, England CM 11 1RP.

March/New EnglandIf you can attend a weekend dinnermeeting at Boston mid-month, please ad-vise Richard Langworth, Putney House,Contoocook, NH 03229. If a dozen re-spond we will proceed. You need notguarantee.

4-14 Sept 1987/Churchill's BritainRegistrations open for the third ICS tour,including Chartwell, Harrow, London,the Old Bell at Hurley, Blenheim,Bladon, York, Edinburgh, Dunkeld,Dundee, Oban, the Isle of Mull & LochLomond, with many Churchill sites, finehotels and cuisine throughout. Tentativecost $1450 based on double occupancy.Deposit of $200/person refundablethrough 31 May. Specialist Tours, POBox 385, Contoocook, NH 03229.

31 Oct-1 Nov 1987/North TexasThe Churchill Society's internationalconvention, Adolphus Hotel, Dallas.

Late August 1988/New EnglandThe Churchill Society's internationalconvention, White Mountain Hotel, Bret-ton Woods, New Hampshire.

Churchill in StampsEY RICHARD M 1.ANGW0RTH

PAGES 61-66: WITH FISHER AT THE AI)\1IK\I.T\Ihv World War I section^ ot u philuteln bioyrapln

nt\t:\sarH\ nl\ Ihwih on Churchill nland iCR> slump*.nwins> to rht dearth oj Chun hill cnmmemorativci deputingthi\ period. Some oj tht lamr am fa usedij the\ dep'n t .\nnc\that (tntld he /mm tht turlicr wtu. m a ymthjul-appiunni;Chut chill. This section also ioniums one ,ij the mustJ'ii.uin,itini> page* in the milt man truant; \on Spu \ uniteacross the Pacifh la the Battle of Cnronel

S'umlurs an Scott It) iind Gibbons iS(i). A \lashnuirki#2 3) means u stt with a tonunon dc\ii;n, urn ixample ofwhuh is suitable.

61. Ciieal Britain #W4. the 19K2 I.md I-isher comiiicmoramefrom the Admirals set. is cuitom-ni.uk fm ^presentations ol"this crucial period in Churchill's cateer. Pictured with f-islieris HMS Dnadnaughi. the first turhinc-dmc. all-big-gun bat-Ueship. Falkland Islands stamps ,ne appnipridtu. since aailmin.iiing \iclor> occurred ihcrc ultei Coronel tulklands*236 isg3O5l is certamh a WW2-bascil dchiiin but the war-ships- are \apue enough tti gel aw.a> with. However, the WSCshown is nrnmusK c.1940.

62. Chuichiir- lanious 1410 Cahmei memo. aci.uiatcl\predicting the course of the Cieiman onslaught on F-rancc, isrecalled b> stamps depicting clucl lljiures in the Marne Battle,which stemmed the (Jcrnian tide, blench issues are ^llOX(sgl6M). Murnc ammcrsar>: tfBy«J (sgbfi4). Gen (ialliem.who persuaded tfB97 (sg662). Gen. Joflre to attack the Ger-man flank. An Ajnun "sand dune" depicts Supreme Com-mander Marshall Foch. Bulgaria »I24 (sglS8) represents theCentral Powers.

63. Dominating this account of Churchill's role in the defenseof Antwerp is. Upper Volta's mini-sheet. *J51 tsg'.M. whichcertainh looks like a WW1 trench scene. Belgiun issues onAntwerp are #76 79 (sgy3a"V»5) and B443 ^gl57S). while a re-cent Dutch stamp maps the neiural Netherlands.

64. A catch-all page summari/cs the German Pacifu colonieswhich were the obiect of 1914 naval attack h> New /eahuidand Australia, which soon had most of these islands in Alliedhands. The Kaiser's \achi is depicted. These stamps are onl\peripherally related to our story and are not included in the1CS Churchill-Related checklist*, hut are easily found.

65. -\ diamatic tracing of von Spue's route from Kaichau to hisencounter with the British oft Coronel. Chile, using German,French oi British colony stamps, some postmarked at places heappeared: Tsmgtau. Saipan, Jaluil, Herberlshohe, Apii.Papeete. Dal New field's research helped pinpoint StraitsSettlements as the stamps used m the Admiralty Islands at thetime.

