JSCE16 Standard Specifications Materials and Construction 1.1

JSCE Guidelines for Concrete No.16

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2007

"Materials and Construction"

Japan Society of Civil Engineers

JSCE Guidelines for Concrete No.16

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR CONCRETE STRUCTURES 2007

"Materials and Construction"

Published by Subcommittee on

English Version of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures - 2007 Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE)

Yotsuya 1-chome, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-0004, JAPAN FAX +81-3-5379-2769 E-mail [email protected]

December 2010

Copyright JSCE 2010 Concrete Committee Printed in Japan 2007 1.1 ISBN 978-4-8106-0753-6

Preface Concrete structures have supported our society as infrastructures. The society can only preserve itself in wholesome with tough, beautiful and durable concrete structures. Concrete Committee of Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE), leading organization for investigation, research, technological promotion and education of concrete in Japan, considers the issuance and revision of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures as its most important activity. Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures (JSCE-SSCS), which show the model for plan, design, execution, maintenance and repair of concrete structures, have been highly recognized in practice and contributed to the development of concrete technology in Japan since its first publication as Standard Specifications for Reinforced Concrete 1931.

In order to cope with the development of concrete technology in Japan and the worldwide trend, Concrete Committee converted all Specifications in JSCE-SSCS namely Structural Performance Verification, Seismic Performance Verification, Materials and Construction, Maintenance, Dam Concrete and Pavement, from the Prescriptive Code to Performance-based Code and completed the work in 2002.

This revised edition adopts the technological development after 2002 and intends to enhance the performance-based nature in Standard Specifications. For practical efficiency, the three Specifications - Design, Materials and Construction and Dam Concrete present not only general provisions for verification of specified performance requirements but also standard methods as simplified methods to achieve the performance requirements under certain conditions. JSCE-SSCS is ready for practical use as it describes the role of each Specification during the plan, design, execution, maintenance and repair phases as well as the relationship among them. And for the first time, it also describes roles of engineers for construction works. This JSCE-SSCS is yet an ultimate one. There are still remaining tasks, such as inclusion of provisions for scenario of concrete structures during service life. What readers can find in this revised edition is rationality with the performance-based concept and the applicability for practice, showing the high level of technology in Japan.

This revised JSCE-SSCS consists of five Specifications; Design, which combines the previous Structural Performance Verification and Seismic Performance Verification together, Materials and Construction, Maintenance, Dam Concrete and Test Methods and Specifications. Specification of Test Methods and Specifications was issued separately in May 2007. Specification of Pavement was published as Standard Specifications for Pavements 2007 by the Committee on Pavement Engineering of JSCE, which has taken over the issuance and revision works from JSCE-SSCS.

Finally I would like to show my most sincere gratitude to Prof Taketo UOMOTO and Dr Tadayoshi ISHIBASHI, Chairman and Secretary General of Sub-committee on Revision of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures as well as its Secretaries, Conveners and Members who devoted themselves continuously despite the tight drafting schedule. My gratitude also goes to Advisors, Secretaries, Executive Members and Members of Concrete Committee, who reviewed the draft.

December 2007

Toyoaki MIYAGAWA, Chairman Concrete Committee of Japan Society of Civil Engineers

Preface to the English Version

The Japan Society of Civil Engineers (JSCE) Concrete Committee has been publishing the Standard

Specifications for Concrete Structures in Japanese since 1931. The English versions were published twice in

1987 and 2005 when the limit state design and the performance-based concept were introduced in the 1986 and

2002 editions of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures (JSCE-SSCS) for the first time, respectively.

Since 2004 the Concrete Committee has put efforts to enhance information dissemination overseas by presenting

various English publications including the series of JSCE Guidelines for Concrete. Concrete Committee has

also decided to prepare the English version of every edition of JSCE-SSCS. This Sub-committee on English

Version of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures was established in 2008.

Our task is to prepare the English version of four Specifications: Design, Materials and Construction,

Maintenance and Dam Concrete of the 2007 edition of JSCE-SSCS. Specification of Test Methods and

Specifications of JSCE-SSCS is not included in this English version. However, some of these standard test

methods and specifications have been translated for publication in a series of JSCE Guidelines for Concrete.

Please visit the website of Concrete Committee at http://www.jsce.or.jp/committee/concrete/e/index.html for the

information on the English publications.

This English version includes most of the contents in the original Japanese version. Utmost efforts have been

made to ensure that the translation accurately convey the description in the original Japanese version. If there

were any discrepancy between the Japanese and English versions, however, reference should be made to the

original Japanese version.

Translation of technical work does not only require expertise but a lot of time and dedication. I am grateful to all

the members for their tiring efforts. My heartfelt appreciations go to Prof YOKOTA Hiroshi (Secretary General),

Dr SHIMOMURA Takumi (Head, WG for Design), Prof SUGIYAMA Takafumi (Head, WG for Materials and

Construction), Dr MAEDA Toshiya (Head, WG for Maintenance), Prof AYANO Toshiki (Head, WG for Dam

Concrete) and Dr ISHIZUKA Takayuki who proof-read all the translated Specifications. Without them this

English version would not have been published.

