Journal_of_Roman_Military_Equipment_Studies__vol._10__1999.pdf

Dedicated to the Study of the Weapons, Armour, andMilitary Fittings of the Armies and Enemies of Rome andByzantiumVOLUME 10 1999

JOURNAL OF ROMANMILITARY EQUIPMENTSTUDIESOffprint from

Late Roman Belts in HispaniaJoaquin Aurrecoechea Fernandez*

The study of Late Roman belt-fittings in Hispania is quitecomplex. There are many types but they can be summarizedinto three main categories, according to the origin of themodel: �non-Hispanic�, �pseudo-Hispanic� and �Hispanic� typecingula. The �non-Hispanic� type cingula are the cingula militaeused by the troops posted on the Limes. Such items werebrought here by armed military personnel dispatched tocombat zones. The �pseudo-Hispanic� type cingula typologybelts are inspired by the cingula militae mentioned above, butthe decoration and the system used to attach them to the beltleather varies because, for instance, they use rivets instead ofshanks. �Pseudo-Hispanic� belts are thus a regional variationof the late-Roman types used throughout the Empire, and willthus be considered along with the �non-Hispanic�. Finally,�Hispanic� type cingula are an indigenous fashion whose typeshave not been documented outside the Iberian Peninsula.These are the remnants of a local culture, the �Culture of theDuero cemeteries�. They actually represent continuity fromthe Early Empire military world, and show a retrograde tastewhich is exclusive to this society. The principal aim of thepresent paper is to propose a system of classification for thesebelts, to discuss the evidence for their chronology, the likelyarea of their manufacture and the identity of those for whomthey were intendedThe three main categories described can in turn be subdividedinto as many different types. We have made an exclusive typologyfor the �pseudo-Hispanic belts� and a different one for the�Hispanic�. This typology complements other classifications of�non-Hispanic� cingula like that of Sommer.1 We will thus respectthe terminology used by other authors when referring to�non-Hispanic� items except when no name at all has beenassigned. To name our types, we have followed Sommer�scriteria: he names some of the prototypes in his work after thenames of the find spots: Colchester, Gala, etc.I. �NON-HISPANIC� AND �PSEUDO-HISPANIC� TYPEBELTSThe main feature distinguishing �pseudo-Hispanic� belts is thepresence of shanks on the rear for attachment to leather,instead of rivets. This phenomenon is not to be found solely inSpain. Most Late Roman cingula in the rest of the Empire arealways riveted but some pieces with shanks can be found. Suchnon-Hispanic belt-sets with shanks always belong to the familyof belts with dolphin-shaped buckles and openworkframe-plates, for chip-carved and stamped fittings never havestuds. In this context, gold and silver work should bementioned, for many belt-fittings have shanks like the onesfound in Tènès,2 etc. Other items are a group of bronzes from

Southern Gaul, whose morphological features are identical tothose of �pseudo-Hispanic� cingula; likewise the bronzes fromArgeliers, Saint Clément (Gard), Nîmes (?) and MontpellierMuseum.3 It should be noted that the decoration of that fromArgeliers4 shows very pronounced Hispanic features, for thisbelt was decorated with shanked non-riveted studs, identicalto those usually found on the Spanish Meseta.5 Remarkably,the �pseudo-Hispanic� pieces can also be inscribed in thetradi t ion of opus inter ras i le ornamented plates anddolphin-shaped buckles; thus they seem to have similarorigins.I.A. Belts with Animal-Decorated Buckles andOpenwork PlatesIn the second half of the 4th century, belts appear withzoomorphic loops and pierced plates decorated with the�key-hole� motif. The morphological variety of Late Romanbelts with openwork plates in the Empire is almost endless, asconfirmed by the local manufacture evidenced in MauritaniaTingitana similar to our �Totanes� type, but with an ovalbuckle.6 The �pseudo-Hispanic� add a remarkable number ofmodels of regional diffusion types known so far. Buckles with atriangular plate and pelta-shaped buckles (�Teba� type) arealso a part of this heterogeneous period.�Non-Hispanic� �Dolphin� Belts (Fig. 1, Nos. 1�2. Fig. 2,Nos. 12�17)These buckles, called in German �Delphinschnallen mitdurbrochenem Beschläg�, are dated between 350 and 380 andare partially contemporary to �horizonte kerbschnitt�. Thedifferent categories have been listed by Sommer (1984), whilethe location has been treated more in depth by Böhme.7 InSpain, such �non-Hispanic� belts are inextricably linked for weonly know the samples from Palacios del Sil and Iruña.Nevertheless, as can be seen, �pseudo-Hispanic� specimens areremarkably numerous. Perhaps linked to �non-Hispanic�cingula are simpler ones with a plate with non-hingeddecoration, such as the buckles from San Josep (Castellón), LaOlmeda (Palencia), Castillo Billido (Soria), Villarubia deSantiago (Toledo) and Can Bosch de Basea (Tarragona).8The complete example from Palacios de Sil (León)9 isascribed to Sommer�s �Sorte 3, Typ b�;10 similar buckle plates havebeen documented in grave 770 at Krefeld, Avoise (Sarthe),Sleaford, Wye, Richborough, Pipinsburg, Andernach andLe-Mont-de-Lausanne.11 For its part, the Iruña buckle12 is one ofHawkes� type �I-B�,13 or Sommer�s �Sorte 1, Form C, Typ d,Variant 6�.14 The chronology is somewhat problematical for mostof the findings are without a context, although the presence of

