JUTE GEOTEXTILESJUTE GEOTEXTILES

AND THEIR APPLICATIONSAND THEIR APPLICATIONS

DR A.B.M. ABDULLAHDR A.B.M. ABDULLAHEXECUTIVE DIRECTOREXECUTIVE DIRECTOR

JUNE- 02, 2008 DHAKA

JUTE DIVERSIFICATION PROMOTION CENTRE (JDPC)JUTE DIVERSIFICATION PROMOTION CENTRE (JDPC)145 MONIPURIPARA, TEJGAON, DHAKA.145 MONIPURIPARA, TEJGAON, DHAKA.

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11 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Composition And Some Physical and Chemical Properties Composition And Some Physical and Chemical Properties Physical Properties of Jute Fiber:Physical Properties of Jute Fiber:Some Chemical Properties of Jute FiberSome Chemical Properties of Jute Fiber

1-21-2

22 Important Characteristic Properties of Geotextile andImportant Characteristic Properties of Geotextile andApplication and Uses Application and Uses

33

A.A. As a Separator/SeparationAs a Separator/Separation 44

B.B. Reinforcement of Weak Soil and Other Materials:Reinforcement of Weak Soil and Other Materials: 44

C.C. Filtration (Cross-Plane Flow)Filtration (Cross-Plane Flow) 55

D.D. Drainage (In-Plane Flow)Drainage (In-Plane Flow) 55

E.E. Geotextiles In Rural Road Construction:Geotextiles In Rural Road Construction: 66

F.F. Erosion ControlErosion Control 77

G.G. MulchingMulching 77

H.H. MoisturizersMoisturizers 88

I.I. Cropland/Hydroponics/Roof Top Planting/Cropland/Hydroponics/Roof Top Planting/Orchid Production/Floriculture Etc.Orchid Production/Floriculture Etc.

99

J.J. Irrigation linerIrrigation liner 99

K.K. As a Protection of EarthquakeAs a Protection of Earthquake 99

L.L. As Temporary Irrigation DamAs Temporary Irrigation Dam 99

MM Protection of Tea GardenProtection of Tea Garden 1010

3.3. ITEM-1 PropertiesITEM-1 Properties

ITEM-2 Model Study and Different Application ITEM-2 Model Study and Different Application

1010

ITEM-3 Comparative results in road construction:ITEM-3 Comparative results in road construction: 1111

ITEM-4 Erosion Control, Sediment LossITEM-4 Erosion Control, Sediment Loss 12-1312-13

ITEM-5 Construction of Roads for Light TrafficITEM-5 Construction of Roads for Light Traffic 14-1514-15

ITEM-6 Control of Bank ErosionITEM-6 Control of Bank Erosion 16-1716-17

ITEM-7 ITEM-7 Application River Bank Erosion Control 18-2018-20

ITEM-8 Design Bio-Degradable Jute ProductsITEM-8 Design Bio-Degradable Jute Products 20-2120-21

ITEM-9 Banana Drain (BD)ITEM-9 Banana Drain (BD) 22-2322-23

4.4. Geotextiles & the EnvironmentGeotextiles & the Environment 24-2624-26

5.5. ReferenceReference 2727

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INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

Jute is a seasonal agricultural crop. Widely grow in this part of the worldJute is a seasonal agricultural crop. Widely grow in this part of the world particularly Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.particularly Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam. Commercial jute fibers are extracted from two spices Chorchorus CapsularisCommercial jute fibers are extracted from two spices Chorchorus Capsularis (white), Chorchorus Olitorious (tossa), through complex microbial process of(white), Chorchorus Olitorious (tossa), through complex microbial process of retting. It is a photo reactive plant, only 120 days are needed for itsretting. It is a photo reactive plant, only 120 days are needed for its harvesting. Temperate, wet and humid climate of Bangladesh are veryharvesting. Temperate, wet and humid climate of Bangladesh are very conducive to the growth of jute. conducive to the growth of jute.

Composition and Some Physical and Chemical PropertiesComposition and Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Jute Fiber:of Jute Fiber:

Physical Properties of Jute Fiber:Physical Properties of Jute Fiber:

Density-1.47gm/ccDensity-1.47gm/cc Average Fineness-20 denier, i.e weight in gm. of 900 metres of filamentAverage Fineness-20 denier, i.e weight in gm. of 900 metres of filament Tenacity-4.2gm/denierTenacity-4.2gm/denier Average Extension at break-1.2%Average Extension at break-1.2% Average Stiffness-330 gm/denierAverage Stiffness-330 gm/denier Average Toughness Index-0.02Average Toughness Index-0.02 Swelling water (area) 40%Swelling water (area) 40% Specific heat 0.34 cal/g/cSpecific heat 0.34 cal/g/c00

Specific internal Surface 10-200mSpecific internal Surface 10-200m22/g/g Hygroscopicity (Average regain at 65% relative humidity)-13%Hygroscopicity (Average regain at 65% relative humidity)-13%

Some Chemical Properties of Jute FiberSome Chemical Properties of Jute Fiber

Holocellulose Holocellulose 82-85%82-85%Alpha CelluloseAlpha Cellulose 58-63%58-63%HemicelluloseHemicellulose 21-24%21-24%LigninLignin 12-14%12-14%PactinPactin 0.2-0.5%0.2-0.5%Fat & WaxFat & Wax 0.4-0.8%0.4-0.8%ProteinProtein 0.8-1.5%0.8-1.5%Mineral MaterialsMineral Materials 0.6-1.1%0.6-1.1%

Jute is a ligno-cellulosic, composite natural bast fiber. Cellulose, hemi-Jute is a ligno-cellulosic, composite natural bast fiber. Cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin are its major constituent components & its threecellulose and lignin are its major constituent components & its three dimensional structure is formed by different inter and intra-molecular forcesdimensional structure is formed by different inter and intra-molecular forces resulted from various physical, chemical, and hydrogen bonds, betweenresulted from various physical, chemical, and hydrogen bonds, between them. The commercial fiber consists of hairy strands of cylindrical networksthem. The commercial fiber consists of hairy strands of cylindrical networks of ultimate jute fiber. Properly retted and washed jute fibers are fairlyof ultimate jute fiber. Properly retted and washed jute fibers are fairly lustrous with moderate strength but rough to touch. The color of the fiberlustrous with moderate strength but rough to touch. The color of the fiber also varies from creamy white to brown. also varies from creamy white to brown.

