Upload
others
View
5
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
10/1/2019
1
Jujube, flowering and
fruiting habits
Shengrui Yao
505-852-4241
NMSU Sustainable Agricultural Science Center
Oct. 1, 2019
Jujube- Chinese date
• Family: Rhamnaceae (buckthorn family)
• Genus: Ziziphus
• Species: Ziziphus jujuba Mill.
• Wild jujube: Ziziphus spinosa
• Indian jujube: Ziziphus mauritiana
• Edible part: drupe fruit, pit with up to 2 seeds
inside
ClassificationSame species with varied tree forms, fruit size and shapes, and
maturity date. Cultivars are all by selections. Almost no hybrid cultivar yet.
By uses: • Fresh eating
• Drying
• Multipurpose (Both fresh eating and drying)
• Processing
• Ornamentals
By maturity date:• Early (70-90d)
• Mid-season (90-110d)
• Late (110-130d)
Multipurpose Plants
Fruits– Fresh eat
– Drying
– Processing
– Culinary uses
– Drinks
– Wine
– Medicinal uses (including seeds)
Wood: very hard
Nectar plants (?)
Adaptability
• Wide adaptability to soil and weather conditions
• Late season startup-leaf out in late April or May at Alcalde
• Heat and drought tolerance
• Precocious, reliable crop, and long-live plants
• Varied tree shapes, fruit shapes and sizes
• Winter hardy in NM (-20˚F?)
• NO insect and disease problems (so far)
Avoid late cultivars in northern NM and high elevations.
Drought tolerant!
90 years in dryland at
NMSU Tucumcari.
10/1/2019
2
Old jujube trees in China
Jujube King: over 1000 years old
Shoot structure and fruiting habit
•Primary shoot
•Secondary shoots
•Fruiting spurs
•Fruit bearing shoots
(branchlets)
Flowering and fruiting
• For jujubes, branchlet growth, flower bud
initiation, blooming, setting fruit and fruit
development occur at the same time within the
same branchlet. (Nutrient competition!)
• Jujubes finish flower buds initiation,
blooming, setting fruit and fruit mature with
one growing season.Definite Inflorescence: Cyme, dichasium
Fitzgerald
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary, quinary…
Flower initiation Blooming process: ‘Lang’- morning type
6am, 7am, 8am, and 9am
10am, 11am, 12pm and 1pm
2pm, 3pm, 4pm, and 5pm
10/1/2019
3
Fig. Cultivar Lang hourly blooming process
HortScience 50: 839-845.
Self fertility/self fruitfulness
• Self pollination cultivars: Li, Li(2), Redland,
Daguazao, Alcalde #1, Xiangzao, and
Dabailing.
• Popular cultivar Lang was not self fruitful.
Fruit set of jujube cultivars
• Cultivar
• Weather conditions (temperature and moisture)
• Cross pollination
• Insect activities
• Nutrient competition (vegetative growth)
• Cultural management (girdling etc.)
Propagation
• Root suckers- only if the mother plants are
from root suckers.
• Grafting: widely used in nurseries. Use wild
jujubes as rootstocks.
• Cleft grating, bark grafting and whip/tongue
grafting work well.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFLwOWe0KQ4
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
• Very limited pest and disease pressure in the
Southwestern U.S.
• Fruit cracking/splitting is common in the U.S.
• Other major pests and diseases in China:
peach fruit moth (Carposina niponensis Walsingham),
witch’s broom, rust, fruit shrunk, anthracnose
etc.
Pests and Diseases
10/1/2019
4
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
• Depends on cultivar
• Weather conditions: precipitation near maturation
• Irrigation regime
• Spray Ca
• Can cause serious problem in some years
Fruit Splitting/cracking (physiological/water management)
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
Pest: peach fruit moth (Carposina
niponensis Walsingham)
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
• Leaf spot disease at Los Lunas, NM in 2019
• Pathogen: Alternaria alternate
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
Witches broom: • Cause: phytoplasma
• vector: leaf hoppers
• Removing tree to eradicate it.
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
• Mainly in humid areas, not common in the Southwest
• Can defoliate trees
• Spray fungicide
Rust Disease
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
• Bacteria disease (Erwinia jujuboura)
• Can cause serious losses
Fruit shrinking
10/1/2019
5
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
Fruit Anthracnose
Fungal disease
All About Discovery!
New Mexico State University
aces.nmsu.edu
™
• Vitamin C 200-600mg/100g fresh weight
• Cyclic adenosine monophosaphate (cAMP)
• Triterpenic acids
• Antioxidants etc.
Jujube nutrient contents
Comparing nutritional constituents of apple and jujube products
• Vc: vitamin C.
• cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate.
Moisture Calories protein lipid Carbohydrate Cellulose CaO Vc cAMP
% kcal/100g % % % % mg/100g mg/100g nmol/g
Fresh mature jujube 73.4 99 1.2 0.2 23.2 1.6 14 200-600 10~200
Dry mature jujube 19 308 3.3 0.4 72.8 3.1 61 12 20~500
Candied jujube 18.6 315 1.3 0.1 77.2 2.1 43
Fresh mature apple 84.6 58 0.4 0.5 13 1.2 11 2~4 <0.01
Fruit Nutrients
• Vitamin C is not heat stable which will be oxidized during
drying process.