JRMES 10 1999, 55�62

three items fromAnglo-Saxon graves dated to the first half of the5th century support the theory of their use in this period.15 TheIruña Spanish item was found in a 5th century archaeologicallevel confirming the former chronology. In Hawkes� area ofdistribution, type �I-B� is exclusively British. Outside of England,we only know of the Spanish buckle and a belt set from theWesterwanna necropolis.16 The Westerwanna specimen issupposed to have been owned by a Saxon mercenary who wouldhave brought the piece to his homeland after having served in theRoman army.17 We can mention some close parallels with ourIruña sample, mainly the buckles from Tripontium Mucking,Wycomb,18 Alwalton and Richborough.19There are three amphora-shaped strap-ends the attribution ofwhich to �non-Hispanic� or �pseudo-Hispanic� categories issomewhat problematic, although we assume they were part of thefirst of these. They are from Mazarambroz (Toledo), Villarubiade Santiago20 and one now at Mainz Museum.21 The first twobelong to the Keller �A� shape,22 or to Sommer�s �B-a� variant.23Usual ly , such strap-ends are part of belts-sets withdolphin-buckles and propeller-shaped stiffeners. Such bronzesare very common in Gaul where we find many parallels for ouritems, like the ones from Evreux,24 Loupian, Béziers,25 etc. Thedating within the second half of the 4th century is confirmed bycountless funerary contexts like the Saint-Marcel burial (Paris)26and the Pannonian necropolis.27�Pseudo-Hispanic� Hinged �Dolphin� Belts: �Tirig� Type (Fig.2, nos. 1�7)Most of the samples known have openwork plates withkey-hole motifs, as in the Tirig bronzes,28 Liédana (Navarra),Castro de Yecla (Silos. Burgos),29 Mainz Museum30 andprovince of Toledo. Of all the �non-Hispanic� parallels withrivets we could mention for Liédana and Toledo belt-fittingswe shall choose one found in Colchester.31 These two Spanishplates are the ones more closely linked with the SouthernGaulish cingula with shanks we mentioned before.32 The Tirigspecimen also has interesting parallels outside our country inthe Lydney Park piece.33�Pseudo-Hispanic� �Dolphin� Belts with Plate and Loop Castin One Piece: �Totanes� Type (Fig. 2, no. 8)The belt-fittings are similar to the one we considered buthingeless. Complete examples come from Totanes (Toledo),and it was re-used in the Visigothic era. The specimen, foundin Totanes, has its closest parallels �as far as the shape of thedolphins is concerned � in two belt sets from the Gobelinsnecropolis (second half of the 4th Century).34 Dolphinbuckle-plates with �circular holes� have been found inRichborough.35�Pseudo-Hispanic� �Dolphin� Belts with Figural Decoration:�Santome� Type (Fig. 3, nos. 1�9)A heterogeneous group consisting of belt fittings with figuraldecoration. They are directly related to the goldwork belts.Two main iconographic motifs exist: horses and human faces.The first one is related to the hunt, an iconographic themecharacteristically enjoyed by landowners. Examples decoratedwith horses are those of Argeliers,36 Santomé37 and onedeposited at Santiago de Compostela.38 This last item showssuch precise features it must be considered as unique. The

buckle is a symbiosis of the pieces with dolphins and �fourknobs-buckles�, typical of the �Bienvenida� type we will beconsidering later. The ideal complement for the �Santome�belts decorated with cynegetic motifs are the studs of our �N�type, like those discovered at Borox (Toledo), Sanlucarejo(Cádiz) and Mengibar (Jaén). The Mainz Museum buckles39are very peculiar for they concentrate decoration on a humanface. No parallels have been recorded for such pieces, eitherwithin or outside Spain, or which might have been produced atthe same workshop.�Pseudo-Hispanic� �Propeller� Belts: �Borox� Type (Fig. 2,nos. 9�11)This model�s main feature is the plate of the first propeller, forwe find throughout the belt propeller-shaped stiffeners withthe very same shape. We know of three fragments of platesfound in Borox, Ocaña40 and Villarrubia de Santiago. Theplates exhibit uniformity in the manner and styles of theirdecoration; if we consider this while bearing in mind they wereall found in findspots in the province of Toledo, it mightactually hint at the presence of local manufacture. Our �Borox�type would actually be the Spanish adaptation of the�non-Hispanic� hinged belts of the �Champdolent� or �Gala�types;41 or the hingeless ones like the �Muids� type.42 The�Champdolent� and �Muids� are mainly distributed withinGaul, particularly in the North of the province; actually, anitem found at Niederbreising is an excellent parallel to theBorox item. The �Gala� type is typical of the Danubian type.Although none of the Spanish examples preserved a buckle,they probably had �Dolphin�-buckles, given the restricteddistribution of the �Gala� type and the connections our�pseudo-Hispanic� bronzes show with Gaulish counterparts.Other belt-fittings related to these plates might be theshanked studs belonging to our �D� type, found in Titulcia(Madrid), Totanes (Toledo) and Villarubia de Santiago(Toledo).43 The �D�-type studs only achieved a limitedgeographical distribution, which coincides fully with thedistribution of �Borox� type belts. We might dare to say that suchdecorative garments were never used in Hispania in �Borox� beltsets and were never used with other �Dolphin� belts. OutsideHispania, such studs have only been found in the belt set fromArgeliers, regardless of the fact that propeller-shaped stiffenerswith rivets (not shanks) are to be found in substantial numberseverywhere else in the Empire.�Pseudo-Hispanic� Belts with Rectangular Loops: �SanMiguel� and �Paredes de Nava� Types (Fig. 3, nos. 10�11)So far only a pair of items with rectangular buckle-loop andopenwork plates decorated with transverse �key-hole� motifhave been found. We do not believe any of them to be relateddirectly with the belt sets from the Danube area with similarbuckles. Nevertheless, the similarity of those pieces and thatfrom Paredes de Navas is rather suggestive. Its morphologyseems to merge two different influences, the influence of�Simancas� type cingula �horned� buckles44 and the ornamentaltradition of the opus interrasile with �key-holes�. �San Miguel�type hinged belts find their prototype in grave 26 at SanMigueldel Arroyo45 which seems to be an adaptation of the �Salona�type. The �Paredes de Nava� hingeless type with belt-platescast in one piece with the loop shows a similarity with the

56 Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 10 1999

�Tongern� type. This type is very varied, for the prototype has�dolphin�-shaped buckle; notwithstanding other examples areknown with oval46 and peltate buckles.47�Non-Hispanic� Belts with Plate and Pelta-Shaped BuckleCast in One Piece: �Teba� Type (Fig. 1, nos. 4�12)Included in Sommer�s �Sorte 2, Form D�48 they are mainlycontemporary with �Dolphin� belts. They are defined by a loop,typically peltate, together with extremely fine open-work, theonly reason for which is functional: providing a clasp foruniting the buckle-plate and the leather. Such a form offastening is usually finished with a shanked stud holding thebelt together, as is proved by the belt set found in grave no. 10at San Miguel del Arroyo (Valladolid).49 The buckle can alsobe fastened by a metal plate, folded back over the hinge-bar ofthe loops, as in one of the bronzes in Mainz Museum.50The morphological variations existing throughout the Empirecan only be put down to local manufacture of such objects, as isproved by Moroccan specimens from Thamusida, Volubilis andBanasa51 or by individual pieces like one in BonnMuseum.52 Theroots of the �Teba� type are to be found in the cingula militae withpeltate buckles used at the beginning of the Empire. In Hispania,nine examples were discovered: San Miguel del Arroyo, Cuevadel Pany (Barcelona),53 Puig Rodom (Gerona),54 four, possiblyAndalusian, in Mainz Museum,55 as well as those found at Teba(Málaga) and Jauja (Córdoba). The geographical distribution ofthe �Teba� type differs from the other Spanish belt-fittings as it ismore widely dispersed, although Andalusia seems to be the mainfocus. The Spanish specimens are closely linked with similar onesin Southern Gaul, as in grave 452 at Frénouville,56 and thecemetery at �Chemin des Romains� (Frontignan), �La Brèche�(Laudun), Montpellier?,57 etc.�Non-Hispanic� Belts with Triangular Plate Cast in OnePiece with the Buckle: �Mainz� Type (Fig. 1, no. 3)Included within Sommer�s �Sorte 3, Typ e�,58 the geographicaldistribution of such cingula is quite vast, from Britannia toPannonia, as shown in the inventory recently published byBoube.59 The chronology comprehends all the 4th Century.60In Hispania only an item currently in Mainz Museum ispresumed to be of Andalusian origin,61 and the bestparallelisms with are in Furfooz,62 Sala y Tamuda.63I.B. Chip-Carved and Stamped Belt-Fittings(�kerbschnitt und punzvezierte Gürtelgarnituren�)This is one of the most interesting groups of �non-Hispanic�bronzes, because of the historical and social connotations itsstudy will enable. Around 30 examples of this class have beenfound.�Non-Hispanic� Chip-Carved Belts:�Kerbschnittgürtelgarnituren� (Fig. 4)The �Kerbschnittgürtelgarnituren� were fashionable from thereign of Valentinian I (364�375) to Honorius (393�423). Thedistribution area ranges from Britannia to the Danube and themain concentration is to be found in Northern Gaul as well asin the provinces of Germania I and II, Belgium I and II.64 InHispania sixteen such examples are documented. Zoomorphicbuckles separated from their plates have not been includedamongst these and will be considered later.