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Jute is one of the important fiber crops being exceeded in production andJute is one of the important fiber crops being exceeded in production and use only by cotton. It is a coarse textile fiber being used as a raw materialuse only by cotton. It is a coarse textile fiber being used as a raw material for the production of packaging materials like twines, Hessian, carpetfor the production of packaging materials like twines, Hessian, carpet backing, gunny back, tarpaulin, woolpack, cotton bagging etc. It is one of thebacking, gunny back, tarpaulin, woolpack, cotton bagging etc. It is one of the versatile fibers. Its intrinsic and extrinsic properties are the accumulatedversatile fibers. Its intrinsic and extrinsic properties are the accumulated properties of individual component and various groups and bonds attestedproperties of individual component and various groups and bonds attested to them. Jute and jute products are biodegradable, photodegradable,to them. Jute and jute products are biodegradable, photodegradable, thermal degradable, nontoxic, nonplastic, acidic, anionic, hydrophilic,thermal degradable, nontoxic, nonplastic, acidic, anionic, hydrophilic, drapable, lessextensible, with higher moisture and UV absorbing capacitydrapable, lessextensible, with higher moisture and UV absorbing capacity and higher tenacity. Most of the cellulose is present in crystalline part of it.and higher tenacity. Most of the cellulose is present in crystalline part of it. Amorphous parts are mostly non cellulosic in nature due to the presence ofAmorphous parts are mostly non cellulosic in nature due to the presence of hemi cellulose and lignin. It has similarity with soft and hard fiber and cottonhemi cellulose and lignin. It has similarity with soft and hard fiber and cotton and wood simultaneously. A vast range of diversified jute products can beand wood simultaneously. A vast range of diversified jute products can be manufactured through vertical and horizontal modification. These aremanufactured through vertical and horizontal modification. These are textiles, hometextiles, technicaltextiles, medicaretextiles, geotextiles,textiles, hometextiles, technicaltextiles, medicaretextiles, geotextiles, agrotextiles, woven and nonwoven, composite and non composite,agrotextiles, woven and nonwoven, composite and non composite, decoratives, toys and handicrafts, pulp/paper and their products anddecoratives, toys and handicrafts, pulp/paper and their products and cellulose and cellulose derivates etc, which can be used as a substitute ofcellulose and cellulose derivates etc, which can be used as a substitute of cotton, wood, synthetic, plastic etc. cotton, wood, synthetic, plastic etc.

There are numbers of traditional products as mentioned above which areThere are numbers of traditional products as mentioned above which are manufactured in spinning and composite mills through existing conventionalmanufactured in spinning and composite mills through existing conventional jute spinning and looms. A wide range of fabrics can be produced with thejute spinning and looms. A wide range of fabrics can be produced with the variation of drafts, twists, dollop weight, design such as plain, twill, basket,variation of drafts, twists, dollop weight, design such as plain, twill, basket, satin/steen with closed, densed and open structure with definite strength,satin/steen with closed, densed and open structure with definite strength, tenacity, porosity, permeability according to need. Moreover, nonwoven,tenacity, porosity, permeability according to need. Moreover, nonwoven, knitted and netted jute fabrics can also be manufactured by needleknitted and netted jute fabrics can also be manufactured by needle punching, stitching and chemical bonding, with different strength, thickness,punching, stitching and chemical bonding, with different strength, thickness, porosity and permeability according to need. Furthermore composite typesporosity and permeability according to need. Furthermore composite types of fabrics can also be manufactured by the combination of knitted, nettedof fabrics can also be manufactured by the combination of knitted, netted jute fabric, with the specific need and functions.jute fabric, with the specific need and functions.

Geotextle particularly jute geotextiles are recently emerging technologies inGeotextle particularly jute geotextiles are recently emerging technologies in geotechnical and bio-engineering fields. Geotextles are not a singlegeotechnical and bio-engineering fields. Geotextles are not a single commodity. These are fabricated by both synthetic and natural fiber withcommodity. These are fabricated by both synthetic and natural fiber with different design, shape, size, composition according to functional need.different design, shape, size, composition according to functional need. These applications are generally categorized as; soil stabilizer, application atThese applications are generally categorized as; soil stabilizer, application at the interface of the formation of soil and the track back to minimizethe interface of the formation of soil and the track back to minimize pumping of fine soil into granular materials; to lay beneath asphalt surfacepumping of fine soil into granular materials; to lay beneath asphalt surface to delay crack development; consolidation of soil through filtration andto delay crack development; consolidation of soil through filtration and drainage by filter cake formation; application as erosion control;drainage by filter cake formation; application as erosion control; reinforcement of civil construction; moisturization, protection from rain,reinforcement of civil construction; moisturization, protection from rain, wind, light and cold etc. In fact geotextiles are multi functional and locationwind, light and cold etc. In fact geotextiles are multi functional and location specific in nature. Bioengineering/agro mulching of natural fibrous materialsspecific in nature. Bioengineering/agro mulching of natural fibrous materials are most effectives due to their biodegradability, echo-compatibility andare most effectives due to their biodegradability, echo-compatibility and improvement of soil fertility and texture. In addition to erosion control theyimprovement of soil fertility and texture. In addition to erosion control they also facilitate vegetative growth, de weeding and canopy of the land. also facilitate vegetative growth, de weeding and canopy of the land.

Divergent and prospective applications of jute and modified jute productsDivergent and prospective applications of jute and modified jute products can be used as a solution of various problems related tocan be used as a solution of various problems related to geotechnical/erosion control/mulching/ environment related activities aregeotechnical/erosion control/mulching/ environment related activities are narrated briefly in this paper.narrated briefly in this paper.

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Important Characteristic Properties of Geotextiles Important Characteristic Properties of Geotextiles These are broadly classified as;These are broadly classified as;1)1) Physical properties:Physical properties:

a)a) specific gravity, b) weight c) thickness d) stiffness e) density etc.specific gravity, b) weight c) thickness d) stiffness e) density etc.2)2) Mechanical properties :Mechanical properties :

a) tenacity b) tensile strength c) busting strength d) drapability e)a) tenacity b) tensile strength c) busting strength d) drapability e) compatibility compatibility f) flexibility g) functure strength h) tearing strength i) fictional resistancef) flexibility g) functure strength h) tearing strength i) fictional resistance etc.etc.

3) 3) Hydraulic properties:Hydraulic properties:a) porosity b) permeability c) permittivity d) transitivity e) turbity /soila) porosity b) permeability c) permittivity d) transitivity e) turbity /soil retention f) filtration length etc.retention f) filtration length etc.

4) 4) Degradation properties :Degradation properties :a) biodegradation b) hydrolytic degradation c) photo degradation d)a) biodegradation b) hydrolytic degradation c) photo degradation d) chemical degradation e) mechanical degradation f) other degradationchemical degradation e) mechanical degradation f) other degradation occurs due to attack of rudden, mite, termite etc.occurs due to attack of rudden, mite, termite etc.

5) 5) Endurance properties:Endurance properties:a) Crip/ elongation under texture b) abrasion resistance c) clogging lengtha) Crip/ elongation under texture b) abrasion resistance c) clogging length and flow etc. and flow etc.