• After sun-drying, 95% or more of Vc will be lost during
drying process.
• Heated drying, microwave drying and freeze-drying will
preserve more Vc than sun drying.
• Processing with cream stage fruit/fresh fruit preserves
vitamin C well in the final products.
• While other nutrients can be more stable during processing.
Vc content changes after cooking
Cultivar Treatment Vc content Vc preserved%
Dabailing Control 291.5 100.0
Dabailing Steam 253.4 86.9
Dabailing Pie 141.8 48.6
Shanxi Li Control 290.5 100.0
Shanxi Li Steam 255.0 87.8
Shanxi Li Pie 151.3 52.1
Daguazao Control 289.9 100.0
Daguazao Steam 255.0 88.0
Li(2) Control 305.3 100.0
Li(2) Steam 261.4 85.6
After 20 min steaming, fruit still kept 85% of its original Vc content
while after baking at 350°F for 1hr, fruit had roughly 50% of its
original Vc content.
CultivarsFresh eating:
• Alcalde #1
• Sandia
• Honeyjar/Maya/Russian 2
• Sugarcane
• Li/Shanxi Li
• Redland
• Dongzao
10/1/2019
6
Alcalde #1
• Earliest cultivar at Alcalde (excellent for the
marginal regions, good for other regions).
• Big fruit
• Precocious and productive
• Good quality
Honeyjar• Small fruit
• Excellent fresh eating quality
• Precocious and productive
Maya• Football shaped, good looking fruit
• Excellent quality
• Small/medium size
Russian 2Small fruit
Excellent fruit quality
Precocious and productive
Very suitable for home gardeners
Sugarcane
• Mid season
• Sweet fruit, medium in size
• Good for both fresh eating and drying
KFCShiny and bumpy fruit
Very precocious and productive
Good quality
Mid season in maturation
10/1/2019
7
Li• Large fruit, mid season
• Productive and good quality
• Performing better in southern NM than north.
Redland
• Bigger than Li at Alcalde
• Productive
Sandia
Super fresh eating quality
Not very precocious
Zone 7 and up
Marginal in Zone 6
Dongzao
• Late cultivar
• Can be stored for 2-3 months
• Super fresh eating quality
• Dominant fresh eating cultivar in China
Varied by locationsSherwood produces well in Los Lunas and Leyendecker Center
Jing 39 and an unknown did well in Leyendecker
KFC and Pitless did well in all three locations
Lang produced 15 lb at the 2nd year after planting at
Leyendecker
10/1/2019
8
Jing 39
ChicoDonut shape
Fine texture
Tart flavor
Drying cultivars
Need more time to evaluate• Lang/Don Polenski/Thornless/Ed Hegard
• Junzao
• Sugarcane: mid season
• Sherwood: late cultivar
• Jinsi series/pitless?
• Xiang
• Sihong? Never produce heavy yet
• Huizao/Junzao-dominant one in Xinjiang area
Dry jujubes: big or small, all has its own uses.
Pitless Xiang
10/1/2019
9
Jixin
Ornamental cultivars
• So
• Dragon
• Mushroom
• Teapot
http://horttech.ashspublications.org/content/28/4/557.fu
ll.pdf?ijkey=DdYI7VH4QvtsxQd&keytype=ref
Dragon
So
TeapotMushroo
m
Processing cultivars
• Jujube processing is almost blank in the U.S.
• No recommendation for processing cultivars yet.
Jujube harvesting and drying
10/1/2019
10
Fresh eating Dried Fruit
Dried fruit
Candied fruit
Mooncake
filling
‘Zongzi’
Juice and wine
HoneyBaked or smoked In soup, porridge and tea
Jujube uses in the U.S.
• Fresh eating
• Ice cream, fruit salad, or fruit nut mix
• Jujube cake, pie and tea
• Jujube butter, pastry filling
• Replacement of raisin or palm date in baking
• Simple ones: steam the fresh ones or boil the
dried one for 15-20 min.
Pitted fruit and fruit rings References
1. Yao, S. 2012. Jujube, Chinese date in New Mexico. NMSU H-330.
http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/h-330/welcome.html
2. Yao, S. 2013. Past, Present and Future of jujube, Chinese date in the U.S.
HortScience 48(6):672-680.
3. Yao, S. 2014. Jujube grafting. NMSU H-335.
http://aces.nmsu.edu/pubs/_h/H335/welcome.html
4. Jujube grafting https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFLwOWe0KQ4
5. Yao, et al. 2015. Jujube flowering and fruiting in the Southwestern U.S.
HortScience 50:839-846.
6. Huang et al. 2017. Jujube cultivar vitamin C profile and nutrient dynamics
during maturation. HortScience 52: 859-867.