66. Again a peripheral group ol stamps. Trench Oceaniadefinitives m use at the time ol Coronel.

A continuing

61

62

ASCENDANCY

WINSTON'S NEMESIS

When misplaced anti-German sentiment caused Battenberg to stepdown as First Sea Lord, Churchill immediately appointed vain,mercurial Admiral Sir John Arbuthnot Fisher in his place. In1904-10, Pisher had greatly modernized the Navy in this samerole, but Conservative Opposition caused his 1910 retirement.

Fisher's mostimportantinnovation inhis 1904-10term was HMSDreadnought:the first all-big gun, tur-bine-drivenbattleship.

Churchill heldFisher indis-penslble andadmired himvastly, butcolleaguescould notbelieve thiss trangepartnershipwould last.It didn't.

ASCENDANCY

THE BATTLE OF THE MARNE

Long before the war, Churchill had written a paper, dismissedas nonsense by British generals, that the German advance intoFrance, when and if it came, would be halted in ho days. He waswrong...by two days. The Allies attacked an exposed German flanknear the Marne River on 6 September. On 9 September the Germansretreated, and the threat to Paris ended.

Symbolic ofthe Armiesof Franceat the Marneand theCentralPowers.

JosephGallieni,the militarygovernor ofParis, whopersuadedthe FrenchcommanderIn chief,Joseph Joffreto attack theGerman flankat the Marne,

SupremeAlliedCommander,MarshalFoch

ASCENDANCY

63

THE DEFENSE OF ANTWERP

With the Germans threatening one of Belgium's last lines ofdefense at Antwerp, Churchill arrived to rally the city. "Heput his Ideas forcefully, waving his stick and thumping theground with it," said an eye-witness. His action delayed thefall of Antwerp long enough to garrison the northern Frenchports and greatly Impressed King Albert.

Back home,though, WSCwas reviledfor what hisenemies sawas rashness.In fact, itwas only thegenuineWinston,carried awayby his owncourage.

PRELUDE TO CORONEL (2)

From the Carolines, where he coaled on *-9 August, von Speesailed to the Marianas, arriving the 12th. On 8 September hewas off Christmas Island; on the l^th he was shelling Samoa(which had been occupied by New Zealand troops on 30 August).On 22 September he ineffectually bombarded Papeete, Tahiti,and by the Ikth of October he was lost between the Marquesasand Easter Island.

The Armsof Antwerp,with a mapshowing thecrucialNetherlands,still neu-tral, whichAntwerp'sfall for-tunately didnot effect.

65

Von Spee's route across the Pacific, with stamps in use andcancelled at his ports of call, June- through October 1914

ASCENDANCY

64

PRELUDE TO CORONEL (1)

Germany's only serious naval force outside home waters was itsFar Eastern Squadron, stationed at its China colony, Kiachau,and commanded by Admiral Graf von Spee. In late June von Speeset off on a three-month Pacific cruise, but when war became

Kiachau(Kiautschou)

PRELUDE TO CORONEL (3)

The French, not the British, had the most to lose with Germanyat large in the Pacific, for while Britain's and the EmpireNavies could defend British possessions, the French navy wasdistinctly inferior to the Germans. Churchill felt a specialobligation to France--as he would again a quarter century on.

66

MarianaIslands

MarshallIslands

Collecting 'Locals and 'LabelsChurchill Collector 'Looks at an inexpensive Sidelight

BY W. GLEN BROWNE

In this issue's center handbook sup-plement we temporarily halt ourchecklist of Churchill locals andlabels in order to bring you a long-delayed new membership list. Withphilatelists in mind, however, GlenBrowne takes up the subject with thisstill very valid discussion of locals,which was originally published in1971.

If you have landed at Shannon Air-port in Ireland you have visited thePrincipality of Thomond. The ghostsof the ancient rulers were activerecently and issued a set of "stamps"in honor of Sir Winston Churchill. Theemissions of this state, defunct forcenturies, are among the mostspurious of the adhesives called"locals" and "labels."

There is something fascinatingabout these stamps, found in manyparts of the world, but mainly in theBritish Islands. Collectors bored withregular stamps and the serious pur-suit of their hobby can turn to thesefor relaxation.

Locals are sold at a low price, befit-ting their lowly status, and completecollections can be easily amassed. Ibecame familiar with them while col-lecting Churchill topicals.

Since Sir Winston spent the mostimportant years of his life shuttlingacross the channel to defend Europeor planning the defense of England, hewas much involved with this area.After his death many of the ChannelIslands issued locals in his honor.