All jute products as mentioned above can be used as geotextiles. But one ofAll jute products as mentioned above can be used as geotextiles. But one of the most important weaknesses of the jute products is their quickthe most important weaknesses of the jute products is their quick biodegradability. But their life span can be extended even up to 20yearsbiodegradability. But their life span can be extended even up to 20years through different treatments and blendings. Thus it is possible tothrough different treatments and blendings. Thus it is possible to manufacture designed biodegradable jute geotextile, having specificmanufacture designed biodegradable jute geotextile, having specific tenacity, porosity, permeability, transmitibility according to need andtenacity, porosity, permeability, transmitibility according to need and location specificity. Soil, soil composition, water, water quality, water flow,location specificity. Soil, soil composition, water, water quality, water flow, landscape etc. physical situation determines the application and choice oflandscape etc. physical situation determines the application and choice of what kind of jute geotextiles, should be used. In contrast to syntheticwhat kind of jute geotextiles, should be used. In contrast to synthetic geotextiles, though jute geotextileas are less durable but they also havegeotextiles, though jute geotextileas are less durable but they also have some advantages in certain area to be used particularly in agro-mulchingsome advantages in certain area to be used particularly in agro-mulching and similar area to where quick consolidation are to take place. Again forand similar area to where quick consolidation are to take place. Again for erosion control and rural road where soil protection from natural anderosion control and rural road where soil protection from natural and seasonal degradation caused by rain, water, monsoon, wind and coldseasonal degradation caused by rain, water, monsoon, wind and cold weather. Jute geotextiles as separator, reinforcing and drainage activitiesweather. Jute geotextiles as separator, reinforcing and drainage activities along with topsoil erosion in shoulder and cracking are used quitealong with topsoil erosion in shoulder and cracking are used quite satisfactorily. Furthermore after degradation of jute geotextiles lignomasssatisfactorily. Furthermore after degradation of jute geotextiles lignomass are formed which increases soil organic content, fertility, texture andare formed which increases soil organic content, fertility, texture and increases vegetative growth with further consolidation and stability of soilincreases vegetative growth with further consolidation and stability of soil. .

In fact in mulching and top soil erosion control geojute of special open,In fact in mulching and top soil erosion control geojute of special open, netted, design heavy weight (300-1000gm|sq.m) but porous structure createnetted, design heavy weight (300-1000gm|sq.m) but porous structure create micro climate for easy passages of water retaining soil particles, furthermicro climate for easy passages of water retaining soil particles, further application of grasses on it helps to harness stabilization and protection. application of grasses on it helps to harness stabilization and protection.

Applications and UsesApplications and UsesGeotextiles are used in wide range of areas. Following are the someGeotextiles are used in wide range of areas. Following are the some important application areas where treated-untreated, blended-nonblended,important application areas where treated-untreated, blended-nonblended, natural and synthetic, geotextiles are used. They may be woven-nonwoven,natural and synthetic, geotextiles are used. They may be woven-nonwoven, knitted-netted, corded, composite and sandwiched etc. But application ofknitted-netted, corded, composite and sandwiched etc. But application of

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geotextiles is location specific so in addition to the characteristics ofgeotextiles is location specific so in addition to the characteristics of geotextiles, identification and application of geotextiles depends on soilgeotextiles, identification and application of geotextiles depends on soil type, soil composition, moisture content, liquid limits, plasticityindex,type, soil composition, moisture content, liquid limits, plasticityindex, bulkdensity, soil pH, iron/calcium content, clay/silt and sand composition,bulkdensity, soil pH, iron/calcium content, clay/silt and sand composition, land sloping & hydraulic action etc. Moreover climatic condition of theland sloping & hydraulic action etc. Moreover climatic condition of the application site is also to be considered. application site is also to be considered.

A.A. As a Separator/SeparationAs a Separator/SeparationThese are some forms of aggregate used to form some layer which preventThese are some forms of aggregate used to form some layer which prevent contamination of one kind of material from another kind of material, calledcontamination of one kind of material from another kind of material, called separator. They are used in all classes of roads and similar civil foundationseparator. They are used in all classes of roads and similar civil foundation as the base of construction on contaminated layer is the single most causeas the base of construction on contaminated layer is the single most cause of premature failure. The use of separator prevent pumping effect createdof premature failure. The use of separator prevent pumping effect created by dynamic load and also help the passage of water while retaining soilby dynamic load and also help the passage of water while retaining soil particles. particles. In this types of geotextile, thickness and permeabilityIn this types of geotextile, thickness and permeability are most important characteristic properties.are most important characteristic properties. Some of theSome of the applications areas are; applications areas are; 1)1) Between subgrade and stone base in unpaved and paved roadsBetween subgrade and stone base in unpaved and paved roads

and airfields.and airfields.2)2) Between subgrade in railroads.Between subgrade in railroads.3)3) Between land fills and stone base courses .Between land fills and stone base courses .4)4) Between geomembranes and sand drainage layers.Between geomembranes and sand drainage layers.5)5) Between foundation and embankment soils for surcharge loads.Between foundation and embankment soils for surcharge loads.6)6) Between foundation and embankment soils for roadways fills.Between foundation and embankment soils for roadways fills.7)7) Between foundation and embankment soils for earth and rocksBetween foundation and embankment soils for earth and rocks

dams .dams .8)8) Between foundation and encapsulated soil layers.Between foundation and encapsulated soil layers.9)9) Between foundation soils and rigid retaining walls.Between foundation soils and rigid retaining walls.10)10) Between foundation soils and flexible retaining walls.Between foundation soils and flexible retaining walls.11)11) Between foundation soils and storage piles.Between foundation soils and storage piles.12)12) Between slopes and downstream stability.Between slopes and downstream stability.13)13) Beneath sidewalks slabs Beneath sidewalks slabs 14)14) Beneath curb areas Beneath curb areas 15)15) Beneath parking lotsBeneath parking lots16)16) Beneath sport and athletic fields Beneath sport and athletic fields 17)17) Beneath precast blocks and panels for aesthetic paving Beneath precast blocks and panels for aesthetic paving 18)18) Between drainage layers in poorly graded filter blanketsBetween drainage layers in poorly graded filter blankets19)19) Between various zones in earth damsBetween various zones in earth dams20)20) Between old and new asphalt layers. Between old and new asphalt layers.