December 2010

UEDA Tamon, Chairman

Sub-committee on English Version of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures

JSCE Committee on Revision of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures

Taketo UOMOTO, Chairman

Tadayoshi ISHIBASHI, Secretary

Members

Hiroyuki IKEDA Tomoya IWASHITA Tamon UEDA

Kimitaka UJI Hidetaka UMEHARA Nobuaki OTSUKI

Hiroshi ONUMA Satoshi OKAZAWA Tsutomu KANAZU

Yuichi KANEKO Toru KAWAI Hirotaka KAWANO

Etsuo SAKAI Koji SAKAI Tsutomu SATO

Ryoichi SATO Motoyuki SUZUKI Shigeyuki SOGO

Koji TAKEWAKA Takao CHIKADA Yukikazu TSUJI

Tomoaki TSUTSUMI Rokuro TOMITA Kazuyuki TORII

Junichiro NIWA Yoshinobu NOBUTA Chikanori HASHIMOTO

Makoto HISADA Tsutomu FUKUTE Koichi MAEKAWA

Yasunori MATSUOKA Kyuichi MARUYAMA Tetsuya MISHIMA

Toyoaki MIYAGAWA Hiroshi MUTSUYOSHI Hiroshi YOKOTA

Keitetsu ROKUGO

Former Members

Takashi SASAKI Yasuo INOKUMA

Working Group for 'Materials and Construction'

Hidetaka UMEHARA, Chairman

Hirotaka KAWANO, Vice Chairman

Shigeyuki SOGO, Secretary

Members

Takefumi SHINDO Hidenori HAMADA Takafumi SUGIYAMA

Toru KAWAI Tetsuya ISHIDA Takeshi INOUE

Michitoshi IWATA Sakae USHIJIMA Soji OHSHIRO

Tsutomu KANAZU Yuichi KANEKO Kenji KAWAI

Toshiharu KISHI Satoru TERAMURA Tatsuhiko SAEKI

Etsuro SAKAI Noboru SAKATA Fuminori SATO

Hideaki TANIGUCHI Ryuichi CHIKAMATSU Masamichi TEZUKA

Masayuki HASHIMOTO Makoto HISADA Shigemi MATSUO

Tetsuya MISHIMA Hidenori MORIKAWA Keiichi WATANABE

Former Members

Hideaki GOMI Koji OSADA

Subcommittee on English Version of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures

Tamon UEDA, Chairman

Hiroshi YOKOTA, Secretary General

Secretaries

Toshiki AYANO Takayuki ISHIZUKA Takumi SHIMOMURA

Takafumi SUGIYAMA Toshiya MAEDA

Members

Tetsuya ISHIDA Hajime ITO Mitsuyasu IWANAMI

Takao UEDA Atsushi UENO Masahiro OUCHI

Yoshinobu OSHIMA Yoshitaka KATO Minoru KUNIEDA

Yoshimori KUBO Hirohisa KOGA Koichi KOBAYASHI

Shigehiko SAITO Goro SAKAI Yasutaka SAGAWA

Toshiya TADOKORO Hiroaki TSURUTA Hideki NAITO

Kohei NAGAI Kenichiro NAKARAI Akira HOSODA

Tomohiro MIKI Maki MIZUTA Hiroshi MINAGAWA

Shinichi MIYAZATO Toshinobu YAMAGUCHI Ken WATANABE

Working Group for 'Materials and Construction'

Takafumi SUGIYAMA, Chairman

Members

Tetsuya ISHIDA Takao UEDA Yoshitaka KATO

Minoru KUNIEDA Yoshimori KUBO Goro SAKAI

Yasutaka SAGAWA Akira HOSODA Shinichi MIYAZATO

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JSCE Guideline for Concrete No. 16

Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures -2007 Materials and Construction

CONTENTS

Application of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures ................................................... i

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

CHAPTER 1 GENERAL PROVISIONS ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 General ..................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Definitions ................................................................................................................................ 3

CHAPTER 2 CONSTRUCTION PLAN ....................................................................................... 4 2.1 General ..................................................................................................................................... 4 2.2 Considerations in Construction Planning ................................................................................. 6 2.3 Determination of Concreting Method .................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Determination of Construction Performance of Concreting .................................................... 7 2.5 Materials ................................................................................................................................... 8 2.6 Concrete Mix Design ............................................................................................................... 8 2.7 Verification of Concrete Performance ...................................................................................... 9 2.8 Confirmation and Alteration of Construction Plan ................................................................ 10

CHAPTER 3 CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................. 11

3.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 4 QUALITY CONTROL .......................................................................................... 12

4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER 5 INSPECTION ......................................................................................................... 13

5.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 13 5.2 Inspection Plan ....................................................................................................................... 15 5.3 Conduct of Inspection ............................................................................................................ 16 5.4 Maintenance of Inspection Records ....................................................................................... 16

CHAPTER 6 CONSTRUCTION RECORDS ............................................................................ 17 6.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 17

CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL .............................................................................................................. 19

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1.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 19 1.2 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 21

CHAPTER 2 QUALITY CONTROL .......................................................................................... 32 2.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 32 2.2 Qualitative Consistency ......................................................................................................... 33 2.3 Workability ............................................................................................................................. 33

2.3.1 Filling ability ................................................................................................................... 34 2.3.2 Pumpability ..................................................................................................................... 37 2.3.3 Setting properties ............................................................................................................ 38

2.4 Strength .................................................................................................................................. 39 2.5 Durability ............................................................................................................................... 40

2.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 40 2.5.2 Durability of concrete ..................................................................................................... 41 2.5.3 Steel protection performance .......................................................................................... 42