Some areas have issued stamps formany years. In some cases the Britishpostal regulations allow for use of"Local Carriage Labels" to supple-ment regular service by local deliveryonce the mail arrives at an island.Local stamps are placed on the back ofthe envelope which bears regularpostage on the front.

The oldest legitimate service in theBritish area is on the island of Lundy,which is three miles long, and locatedsouthwest of Wales. The early issuesof 1937-39 still sell for just over $1.The unit of currency is the Puffin,named for a native bird now threaten-ed by rats which are more numerousthan people there.

Herm Island, three miles fromGuernsey, is the home of 70 natives.

but has many more people therevisiting during the short summers.

After World War II the BritishGeneral Post Office stopped local ser-vice there so Herm started issuing itsown stamps in 1949.

One colorful issue is a set of 12 tri-angulars depicting native flowers,birds, butterflies, and fish.

For many years the Tenant of Hermissued local stamps to cover the ferry-ing costs of mail to the Guernsey postoffice. In 1969 Guernsey took over thepostal service on Herm.

If you like completeness, tryBrechou. She issued six stamps onSept. 30, 1969. The next day Jerseyand Guernsey Post Office took overthe service there. Thus, a first and lastday cover is available.

Jethou and Lihou, two islands nearGuernsey, also used carriage labels.The latter island has been inhabitedfor over 900 years. Daily service toGuernsey is maintained. These color-ful labels were superceded by Guern-sey stamps in 1969.

Jersey and Guernsey are largeislands which have issued stampssince 1941. Since 1969 they issuedregular postage stamps as a separatepostal service.

The historical origin and govern-mental organization of Great Britain ismore complex than that of the UnitedStates. Nevertheless, the issuance ofthese stamps and the British regionalsis about the same as having theformer republics of Texas and Califor-nia and the Virgin Islands issue theirown stamps!

Some British railroads in Wales orthe Lake District were authorized toissue Railway Letter Stamps for mailthat they carry. They have pictur-esque names like Festiniog, Talyllyn,Ravenglass and Eskdale. Locomotivebuffs would like the Talyllyn stampsdepicting old engines.

Returning to island labels, we havethe Commodore Shipping Co. whichoperated a service between Guernsey,Alderney and, Sark. They have issuedlabels, picturing Churchill, which pre-pay postage for mail carried to andfrom the islands.

Among the phony labels we have along list of sticky paper from the Calfof Man, which has only a large birdpopulation and a lighthouse.

Off Scotland are Davaar and Sanda,two lighthouses which had active

20

printing presses. Another Scottishisland, Soay, issued labels for use bythe few families living there.

You can have some laughs trying tosmoke out the perpetrators of some ofthe spurious labels. Dal Newfield,editor of "Finest Hour," wrote to Pab-bay Island, said to have a populationof only two persons. " . . . If you areman and wife, one of you must be thepostmaster (or postmistress) and theother his (her) spouse. Do you write toeach other? It would seem logical thatthe post office would be in your sittingroom or kitchen and there should beeasier ways of communicating witheach other than by writing a letter,affixing a stamp, canceling same andthen delivering it!

"On the other hand, perhaps theother person is a stranger to you.Could it be that you have never beenproperly introduced, and thereforemust communicate formally and bymail? . . ."

The postmaster of a nearby islandfinally answered the letter. "Local en-quiry has revealed that, until recently,this island was inhabited by one manonly. It is known that this personissued several private stamps, butthese were not, of course, postagerevenue stamps, and could not conse-quently be used on letters, etc. Thisperson has left Pabbay Island, and hispresent whereabouts, regretfully, areunknown."

Later Newfield found out that thereis also an island spelled "Pabay." Itissued some groovy gold and silver,large and small, foils in honor of JFKand WSC. One wonders where thislonely, busy man will strike next!

The committee of Free Albania hasissued some attractive labels honoringFDR and WSC. In 1965 the AmericanStamp Dealers Association issued aseries of Kennedy and Churchill labelsfor their show in New York. The islandof Iso, in Sweden has issued a set oflabels, said to be used for local mail.The list of labels is endless.

One of the most whimsical labelsissued is the "60 centes" WinstonChurchill stamp of the "Republic ofNew Atlantis." The letterhead of thepresident, Les Hemingway, brother ofErnest, gave the address as latitude 18degrees North, longitude 78 degreesWest.

This was the location of a raft nearJamaica, but Mr. Hemmingway was

on a state visit to Miami, when hewrote to me, transmitting his Chur-chill and U.S. serviceman's stamps.

