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8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/judith-stone-preston-copula-pressing-and-grammar-development-in-jsla 1/21
Copula processing and grammar
development in JSLA
Judith PrestonUMass-Boston/Educational Testing Service
September 12, 2011
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Study objectives
- define the morphosyntactic environments inwhich the Japanese copula emerges based onlinguistic research
- integrate a set of emergence criteria stemmingfrom formal research into a hierarchy of grammatical procedures based on aprocessability theory approach (PT, Pienemann,1998)
- apply those criteria in empirical analyses of JSLAbased on profiling adult Japanese L2 learnerspontaneous speech
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Study overview
1. Review literature related to Japanese copula
2. Implement hierarchical language processing
model based on PT
3. Analyze spontaneous speech of adult JSLA
participants
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Research question
Question: Can PT’s theory-model accurately predict the order of emergence of target grammatical contexts involving the copula in thespontaneous speech of adult L2 learners of Japanese?
Hypothesis: If the various grammatical processing procedures
involving the copula are constrained by morphosyntactic environmentsbased on a procedural call hierarchy, then a PT approach to the studyof empirical data based on spontaneous speech production by adultlearners of JSL will show that
a) longitudinally, the order of emergence of target criteria will followthe procedural grammar hierarchy of the language
b) cross-sectionally, the emergence of target morphosyntax of higher stages in the hierarchy implies emergence of each lower-stagefor every sample
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Definition of copula targeted in the
JSLA study
The copula is treated as a verbal (V) morpheme
that affixes to non-inflecting categories N/NA in
predicative environments (↑SUBJ); A verbal
morpheme (V) that combines with a host noun
or nominal adjective to head a clause (S or S’)
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Literature review (1)
Initial review
C-structure “syntax”:
Nakau (1973)
Konomi (1991)Murasugi (1991)
Morphology:
Sells (1997)
Semantics:
Narahara (2002)
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Copula inflection system
Narahara (2002, p. 74)
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Literature review (2)
Additions
-f-structure in syntactic tier analysis: Attia (2008),
Nordlinger & Sadler (2006), Dalrymple, Dilvik &
Halloway King (2004)
-HPSG lexical sharing: Kim, Sells, & Westcoat
(2004)*
*Note correct publication date. See references.
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Single and double tier analyses
See Attia (2008)
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Single tier analysis for Japanese
Adjective PREDs in Japanese (Dalrymple et al., 2004)
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Lexical sharing
Kim, Sells & Westcoat (2004)
Discussing the Korean copula, the authorsexplain how atoms (smaller than words)
combine to form words. The projected lexical
item is shared—it belongs to more than one
constituent which then may combine with
higher-up syntactic constituents.
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Lexical sharing and the copula in
JapaneseLexical sharing (following Kim, Sells & Westcoat: 2004) can account for pre-Nand pre-C affixes on host nouns heading Japanese S and S’ clauses.
-na/-no/-datta in pre-N
-na/-datta in pre-nominalizer (NMLZ)
-da/-datta, and pre-complementizer –da/datta forms of the copula
Example: “sensei-da-kedo” (teacher-COP-however) is a word and sentence atonce. “sensei” is only a word, but in combination here a subject issubcategorized for as a result of sharing the syntactic properties of atoms that
are inherited. C indicates the sentence may combine with another sentence(but it does not have to).
e.g. sensei -da -kedo
N° V C
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Abstract examples (1)-(6):
proposed emergence criteria
4 obligatory contexts
1 sometimes obligatory1 non-obligatory context
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Lexical
Category
S headed by lex:
PRED(LFG)/
HEAD(HPSG)/
dictionary form
S headed by lex share:
pre-complementizer (C)
(e.g. –kara ‘because’, -kedo ‘but’)
S headed by lex share:
pre-nominalizer (NMZ)
(e.g. –no, -koto) S headed by lex share:
pre-Noun
(eg. -tokoro ‘place’, -kodomo ‘child’) Verb
(inflected) iku(↑SUBJ)
go/goes
X goes iku-kara
go-because
(it is) because X goes iku-no (+alpha)
go-NMZ
(it is) (that) X goes; X’s going iku-kodomo
go-child
(those are) the children (who are)
going; the child that goes Adjective
(inflected) takai(↑SUBJ)
expensive
X is expensive takai-kara
expensive-because
(it is) because X is expensive takai-no (cf. –no ‘one’) takai-tokoro
expensive-place
(it’s an) expensive place
Nominal
Adjective benri(↑SUBJ)
convenient
X is handy benri-da-kedo
convenient-COP-however
(however, it’s convenient) benri-na-no
convenient-COP-NMZ
benri-na-tokoro
convenient-COP-place
Noun sensei (↑SUBJ)
teacher
X is a teacher sensei-da-kara
teacher-COP-because
because X is a teacher sensei-na-no
teacher-COP-NMZ
(it’s that) X is a teacher sensei-no-kodomo
otousan-ga teacher-COP-kodomo
the child whose father is a teacher
Categorial heads of S
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Stage 2: categories and canonical
structures
1. Otousan-ga sensei-desu
2. Otousan (-ga) sensei?3. Sensei, otousan (-wa)
etc.