2.6 Water-tightness ....................................................................................................................... 44 2.7 Cracking Resistance ............................................................................................................... 44

CHAPTER 3 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS ............................................................................ 47

3.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 47 3.2 Cement ................................................................................................................................... 47 3.3 Mixing Water .......................................................................................................................... 49 3.4 Aggregates .............................................................................................................................. 50

3.4.1 Fine aggregate ................................................................................................................. 50 3.4.2 Coarse aggregate ............................................................................................................. 56

3.5 Admixtures ............................................................................................................................. 59 3.5.1 General ............................................................................................................................ 59 3.5.2 Mineral admixtures ......................................................................................................... 61 3.5.3 Chemical admixtures ....................................................................................................... 63

3.6 Reinforcing Materials ............................................................................................................. 65 3.6.1 Reinforcing bars .............................................................................................................. 65 3.6.2 Prestressing steel ............................................................................................................. 66 3.6.3 Structural steel ................................................................................................................. 68 3.6.4 Other reinforcing steel..................................................................................................... 68

3.7 Storage of Materials ............................................................................................................... 69 3.7.1 Storage of cement ............................................................................................................ 69 3.7.2 Storage of aggregates ...................................................................................................... 70 3.7.3 Storage of admixtures ..................................................................................................... 72 3.7.4 Storage of chemical admixtures ...................................................................................... 73 3.7.5 Storage of steel ................................................................................................................ 73

CHAPTER 4 MIX DESIGN ......................................................................................................... 75 4.1 General ................................................................................................................................... 75 4.2 Mix Design Procedure ............................................................................................................ 77 4.3 Target Performance of Concrete ............................................................................................. 80

4.3.1 Defining target performance ........................................................................................... 80 4.3.2 Workability of concrete ................................................................................................... 80 4.3.3 Specified strength ............................................................................................................ 81 4.3.4 Durability ........................................................................................................................ 81

4.4 Determination of Mix Requirements ..................................................................................... 83 4.4.1 Maximum size of coarse aggregate ................................................................................. 83

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4.4.2 Slump .............................................................................................................................. 84 4.4.3 Required strength ............................................................................................................ 92 4.4.4 Water/cement ratio .......................................................................................................... 94 4.4.5 Air content in air-entrained concrete ............................................................................... 96

4.5 Determination of Provisional Mix Proportions ...................................................................... 96 4.5.1 Water content .................................................................................................................. 96 4.5.2 Cement content................................................................................................................ 97 4.5.3 Powdery material content ............................................................................................... 98 4.5.4 Sand-aggregate ratio ....................................................................................................... 99 4.5.5 Unit quantities of admixtures ........................................................................................ 101

4.6 Trial Mixing ......................................................................................................................... 101 4.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 101 4.6.2 Trial mixing method ...................................................................................................... 102

4.7 Representation of Mix Proportions ...................................................................................... 103

CHAPTER 5 CONCRETE PRODUCTION ............................................................................. 104 5.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 104 5.2 Production Plant ................................................................................................................... 105

5.2.1 Storage facilities ............................................................................................................ 105 5.2.2 Measuring equipment .................................................................................................... 106 5.2.3 Mixers ........................................................................................................................... 107

5.3 Measurement of Materials .................................................................................................... 108 5.4 Mixing ...................................................................................................................................111 5.5 Plasticization of Concrete .................................................................................................... 112

CHAPTER 6 READY-MIXED CONCRETE ........................................................................... 114

6.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 114 6.2 Selection of Plants ................................................................................................................ 115 6.3 Specification of Qualities ..................................................................................................... 116 6.4 Receiving .............................................................................................................................. 119

CHAPTER 7 TRANSPORTATION, PLACEMENT, COMPACTION AND FINISHING .......................................................................................................... 122

7.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 122 7.2 Time from Mixing to Finishing the Placement .................................................................... 124 7.3 Transportation ...................................................................................................................... 125

7.3.1 Transportation to the construction site .......................................................................... 125 7.3.2 On site transportation .................................................................................................... 125

7.3.2.1 Concrete pump ....................................................................................................... 125 7.3.2.2 Buckets ................................................................................................................... 129 7.3.2.3 Chutes .................................................................................................................... 130 7.3.2.4 Other transportation equipment ............................................................................. 130

7.4 Placement ............................................................................................................................. 131 7.4.1 Preparation .................................................................................................................... 131 7.4.2 Placement ...................................................................................................................... 132

7.5 Compaction .......................................................................................................................... 135 7.6 Finishing ............................................................................................................................... 137

7.6.1 Surface finish of placed concrete .................................................................................. 137 7.6.2 Correction of surface finish defects .............................................................................. 138 7.6.3 Special finishing ............................................................................................................ 138

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CHAPTER 8 CURING ............................................................................................................... 140 8.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 140 8.2 Moist Curing ........................................................................................................................ 141 8.3 Temperature-Controlled Curing ........................................................................................... 142 8.4 Protection Against Harmful Effects ..................................................................................... 143

CHAPTER 9 JOINTS ................................................................................................................. 145

9.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 145 9.2 Construction Joints ............................................................................................................... 145 9.3 Horizontal Construction Joints ............................................................................................. 146 9.4 Vertical Construction Joints ................................................................................................. 148 9.5 Construction Joints in Columns and Walls Integrated with Floor Systems ......................... 149 9.6 Construction Joints in Floor Systems ................................................................................... 149 9.7 Construction Joints in Arches ............................................................................................... 150 9.8 Expansion Joints ................................................................................................................... 150 9.9 Joints to Control Cracking ................................................................................................... 151