B.B. Reinforcement of Weak Soil And Other Materials:Reinforcement of Weak Soil And Other Materials:Reinforcement types of geotextiles are used to form the foundation andReinforcement types of geotextiles are used to form the foundation and reduce the level of stress in the soil by spreading and evening out thereduce the level of stress in the soil by spreading and evening out the stresses. For examples it would be used for building of a road/any civilstresses. For examples it would be used for building of a road/any civil construction over soft soils like mashes, swamps, wetland, peat of similarconstruction over soft soils like mashes, swamps, wetland, peat of similar difficult areas. Similarly stability of dams and embankment can be increaseddifficult areas. Similarly stability of dams and embankment can be increased with their property of reinforcement. with their property of reinforcement. Strength and durability are theStrength and durability are the major characteristic properties needed for this type ofmajor characteristic properties needed for this type of geotextile.geotextile. Geotextiles can reduce the thickness of the road-making Geotextiles can reduce the thickness of the road-making

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materials needed and increase the life span of the road along with costmaterials needed and increase the life span of the road along with cost reduction. A few application areas are shown below;reduction. A few application areas are shown below;1)1) Over soft soils for unpaved road, airfields, railroad, landfills, sportsOver soft soils for unpaved road, airfields, railroad, landfills, sports

and athletic fields.and athletic fields.2)2) Over unstable landfills as closure systemOver unstable landfills as closure system3)3) To warp soils in encapsulated fabric systems.To warp soils in encapsulated fabric systems.4)4) To construct fabric-reinforced wallsTo construct fabric-reinforced walls5)5) To reinforcement embankmentTo reinforcement embankment6)6) To stabilized slops temporarilyTo stabilized slops temporarily7)7) As a substrate for articulated concrete blocksAs a substrate for articulated concrete blocks8)8) To stabilized unpaved storage yards and staging areas.To stabilized unpaved storage yards and staging areas.9)9) To soft soils in earth dam constructionTo soft soils in earth dam construction10)10) For use in in-situ compaction and consolidation of marginal soilsFor use in in-situ compaction and consolidation of marginal soils11)11) Playground, golf court, cricket wicket etc.Playground, golf court, cricket wicket etc.

C.C. Filtration (Cross-Plane Flow)Filtration (Cross-Plane Flow)In filtration fabrics can be either woven or non-woven, to permit the passageIn filtration fabrics can be either woven or non-woven, to permit the passage of water while retaining soil particles. of water while retaining soil particles. Porosity and permeability arePorosity and permeability are the major properties of geotextiles which involves in filtrationthe major properties of geotextiles which involves in filtration actionaction. Application helps the replacement of graded aggregate filters by a. Application helps the replacement of graded aggregate filters by a geotextiles warping. These applications are also suitable for both horizontalgeotextiles warping. These applications are also suitable for both horizontal and vertical drains. Some of application areas are given below.and vertical drains. Some of application areas are given below.1)1) In place of granular soil filtersIn place of granular soil filters2)2) Beneath stone base for unpaved and paved of roads, rail roads,Beneath stone base for unpaved and paved of roads, rail roads,

airfields.airfields.3)3) To filter hydraulic fills.To filter hydraulic fills.4)4) As a silt fence As a silt fence 5)5) As a silt curtain As a silt curtain 6)6) As a flexible form for containing sand, grout or concrete in erosionAs a flexible form for containing sand, grout or concrete in erosion

control systemscontrol systems7)7) As a flexible form for restoring underground mine integrityAs a flexible form for restoring underground mine integrity8)8) Around crush stone surrounding under drain, drain pipe.Around crush stone surrounding under drain, drain pipe.9)9) Beneath landfill that generate leachingBeneath landfill that generate leaching10)10) Between backfill soil and voids in retaining walls.Between backfill soil and voids in retaining walls.11)11) As a filter beneath stone riprap.As a filter beneath stone riprap.12)12) As a filter beneath recast block etc.As a filter beneath recast block etc.

D.D. Drainage (In-Plane Flow)Drainage (In-Plane Flow)

1.1. Fiber drains/prefabricated drains:Fiber drains/prefabricated drains:

In foundation engineering, consolidation settlement of clayay, silty andIn foundation engineering, consolidation settlement of clayay, silty and muddy soil creates serious problems for construction engineers. Themuddy soil creates serious problems for construction engineers. The application of various types of drains is to allow accelerated dissipation ofapplication of various types of drains is to allow accelerated dissipation of pore water pressure by lateral drainage. These drainages are used forpore water pressure by lateral drainage. These drainages are used for stabilization of civil constructions. There are various kinds of drains havingstabilization of civil constructions. There are various kinds of drains having their own characteristic properties, these are; sand drain, cardboard drain,their own characteristic properties, these are; sand drain, cardboard drain, wick drain, prefabricated drain and latest innovated banana drain. wick drain, prefabricated drain and latest innovated banana drain. Ideal drains would have following characteristics:Ideal drains would have following characteristics:1)1) High permeability to enable rapid dissipation. This permeability mustHigh permeability to enable rapid dissipation. This permeability must

be much higher than that of the ground to be treated.be much higher than that of the ground to be treated.

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2)2) Good flexibility to enable large groundGood flexibility to enable large ground movement and not act as a pilemovement and not act as a pile and so prevent consolidation. Similar stiffness to soil mass is preferred.and so prevent consolidation. Similar stiffness to soil mass is preferred.

3)3) A good hydraulic connection with a natural or placed permeableA good hydraulic connection with a natural or placed permeable blanket layer which act as a hydraulic sink and have continuously overblanket layer which act as a hydraulic sink and have continuously over its length.its length.

4)4) Introduction into the soil should be without any harm/disturbance as toIntroduction into the soil should be without any harm/disturbance as to modify its beneficial action as drain.modify its beneficial action as drain.

5)5) Remain useful as a drain over the required period in most cases a fewRemain useful as a drain over the required period in most cases a few months and rarely over a year for consolidation processes as opposedmonths and rarely over a year for consolidation processes as opposed to permanent drains. to permanent drains.

6)6) It should designed biodegradable.It should designed biodegradable.7)7) The properties should kept over various states of stress usuallyThe properties should kept over various states of stress usually

increasing stress.increasing stress.8)8) Porosity/permeability/textures of the drain body should not be cloggedPorosity/permeability/textures of the drain body should not be clogged

by the surroundings fine soils.by the surroundings fine soils.9)9) To reduce consolidation time it is obviously necessary to shorten theTo reduce consolidation time it is obviously necessary to shorten the

length of the flow paths. Installation of vertical drains of highlength of the flow paths. Installation of vertical drains of high permeability capacity is needed for quick and specific path direction.permeability capacity is needed for quick and specific path direction.

Some of the application areas of these drains are given below:Some of the application areas of these drains are given below:1.1. As a chimney drain in earth damAs a chimney drain in earth dam2.2. As a drainage gallery in earth damAs a drainage gallery in earth dam3.3. As a drainage inceptor for horizontal flowAs a drainage inceptor for horizontal flow4.4. As a drainage blanket beneath a surcharge fillAs a drainage blanket beneath a surcharge fill5.5. As a drain behind a retting wallAs a drain behind a retting wall6.6. As a drain beneath railroad ballastAs a drain beneath railroad ballast7.7. As a water drain beneath geomembrancesAs a water drain beneath geomembrances8.8. Beneath aggregate in unpaved roadsBeneath aggregate in unpaved roads9.9. Reinforcement of embankment fills and earth damsReinforcement of embankment fills and earth dams10.10. Repairing slope failures and landslidesRepairing slope failures and landslides11.11. Construction of mattresses for fills over soft soilsConstruction of mattresses for fills over soft soils12.12. Water drainage behind retaining wallsWater drainage behind retaining walls13.13. Water drainage beneath building foundations.Water drainage beneath building foundations.

In fact though geotechnical appliances are function oriented yetIn fact though geotechnical appliances are function oriented yet same appliances can work for more than one functionssame appliances can work for more than one functions simultaneously.simultaneously.