The 1971 postal strike in Great Bri-tain produced hundreds of locals,some used extensively and others notat all. One popular issue was a set ofairmail and regular stamps featuringKennedy and Churchill. These wereactually used. Some of the offshoreislands got aboard this bandwagonand issued labels. Some stamp dealers

sponsored local services. The coversbearing locals and foreign stamps,such as those of France, are con-sidered fairly authentic.

In 1968 Canada had a postal strikeduring July and August. Eight labelsin various colors were issued andused. Mail originating in Canada anddestined for the United States borethese labels on the reverse side. Thelabels read "Juan De Fuca Despatch,Postal Strike, Special Service, Carrier

Fee."My cover is postmarked Victoria,

B.C. July 18, 1968, and was deliveredto Burbank, Calif, by U.S. mail. Themail was delivered to the U.S. by twoships sailing from Victoria to PortAngeles, Washington. U.S. postagewas affixed and the mail was thenplaced in the U.S. system.

If you are looking for somethinglight and relaxing, why not look intothese odd bits of paper? •

ABOVE LEFT:"Thomond" souvenirsheet overprinted inmemoriam to WSC.(All those we've everseen carry the strike-over at bottom.)LINE i: AttractiveLundy 2p actuallyfranked postage, butgold foil "Pabay"label for WSC andJFK was utterlybogus, LINE 2: The restof the Lundy Islandset, 1.0 and 18 pencevalues, LINE 3: Theoriginal and 1952labels by the FreeAlbania Committee(see also handbooksection in last issueOf FH). LINE 4: In-disputably fradulent,the "Soay" labelsoverprinted "SirWinston Churchill"never came close toa letter, LINE 5:Sweden's offshoreisland of Iso issued aWSC label in itsfamous personageset; some postal usemay have occurred.

21

: WO, 76, 60 & 26EDITED BY JOHN G. PLUMPTON

AUTUMN 1886 -AGE 12Lord Randolph Churchill's performance as Chancellor of

the Exchequer and Leader of the House of Commons earnedhim considerable praise. The Queen noted that he hadshown "much skill and judgement in his leadership" andThe Times declared that "no leader of the House of Com-mons in recent years has met obstruction, open or dis-guised, with more exemplary patience."

His 'bon mots' earned him some notoriety in the Treasury.Although he is reputed to have stated that he could nevermake out what those 'damned dots meant' (decimals),Winston later cautioned readers not to take the comment tooseriously.

The first budget was certainly not a Tory budget. His ob-jective was economy but the strategy was to reduce taxes tobenefit the lower middle classes and increase taxes on lux-uries such as race-horses and cartridges for game-shooting.These proposals found little support among his Cabinet col-leagues. He also differed with his peers over local govern-ment, Ireland and relations with Germany.

In his famous Dartford speech he disagreed with so manyGovernment policies that Lord Rosebery commented, "Ran-dolph will be out, or the Cabinet smashed up, beforeChristmas." Some party members pressed Lord Salisbury toget control of Randolph, but the Prime Minister told his wife,"The time is not yet."

Winston, watching his father's career with keen interestfrom his Brighton school, approved of the Dartford speechbecause it "cut the ground from under the feet of theLiberals." All contact with his parents was from a distance.His mother's social life was far too busy to permit a trip toBrighton. His father was travelling throughout Britain orholidaying on the continent. Even during a November ex-cursion to Brighton there was no time to visit his son'sschool.

AUTUMN 1911 - AGE 37In September Clementine visited her austere grand-

mother in Scotland while Winston conversed with the Kingat Balmoral.

He then motored in his new red Napier (which had cost£610) to the Prime Minister's home on the East Lothiancoast of Scotland. This was not an unusual event since WSCwas a favourite of Asquith and a friend of his daughter,Violet. It was, however, not to be a normal visit.

During the visit he was advised that he was to be the newFirst Lord of the Admiralty. His elation and determinationare reflected in his comment to Violet: "This is a big thing —the biggest thing that has ever come my way — the chance Ishould have chosen before all others. I shall pour into iteverything I've got."

Just as he could not refrain from involvement in militarymatters when he was in the Home Office, now, as heprepared to take over the Admiralty, he immersed himself indomestic issues, particularly in opposing the extension ofthe franchise to women. Fearing that the government would"go down on Petticoat politics," he stated that he would bewilling to abide by the results of a referendum. He told theowner of News of the World that "we already have enoughignorant voters and we don't want any more."