CHAPTER 10 REINFORCEMENT ......................................................................................... 153 10.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 153 10.2 Fabrication of Reinforcement ............................................................................................ 154 10.3 Assembly of Reinforcing Bars ........................................................................................... 155 10.4 Joints of Reinforcing Bars ................................................................................................. 157 10.5 Placement of Pre-assembled Reinforcing Bars .................................................................. 158

CHAPTER 11 FORMWORK AND SHORING ....................................................................... 159 11.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 159 11.2 Load ................................................................................................................................... 159

11.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 159 11.2.2 Vertical loads .............................................................................................................. 160 11.2.3 Horizontal loads .......................................................................................................... 160 11.2.4 Lateral pressure of concrete ........................................................................................ 161 11.2.5 Special loads ............................................................................................................... 166

11.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 166 11.4 Design of Formwork .......................................................................................................... 169 11.5 Design of Shoring .............................................................................................................. 170 11.6 Preparation of Formwork ................................................................................................... 171 11.7 Preparation of Shoring ....................................................................................................... 171 11.8 Removal of Formwork and Shoring .................................................................................. 172 11.9 Special Formwork and Shoring ......................................................................................... 173

11.9.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 173 11.9.2 Slipform ...................................................................................................................... 174 11.9.3 Movable shores ........................................................................................................... 175

CHAPTER 12 COLD WEATHER CONCRETING ................................................................ 177 12.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 177 12.2 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 177 12.3 Mix Proportions ................................................................................................................. 179 12.4 Mixing ................................................................................................................................ 179 12.5 Transportation and Placing ................................................................................................ 180 12.6 Curing ................................................................................................................................ 182

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12.7 Formwork and Shoring ...................................................................................................... 184

CHAPTER 13 HOT WEATHER CONCRETING .................................................................. 186 13.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 186 13.2 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 186 13.3 Mix Proportions ................................................................................................................. 187 13.4 Mixing ................................................................................................................................ 188 13.5 Transportation .................................................................................................................... 189 13.6 Placing ............................................................................................................................... 189 13.7 Curing ................................................................................................................................ 190

CHAPTER 14 MASS CONCRETE .......................................................................................... 192

14.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 192 14.2 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 193 14.3 Mix Proportions ................................................................................................................. 195 14.4 Production .......................................................................................................................... 195 14.5 Construction ....................................................................................................................... 196

14.5.1 Partitioning into blocks, lift height and joints ............................................................ 196 14.5.2 Placing ........................................................................................................................ 196 14.5.3 Curing ......................................................................................................................... 197 14.5.4 Formwork ................................................................................................................... 197 14.5.5 Crack-inducing joints .................................................................................................. 198

CHAPTER 15 QUALITY CONTROL...................................................................................... 199 15.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 199 15.2 Quality Control of Concrete Materials and Reinforcing Materials ................................... 200 15.3 Quality Control in Concrete Production ............................................................................ 200 15.4 Quality Control of Concrete .............................................................................................. 201 15.5 Quality Control during Construction ................................................................................. 202 15.6 Quality Control of Concrete Structures ............................................................................. 204

CHAPTER 16 INSPECTION CONDUCTED BY CONTRACTOR ..................................... 206

16.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 206

CHAPTER 17 CONSTRUCTION RECORDS ........................................................................ 207

INSPECTION STANDARDS CHAPTER 1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................ 209

1.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 209 1.2 Definitions of Terms ............................................................................................................. 210

CHAPTER 2 INSPECTION PLAN ........................................................................................... 211

CHAPTER 3 INSPECTION FOR ACCEPTANCE OF CONSTITUENT MATERIALS OF CONCRETE ................................................................................................... 214

3.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 209 3.2 Cement ................................................................................................................................. 215

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3.3 Mixing Water ........................................................................................................................ 216 3.4 Aggregates ............................................................................................................................ 217 3.5 Admixtures ........................................................................................................................... 220

CHAPTER 4 INSPECTION OF CONCRETE PRODUCTION FACILITIES .................... 222

CHAPTER 5 INSPECTION FOR ACCEPTANCE OF READY MIXED CONCRETE ..... 224

CHAPTER 6 ACCEPTANCE INSPECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT ............................ 229

CHAPTER 7 INSPECTIONS OF CONSTRUCTION ............................................................ 231

7.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 231 7.2 Inspection of Concreting ...................................................................................................... 231 7.3 Inspection of Reinforcement ................................................................................................ 237

7.3.1 Inspection of fabrication and assembly of reinforcing bars .......................................... 237 7.3.2 Inspection of joint of reinforcing bars ........................................................................... 240

7.4 Inspection of Formwork and Shoring .................................................................................. 242

CHAPTER 8 INSPECTION OF CONCRETE STRUCTURE ............................................... 243 8.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 243 8.2 Inspection of Surface Texture .............................................................................................. 244 8.3 Inspection of Locations and Dimensions of Concrete Members ......................................... 246 8.4 Inspection of Concrete Properties in Structure .................................................................... 246 8.5 Inspection of the Cover ........................................................................................................ 247 8.6 Loading Test of Member and Structure ................................................................................ 248

CHAPTER 9 RECORDS ............................................................................................................ 250