We know of six fittings of the �Böhme A� type. A rectangularplate from Paredes de Nava (Palencia)65 is identical to anotherone found in Vermand.66 We do not know the exact origin ofanother Spanish rectangular plate but it is believed to have beenfound in Andalusia, and is currently in Mainz Museum.67 In twoplaces, Paredes de Nava and in the villa of La Olmeda(Palencia)68 a similar number of triangular plates decorated withspirals have been found. Both have parallels in Houdan, St.Pölten, etc.69 The spread of Böhme�s �A� type Spanish chip-carvedfittings is completed with another two unpublished triangularplates, one of which presents an exceptional decoration in theform of a bird with spread wings (an eagle?), no similar pieces towhich have been reported.70 Nevertheless, other chip-carvedbronzes such as the �Muthmannsdorf� and �Misery� types do showanimals decorating the plates. They were probably part ofBöhme�s �A� type belt sets: the strap-slide from El Roc d�Enclar(Andorra), the cut plate from La Olmeda and the re-used platefrom the Hornillos del Camino necropolis.71 Strap-slides withlunate terminals, like the one from Andorra, are presumed to befrom the transition from 4th to 5th Centuries. This item has twoidentical parallels in Vermand72 and Richborough.73Four examples have been found in Hispania of Böhme�s �B�type belt-fittings.74 The plates discovered at La Morterona(Palencia) and in a grave in Pompaelo (Pamplona) are verysimilar.75 The ornamental composition of these is very similar tothe belt sets from Celei (Sucidaba) and Tournai.76 AnotherSpanish plate is deposited in Mainz Museum and reported tohave come from Andalusia.77 Finally, another Spanishbuckle-plate, unprovenanced, shows ornamentation similar tothe one in Paredes deNava and is paralleled at Bad-Kreuznach.78Complementary to the belts we have seen are the strap-ends.We know of three such items, found in Villarubia de Santiago(Toledo) and Andalusia? (Mainz Museum).79 The strap-endfrom Villarubia decorated with a pelta motif is assigned toSommer�s �Form B, Typ c, Variant 1b�,80 to Hawkes�s �V-A� type81or to Böhme�s �2� type.82 Similar chip-carved fittings are the onesfrom Abbeville,83 Lambaesis,84 grave 3 in Oudenburg, Houdan,85Leicester,86 Trier and Annaba.87 According to Böhme, suchfittings are from circa AD 400.88 We know specimens ofstrap-ends analogous to the one in Mainz Museum in Ixworth89and in grave 1 at Liebenau.90 Finally, another strap-end found inVillarrubia de Santiago has an excellent parallel in grave 6 atOudenburg91 and in Samson.92�Non-Hispanic� Stamped Belts: �punzierten Garnituren� (Fig.5, nos. 1�9)Stamped belts are related to the chip-carved belts from whichthey are derived. They are both part of the same familynotwithstanding the fact that stamped belt sets appearedsomewhat later than �Kerbschnittgürtelgarnituren�, for theirchronology belongs to the first half of the 5th Century.�Punzierten Garnituren� are typically found in the regions ofthe upper Rhine and Danube.93 Nine such items have beenfound in Hispania.A grave with a complete belt set was found in Hornillos delCamino. A buckle, three propeller-shaped stiffeners and acircular-shaped strap-end94 comprised the set. This buckle istypical of Böhme�s �Verigenstadt� Form.95 Circular-shapedstrap-ends, like the Hornillos and the �Verigenstadt� buckles, areto be found mainly in the provinces of Germania I, Maxima

Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies 10 1999 57

Sequanorum and Raetia II, as well as in neighbouring Barbarianterritories occupied by Alamans and Burgundians.96 The threepropeller-shaped stiffeners found at Hornillos are of Böhme�s�Trier-Muri� shape. Also in Hispania, another two �Trier-Muri�stiffeners have been found at Pamplona97 and �Castro Ventosa�(Cacabelos, Bierzo).98 The item from Pompaelo is actually avariant of the �Trier-Muri� form as is proved by the four centralappendages. The best parallel is from Hessheim.99 The fragmentfrom �Castro Ventosa� is also linked with the garments of the�Köln-Weinheim� form mainly due to the central circular-shapedopening.100 The area of distribution of such fittings is veryrestricted as Böhme�s map shows. This area actually consists ofthe central eastern part of Gaul, the area of the Upper Rhine andthe Mosel,101 which make these Spanish �Trier-Muri� stiffenersmore interesting. The occasional discovery of similar fittings inBritannia, North of Gaul, Panonnia and Dalmatia is alwaysconnected with the dispatch of troops from the Upper Rhinezone.102 Finally we have two Spanish bronzes of the�Tongern-Wessling� form:103 a buckle-plate and a rectangularplate, both in Totanes (Toledo). The edges of the buckle-platesare deliberately cut but can still be compared to specimens as theone in Kostheim104 or Vieil-Atre (Bolougne-sur-Mer).105 The�Tonger-Wesslings� form and �Verigenstadt� buckles belt-setsusually complement each other. Nevertheless, the latter haveachieved a wider geographical diffusion.106Buckles with Animal-Heads Opposed Across the Hinge-Bar(Fig. 5, nos. 10�13)Such buckles were used in �chip-carved� belts as well as in�stamped� belts, but were also associated to other belt sets. InHispania they have been found at the Cueva de losMurciélagos in Zuheros (Cordoba),107 Can Bosch de Basea,108Monsanto,109 grave 141 in Simancas110 and La Bienvenida(Ciudad Real).111 Since all those examples were found withoutplates, it is not clear to which belt sets they belonged, althoughsome items, like the one found in La Bienvenida, are more like�stamped� belt-sets. Such buckles do not only coincidechronologically with �Kerbschnittgürtelgarnituren� and�Punzverzierte Gürtelgarnituren�, but also as with the maindistribution area. This area comprises all the north of Gaul,Rhineland, Northwest of Germany and Britain.112II. �HISPANIC� TYPOLOGY BELTSBelt sets of the �Hispanic� type have always been thought to berelated with an indigenous culture called the �Culture of theDuero cemeteries�, as has been mentioned. There arenevertheless regional differences in the different types used.II. B. �Simancas� Belts (Fig. 6 and 7)These are hinged belts with open-work plates. The plates areattached to the ends of leather belts by shanks (not rivets). Thebuckles show three variants: peltate, �horned� and D-shaped.One of the features of the plates is their narrowness, whichimposes a decoration based on seriated subjects, mainlylongitudinal �key-holes� and interleaved tendrils.�Simancas� belts are a consequence of two influences. Fromthe morphological point of view, they follow the tradition ofhinged belts with rectangular plates used by soldiers at thebeginning of the Empire. An interesting feature is that Spanish�horned� buckles�, so far always thought of as related with