E.E. Geotextiles In Rural Road Construction:Geotextiles In Rural Road Construction:The use of geotextile products in temporary and rural unpaved roadThe use of geotextile products in temporary and rural unpaved road construction is one of their most common uses, and work on them is wellconstruction is one of their most common uses, and work on them is well established. The basis behind their use is that by placing a geotextileestablished. The basis behind their use is that by placing a geotextile between the weak subgrade soil and the aggregate fill the unpaved roadbetween the weak subgrade soil and the aggregate fill the unpaved road construction will be established. The geotextile will:construction will be established. The geotextile will: provide a physical barrier to the intermixing of the aggregate andprovide a physical barrier to the intermixing of the aggregate and

subgrade soilsubgrade soil provide local reinforcement provide local reinforcement restrains the subgrade sub-base from downward and lateral movement inrestrains the subgrade sub-base from downward and lateral movement in

the rutthe rut restrains the subgrade soil from upward and lateral movement betweenrestrains the subgrade soil from upward and lateral movement between

the ruts the ruts Act as a support membraneAct as a support membrane

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provide sufficient fiction to limit lateral sliding of the aggregate provide sufficient fiction to limit lateral sliding of the aggregate improve the quality of rural roadsimprove the quality of rural roads increase life span of the roadincrease life span of the road cost reduction of repair cost reduction of repair stands natural climatics like flood /monsoon destructionstands natural climatics like flood /monsoon destruction natural geotextiles like jute geotextiles help balancing eco-system. natural geotextiles like jute geotextiles help balancing eco-system.

Considering above factors treated and untreated, composite and blended,Considering above factors treated and untreated, composite and blended, jute geotextiles can be used in stabilizing, protecting them from naturaljute geotextiles can be used in stabilizing, protecting them from natural and seasonal devastation with increasing life span. and seasonal devastation with increasing life span.

F.F. Erosion ControlErosion ControlErosion control products are designed to control erosion and cover a diverseErosion control products are designed to control erosion and cover a diverse range of products which includes; nets, meshes, mats, blankets, bothrange of products which includes; nets, meshes, mats, blankets, both synthetic and natural biodegradable and non boidegradable are used tosynthetic and natural biodegradable and non boidegradable are used to mitigate erosion under different conditions, according to short ,medium andmitigate erosion under different conditions, according to short ,medium and long term.long term.

In order to control the process of erosion, geotextiles must have followingIn order to control the process of erosion, geotextiles must have following properties:properties:1)1) Reduce rain drop impactReduce rain drop impact2)2) Intercept rainfall and run off Intercept rainfall and run off 3)3) Reduce wind and run off velocitiesReduce wind and run off velocities4)4) Store water/water holding capacityStore water/water holding capacity5)5) Infiltrate surface waterInfiltrate surface water6)6) Better drapibility and compatible to land surface Better drapibility and compatible to land surface 7)7) Environmental and Ecological friendly Environmental and Ecological friendly 8)8) Improve soil fertility Improve soil fertility 9)9) Compatible to the application site.Compatible to the application site.

Jute geotextiles particularly geojute of open, porous and knitted structureJute geotextiles particularly geojute of open, porous and knitted structure (500-1000gm|sqm) are generally used for its effective and advantage over(500-1000gm|sqm) are generally used for its effective and advantage over synthetic for its easy biodegradable, drapable, and easy to contact with soilsynthetic for its easy biodegradable, drapable, and easy to contact with soil along with capillary actions so that they can easily be compatible withalong with capillary actions so that they can easily be compatible with application slope area.application slope area. The use helps to create microclimate to protect topThe use helps to create microclimate to protect top soil erosion by rain, water, wind flow etc. Recently hessian of 270-300 g/msoil erosion by rain, water, wind flow etc. Recently hessian of 270-300 g/m22

have also shown to be effective in erosion control in certain cases.have also shown to be effective in erosion control in certain cases.

G.G. MulchingMulchingIn agricultural practices, particularly in agronomic/horticultural activities,In agricultural practices, particularly in agronomic/horticultural activities, various fibrous materials are being used from time immemorial for bettervarious fibrous materials are being used from time immemorial for better and effective benefits in producing better crops. Mulches are used toand effective benefits in producing better crops. Mulches are used to suppress the growth of certain plant species, whilst enhancing the growth ofsuppress the growth of certain plant species, whilst enhancing the growth of others. Agro-mulching is a general term applied to mulches used forothers. Agro-mulching is a general term applied to mulches used for agricultural applications and includes traditional loose mulches such asagricultural applications and includes traditional loose mulches such as straw. Most application require suppression of weed growth to reducestraw. Most application require suppression of weed growth to reduce competition with the selected or designed vegetation for vital resourcescompetition with the selected or designed vegetation for vital resources such as moisture, light and nutrients. End users have included horticulturalsuch as moisture, light and nutrients. End users have included horticultural and land escaping operations. To ensure success, jute geotextiles mustand land escaping operations. To ensure success, jute geotextiles must have following characteristics.have following characteristics.* suppress weeds growth* suppress weeds growth

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* enhance growth of the selected vegetation spices by reducing competition* enhance growth of the selected vegetation spices by reducing competition and enhancing soil/plant/water relationship.and enhancing soil/plant/water relationship.*Protection from heat and cold from drying & wilting etc.*Protection from heat and cold from drying & wilting etc.

Jute geotextiles are biodegradable and have only a lifespan of one season.Jute geotextiles are biodegradable and have only a lifespan of one season. In horticultural applications this may correspond with a crop season, and theIn horticultural applications this may correspond with a crop season, and the products is simply removed and disposed of at harvesting. Where agro-plantproducts is simply removed and disposed of at harvesting. Where agro-plant mulch is required for a longer time (as in land escaping applications) thenmulch is required for a longer time (as in land escaping applications) then careful selection of site and species is important, or specialized treatmentscareful selection of site and species is important, or specialized treatments may have to be used to increase the longevity of the mulch product.may have to be used to increase the longevity of the mulch product.

These mulches are used in the cropland where conditions are less favorableThese mulches are used in the cropland where conditions are less favorable and there is a need to protect them. A natural mulch is most commonlyand there is a need to protect them. A natural mulch is most commonly straw, hay although nearly any organic materials (leaves, peat, wood chips,straw, hay although nearly any organic materials (leaves, peat, wood chips, barks, banana leaves etc. that are non toxic can be used ) There are alsobarks, banana leaves etc. that are non toxic can be used ) There are also synthetic mulches such as polypropylene, plastics, bitumins/latexes, treatedsynthetic mulches such as polypropylene, plastics, bitumins/latexes, treated fibrous material etc. Mulch provides some protection from rainsplash,fibrous material etc. Mulch provides some protection from rainsplash, erosion retards runoff traps sediment and creates a better environment forerosion retards runoff traps sediment and creates a better environment for plant germination and development.plant germination and development.