9.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 250 9.2 Identifiers of Structures ........................................................................................................ 250

SPECIAL CONCRETE CHAPTER 1 GENERAL ............................................................................................................ 251

1.1 Scope .................................................................................................................................... 251 1.2 Definitions ............................................................................................................................ 253

CHAPTER 2 EXPANSIVE CONCRETE ................................................................................. 261

2.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 261 2.1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 261 2.1.2 General .......................................................................................................................... 262

2.2 Quality of Expansive Concrete ............................................................................................ 262 2.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 262 2.2.2 Expansivity .................................................................................................................... 263 2.2.3 Strength ......................................................................................................................... 264

2.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................... 265 2.3.1 Cement .......................................................................................................................... 265 2.3.2 Expansive admixture ..................................................................................................... 265

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2.4 Mix Proportion ..................................................................................................................... 266 2.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 266 2.4.2 Quantity of expansive admixture per unit volume of concrete ..................................... 267 2.4.3 Quantity of cement per unit volume of concrete ........................................................... 268 2.4.4 Presentation of mix proportion ..................................................................................... 268

2.5 Production and Construction ................................................................................................ 268 2.5.1 Mixing ........................................................................................................................... 268 2.5.2 Curing ............................................................................................................................ 269

2.6 Inspections ............................................................................................................................ 270 2.6.1 Expansive admixture acceptance tests .......................................................................... 270 2.6.2 Concrete acceptance tests .............................................................................................. 271

CHAPTER 3 LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE ............................................... 273 3.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 273

3.1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 273 3.1.2 General .......................................................................................................................... 273

3.2 Quality of Lightweight Aggregate ....................................................................................... 273 3.3 Quality of Lightweight Aggregate Concrete ........................................................................ 275 3.4 Mix Proportions ................................................................................................................... 279

3.4.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 279 3.4.2 Mass of unit volume ...................................................................................................... 279 3.4.3 Water-cement ratio ........................................................................................................ 280 3.4.4 Slump ............................................................................................................................ 280 3.4.5 Air content ..................................................................................................................... 281 3.4.6 Presentation of mix proportion ..................................................................................... 282

3.5 Production and Construction ................................................................................................ 282 3.5.1 Selection of plant .......................................................................................................... 282 3.5.2 Transportation and storage of lightweight aggregates .................................................. 283 3.5.3 Control of moisture content of lightweight aggregate .................................................. 283 3.5.4 Mixing ........................................................................................................................... 284 3.5.5 Transportation within the construction site ................................................................... 285 3.5.6 Placing and compaction ................................................................................................ 285 3.5.7 Surface finishing ........................................................................................................... 286

3.6 Inspection ............................................................................................................................. 287 3.6.1 Inspection for acceptance of lightweight aggregate ...................................................... 287 3.6.2 Inspection for acceptance of lightweight aggregate concrete ....................................... 287

CHAPTER 4 CONCRETE USING CONTINUOUS FIBER REINFORCING MATERIALS (CFRM) ........................................................................................ 289


4.2 Materials ............................................................................................................................... 290 4.2.1 Continuous fiber reinforcing materials (CFRM)........................................................... 290 4.2.2 Reinforcing steel bars .................................................................................................... 290 4.2.3 Anchorages and couplers on protection materials ........................................................ 291

4.3 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 291 4.3.1 Handling and storage of materials................................................................................. 291 4.3.2 Shaping, assembly and placing in position of CFRM tendons, CFRM reinforcements etc. ............................................................................................ 292

4.3.2.1 Shaping and assembly of CFRM tendons .............................................................. 292

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4.3.2.2 Shaping and assembly of CFRM reinforcement .................................................... 293 4.3.2.3 Making ducts other than sheaths ............................................................................ 294 4.3.2.4 Placing sheaths and CFRM tendons....................................................................... 294

4.3.3 Placement of concrete ................................................................................................... 295 4.3.4 Prestressing ................................................................................................................... 295

4.4 Inspection ............................................................................................................................. 296 4.4.1 Inspection for acceptance of materials .......................................................................... 296 4.4.2 Inspection for protection of CFRM ............................................................................... 298

CHAPTER 5 SHORT FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE ................................................. 299


5.2 Quality of Short Fiber Reinforced Concrete ........................................................................ 300 5.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 300 5.2.2 Strength properties ........................................................................................................ 301

5.2.2.1 Compressive strength ............................................................................................. 301 5.2.2.2 Tensile strength ...................................................................................................... 301 5.2.2.3 Flexural strength .................................................................................................... 301

5.2.3 Deformation characteristics .......................................................................................... 302 5.2.3.1 Deformation characteristics under compression .................................................... 302 5.2.3.2 Tension softening properties .................................................................................. 303 5.2.3.3 Flexural toughness ................................................................................................. 304

5.2.4 Prevention of explosion................................................................................................. 305 5.2.5 Prevention of spalling ................................................................................................... 306 5.2.6 Other performance ........................................................................................................ 306

5.3 Short fibers ........................................................................................................................... 307 5.3.1 Steel fibers ..................................................................................................................... 307 5.3.2 Synthetic fibers ............................................................................................................. 307

5.4 Mix Proportions ................................................................................................................... 308 5.5 Production and Placement/Application ................................................................................ 310

5.5.1 Fiber addition and mixing ............................................................................................. 310 5.5.2 Transportation ............................................................................................................... 311

