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Internet Backbone Routersfrom
Ben PilletMajid IqbalNaveen BothireddyNitin PantRebecca RomoffVeena Muthuraman
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What we’ll discuss today
• Juniper Networks• Internet backbone• Challenges faced by service providers• Solutions for managing backbone traffic
– Architecture– Products
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Juniper Networks
• Started in 1997 by Silicon Valley engineers with VC funding. Went public in 1999.
• Provides infrastructure solutions for service providers with optically-enabled IP networks
• Revenues– Fiscal Year 1999: $102.6 million– First 6 months of 2000: $177 million
• Market capitalization: ~ $42 billionhttp://www.juniper.net/
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Products and services
• Products– Internet backbone routers– Physical interface cards– Internet software
• Services– Professional services– Education services
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Operating environment
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Internet backbone
• 1985: NSFnet connected six supercomputer sites with 56K lines
• 1992: NSFnet connected 11 sites connected by T3 (45Mbps) lines
• 1995: vBNS* - 155Mbps ATM network run by MCI and Merit accessed through Network Access Points (NAP)
Source: Gartner Group* Very high-speed backbone network services
NAP
ISP ISPISP
vBNS
NAP
ISP
NAP
ISP ISP
NAP
ISP
NAP
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Services providers
Backbone• UUNet• AT&T• Qwest• Cable & Wireless
NAP• Sprint• Pacific Bell• Ameritech
Source: Whatis.com
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UUNet’s Global Internet backbone
Source: UUNet
UUNet's Service Level Agreements (SLAs) commit them to monthly latency figures of: - Under 85ms within Europe, North America, and USA- Under 120ms transatlantic between London and New York
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Challenges faced by ISPs
• Providing 24x7 service in face of exploding traffic and higher expectations from customers
• Optimizing utilization of available bandwidth while maintaining network reliability and SLAs
• Keeping pace with rapid evolution of Internet technology – protocols, hardware, transport media
According to Censorware Project's Dynamic Estimates of Web Size
As of 7/31/2000 the Web has: - 2,290,000,000 pages; - 43,000,000,000,000 bytes of text; - 516,000,000 images; and - 8,600,000,000,000 bytes of image data
Source: Censorware.org
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Internet backbone routers
• Stable and complex routing software
• Traffic engineering with sophisticated control
• Wire-speed packet-processing
• Support for wide variety of protocols and interfaces
A Super POP Environment
Source: Juniper Networks
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A few concepts first
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Multi-layer switching
• Integrated approach– Intelligence of layer 3
routing– Speed of layer 2 switching
• Balance between speed and control
Packet-forwardingperformance
Function and control
Router
Switch
Traffic growth
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Dedicated resources
• Separation of routing and packet-forwarding functions
• Routing with sophisticated software
• Packet forwarding with specialized hardware
Routing process
Packet-forwardingprocess
Packets in Packets out
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Multi Protocol Label Switching
• MPLS classifies and expedites traffic based on policy considerations – destination, application, CoS, etc.
• Packets identified by Forwarding Equivalence Class (FEC) labels – no longest-match address look-up
• Supports popular technologies - IP, ATM, Frame Relay
Assign initial label
IP addr Out label
Ingress label switch
192.4/16 5
Layer 2 transport
Remove label
IP addr Out label
Ingress label switch
219.1.1.12
Layer 2 transportLabel
swapping
Out labelIn label
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Label switch
Edge Core Core Core Edge
Label swapping
Out labelIn label
9 2
Label switch
5 9 2192.4.2.1 192.4.2.1
Label Switched Path
Source: Juniper Networks
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Juniper’s architecture
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Router elements
• Routing engine • Packet forwarding engine
Source: Juniper Networks
• Switch fabric• Line cards
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M40 System Architecture
Source: Juniper Networks
• Routing Engine running on purpose-built router operating system
• ASIC-powered Packet Forwarding Engine
• Over-sized switch fabric
• Flexible configuration of physical interface cards (PIC)
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JUNOS™ Internet Software
• Implements BGP4, IS-IS, OSPF and IP multicast
• Policy definition language• Runs applications in
protected memory• Modularized• User-friendly command
line interfaceSource: Juniper Networks
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Internet Processor II™ ASIC
• Adds IP intelligence to wire-rate packet-forwarding
• Packet filtering, traffic analysis and load balancing without degrading performance
• Enables upto 160 Mpps with OC-48 loads, long-prefixes and large routing tables
Source: Juniper Networks
Transit traffic
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Products
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M40 - core router
• December 1998• M40 upgrades to M160• Up to 128 DS3s• Efficient using JUNOS and ASICs• Flexibility with 13 different PICS
Interfaces – DSx, OC-x• Supports ATM, Frame Relay,
Ethernet, MPLS • Useful for backbone and long haul
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M20 - edge router
• September 1999• 14” of rack space• Possible 64 DS3s• Speeds up to OC-48 in single
card• Supports ATM, Frame Relay,
Ethernet, MPLS• Useful for ISPs and edge of
backbone
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M160 - newest core router
• Spring 2000• Long haul backbone• Accommodates 384
DS3s• Routes 160 Mpps• Throughput of 160 Gbps• Extensive support
– ATM, SONET, Frame Relay, MPLS
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Position on Internet backbone
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Scalable performance
M20 M40 M160
Release Date Late 1999 Late 1998 Early 2000
Route lookups 40 Mpps 40 Mpps 160 Mpps
Throughput 20+ Gbps 40+ Gbps 160+ Gbps
Size 14” x 19” 35” x 19” 35” x 19”
Port density* 4 8 32
Price ~$150,000 ~$225,000 ~$350,000
* OC48s per box
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High-end competition
Juniper M160 Cisco GSR 12012
Throughput 160 Gbps 60 Gbps
Route lookups 160 Mpps 44 Mpps
Port density* 32 11
Latency ≥ 1ms ≥ 2ms
* OC-48s per box
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Customers and partners
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Conclusion
• Traffic on Internet backbones presents service providers with a specific set of challenges
• Purpose-built hardware and software from Juniper Networks enable service providers to meet these challenges