�Simancas� type cingula, also find their origin in themilitary worldof 1st century AD.113 The same might be said of peltate buckles,whose more direct prototypes are also the aforementionedhinged belts. Such a phenomenon is not exclusive to Hispania. InBritannia, we can also find this same influence in Hawkes� localtypes �I- A� and �I- B�.114 But, on the other hand, from a decorativepoint of view, �Simancas� belts are connected with �non-Hispanic�belt-sets with open-work plates ornamented with the �key-hole�motif. This connection with European cingula militae �mitdurbrochenen Beschläg� was also established by Sommer, whoincludes the �Simancas� type in his �Sorte 2, Form B, Typ e�.115Bel t -sets with �horned� buckle have been found inFuentespreadas, La Morterona (Saldaña, Palencia), Castillo deCarpio Bernardo (Salamanca), Castil lo de Soria andPenadominga (Lugo)116 and perhaps individual plates like thosefound in Carpio de Tajo,117 grave 52 of Simancas (Valladolid)118and Villarubia de Santiago (Toledo). Belt sets with a peltatebuckle have been found in grave 133 at Simancas,119 province ofBurgos (MAN nº 83845)120 Hornillos del Camino (Burgos)121 andthe province of Valladolid.122 Belt sets with �D�-shaped bucklehave been found in grave 26 of the North necropolis of LaOlmeda,123 Penadomina,124 and La Nuez de Abajo (Burgos).125Individual plates for which we can not determine the type ofbuckle associated are those from Castro de Viladonga (Lugo),126or a pair from La Morterona (Saldaña)127 and Villasequilla deYepes.128 Individual �horned� buckles, a characteristic element ofthose �Simancas� belt sets are from: Castillo de Capio Bernardo(Salamanca), Castillo de Soria, La Morterona (Saldaña,Palencia), tomb 354 of la Olmeda (unpublished, on display at theMuseum of Saldaña), Penadomina (Lugo), Carpio de Tajo(Toledo), Santo Tomé del Puerto (Segovia), Puebla deMontalbán (Toledo), Villarubia de Santiago (Toledo), Arcobriga(Monreal de Ariza, Zaragoza), Palencia, Collado de los Jardines(Santa Elena, Jaén) and theNational ArchaeologicalMuseum.129We should include in this list those unpublished in Huete(Cuenca) and the Museum of Linares and also Aloria.130About the geographical distribution, �Simancas� belts aretypical of the classical necropolis of the �Culture of the Duerocemeteries� and are mainly concentrated in the Northern andSouthern Plateaus of the Iberian Peninsula, in what are currentlythe provinces of Palencia and Toledo. Their chronology coincideswith the first half of the 4th century, as is proved by the belt setfound in grave 26 of La Olmeda. Nevertheless, the maximumdistribution hald already been achieved in the second half of the4th and the beginning of the following century, the period towhich the Fuentespreadas tomb is attributable. It is probably inthis last period that �horned� buckles became fashionable.�Simancas� belts are frequently to be found in graves with knivesfor, among others, one of their uses was to transport such knives.II.C. �Cabriana� Belts (Fig. 8, nos. 1�8)Hinged belts with plates which are never decorated withopen-work motifs. They possess �D�-shaped buckles andrectangular plates doubled over to form a back-plate.Typically the plates are ornamented with the familiarring-and-dot motif. Eight specimens of the �Cabriana� typehave been reported so far. Three complete examples comefrom the Cabriana necropolis (Burgos),131 Lugo and LasMurallas (Huerta de Abajo, Burgos). Detached buckles werefound in tomb 51 of the northern necropolis of La Olmeda,132


Liédana (Navarra)133 and Astorga. And a detached platecomes from Monte Mòzinho (Oldroes, Penafiel).134 Withregard to chronology, the first examples from Astorga werefound in archaeological levels dated from the 4th century tothe first half of the following century,135 while the buckle fromLa Olmeda may date to the first half of the 4th century. Thegeographical distribution of the �Cabriana� type is somewhatdifferent from that of the �Simancas� type for it is concentratedin the west and north-west of the Iberian Peninsula. With theexception of La Olmeda, they are not normally found in gravesof the necropolis of the �Culture of the Duero cemeteries�.A variant is the type �Villasequilla�. They are similar to theprevious ones, but the buckle is joined to the plate with a hingeformed from rings (and not by the sheet bent back in a �U� shape).We only know of plates from Villasequilla of Yepes (Toledo)136and one in the National Archaeological Museum nº 86/84/67.137The limited data does not allow their geographical distribution ortheir chronology to be determined.II.D. �Bienvenida� Belts (Fig. 9, nos. 1�9)Belts with a concave-shaped plate, the corners of which areusually finished in small terminals and never displayopen-work decoration. The most distinctive ornamentation ofthis class of belt equipment is the ring-and-dot motif, as in thatfrom La Bienvenida,138 Totanes (Toledo), Almendros(Cuenca)139 and the province of Segovia, among others. Theplates may also have been decorated with incised lines, like theone found in Puebla de Montalbán (Toledo),140 or lack thedecoration, as in the ones from Villasequilla de Yepes(Toledo)141 and one found in the province of Cuenca.142 Thetypical buckle of the �Bienvenida� belts is rectangular in shape,and the corners have spherical terminals and have thus beennamed �four knob�-buckles.143 We once again find a connectionbetween our �Hispanic type� cingula and Roman militaryequipment of the beginning of the Empire. �Bienvenida� platesare related to military studs used from the end of the 2ndcentury and in the following century found in Germania,144Morocco145 and Gaul. The buckles are also linked to thetradition of the �Rechteckschnallen� analysed by Poux.146 �Fourknob�-buckles have been reported in Hispania since theRepublican period and have been found for instance in theCáceres el Viejo camp (circa 80 BC). Outside our territory,such buckles are associated with military contexts of the 2ndand 3rd century, as at South Shields147 and Straubing.148 Froma geographical point of view, the distribution of the�Bienvenida� type differs somewhat from that of the �Simancas�and �Cabriana� types. The �Bienvenida� type is typical of theSouth Plateau of the Iberian Peninsula and finds clearlyconcentrate in the centre of the Peninsula. No �Bienvenida�belt-fittings have been found in the necropolis of the �Cultureof the Duero cemeteries�. The only information we possessabout their chronology is the re-use of a plate in the Visigothicnecropolis of El Espirdo (Segovia).149II.E. �Olmeda� Belts (Fig. 9, nos. 13�14)Ring-buckles generally made of iron. Such pieces are typical ofthe 3rd century but nevertheless are frequently found inHispanic cemeteries of the �Culture of the Duero cemeteries�.The fact that such buckles are found recurrently in Spanishtombs can not be explained just by residual use of such buckles.

