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Before we begin Studying MEMORY today. . . . Just a Small Challenge Whatever you do: Forget what we are about to see and discuss. 106. 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 106 - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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JUST A SMALL CHALLENGE
WHATEVER YOU DO: FORGET WHAT WE ARE ABOUT TO SEE AND DISCUSS
Before we begin Studying MEMORY
today. . .
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GOT YA!106
WHAT IS YOUR FIRST MEMORY?What was your approximate age? Subject matter?
Was it dramatic or traumatic?
YOUR EARLIEST MEMORY…
Probably not before age of 3 unless severely traumatic
If you have earlier memories – it is likely you were told of the events later in life and placed the memory sometime after the age of 3
OVERVIEW OF THE INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL This model views human memory as a
system that:EncodesRehearsesStores Retrieves bits of information
IN HUMANS, INFORMATION PROCESSING OCCURS IN THREE SYSTEMS
Sensory memory Short-term
memory Long term memory
LEVELS OF PROCESSING
SHALLOW PROCESSING maintenance
rehearsal Involves simple
repetition of the presented materials
Not effective encoding
DRAW A PENNY Volunteers Try to recall from your memory the
“face” of a typical penny
OK, SMARTIES. . . PICK THE PENNY We have displayed everyone's drawing. Which is most accurate?
PENNY
DEEP PROCESSING Elaborative
rehearsal Coding by
forming associations between new information and information already stored
Makes information meaningful
SUBJECTIVE ORGANIZATION
LIST ALL OF THE STATES IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (USA)
HERE THEY ARE
SUBJECTIVE ORGANIZATION How did you
organize your list of states?
Developing a personal way to categorize items in an effective wayEast to west West to eastAlphabetical
MNEMONIC DEVICES Memory cues for improving the
encoding, storage and retrieval of information
These have apparently been used throughout history, for example the Greek poet, Simonides about 500 BCE
Examples?Please excuse my dear aunt sallyNever eat sour watermelons
MEMORY AND RETRIEVAL
TYPES OF MEMORY Sensory Memory (sensory register) A very brief memory for sensory
information Allows for a very short period of time to
review the overwhelming amount of sensory information. Most is discarded.
Selected information is rehearsed for storage.
OTHER ISSUES Types of
EncodingVisual/IconicAcoustic/ AuditorySemantic
Flashbulb Memory
ProcessingAutomatic Effortful
Photographic memory
SHORT-TERM MEMORY Also called working memory A limited, relatively brief storage system
that holds items we are aware of and working with at any given time
Experiments indicate the duration of short term memory is limited to 15-20 seconds unless it is rehearsed
CAPACITY Seven + two This can be increased if information is
organized into chunks of meaningful or well practiced information
Note further research by Alan Baddeley who refers to this as “working memory” and suggests that it is more complex than George Miller’s version. Baddeley suggest four componentsPhonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad,
central executive system and an eposodic buffer
LONG TERM MEMORY Our more or less permanent memory
store
Almost unlimited capacity and duration
TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY Endel Tulving suggests differing types of
memories.
Episodic Memories
Semantic memory
Procedural Memory
Dispositional Memory(added by Myers, D.)
EXPLICIT IMPLICIT Explicit or
declarative memory
Memories of which one is consciously aware
Processed in the hippocampus
Implicit or non-declarative memory
Memories of which one is not consciously aware
Processed in cerebellum
SERIAL POSITION EFFECT Our memory for a
list of items is better at the beginning and the end of the list than for items in the middle of the list
Called primacy and recency effect
Remember the activity where you had to recall words from a list!!
RETRIEVAL AND FORGETTING
RETRIEVAL Ability to remember information
Recall v. recognition
Recall
Recognition
HERMANN EBBINGHAUS Forgetting Curve Indicates that
much of what we learn we may quickly forget
EBBINGHAUS FORGETTING CURVE
RECONSTRUCTIVE MEMORY Accounts for the inaccuracy of
our recollections We “fill-in-the-gaps” How?
ConfabulationDistortionOverconfidenceMisleading post events
Framing-the structure of question
ROLE OF EMOTION Mood congruency
State dependent memory
EYE WITNESS TESTIMONY Elizabeth Loftus false memories
5 mins Accuracy of eye
witness testimony can be influenced by framing
Children particularly susceptible to false memories
EYE WITNESS TESTIMONY Little correlation between witness
certainty and witness accuracy
Eye witness testimony is BAD!
DEJA VU Means already seen
What is this?
Reading
WHAT IS FORGETTING? The inability to retrieve information
But WHY?
DECAY THEORY Argues that forgetting is caused by the
passage of time
A physiological memory track is laid down when a memory is made
Thus, there is no physiological mechanism to account for decay
INTERFERENCE THEORY Argues that retrieval failure occurs when established associations conflict with what we are trying to recall
Types:Proactive interferenceRetroactive interference
REPRESSION THEORY Sigmund Freud
Painful memories are self-censored and stored in the unconscious mind
This is controversial.
THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORYBegin with Clive WearingUpdate
THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORY Not that new. . . Early studies by
Lashley and Hebb with rats
THE BIOLOGY OF MEMORY James McConnell
and flatworms
NEUROANATOMY AND MEMORY Richard
Thompson and rabbits
His research
Procedural memories reside in the cerebellum
NEUROANATOMY AND MEMORY Hippocampus is
the chief structure implicated in episodic and semantic memories (Tulving)
Plays a role is “fixing” memories during time after learning
Case Study E. B. Clive Wearing
NEUROANATOMY AND MEMORY
The thalamus seems to be the structure that initially gives the “print” order for the memory.
Without this structure the memory never gets formed at all
NEUROCHEMISTRY AND MEMORY Research looks at neurochemistry involved in memory formationNorepinephrineDopamineGlutamateGABA
DISEASES OF MEMORY Amnesia involves forgetting under
conditions of severe psychological or physical trauma
Korsakoff’s syndrome- a disorder associated with chronic alcoholism that presents with hippocampus damage
DID YOU FORGET
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