Home Rule also drew his attention and support, partlybecause it was a natural part of the evolution from Empire toCommonwealth: " . . . we are now in the full-tide of a suc-cessful experiment in regard to self-government. SouthAfrica and Canada are the fruits of the Imperialism of peaceand freedom . . . "

But the Admiralty attracted most of his inexhaustibleenergies and for assistance he turned to a retired First SeaLord, Baron (Jackie) Fisher; thus began a tempestuous rela-tionship which would alter the history of the world.

AUTUMN 1936 - Age 62While in France Churchill began work on a series of

articles on "Great Events of Our Time" which would even-tually appear in the News of the World (Woods C337).

Although he publicly maintained neutrality on theSpanish Civil War, he wrote Clementine, "I am thankful theSpanish Nationalists are making progress . . . better for thesafety of all if the Communists are crushed."

After observing the French army he commented, "The of-ficers of the French army are impressive. . . . One feels thestrength of the nation resides in its army."

He rejected the growing view that Europe must go eitherfascist or communist: "Between the doctrines of ComradeTrotsky and those of Dr. Goebbels there ought to be room foryou and me, and a few others, to cultivate opinions of ourown."

His speeches received close attention both at home andabroad and his stature within the Conservative Party in-creased, as many saw him the logical choice for PrimeMinister in a crisis. He was also observed closely by the Ger-mans, who accused him of favouring their "encirclementand oppression."

Literary and domestic concerns vied with politics for hisattention. While complimenting him on the publication ofvolume three of Marlborough (Woods A40), friends com-miserated on the distress felt by Winston and Clementineover the elopement of their daughter Sarah with the concertpianist, Victor Oliver.

AUTUMN 1961 - Age 87Although the state of Sir Winston's health was quite ac-

ceptable, it was too demanding on him to travel to twospecial occasions. He was greatly disappointed that he wasunable to lay the cornerstone of Churchill College, Cam-bridge, or to attend "Songs," the annual sing-song at Har-row School.

In early November he participated in a family celebrationat Quaglino's Restaurant for the coming-out party of hisgranddaughter, Celia Sandys. Although he did not retire un-til 2 A.M., he was out at the Savoy the next night for a dinnerof the Other Club.

His birthday on 30 November was a quiet family dinner inLondon. Shortly after, the death of Sir Hugh BatemanProtheroe-Smith, aged 89, left Sir Winston the sole sur-viving officer of the charge of the 21st Lancers at Omdur-man in 1898.

22

I.C.S. STORES1 SOLD IN SUPPORT OF THE INTERNATIONAL CHURCHILL SOCIETYORDERS PAYABLE TO ICS PLEASE. MAIL TO SUE HEFNER, 134 N. WOODLAWN, LIMA, OHIO 45805 USAUK AND COMMONWEALTH MEMBERS MAY ORDER FROM THEIR NATIONAL OFFICES (ADDRESSES ON PAGE 3)

NEW ROYAL DOULTON STATUETTE

#102 Brand new Royal Doulton china statuette ofsize and quality that promises solid collector value.Designed by Adrian Hughes, WSC wears a whitesuit and Homburg, pink buttonhole and black bow-tie to match his silver-topped black cane. Hand-painted facial detail is wonderfully accurate -even the cigar is carefully sculptured. Size: lO'/iinches List price $125. ICS postpaid price: USA$98, Canada C$132, Australia A$148.

UK Members please contact Basingstoke office

for ordering details.

EFFANBEE CHURCHILL DOLL#101 In stock for immediate shipment, a handsome,hand-crafted collector doll by the famous New Yorkproducer, Effanbee. Sir Winston wears his spottedbowtie Homburg, correct formal attire and goldwatchchain, carries a cigar in one hand and flashesa V-sign with the other. Low production limitededition assures that its value will appreciate. Oursupply limited - order soon Size: 16% inches. Listprice $100+. ICS postpaid pnce: USA $68, UK£49, Canada C$92, Australia A$103. (Overseassent surface-parcel.)

"ACTION THIS DAY" LABELS

#108 Reproductions of WSC's famous wartimelabel. Perfect for tax returns! Black ft orange,3x1% inches. Pad of 100 postpaid: USA W, UK.£2, Canada C$4, Australia A$5.

PHILATELIC ITEMSCommemorative covers and other philatelicmaterial are being inventoried. All items shown inthis space in FH51 (Spring 1986) are still available.