Some times treated and untreated light jute fabrics in the form of taps areSome times treated and untreated light jute fabrics in the form of taps are used for covering plants from natural injury from cold and wilting. These areused for covering plants from natural injury from cold and wilting. These are nursery pot, nursery sheet, nursery tapes, nursery fabrics etc.nursery pot, nursery sheet, nursery tapes, nursery fabrics etc.

H.H. MoisturizersMoisturizersMoisturizers are generally from natural fibers. They are fabricated andMoisturizers are generally from natural fibers. They are fabricated and design so that they have high water holding capacity. High capiliraties anddesign so that they have high water holding capacity. High capiliraties and hydrogen bonding properties are special properties for these types ofhydrogen bonding properties are special properties for these types of geotextile, so that they can provide water to the plants /crops/land/structuregeotextile, so that they can provide water to the plants /crops/land/structure when needed.when needed.

Important characteristics and functions these types of geotextiles are toImportant characteristics and functions these types of geotextiles are to perform; perform;

1)1) Water holding, storing and discharging capacity.Water holding, storing and discharging capacity.2)2) Protecting soil moisture for facilitating the germination of seed.Protecting soil moisture for facilitating the germination of seed.3)3) Protecting soil moisture form evaporation and holding heat of the soilProtecting soil moisture form evaporation and holding heat of the soil

facilitating the germination of seed.facilitating the germination of seed.4)4) Siphoning water according to the need of plantSiphoning water according to the need of plant5)5) Facilitating the growth of useful soil microbsFacilitating the growth of useful soil microbs6)6) Work as weed controller to help the growth of crop/plantWork as weed controller to help the growth of crop/plant7)7) To protect plant from cold/wilting effect.To protect plant from cold/wilting effect.

These are woven, nonven, composite, treated and untreated fabrics likeThese are woven, nonven, composite, treated and untreated fabrics like nursery sheet/pot, nursery tapes etc. some time with special treatment fornursery sheet/pot, nursery tapes etc. some time with special treatment for higher water absorption capacity, anti microbial protection etc. higher water absorption capacity, anti microbial protection etc. Some applications areas are:Some applications areas are:

1)1) Seasoning newly constructed RCC/civil structure during buildingSeasoning newly constructed RCC/civil structure during building2)2) Protect land from desertification by planting specials type of Protect land from desertification by planting specials type of

grass/herbs/plants grass/herbs/plants and providing water for initial growthand providing water for initial growth propagation.propagation.

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3)3) Protection of forest plant from draught/dehydration by supplyingProtection of forest plant from draught/dehydration by supplying soil soil moisture and preventing evaporation.moisture and preventing evaporation.4)4) Anti forest fire retardant/stopping fire propagation by theAnti forest fire retardant/stopping fire propagation by the application of application of specially treated geotextile in forest area. specially treated geotextile in forest area.

5)5) Land Reclamation From Sea/DesertLand Reclamation From Sea/Desert Jute is a versatile fiber having composite nature of high chelate formingJute is a versatile fiber having composite nature of high chelate forming groups along with high water absorbing capacity, can easily formgroups along with high water absorbing capacity, can easily form complexes with silts passing through the big rivers and settle down quicklycomplexes with silts passing through the big rivers and settle down quickly as a sedimentation at the confluence to sea/river. By setting them landas a sedimentation at the confluence to sea/river. By setting them land reclamation can be undertaken and further with the formation of lignomassreclamation can be undertaken and further with the formation of lignomass quicker vegetative growth occurs. quicker vegetative growth occurs.

On the other hand desert area can be transformed in to a cropland with theOn the other hand desert area can be transformed in to a cropland with the transformation of sand into soil by gradual supply of water and plantation ontransformation of sand into soil by gradual supply of water and plantation on it. it.

II Cropland/Hydroponics/Roof Top Planting/OrchidCropland/Hydroponics/Roof Top Planting/Orchid Production/Production/

Floriculture Etc. Floriculture Etc.

These are special type of fabrication made by sandwiching nonwoven withThese are special type of fabrication made by sandwiching nonwoven with open structure netting where nonwoven part contains with seed, fertilizeropen structure netting where nonwoven part contains with seed, fertilizer and soil in specific ratio according to crop need. Water is occasionallyand soil in specific ratio according to crop need. Water is occasionally sprinkled to the fabrics. Generally these are used as seed bed duringsprinkled to the fabrics. Generally these are used as seed bed during emergency and devastating flood. This seed bed can be placed anywhereemergency and devastating flood. This seed bed can be placed anywhere like roof of the building. Again similar types of fibrous fabrics are also usedlike roof of the building. Again similar types of fibrous fabrics are also used for hydrophonic agriculture, generally placed on raft made of banana stemfor hydrophonic agriculture, generally placed on raft made of banana stem or similar structure. or similar structure.

Roof top planting /orchid production/flori culture became very popular andRoof top planting /orchid production/flori culture became very popular and modern approach of gardening/floriculture in top roof of buildings andmodern approach of gardening/floriculture in top roof of buildings and similar places. These types of jute geotextiles are similar to that of croplandsimilar places. These types of jute geotextiles are similar to that of cropland but they are modified with specific need base in respect to water content,but they are modified with specific need base in respect to water content, soil content, fertilizer content and canopy needs. These types of geotextilessoil content, fertilizer content and canopy needs. These types of geotextiles are getting popular in city and urban areas as these not only harnessare getting popular in city and urban areas as these not only harness economic benefits but also protect environment by Carbondioxide -Oxygeneconomic benefits but also protect environment by Carbondioxide -Oxygen balance in the atmosphere. balance in the atmosphere.

J. J. Irrigation linerIrrigation linerIrrigation liners are non permeable fabrics, generally synthetics or naturalIrrigation liners are non permeable fabrics, generally synthetics or natural modified with resin/rubber/polymers etc. so that water can not pass throughmodified with resin/rubber/polymers etc. so that water can not pass through it. But compatible with canal structure and land. Important properties ofit. But compatible with canal structure and land. Important properties of irrigation liners are;irrigation liners are;

1.1. Save water from sieve during irrigation.Save water from sieve during irrigation.2.2. Reduce waste of water during irrigationReduce waste of water during irrigation3.3. Reduce soil erosion during irrigation Reduce soil erosion during irrigation 4.4. Save land for cultivation by using movable canal liner.Save land for cultivation by using movable canal liner.5.5. Prevent soil degradation during irrigationPrevent soil degradation during irrigation6.6. Reduce water evaporation during irrigationReduce water evaporation during irrigation

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7.7. Create beneficial climatic condition for growth of crop with appropriateCreate beneficial climatic condition for growth of crop with appropriate local climate. local climate.

Some times these irrigation liners are made with differently treated juteSome times these irrigation liners are made with differently treated jute ribbon.ribbon.