8/4/2019 Judith Stone-Preston: Copula pressing and grammar development in JSLA
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Canonical structures with nominal
word in predicate
N N V N N
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Category-based canonical structure
PRED ‘teacher<(↑SUBJ)>
SUBJ [ ]TOP [PRED ‘father’]
FIN +
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Obligatory and forbidden contexts for
Japanese copula affix
Obligatory on N/NA:
• pre-C (complementizer)headed S
•
pre-NMZ headed S• noun-modifying S
• as interrogative “-ka”heading S’
Non-obligatory:Preceding some “to”-headed C
Preceding “-ka” headed S’
Forbidden:
• verb-headed S
• -i adjective headed S
• preceding interrogativemain clause
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Copula optional and obligatory
contexts in SNon-obligatory when thecomplementizer (C) “-to” heads a GFsharing N/NA lex that is predicatedas main clause dependent(argument) in A-G.
A. Otousan-ga sensei da to omou
B. Otousan-ga sensei to omou
C. Ima oshigoto da to omou
D. Koko-wa chuushajou-to omou
E. Koko-wa chuushajou-da-to omou
F. Kore-wa benri to itta
G. Kore-wa benri-da-to itta(f. *Kore-wa atarashii da to omou)
Obligatory when C is not main clausedependent: when N/NA precedingadverbial (“-to”) modifier orconjunction-sharing S modifiers suchas “-kara/-kedo/-ga/-shi” (etc.)
A. Toukyou-da to shibuya-ga ii
B. Otousan-wa amerika da kedokodomo-wa nihon.
C. Otousan-wa america da/dattakedo.
Non-obligatoryA. Otousan-wa sensei (da/datta)
B. Otousan-wa sensei (da) kawakaranai.
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Preston, Judith. 2011. Copula processing and
grammar development in Japanese second
language acquisition. Paper presentation, 11th
PALA (Processing Approaches to Language
Acquisition) International Symposium. University
of Innsbruck, September 12.
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References
• Attia, Mohammed. (2008) . A unified analysis of copula constructions in LFG. Proceedings of theLFG08 Conference. (Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Eds). Stanford: CSLI Publications
• Dalrymple, Mary, Helge Dyvik & Tracy Holloway King. 2004. Copular complements: Closed or open?Proceedings of the LFG04 Conference. (Miriam Butt and Tracy Holloway King (Eds).
• Kim, Jong-Bok, Peter Sells & Michael Westcoat. 2004. Korean copula constructions: A lexical sharingapproach. Proceedings of the 13th Japanese-Korean Linguistics Conference. Stanford: CSLI.
•
Konomi, Emiko. 1994. The Structure of the Nominal Predicate in Japanese. Ithica, NY: CornellUniversity dissertation.
• Murasugi, Keiko. 1991. Noun Phrases in Japanese and English: A Study in Syntax, Learnability and Acquisition. Storrs, CT: UConn dissertation.
• Nakau, Minoru. 1973. Sentential Complementation in Japanese. Tokyo: Kaitakusha.
• Narahara, Tomiko. 2002. The Japanese Copula: Forms and Functions. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
• Nordlinger, Rachel, and Sadler, Louisa. 2006. Verbless clauses: revealing the structure within. In Architectures, Rules and Preferences: A Festschrift for Joan Bresnan (2007). Jane Grimshaw, Joan
Maling, Chris Manning, Jane Simpson and Annie Zaenan (Eds). Stanford: CSLI Publications.• Pienemann, Manfred. 1998. Language Processing and Second Language Development. Studies in
Bilingualism, 15. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
• Sells, Peter. 1997. The expression of the Japanese copula: The survival of the weakest. Ms. [14 pp.]Stanford University, Department of Linguistics.