NEW ICS CHRISTMAS CARDSAND NOTE CARDS

Order now for the Holidayssubject to stock

Silhouette artist Elizabeth Baverstock (see FH#48p. 6) has kindly donated her elegant Churchillsilhouette art to our UK chapter for use on thesehandsome Christmas and note cards. Each measures4x6" with the cover silhouette framed by an em-bossed border.#115 Christmas Cards. A Christmas message isprinted inside, making a unique and memorable wayto send Season's Greetings. Packet of 10 cards &envelopes, postpaid: USA $5, Canada $6.#116 Note Cards. As above, but without theChristmas greeting. Useful year-round. Packet of10 postpaid: USA $5, Canada $6.

UK & Australia: order from your local office.

MIRRORPIC CIGARETTE CARDS

#109 Rare originals by Mirrorpic/England full setof 50 depicts WSC life scenes, Postpaid: USA $20,UK £15, Canada C$27, Australia A $32.

CACHETED ENVELOPESNew all-purpose ICS cachet 3'/2x6, thermo-engraved, pack of 25. Each pack postpaid: USA$7, UK £5, Canada C$9, Australia A$10.

WSC LIBRARY CREDO

FINEST HOUR BACK ISSUES#114 Full set numbers 1-40 (some early ones photo-copied) postpaid: USA $98, UK £72, CanadaC$133, Australia A$150.Single copies: Numbers #17, 24, 26, 30-36, 38 todate. Each, postpaid: USA $3, UK £3, CanadaC$4, Australia A$5.

ICS HANDBOOK SUPPLEMENTSEach 4-page supplement, postpaid: USA $1, UK£1, Canada C$1.50, Australia A$2:Section I (Stamps) Numbers 1,2,3 & 4.Section II (Books) Numbers 1,2,3,4,5.Section III (Membership Number 1Section IV (Works by WSC/Foreign Editions)

Number 1

POSTERS

PS251 PSW257

#113 Printed on buff parchment. Postpaid: USA$2, UK £2, Canada C$2.75, Australia A$3.

Second World War Facsimile Posters from theImperial War Museum in "London. Carefully repro-duced from the rare originals, each features WSCand a wartime message in three colors. Each mea-sures approximately 20x28". Shipped in sturdyrolls.PS251: "Let Us Go Forward Together"PSW257: "Deserve Victory," with WSC.Postpaid each: USA $5, Canada C$6, AustraliaA$7 (airmail). Two for: USA $7, Canada C$9,Australia A$10 (airmail).

UK: Write UK office. (Much cheaper in England!)

BONE CHINATHIMBLES

New from the Imperial War Museum: bone chinathimbles incorporating the "Deserve Victory!"poster artwork. Postpaid each: USA $4, CanadaC$5, Australia A$6 (airmail).

UK: Contact Geoffrey Wheeler, Basingstokeoffice ICS.

I M M O R T A L W O R D S

FINEST HOUR

The news from France is very bad,and I grieve for the gallant French people

who have fallen into this terrible misfortune.Nothing will alter our feelings towards them

and our faith that the genius of France will rise again.- BROADCAST. LONDON. 17 JUNE 1940

I spoke the other day of the colossal military disasterwhich occurred when the French High Command

failed to withdraw the northern Armies from Belgiumat the moment they knew that the French front

was decisively broken at Sedan and on the Meuse.I am not reciting these facts for the purpose of recrimination.

That I judge to be utterly futile and even harmful.We cannot afford it . . . /

Of this I am quite sure:that if we open a quarrel between the past and the present,

we shall find that we have lost the future . . .

What General Weygand called the Battle of France is over.I expect that the Battle of Britain is about to begin.

Upon this battle depends the survival of Christian civilisation.Upon it depends our own British life,

and the long continuity of our institutions and our Empire.The whole fury and might of the enemy

must very soon be turned on us.Hiter knows that he will have to break us in this Island,

or lose the war. i$?if--:

If we can stand up to him, all Europe may be free,and the life of the world may move forward

into broad, sunlit uplands.But if we fail,

then the whole world,including the United States,

including all that we have known and cared for,will sink into the abyss of a new Dark Age

made more sinister,and perhaps more protracted,

by the lights of perverted science.Let us therefore brace ourselves to our duties,

and so bear ourselves,that if the British Empire and its Commonwealth

last for a thousand years,men will stil say:

"This was their finest hour."- HOUSE OF COMMONS, 18 JUNE 1940