K.K. As a Protection of Earthquake As a Protection of Earthquake Though jute and other fibrous materials were used as a reinforcing materialThough jute and other fibrous materials were used as a reinforcing material in the construction of mud houses of this part of the world from timein the construction of mud houses of this part of the world from time immemorial, recently jute and other fiber materials have been identified asimmemorial, recently jute and other fiber materials have been identified as an effective raw material for stabilizing various buildings made as of ancientan effective raw material for stabilizing various buildings made as of ancient mud houses in Asia and African countries from protection of earthquake. mud houses in Asia and African countries from protection of earthquake.

L.L. As Temporary Irrigation DamAs Temporary Irrigation DamThese are specially treated /modified jute fabrics which are hydrophobic,nonThese are specially treated /modified jute fabrics which are hydrophobic,non permeable and easily movable so that water can be channeled with in apermeable and easily movable so that water can be channeled with in a short usable area.short usable area.

M.M. Protection of Tea GardenProtection of Tea GardenJute having high moisture and UV protecting character have a definiteJute having high moisture and UV protecting character have a definite capability to protect soft tea leaves giving appropriate moisture andcapability to protect soft tea leaves giving appropriate moisture and protection from UV radiation reflected from sun by giving canopy. protection from UV radiation reflected from sun by giving canopy.

ITEM-1ITEM-1Table 1:Table 1: Properties of some specific jute fabrics can be used as jute Properties of some specific jute fabrics can be used as jute geotextiles:geotextiles:

PropertyProperty Type AType A Type BType B Type CType C Type DType DConstructionConstruction B-TwillB-Twill A-TwillA-Twill Hycee cementHycee cement D.WD.W

plainplainThickness (mm)Thickness (mm) 22 22 22 22Mas/unit area (g/mMas/unit area (g/m22)) 644644 756756 682682 538538Linear density M/CLinear density M/C 0.37210.3721 0.46560.4656 0.33550.3355 0.34160.3416of Yarns (g/mof Yarns (g/m22) x-mc) x-mc 1.04311.0431 1.27451.2745 0.86330.8633 1.17361.1736No. of yarns M/CNo. of yarns M/C 1313 1010 1010 1010Per inch X-MCPer inch X-MC 99 88 1111 88Narrow stip tensile M/CNarrow stip tensile M/C 21.7821.78 27.5027.50 24.2624.26 2020Strength (K/n) X-M/cStrength (K/n) X-M/c 22.5022.50 27.5027.50 25.0025.00 24.5024.50

ITEM-2ITEM-2Model Study and Different Applications of JuteModel Study and Different Applications of Jute GeoTextiles:GeoTextiles:

BJRI in cooperation with Arcedia Development Ltd. Co. successfullyBJRI in cooperation with Arcedia Development Ltd. Co. successfully completed a model study with designed biodegradable jute geotextiles ascompleted a model study with designed biodegradable jute geotextiles as separator, filter, fiber drain (BD) and reinforcing materials in a 60’x25’x20’separator, filter, fiber drain (BD) and reinforcing materials in a 60’x25’x20’ civil construction with 80civil construction with 8000 slope of retaining wall at BJRI premise with 5 slope of retaining wall at BJRI premise with 5 years design life in 1993-1998. After 10 years at 2003 that no fractureyears design life in 1993-1998. After 10 years at 2003 that no fracture observed in the model structure. On the other hand a solid Porous Cakeobserved in the model structure. On the other hand a solid Porous Cake

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framed with degradation of jute geo-textiles in different layers. Thoughframed with degradation of jute geo-textiles in different layers. Though strength of fabrics changes in certain area to great extent, it was postulatedstrength of fabrics changes in certain area to great extent, it was postulated at certain type of complex legends might be formed with reduced lignomass,at certain type of complex legends might be formed with reduced lignomass, with some constitute of jute and soil.with some constitute of jute and soil.

Similarly, erosion control model study was performed in Bandarban andSimilarly, erosion control model study was performed in Bandarban and some other places to control landslides by SRDI and also geo-jute wassome other places to control landslides by SRDI and also geo-jute was successfully applied in greater Dhaka Flood Control Barrage BJMC. Again ansuccessfully applied in greater Dhaka Flood Control Barrage BJMC. Again an in complete experiment was undertaken for stabilizing a section of Deldual-in complete experiment was undertaken for stabilizing a section of Deldual-Lauhaty Road at Tangail District and using jute geotextiles.Lauhaty Road at Tangail District and using jute geotextiles.

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ITEM-3ITEM-3Comparative results of the performance of jute geotextilesComparative results of the performance of jute geotextiles with different synthetic geotextiles in road construction:with different synthetic geotextiles in road construction:

Table 2 :Table 2 : Properties of geotextiles used Properties of geotextiles usedTradeTrade NameName

WeightWeight(gm/m(gm/m22))ASTMASTMD-1910-D-1910-6464

ThickneThicknessss(mm)(mm)ASTMASTMD-1777D-1777

GrabGrab tensiletensile StrengthStrength (N)(N) ASTMASTMD-1682D-1682

ElongatiElongation on AtAtBreakBreak (%)(%)ASTMASTMD-1682D-1682

TrapezodialTrapezodial teartearStrength (N)Strength (N)ASTMASTMD-2263D-2263

PermeabiliPermeabilityty(cm/s)(cm/s)fallingfalling headhead

TypeType

PropePropexx

45454545

153153 -- 400400(minimum)(minimum)

500500(min.)(min.)

-- 2x102x10-2 -2 (min.)(min.)2x102x10-2 -2 (min.)(min.)

Non-Non-wovenwoven

MuiraMuirafifi

600x600x

-- -- 13351335 -- 534534 0.010.01 wovenwoven

TyparTypar 136136 15 mill15 mill 580580 6262 312312 0.020.02 Non-Non-wovenwoven

SupacSupac5-P5-P

180180 15mill15mill 556-670556-670 8080 325325 0.050.05 Non-Non-wovenwoven

(Polypro(Polypropylene)pylene)

PetroPetromatmat

146146 -- 512512 6565 -- -- Non-Non-wovenwoven

TerraTerramm

140140

280280 1.11.1 11281128 150150 343343 0.0720.072 Non-Non-wovenwoven (75%(75%

Polypr.Polypr.+25%+25% Nylon)Nylon)

JuteJute FabricFabric

680-750680-750 1.75-1.851.75-1.85 800-900800-900 15-2015-20 300-350300-350 0.02-0.040.02-0.04 wovenwoven

Result-1Result-1: : Dynamic Load TestDynamic Load Test

Thickness ofThickness of aggregateaggregate

(mm)(mm)

Rut depthRut depth RemarksRemarkswithout JGTwithout JGT with JGTwith JGT

100 mm100 mm 22 mm22 mm 10 mm10 mm With the use of JGTWith the use of JGT more than 50%more than 50% reduction in rutreduction in rut

depth in both thedepth in both the casescases

200 mm200 mm 18 mm18 mm 7 mm7 mm

Result-2:Result-2: Effect of Jute Geotextile on Unconfined compressive strength Effect of Jute Geotextile on Unconfined compressive strength