5.6 Inspection ............................................................................................................................. 312 5.6.1 Inspection for acceptance of short fibers ...................................................................... 312 5.6.2 Inspection for acceptance of concrete at delivery ......................................................... 313

CHAPTER 6 HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE ..................................................................... 315


6.2 Quality of High-Strength Concrete ...................................................................................... 316 6.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................... 317

6.3.1 Cement and admixture .................................................................................................. 317 6.3.2 Aggregate ...................................................................................................................... 317 6.3.3 Chemical admixture ...................................................................................................... 318

6.4 Mix Proportion ..................................................................................................................... 318 6.4.1 Srength .......................................................................................................................... 318 6.4.2 Slump or slump flow ..................................................................................................... 319 6.4.3 Air content ..................................................................................................................... 319 6.4.4 Water-binder ratio ......................................................................................................... 319

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6.4.5 Water content ................................................................................................................ 320 6.4.6 Unit content of coarse aggregate ................................................................................... 320

6.5 Production ............................................................................................................................ 321 6.5.1 Selection of plants ......................................................................................................... 321 6.5.2 Mixing ........................................................................................................................... 321 6.5.3 Production control ......................................................................................................... 321

6.6 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 322 6.6.1 Transportation within construction site ......................................................................... 322 6.6.2 Placement and compaction ............................................................................................ 323 6.6.3 Finishing and curing ...................................................................................................... 323 6.6.4 Formwork ...................................................................................................................... 324

6.7 Inspection ............................................................................................................................. 324 CHAPTER 7 HIGHFLUIDITY CONCRETE ........................................................................ 326


7.2 Quality of High-Fluidity Concrete ....................................................................................... 327 7.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 327 7.2.2 Self-compactability ....................................................................................................... 327

7.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................... 329 7.4 Mix Proportion ..................................................................................................................... 329

7.4.1 Selection of types of high-fluidity concrete .................................................................. 329 7.4.2 Mix design ..................................................................................................................... 330 7.4.3 Representation of mix proportion ................................................................................. 332

7.5 Production ............................................................................................................................ 333 7.5.1 Selection of plants ......................................................................................................... 333 7.5.2 Storage of aggregates .................................................................................................... 333 7.5.3 Mixing ........................................................................................................................... 334 7.5.4 Quality control during production ................................................................................. 335

7.6 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 336 7.6.1 Transportating and placing ............................................................................................ 336 7.6.2 Finishing and curing ...................................................................................................... 337 7.6.3 Construction joints ........................................................................................................ 337 7.6.4 Formwork ...................................................................................................................... 338

7.7 Inspection ............................................................................................................................. 338

CHAPTER 8 SHOTCRETE ....................................................................................................... 340 8.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 340

8.1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................. 340 8.1.2 General .......................................................................................................................... 341

8.2 Quality of Concrete .............................................................................................................. 341 8.2.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 341 8.2.2 Mechanical properties of concrete ................................................................................ 342

8.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................... 343 8.3.1 Cement .......................................................................................................................... 343 8.3.2 Aggregate ...................................................................................................................... 344 8.3.3 Set accelerator ............................................................................................................... 344 8.3.4 Admixtures and short fibers .......................................................................................... 345

8.4 Mix Proportions ................................................................................................................... 346 8.5 Production ............................................................................................................................ 348

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8.5.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 348 8.5.2 Production facilities ...................................................................................................... 348 8.5.3 Shotcrete machine and accessory equipment ................................................................ 349

8.6 Construction ......................................................................................................................... 350 8.6.1 General .......................................................................................................................... 350 8.6.2 Preliminary treatment of shotcrete surface ................................................................... 350 8.6.3 Shotcreting work ........................................................................................................... 351 8.6.4 Dust control measures ................................................................................................... 352 8.6.5 Concrete protection ....................................................................................................... 353

8.7 Inspections ............................................................................................................................ 354 8.7.1 Acceptance tests for concrete materials ........................................................................ 354 8.7.2 Concrete acceptance tests .............................................................................................. 355 8.7.3 Inspection of concrete work .......................................................................................... 356

CHAPTER 9 PRE-PLACED AGGREGATE CONCRETE .................................................... 359


9.2 Quality of Pre-Placed Aggregate Concrete .......................................................................... 360 9.2.1 Quality of concrete ........................................................................................................ 360 9.2.2 Quality of grouting mortar ............................................................................................ 360

9.3 Mix Design ........................................................................................................................... 361 9.3.1 Materials ........................................................................................................................ 361 9.3.2 Mix proportion of grouting mortar ................................................................................ 363 9.3.3 Representation of mix proportion ................................................................................. 365

9.4 Production and Placing ........................................................................................................ 365 9.4.1 Production and placing of grout mortar ........................................................................ 365

9.4.1.1 Production plant ..................................................................................................... 365 9.4.1.2 Mixing .................................................................................................................... 366

9.4.2 Construction and control ............................................................................................... 367 9.4.2.1 Shuttering ............................................................................................................... 367 9.4.2.2 Charging coarse aggregate ..................................................................................... 369 9.4.2.3 Grouting equipment and injection pipes ................................................................ 370 9.4.2.4 Pumping ................................................................................................................. 370 9.4.2.5 Grouting ................................................................................................................. 372 9.4.2.6 Construction joints ................................................................................................. 374 9.4.2.7 Construction in cold weather ................................................................................. 375 9.4.2.8 Construction in hot weather ................................................................................... 375