�Olmeda� belts are there to remind us once again of theendurance of anachronistic fashions in our territory. A greatnumber of �Olmeda� items have been found in the NorthernNecropolis of the type site where they are the kind of belt setmost often represented in this cemetery (tombs 11, 12, 28, 32,36, 38, 62, 64, 84, 91).150 This last fact stresses the idea that thistype was still �fashionable� in Hispania during the first half of4 th cen tury , wh i l e they were a l ready cons idered�old-fashioned� in the rest of the Empire.III. CONCLUSIONSDuring the 4th century, belt becomes important because itturns into an essential part of the uniform and a symbol of thesocial ranks. The idea of classifying these pieces as militaryitems has led to a controversy with, obviously, poponents andopponents.151 We currently consider such belts originally tohave been worn by mil i tary men, either Romans or�Barbarians�, Germanic or non-Germanic, as well as by Romangovernment officers. The proliferation of fittings of LateRoman cingula in Hispania, a province distant from combatzones and with a reduced military presence, needs to beexplained, especially since the theory of a �Limes hispanus�152was dismissed.�Non-Hispanic� belt-fittings were brought to Hispania byarmed men posted at the Limes in the transition from the end of4th to the beginning of 5th century. The date coincides with theperiod of the usurpation by Constantine III (407�411), a briefperiod when armed clashes in Hispania have been reported byclassical texts. Some of these bronzes have been found onmilitary sites and others are related to settlements occupied bysuch troops in the Notitia Dignitatum. The Hawkes �I-B� typebuckle found at Veleia (currently Iruña) might have been ownedby a Saxonmercenary posted to the cohors prima Gallica. Fittingssuch as the ones from Palacios del Sil and �Castro Ventosa�, bothfound in the province of León, may have some connection withthe Legio VII. Chip-carved and �Trier-Muri� fittings fromPompaelo (Pamplona) were found in a city where comitatensestroops where posted at the beginning of the 5th century, as weknow from the letter Emperor Honorius sent them. Thestrap-slide from El Roc d�Enclar, a castellum, which controlled astrategic route from Hispania to Gaul, would thus be an itemrelated to a military site. During this period, we may then quotethe presence of comitatenses troops in civilian locations. Thesecomitatenses troops might possibly have been billeted in villaeand were the reason for the finds in the cemetery at Hornillos delCamino (Burgos), where a passing Alaman soldier may havedied. The finds of cingula militae in villae like La Olmeda andParedes de Nava, deposits found in the campi palantini, might berelated to the repeated looting of Gerontius� honoriaci. Finally,we should not forget that some finds from rural settlementsmight be due to the owner of the villa having pursued a militarycareer as a part of their cursus honorum. Such potentiores mighthave brought cingula militae with them as a memento of theirprofessional life on the Limes.153�Pseudo-Hispanic� belts are regional variations of the cingulamilitae used throughout the rest of the Empire in the 4th century.We believe �pseudo-Hispanic� belts may be related to the troopsposted in Hispania, still operational in the middle of the century,while �non-Hispanic� belts would be those brought in by mobiletroops (comitatenses) at the beginning of the following century.


This would account for the distribution of out-dated fashions inour territory during the second half of 4th century, and also thesurvival of shanks against rivets. �Hispanic� belts arecontemporary with �pseudo-Hispanic� and share a similargeographical distribution. Nevertheless, some of those�Hispanic� type belts are specific to a local culture called the�Culture of the Duero cemeteries� and have an anachronisticstyle more like the 2nd�3rd centuries, while �pseudo-Hispanic�are not to be found in the cemeteries of this culture and have amore contemporary style.The fact that troops stayed in Hispania for centuries,especially the Legio VII may be the key to the interpretation ofour �pseudo-Hispanic� and �Hispanic� late Roman belts.154Old-fashioned tastes having lasted with troops established longago is a trend which has been studied in other areas of theEmpire. In its area of influence, the Iberian Peninsula Plateau,this legion might have been responsible for a phenomenonsimilar to the Mischzivilisation which took place in NorthernGaul. The result of such Mischzivilisation is the meeting of twoworlds: military and civilian. This symbiosis has been recorded inother areas such as Pannonia (Ságvár),155 or the former Dacia.156Hispanic Mischzivilisation would thus be the result of mingling ofconservative tastes (very likely in an old legion) and the localHispano-Roman tradition. The most obvious proof of thisMischzivilisation would be the �Culture of the Duerocemeteries�, defined by the cemetery whose graves contained�Simancas� belts, knives, spears, iron tools, bronze tableware, etc.The similarities between such Spanish grave goods and thosefound in Gallic and German graves, like no. 127 in Chouy157 orno. 1330 at Krefeld-Gellep158 constitute a line of investigationthat requires careful examination in the future.NOTES* [email protected] SOMMER, 1984.2 HEURGON, 1958, 31�46, fig. 6�7, fig. 3�4.3 FEUGERE, 1993a, 253.4 ZEISS, 1934, fig. 32, 9.5 AURRECOECHEA, 1996a, 97�146.6 BOUBE-PICCOT, 1994, 101�102, nº166�168.7 BÖHME, 1986, 482�485.8 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, 60.9 PEREZ, 1991, nº 15.10 SOMMER, 1984, 38.11 BÖHME, 1986, 482, note 22.12 AURRECOECHEA, 1996c, 265�270.13 HAWKES, 1961, 23�26.14 SOMMER, 1984, 25, fig. 4, 8.15 BÖHME, 1986, 507.16 QUILLFELDT Y ROGGENBUCK, 1985, fig. 122, 701b.17 BÖHME, 1986, 508.18 BÖHME, 1986, fig. 27, 1, 7 and 16.19 HAWKES, 1961, fig. 15, a and f.20 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/1996, fig. 1, 7 and 9.21 RIPOLL, 1993, 595, 12.22 KELLER, 1971, 45�46, fig. 18, 7�11.23 SOMMER, 1984, 49�51, fig. 19.24 FAUDUET, 1992, 115, nº 874.25 FEUGERE, 1993a, 253, nº 17 and 18.26 BONNET ET ALII, 1989, 197, nº 175.

