Upload
vuongthu
View
214
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Ocean Acidification ResearchChallenges and Data Gaps
Justin B. Ries
MIT Sea Grant OA Workshop ‐ 23 January 2015
3 main areas(1) Sensor development
(2) Characterizing the carbonate chemistry of coastal seas
(3) Impacts of ocean acidification on marine organisms
*spectrophotometric observation of Pb2+ ion complexation with CO32‐
Byrne, 2010
1B. Development of a direct CO32‐ sensor
CORAL SKELETON
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3‐ + H+
CO2
Ries, 2011, Nature Climate Change
H+
Ca2+ + CO32‐
CORAL POLYP
DISSOLUTION
1C. Miniaturization of sensors for calcifying fluids chemistry
CORAL SKELETON
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3‐ + H+
CO2
Ries, 2011, Nature Climate Change
H+
Ca2+ + CO32‐
CORAL POLYP
CALCIFYING FLUID
DISSOLUTION
H+?Ca2+
Mg2+CO32‐
1C. Miniaturization of sensors for calcifying fluids chemistry
Ries, 2011, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta
1C. Miniaturization of sensors for calcifying fluids chemistry
CORAL SKELETON
CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 → HCO3‐ + H+
CO2
Ries, 2011, Nature Climate Change
H+
Ca2+ + CO32‐
CORAL POLYP
DISSOLUTION
H+
Ca2+ H+Proton‐pumpCALCIFYING FLUID
Ries, 2011, Geochimica Cosmochimica Acta
Shel
l gro
wth
Positive
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
Parabolic
Shel
l gro
wth
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
Negative
Shel
l gro
wth
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
Ries, Cohen and McCorkle, 2009, Geology
Positive
Shel
l gro
wth
Parabolic
Shel
l gro
wth
Shel
l gro
wth
Negative
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATIONRies et al., 2009
Wal
dbus
sere
t al.,
201
1
2A. Long term monitoring needed to establish high‐quality records of carbonate chemistry in critical coastal seas
Miller et al., 2009
2B. Short‐term, high‐spatial resolution monitoring needed to establish baseline spatial variability in carbonate system parameters
Mercenaria mercenaria(quahog)
R2 = 0.76-0.04%-0.03%-0.02%-0.01%0.00%0.01%0.02%0.03%0.04%
0 1 2 3
Prey
Ries et al., 2009, Geology
Callinectes sapidus (crab)
R2 = 0.400%2%4%6%8%
10%12%14%16%18%
0 1 2 3
Cal
cific
atio
n ra
te (w
t-% p
er d
ay)
Ωaragonite
Predator
Ωaragonite
3A. Impacts above species level
Shel
l gro
wth
high‐CO2
Normal CO2High CO2
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
DISSOLUTION
normal‐CO2
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
Rie
set
al.,
200
9, G
eolo
gy
3C. Impacts of OA on shell macrostructure
pCO2 = 2850 ppm
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
Low CO2High CO2
high‐CO2
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
normal‐CO2
Shel
l gro
wth
3C. Impacts of OA on shell macrostructure
High CO2
INCREASING OCEAN ACIDIFICATION
Shel
l gro
wth
pCO2 = 2850 ppm pCO2 = 400 ppm
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
high‐CO2 normal‐CO2
normal‐CO23C. Impacts of OA on shell ultrastructure
Ωaragonite
Cal
cific
atio
n ra
te (w
t-% p
er 6
0 da
y)
Calcification Rates
pCO2 = 2850 ppm pCO2 = 400 ppm
-3%
-2%
-1%
0%
1%
2%
3%
4%
5%
6%
high‐CO2 normal‐CO2
normal‐CO2high‐CO2
3C. Impacts of OA on shell ultrastructure
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
0 1 2 3
Load
at F
ract
ure
(New
tons
)
ΩAragoniteRies, 2010, AGU
3C. Impacts of OA shell strength
3D. Impacts of OA combined with other stressors(additive, mitigative, or synergistic?)
Courtney, Ries, et al., 2013Echinometra viridis
3E. Genomic response to OA(up/down‐regulation, evolutionary responses)
Castillo, Ries, et al., 2012
Forereef corals
Backreef coralsForereef corals Nearshore corals
3F. Impacts of OA on critical life stages
Adult limpets (Crepidula fornicata) Ries et al., 2009
ΩA
Calcificatio
n rate
(%‐change/60
‐day)
3F. Impacts of OA on critical life stages
Larval limpets (Crepidula fornicata)
pCO2 = 2850 ppm pCO2 = 400 ppm
Pechenik & Ries, in prep
Summary1. Sensor development
A. Autonomous sensor development ‐‐ TA/DIC/pH/salinity/temperatureB. Development of a direct CO3
2‐ sensorC. Miniaturization of micro‐sensors for in situ measurement of calcifying fluid chemistry
(Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl‐, CO2‐, H+, CO32‐)
2. Characterizing the carbonate chemistry of coastal seasA. Most calcifiers live in coastal seas (estuaries, shelf, reefs)B. Coastal seas have unique carbonate chemistries that differ from the open oceanC. Long term monitoring is needed to establish high‐quality records at critical sites going
forward D. Short‐term, high‐spatial resolution monitoring is needed across wide areas to establish
baseline spatial variability in carbonate system parametersE. Reconstruction of paleo‐chemistry of coastal seas from long‐lived marine calcifiers (corals, coralline red algae, calcareous planktonic sediments‐forams, coccolithophores)
3. Biological impacts of ocean acidificationA. Impacts of OA above species level (predator‐prey dynamics, ecosystem‐impacts)B. Field‐based experiments exploiting impact of natural pH gradients on organismsC. Impact of OA on shell properties (macrostructure, ultrastructure, mineralogy, strength)
D. Impacts of combined stressors (OA, temperature, hypoxia, eutrophication)E. Genomic response to OA (up/down regulation of genes, evolutionary responses) F. Impacts of OA on critical life stages (larvae, juveniles)