9.5 Inspection ............................................................................................................................. 376 9.5.1 Material acceptance tests............................................................................................... 376 9.5.2 Acceptance test of pre-placed aggregate concrete and mortar for grouting .................. 377

CHAPTER 10 UNDERWATER CONCRETE ......................................................................... 378

10.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 378 10.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 378 10.1.2 General ........................................................................................................................ 378

10.2 Ordinary Underwater Concrete .......................................................................................... 379 10.2.1 Mix proportions .......................................................................................................... 379 10.2.2 Placement .................................................................................................................... 380

10.2.2.1 General380 10.2.2.2 Placement using tremie pipes381

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10.2.2.3 Placement by pumping382 10.2.2.4 Placement using bottom discharge buckets or bags383

10.3 Anti-Washout Underwater Concrete .................................................................................. 383 10.3.1 Materials ..................................................................................................................... 383 10.3.2 Mix proportions .......................................................................................................... 384 10.3.3 Mixing ......................................................................................................................... 386 10.3.4 Placement .................................................................................................................... 387 10.3.5 Protection of concrete surface .................................................................................... 387

10.4 Underwater Concrete Used for Cast-In-Place Piles or Diaphragm Walls ......................... 388 10.4.1 Mix proportions .......................................................................................................... 388 10.4.2 Pre-assembled reinforcement ...................................................................................... 389 10.4.3 Placement .................................................................................................................... 390

10.5 Inspections ......................................................................................................................... 392

CHAPTER 11 CONCRETE FOR MARINE STRUCTURE .................................................. 395 11.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 395

11.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 395 11.1.2 General ........................................................................................................................ 395

11.2 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 396 11.3 Mix proportions ................................................................................................................. 398 11.4 Construction ....................................................................................................................... 400 11.5 Concrete Surface Protection .............................................................................................. 401 11.6 Installation of Precast Concrete Members ......................................................................... 401 11.7 Inspections ......................................................................................................................... 402

CHAPTER 12 PRESTRESSED CONCRETE ......................................................................... 403


12.2 Quality of Concrete ............................................................................................................ 404 12.2.1 Required compressive strength of concrete at the time of prestressing ...................... 404 12.2.2 Required workability of concrete ............................................................................... 405

12.3 Required Performance of Grout ......................................................................................... 405 12.3.1 General requirements .................................................................................................. 405 12.3.2 Consistency ................................................................................................................. 406 12.3.3 Bond strength between concrete and tendons ............................................................. 411 12.3.4 Corrosion resistance of steel ....................................................................................... 412

12.4 Material .............................................................................................................................. 414 12.4.1 Prestressing steel ......................................................................................................... 414 12.4.2 Anchorages, couplers, and deviators .......................................................................... 414 12.4.3 Sheaths ........................................................................................................................ 416 12.4.4 Grout for prestressed concrete .................................................................................... 417 12.4.5 Auxiliary materials for injecting grout for prestressed concrete ................................ 417 12.4.6 Protecting duct ............................................................................................................ 418 12.4.7 Coating material for unbonded tendons ...................................................................... 418 12.4.8 Material for jointing precast concrete members ......................................................... 419 12.4.9 Storage of materials .................................................................................................... 419

12.5 Proportioning of Grout Mix ............................................................................................... 420 12.6 Execution ........................................................................................................................... 421

12.6.1 Installation of tendons ................................................................................................. 421 12.6.1.1 Cutting, bending and placing of prestressing steel .............................................. 421

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12.6.1.2 Installation of sheaths, protecting tubes and tendons .......................................... 422 12.6.1.3 Formation of ducts ............................................................................................... 423 12.6.1.4 Assembly and installation of anchorages, couplers and deviating devices ......... 423 12.6.1.5 Arrangement of openings for grouting, exhaust and discharging ........................ 424

12.6.2 Formwork and shoring ................................................................................................ 425 12.6.3 Casting and compaction of concrete ........................................................................... 425 12.6.4 Prestressing ................................................................................................................. 426

12.6.4.1 General requirements ........................................................................................... 426 12.6.4.2 Calibration of tensioning equipments .................................................................. 428 12.6.4.3 Control of prestressing ......................................................................................... 429 12.6.4.4 Protection of anchorages and end surfaces of members ...................................... 432

12.6.5 Grouting ...................................................................................................................... 433 12.6.5.1 General requirements ........................................................................................... 433 12.6.5.2 Mixing and agitating ............................................................................................ 433 12.6.5.3 Grouting ............................................................................................................... 434 12.6.5.4 Treatment of injection inlet, openings for air vent and grout discharge .............. 435 12.6.5.5 Grouting in cold weather ..................................................................................... 435 12.6.5.6 Grouting in hot weather ....................................................................................... 436

12.6.6 Manufacture and construction of precast members .................................................... 436 12.6.6.1 Manufacture ......................................................................................................... 436 12.6.6.2 Transportation ...................................................................................................... 437 12.6.6.3 Storage ................................................................................................................. 438 12.6.6.4 Jointing ................................................................................................................ 439 12.6.6.5 Erection ................................................................................................................ 442

12.6.7 Construction of external cable structures ................................................................... 442 12.6.7.1 Handling of tendons ............................................................................................. 442 12.6.7.2 Assembly and arrangement of anchorage zone ................................................... 443 12.6.7.3 Assembly and installation of deviating devices .................................................. 443 12.6.7.4 Handling of protective tube ................................................................................. 443 12.6.7.5 Control of prestressing ......................................................................................... 444 12.6.7.6 Injection of anticorrosives ................................................................................... 445