27 KELLER, 1971.28 ROSAS, 1976.29 PALOL, 1969, 146, 149, fig. 25, 3, 25bis.30 RIPOLL, 1993, 594, 14.31 BÖHME, 1986, fig. 8, 1.32 FEUGERE, 1993a, 253.33 HAWKES, 1961, 52, fig. 18, a.34 BONNET ET ALII, 1989, 192�193, nº 168 and 170.35 HAWKES, 1961, 57, fig. 19, a.36 ZEISS, 1934, fig. 32, 9.37 FARIÑA ; RODRIGUEZ, 1995, fig. 46.38 PALOL, 1969, 147, fig. 25, 1.39 RIPOLL, 1993, 596.40 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/1996, fig. 1, 10 and 11.41 SOMMER, 1984, 36, figs. 14, nº 5�6.42 SOMMER, 1984, 38, plate 16, 7.43 AURRECOECHEA, 1996a, fig. 6, nos. 101�103.44 AURRECOECHEA, 1997, 15�19.45 PALOL, 1969, 128, fig. 24, 1 and fig. 19.46 HAWKES, 1974, 389, fig. 3, 7.47 BÖHME, 1974, fig. 104, 9.48 SOMMER, 1984, 37.49 AURRECOECHEA, 1996a, 109, fig. 19.50 RIPOLL, 1993, 592, nº 3.51 BOUBE-PICCOT, 1994, nº 63, 65�69.52 HEURGON, 1958, plate 23, 2.53 PEREZ, 1991, nº 4.54 CASAS, 1985/86, 73�89.55 RIPOLL, 1993, 592, nº 3�5, 594, nº11.56 PILET, 1990, 125.57 FEUGERE, 1993b, fig. 14.58 SOMMER, 1984, fig. 16.59 BOUBE-PICCOT, 1994, List 1, nº 1�23, Carte 2.60 BÖHME, 1986, 486.61 RIPOLL, 1993, 594, nº 13.62 NENQUIN, 1953, plate 8, D-11.63 BOUBE-PICCOT, 1994, nº 162�163.64 BÖHME, 1986, 472.65 AURRECOECHEA, 1998a, 15.66 BULLINGER, 1969a, ab. 29, 1, ab. 60.67 SCHULZE-DÖRRLAMM, 1989, 784�785, plate 75.68 AURRECOECHEA, 1996b, 15, fig. 1, 1.69 BULLINGER, 1969a, ab. 28.70 These pieces come from the antiquity market and the actualwhereabouts is unknown. They were offered to the British Mu-seum in 1992 and their Spanish origin was reported. They actuallywere part of a set including Böhme�s �B� type buckle of fig. 4,1.71 AURRECOECHEA, 1996b, 18, fig. 1, 2, 5 and 6.72 BÖHME, 1974, fig. 136, 9.73 BÖHME, 1986, fig. 6, 7.74 BÖHME, 1974, fundliste 11, karte 11.75 AURRECOECHEA, 1996b, 18, fig. 1, 3�4.76 BULLINGER, 1969a, fig. 21, 1, fig. 23, 1.77 SCHULZE-DÖRRLAMM, 1989, 784�785, plate 75.78 See note 1. SOMMER, 1974, fig. 10, 2.79 AURRECOECHEA, 1996b, fig. 1, 7�8.80 SOMMER, 1984, 52, plate 20.81 HAWKES, 1961, 63�64, fig. 23.82 BÖHME, 1974, fig. 28.83 BULLINGER, 1969b, 149�159, fig. 4 and 8.


84 BISHOP; COULSTON, 1993, fig. 128, 3 and 9.85 BULLINGER, 1969a, fig. 24, 2, fig. 28, 2.86 HAWKES, 1961, 63, fig. 23, a.87 SOMMER, 1984, plate 20, 9, 11.88 BÖHME, 1986, 473.89 HAWKES, 1961, 65, fig. 23, g.90 BÖHME, 1974, fig. 28, 19.91 YPEY, 1969, fig. 3.92 BÖHME, 1974, fig. 100, 5.93 BÖHME, 1986, 500�501.94 PEREZ, e.p.95 BÖHME, 1974, 71.96 BÖHME, 1974, 92; BÖHME, 1986, 499�500, Abb. 23.97 MEZQUÍRIZ, 1978, 121, fig. 112.98 FARIÑA; RODRÍGUEZ 1995, 58�59, fig. 46.99 BULLINGUER, 1969, fig. 52, 1, plate 35, 2.100 BÖHME, 1986, 501.101 BÖHME, 1986, fig. 24.102 SOMMER, 1984, 103; BÖHME, 1986, 501.103 BOHME, 1974, Fundliste 14, karte 14.104 WERNER, 1958, fig. 20.105 VV.AA., 1990, 65, 1e.8c.106 BÖHME, 1974, Fundliste 15, karte 15.107 VERA, 1994, 69-71.108 MORRAL ET ALII, 1980, 13, fig. 26.109 SANTOS; PONTE, 1980, 60�61.110 PALOL, 1969, 141, fig.26, 3.111 AURRECOECHEA ET AL., 1986, 253, fig. 1, 9.112 BÖHME, 1986, 473.113 AURRECOECHEA, 1997, 15�19.114 HAWKES, 1961, 41�50.115 SOMMER, 1984, 35.116 AURRECOECHEA. 1997, 17.117 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, fig. 3, 2.118 PALOL, 1969, 139, fig. 24, 3.119 PALOL, 1969, 141, fig. 24, 2.120 PALOL, 1969, 149, 24, 6.121 PALOL, 1969, 144, fig. 24, 4.122 AURRECOECHEA, 1996a, fig. 22.123 ABASOLO; CORTES; PEREZ, 1997, 24�25, fig. 17.124 NUÑEZ, 1976, 286�287, fig. 3.125 PALOL, 1969, 145, fig. 25, 5.126 ARIAS, 1997, A70�172.127 ABASOLO ET AL., 1984, 11�12, fig. 3, 2�3.128 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, fig. 3, 1.129 AURRECOECHEA. 1997, 17.130 Personal communication from Aitor Iriarte.131 AURRECOECHEA, 1996a, fig. 20, plate. 7.132 ABASOLO; CORTES; PEREZ, 1997, 55, fig. 37.133 PEREZ, 1991, nº 20, fig. 15,3.134 SOEIRO, 1984, fig. 143, 8.135 We would like to thank Ms Romana Erice and Mr Angel Morfigothe data regarding Astorga and the chronology derived from thedoctoral thesis of the latter.136 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, fig.. 3, 3.137 RIPOLL, 1986, 64, fig. 4, 1.138 AURRECOECHEA; ET AL., 1986, 253, fig.1, 8.139 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, fig. 2, 12.140 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, fig. 2, 9.141 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, fig. 2, 10.

142 AURRECOECHEA, 1995/96, fig. 2, 6.143 AURRECOECHEA, 1997, 17�18.144 OLDENSTEIN, 1976, fig. 59, 733�736.145 BOUBE, 1994, 574.146 POUX, 1998.147 ALLASON-JONES; MIKET, 1984, 194, nº 623.148 OLDENSTEIN, 1976, fig. 59, 736.149 MOLINERO, 1971, 65, plate 1971, 65, plate 103.150 ABASOLO; CORTES; PEREZ, 1997, 139.151 BÖHME, 1974; 1986. SOMMER, 1984.152 The extensive bibliography the hypothetical limes has inspired willnot be considered in this work. The most recent synthesis will bequoted instead (SAYAS, 1996).153 BLACK, 1994, 99�109.154 Legio VII Gemina is reported as settled in Spain in that time ac-cording to the Notitia (XLII, 1, 25). The legion, in the late Romanera, would be about 6000 men strong; nevertheless, a part of it wasposted to the comitatensan army in the Eastern provinces of theEmpire (ARCE, 1988, 73).155 BURGER, 1979.156 MITREA; PREDA, 1964, 211�237.157 KAZANSKI, 1995, fig. 4, 10�17.158 PIRLING, 1978, FIG. 3, 3.BIBLIOGRAPHYABASOLO, J.A. ET ALII. 1984: Excavaciones en el yacimiento de LaMorterona, Saldaña (Palencia). Palencia.ABASOLO, J. ; CORTES, J ; PEREZ, F., 1997: La necrópolis norte de LaOlmeda (Pedrosa de la Vega, Palencia). Palencia.ALLASON-JONES, L., MIKET, R. 1984: The catalogue of small findsfrom South Shields Roman Fort. Newcastle-upon-Tyne.ARIAS VILAS, F., 1997: �Apliques y botones de bronce para personasy caballerías en el Castro de Viladonga. CROA, 7.AURRECOECHEA, J., 1994: �Los botones de bronce en la Hispaniaromana�. Archivo Español de Arqueología, 67.AURRECOECHEA, J., 1995/96: �Las guarniciones de cinturón yatalaje de tipología militar en la Hispania Romana, a tenor delos bronces hallados en la Meseta Sur�. Estudios de Prehistoria yArqueología Madrileñas, 10.AURRECOECHEA, J., 1996a: �Roman studs in Spain: a survey�.Journal of Roman Military Equipment Studies, vol. 7.AURRECOECHEA, J., 1996b: �Chip-carved fittings in Late RomanHispania�. Arma, vol. 8, nos. 1 & 2.AURRECOECHEA, J., 1996c: �Nuevas aportaciones alconocimiento de los contingentes militares tardorromanos enHispania: la guarnición de cinturón de origen británicoencontrada en Iruña�. Veleia, 13.AURRECOECHEA, J., 1997: �Roman �horned� buckles: the evidencefrom Hispania�. Arma, vol. 9.AURRECOECHEA, J., 1998: �New finds of chip-carved fittings inSpain�. Instrumentum Bulletin, winter 98.AURRECOECHEA, J. ; FERNANDEZ, C. ; CABALLERO, A., 1986:�Mobiliario metálico del yacimiento ibero-romano de LaBienvenida�, en la provincia de Ciudad Real�. Oretum, 2.BISHOP,M. C.; COULSTON, J. C. N., 1993: Roman military equipment.Londres.BLACK, E.W., 1994: �Villa-owners: romano-british gentleen andofficers�. Britannia, 25.BÖHME, A., 1974: Germanische Grabfunde des 4. Bis 5. Jahrhundertszwischen unteren Elbe und Loire. München.


BÖHME, A., 1986: �Das Ende der Römerherrschaft in Britannien und dieAngelsachsische Besiedlung Englands im 5. Jahrhundert�. Jahrbuchdes Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, 33.BONNET, J. ETALII, 1989: Les bronzes antiques de Paris. Collections duMusée Carnavalet.BOUBE-PICCOT, C. 1994: Les bronzes antiques de Maroc, IV.Léquipement militaire et lármement. Paris.BULLINGER, H., 1969a: Spätantike Gürtelbeschläge. Typen,herstellung, trageweise und datierung. DissertationesArchaelogiae Gandense, 12.BULLINGER, H., 1969b: Une garniture de ceinturon du Bas-Empire aAbbeville (Somme). Gallia, 27.BURGER, A.S., 1966: �The late Roman cementery at Ságvár�. ActaArchaeologica Hungárica, 18.CABALLERO, L. 1974: La necrópolis de Fuentespreadas (Zamora).Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España, 80.CASAS I GENOVER, J., 1985/86: �Excavacions a la vil.la romana dePuig Rodon (Corça, Baix Empordá). Sector 1, 1985�1983�. Annalde l�Institut d�Etudis Gironins, 28.FARIÑA, F. ; RODRÍGUEZ, X., 1995: Museo Arqueoloxico Ourense, LaCoruña.FAUDUET, I., 1992: Musée d´Évreux, bronzes gallo-romains.Argenton-sur-Creuse.FEUGERE, M., 1993a: Les armes des romains de la République àlÁntiquité tardive. Paris.FEUGERE,M., 1993b: �L�évolution du mobilier non céramique dans lessépultures antiques de Gaule méridionale (IIe siècle av. J.-C. -début du Ve siècle ap. J.-C.)�. Römerzeitliche Gräber als Quellen zuReligion, Bevölkerungsstruktur und Sozialgeschichte. Mainz.HAWKES, C.S., 1961: �Soldiers and settlers in Britain, fourth to fifthcentury�.Medieval Archaeology , 5.HAWKES, C.S., 1974: �Some recent finds of Late Roman Buckles�.Britannia, 5.HEURGON, J., 1958: Le trésor de Ténès.KAZANSKI, M., 1995: �L�equipement et le matériel militaires auBas-Empire en Gaule du Nord et de l�Est�. Revue duNord-Archeologie, 313.KELLER, E., 1971: Die spätrömischen Grabfunde in Sudbayern.Münchner Beiträge zur Vor-und Frühgeschichte, 14. München.MEZQUIRIZ, M. A., 1978: Pompaelo II. Pamplona.MITREA, B.; PREDA, C., 1964: �Quelques problèmes ayant trait auxnécropoles de type Sîntana-Tcherniakhov découvertes enValachie�. Dacia, 8, 1964.MOLINERO PEREZ, A. 1971: Aportaciones de las excavaciones yhallazgos casuales (1941�1959) al Museo Arqueológico deSegovia. Excavaciones Arqueológicas en España, 72.MORRAL, E. ET ALII, 1980: Excavacions a la villa romana de CanBosch de Basea (Terrassa). Tarrasa.NENQUIN, J., 1953: La necropole de Furfooz. DissertationesArchaeologicae Gandenses, 1. Brugge.NUÑEZ, M. 1976: �Las artes metálicas de la Galicia prerrománica�.Boletín de la Comisión Provincial de Monumentos Históricos yArtísticos de Lugo, v. 9, nos. 85�86.OLDENSTEIN, J. 1976: �Zur Ausrüstung römischer Auxiliareinheiten�.Bericht der Romische-Germanischen Komision, 57.