12.7 Inspection ........................................................................................................................... 445 12.7.1 Material acceptance tests ............................................................................................ 445

12.7.1.1 Prestressing steel .................................................................................................. 445 12.7.1.2 Anchorage and coupler ........................................................................................ 446 12.7.1.3 Sheaths ................................................................................................................. 447 12.7.1.4 Adhesive agents for jointing precast members .................................................... 449

12.7.2 Inspection of grout ...................................................................................................... 450 12.7.2.1 Acceptance test of grout ...................................................................................... 450 12.7.2.2 Inspection of grouting .......................................................................................... 451

12.7.3 Inspection of execution ............................................................................................... 453 12.7.3.1 Inspection of sheaths, protecting tubes and tendon arrangements ....................... 453 12.7.3.2 Inspection of anchorage and coupler assembly and arrangement ....................... 454 12.7.3.3 Inspection of opening layout for grouting, exhaust and discharging ................... 455

CHAPTER 13 STEEL-CONCRETE COMPOSITE STRUCTURES ................................... 456


13.2 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 457 13.2.1 Steel ............................................................................................................................ 457

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13.2.2 Concrete ...................................................................................................................... 458 13.3 Production of Steel Members ............................................................................................ 459

13.3.1 Processing of steel ...................................................................................................... 459 13.3.2 Factory welding .......................................................................................................... 461 13.3.3 Temporary assembly, assembly symbol and transportation ........................................ 462

13.4 Erection of Steel Members ................................................................................................ 462 13.4.1 Erection ....................................................................................................................... 462 13.4.2 Temporary placement and assembly of steel members .............................................. 463 13.4.3 Jointing using high-strength bolts ............................................................................... 463 13.4.4 Welding in construction site ....................................................................................... 466

13.5 Concrete Construction ....................................................................................................... 466 13.6 Inspection ........................................................................................................................... 467

13.6.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 467 13.6.2 Inspection for acceptance ........................................................................................... 468

13.6.2.1 Inspection for acceptance of steel ........................................................................ 468 13.6.2.2 Inspection for acceptance of jointing materials ................................................... 468 13.6.2.3 Inspection for acceptance of concrete ................................................................. 469

13.6.3 Inspection for production of steel members ............................................................... 470 13.6.3.1 Inspection of welding .......................................................................................... 470 13.6.3.2 Inspection for tightening of high-strength bolt .................................................... 471

13.6.4 Inspection for filling condition of concrete ................................................................ 471

CHAPTER 14 FACTORY PRODUCTS ................................................................................... 473 14.1 General ............................................................................................................................... 473

14.1.1 Scope ........................................................................................................................... 473 14.1.2 General ........................................................................................................................ 473

14.2 Concrete Quality ................................................................................................................ 474 14.2.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 474 14.2.2 Strength of factory products ....................................................................................... 474

14.3 Materials ............................................................................................................................ 476 14.3.1 Cement ........................................................................................................................ 476 14.3.2 Fine and coarse aggregates ......................................................................................... 477 14.3.3 Admixtures ................................................................................................................. 478 14.3.4 Reinforcing steel ......................................................................................................... 479

14.4 Mix Proportions ................................................................................................................. 480 14.4.1 General ........................................................................................................................ 480 14.4.2 Workability ................................................................................................................. 480

14.5 Production .......................................................................................................................... 481 14.5.1 Factory production ...................................................................................................... 481 14.5.2 Assembly of reinforcement ......................................................................................... 481 14.5.3 Formwork ................................................................................................................... 482 14.5.4 Molding ....................................................................................................................... 482 14.5.5 Curing ......................................................................................................................... 484 14.5.6 De-molding and prestressing ...................................................................................... 485

14.6 Transportation and Storage ................................................................................................ 486 14.7 Erection and Jointing ......................................................................................................... 487 14.8 Inspection ........................................................................................................................... 487

14.8.1 Material acceptance tests ............................................................................................ 487 14.8.2 Acceptance tests for factory products ......................................................................... 488

Application of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures

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Application of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures

Editorial notes for the English Version:

(1) The Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures are a model code which is supposed to be applied in Japan and have no legal bindings.

(2) Therefore, some contents, such as Chapters 2 and 3 of Application of Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, may not fit to practical scheme in construction industry in the other countries.

(3) However, it is hoped that the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures could be a model code for the other countries after necessary modifications of the contents considering the local conditions.

1. Basic concept concerning the organization of the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures

The Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures are regularly revised reflecting the state-of-the-art concrete technologies developed in Japan and other countries, and provide standards concerning the technical aspects of concrete structures in a series of phases from planning to design, construction and maintenance.

In this revised edition, the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, Design is composed of the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, Structural Performance Verification and Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, Seismic Performance Verification to enhance the convenience of design practice. Durability check and initial cracking check, which should be discussed in the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, Design have been transferred from the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, Materials and Construction to Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, Design. The preparation and revision of the Standard Specifications for Concrete Structures, Pavement has been handed over to the Committee on Pavement Engineering, JSCE (Japan Society of Civil Engineers). The results are now published separately under the title of the Standard Specifications for P

Documents

JSCE16 Standard Specifications Materials and Construction 1.1