PALOL, P. DE, 1969: �La necrópolis de San Miguel del Arroyo y losbroches hispanorromanos del S. IV�. Boletín del Seminario deArte y Arqueología, 34�35.PEREZ RODRIGUEZ-ARAGON, F., 1991: �Los broches de loscinturones tardorromanos y el inicio de la presencia germánica enla Península Ibérica�. Codex Aquilarensis, 4.PEREZ RODRIGUEZ-ARAGON, F., (e.p.): �Un nuevo cinturónmilitar tardorromano tipo Trier-Muri, procedente de lanecrópolis de Hornillos del Camino�. I Congreso de ArqueologíaMilitar Romana en Hispania (Segovia, 1998).PILET, C., 1990: �Militaires et barbares sur le limes saxonicum�. Atila, lesinfluences danubiennes dans l�ouest de l�Europe au Ve siècle. CaenPIRLING, R., 1978: �Chronologie du cimetière de Krefeld-Gellep�.Problemes de Chronologie relative et absolute concernant lescimentières mérovingiens d�entre Loire et Rhin. Bibliothèque deL�École des Hautes Études. Paris.POUX, M., 1998: Puits funéraire d�époque gauloise à Paris (Sénat): uncavalier auxiliaire républicain chez les Parisii. Cahiers de LaRotonde. Paris.QUILLFELDT, J.V.; ROGGENBUCK, P., 1985: Westerwanna II. DieUrnenfriedhöfe in Niedersachsen.RIPOLL LOPEZ, G., 1986: �Bronces romanos, visigodos y medievalesen el M.A.N.�. Boletín del Museo Arqueológico Nacional, 4.RIPOLL LOPEZ, G., 1993: L�archéologie funéraire de Bétique d�après lacollection visigothique du Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseumde Mayence. Paris. Atelier de Thèses de l�Université de Lille,microfiche nº 0741.15226/93.ROSAS ARTOLA, M., 1976: �Peces inédites d�un enterramenttardorromá procedente de Tirig (Castelló), dipositades en elMus. Prov. de Belles Arts de Castelló�. Cuadernos de Prehistoriay Arqueología Castellonenses, 3.SANTOS, C ; PONTE, S. DA, 1980: �Fibula anular romana e fivela dacinturáo romana do Museo Eduardo Malta (Covilhá).Arqueología, 2.SCHÜLZE-DÖRRLAMM, M., 1989: �Arbeitsberich, SpätromischeGürtelbeschläge mit Kerbschnitmuster aus Südspanien�. Jahrbuchdes Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseum zu Mainz, 36.SOEIRO, T., 1984: �Monte Mòzinho. Apontamentos sobre a ocupaçaoentre Souza y Tamega em epoca romana�. Penafiel, 1.SOMMER, M., 1984: Die Gürtel und Gürtelbeschläge des 4. und 5.Jahrhunderts im römischen Reich. Bonner Hefte zurVorgeschichte, 22. Bonn.VERA, J.C., 1994: �Un nuevo testimonio arqueológico sobre lapresencia efectiva de contingentes militares centroeuropeos en laHispania bajoimperial: una hebilla de cingulum militia procedentedel sur de Córdoba�. Antiquitas, 5.VV.AA., 1990: Milano capitale dell�Impero Romano (286�402 d.C.).Milán.WERNER, J., 1958: �Kriegergräber aus der ersten Hälfte des 5.Jahrhunderts zwischen Schelde undWeser�.Bonner Jahrbuch, 158.YPEY, J., 1969: �Zur Tragweise frühfränkischer Gürtelgarnituren aufGrund niederländischer Befunde�. Ver. R.O.B., 19.ZEISS, H., 1934: Die Grabfunde aus dem spanischen Westgotenreich.Berlin-Leipzig.



Figure 1: �Non-Hispanic �Dolphin� belts�: Palacios del Sil (1), Iruña (2). �Mainz� Type: Mainz Museum (3). �Teba� Type: MainzMuseum (4�7), Cueva del Pany (7), Puig Rodom (9), Teba (10), Jauja (11), San Miguel del Arroyo (12).


Figure 2: �Tirig� Type: Tirig (1), Liédana (2), Province of Toledo (3), ¿Nimes? (4), Saint-Clément (5), Montpellier Museum (6),Castro de Yecla (7). �Totanes� Type: Totanes (8). �Borox� Type: Ocaña (9), Villarrubia de Santiago (10), Borox (11). �Dolphin�buckles: Villarubia de Santiago (12), Sant Josep (13), La Olmeda (14), Castillo Billido (15). Strap-ends: Mainz Museum (16),Mazarambroz (17).


Figure 3: �Santomé� Type: Argeliers (1), Santomé (2), Borox (3), ¿Santiago de Compostela? (4), Mengibar (5), Sanlucarejo (6),Province of Burgos (7), Mainz Museum (8�9). �San Miguel� Type: San Miguel del Arroyo (10). �Paredes de Nava� Type: Paredes deNava (11).


Figure 4: Chip-carved fittings: La Olmeda (9, 16), Paredes de Nava (7, 8), La Morterona (5), Hornillos del Camino (15), Villarrubiade Santiago (13, 14), Pamplona (4), Roc dÉnclar (3), Mainz Museum (2, 11, 12), �Spanish� (1, 6, 10).


Figure 5: Stamped fittings: Hornillos del Camino (1�5), Cacabelos (6), Pamplona (7), Totanes (8, 9). Buckles with animal heads:Monsanto (10), Simancas (11), La Bienvenida (12), Can Bosch (13).


Figure 6: �Simancas� Type: Fuentespreadas (1, 6), La Morterona (2), Castillo de Capio Pernardo (3), Carpio de Tajo (4, 12),Simancas (5), Villarrubia de Santiago (7, 8), National Archaeological Museum (9, 15), Puebla de montalban (10), Museo deLinares (11), Arcobriga (13, 14), Palencia (16), Huete (17), Santo Tomé del Puerto (18). Early Empire �horned� buckles: Provinceof Toledo (19), Oberstimm (20), Richborough (21, 22), Bank East (23).


Figure 7: �Simancas� Type: Nuez de Abajo (1), La Morterona (2, 5), Viladonga (3), Hornillos del Camino (4), La Olmeda (6),Villasequilla de Yepes (7), Simancas (8), Province of Valladolid (9).


Figure 8: �Cabrina� Type: Cabriana (1), Lugo (2), Huerta de Abajo (3), Monte Mòzinho (4), Liédana (5), Astorga (6, 8), LaOlmeda (7). �Villasequilla� Type: National Archaeological Museum (8), Villasequilla de Yepes (9). �D� buckles with �L� section:Villarrubia de Santiago (10), Borox (11).


Figure 9: �Bienvenida� Type: Mengibar (1), El Quinto (2), Ocaña (3), Totanes (4), La Bienvenida (5), Almendros (6), Province ofSegovia (7), Puebla de Montalbán (8), Villasequilla de Yepes (9). �Rectangular� buckles: Simancas (10, 11), Castro de la Oliva (12).�Olmeda� Type: La Olmeda (13), La Morterona (14).

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