Water contentWater content (%)(%)

Unconfined compressiveUnconfined compressive strengthstrength(kn/m(kn/m22))

Strain at failure (%)Strain at failure (%)

2525 110 (without fabric)110 (without fabric)300 (with fabric)300 (with fabric)

8 (without fabric)8 (without fabric)26 (with fabric)26 (with fabric)

3030 45 (without fabric)45 (without fabric)115 (with fabric)115 (with fabric)

10 (without fabric)10 (without fabric)30 (with fabric)30 (with fabric)

3535 36 (without fabric)36 (without fabric)65 (with fabric)65 (with fabric)

22 (without fabric)22 (without fabric)42 (with fabric)42 (with fabric)

Result-3:Result-3: Effect of Jute Geotextile on CBR Value Effect of Jute Geotextile on CBR Value

Water content (%)Water content (%) 2020 2525 3030 3535

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CBR ValueCBR Value(%)(%)

WithoutWithout fabricfabric

5.05.0 4.74.7 3.53.5 2.62.6

WithWithfabricfabric

8.08.0 6.86.8 5.25.2 4.54.5

ITEM-4:ITEM-4: EROSION CONTROLEROSION CONTROL

Comparative Study of Synthetic and Jute Geotextile on ErosionComparative Study of Synthetic and Jute Geotextile on Erosion ControlControl

Objective:Objective:

i)i) Evaluation of the performance of jute geotextile in surfical erosionEvaluation of the performance of jute geotextile in surfical erosion control.control.

ii)ii) To assess the comparative performance of such a system, a qualitativeTo assess the comparative performance of such a system, a qualitative trail has been conducted using three synthetic geotextiles, one jutetrail has been conducted using three synthetic geotextiles, one jute geotextile (JGT) and one composite geotextile.geotextile (JGT) and one composite geotextile.

Laboratory investigationsLaboratory investigationsAn artificial embankment slope constructed beneath a rainfall simulator wasAn artificial embankment slope constructed beneath a rainfall simulator was used for the experiment. The embankment slope modeled by battered faceused for the experiment. The embankment slope modeled by battered face of the soil was inclined at 26of the soil was inclined at 2600 to the horizontal to represent a 1:2 slope. The to the horizontal to represent a 1:2 slope. The slope width of 5m was divided into 6 trails bays, each 500mm wide to allowslope width of 5m was divided into 6 trails bays, each 500mm wide to allow a space between adjacent bases.a space between adjacent bases. Simulated rainfall was generated using a series of nozzles fixed to anSimulated rainfall was generated using a series of nozzles fixed to an

oscillating bar above the slopeoscillating bar above the slope Rainfall drop size was 1.3 mmRainfall drop size was 1.3 mm Kinetic energy of rainfall was 14J/ mKinetic energy of rainfall was 14J/ m22/mm/mm Eight storms were used each having return period of 100 years of EasternEight storms were used each having return period of 100 years of Eastern

England.England. First five storms had rainfall intensify of 40mm/1hr.duration.First five storms had rainfall intensify of 40mm/1hr.duration.

The first storm was on a pre-wetted slope. The remaining four storms at theThe first storm was on a pre-wetted slope. The remaining four storms at the intensity were run in pairs at three day interval such that the first storm ofintensity were run in pairs at three day interval such that the first storm of each pair fall on a dry slope. Two hours duration was allowed for drainageeach pair fall on a dry slope. Two hours duration was allowed for drainage before starting the second cycle on a wet slope. After a three day drying thebefore starting the second cycle on a wet slope. After a three day drying the same cycle was repeated. same cycle was repeated.

A different approach was adopted for the last 3 storms.A different approach was adopted for the last 3 storms.

Rainfall intensity was increased to 75mm/hr and the storm duration wasRainfall intensity was increased to 75mm/hr and the storm duration was decreased to 20 minutes.decreased to 20 minutes.

The first cycle comprised one storm failing on a dray slope and after 2 hours,The first cycle comprised one storm failing on a dray slope and after 2 hours, a second storm was caused to fall on a wet slope. a second storm was caused to fall on a wet slope.

After a three –day period, the slope was pre wetted and a single storm wasAfter a three –day period, the slope was pre wetted and a single storm was applied to the wet slope.applied to the wet slope.

The six plot was top soiled and seeded in the normal manner and used asThe six plot was top soiled and seeded in the normal manner and used as control plot. All the six plot was top soiled and seeded to assess the ability ofcontrol plot. All the six plot was top soiled and seeded to assess the ability of each product to resist washout of the ungerminated seed.each product to resist washout of the ungerminated seed.

1.1. ABOUT THE TRAIL PLOTS AND GEOTEXTILESABOUT THE TRAIL PLOTS AND GEOTEXTILES

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The control plot and other 5 plots were covered with 200 mm -top soilThe control plot and other 5 plots were covered with 200 mm -top soil comprising 12% clay, 29% silt, 33% sand and 26% gravel. Seeding was donecomprising 12% clay, 29% silt, 33% sand and 26% gravel. Seeding was done by hand using commercially available grass seed @ 28grms/mby hand using commercially available grass seed @ 28grms/m22

Table-3:Table-3:

GeotextilGeotextileses

CompositiCompositionon

PropertiesProperties

WeightWeight ThicknesThicknesss

TensileTensileStrengtStrengthh

Opening Opening sizesize

DurabilityDurability

JGTJGT JuteJute(80(80 Cellulose,Cellulose, 12% lignin12% lignin etc)etc)

500500 g/mg/m22

-- 7.5kN/7.5kN/mm

11mmx1811mmx18mmmm

2 years2 years

EnvironmeEnvironmentnt

wood/woolwood/wool mulchmulch contained incontained in PP strandPP strand meshmesh

360g/m360g/m22 -- -- 25mmx3725mmx37mmmm

18 month18 month

EnkamatEnkamat70107010

PolyamidePolyamide 260g/m260g/m22 9mm9mm 0.8kN/0.8kN/mmminmin

-- --

TernsermatTernsermat PolyethylenePolyethylene 4500g/4500g/mm22

18mm18mm 0.4kN/0.4kN/mmminmin

6mm-8mm6mm-8mm --

GeowebGeoweb HDPEHDPE 1740g/1740g/mm22

-- -- -- --

ResultsResults

Table-4:Table-4: The results obtained are presented in the following table: The results obtained are presented in the following table:

SystemSystem Dry slopeDry slope40 mm/hr.40 mm/hr.

Wet slopeWet slope40 mm/hr.40 mm/hr.

Wet slopeWet slope75 mm/hr.75 mm/hr.

ControlControl 2525 3333 5050JGTJGT 0202 0909 1111EnviromatEnviromat 0303 1616 3131EnkamatEnkamat 1919 4141 3434TensermatTensermat 2828 3737 2323GeowebGeoweb 1616 3333 2323Storm DurationStorm Duration 01hr.01hr. 01hr.01hr. 20mins20mins

2.2. SEDIMENT LOSS:SEDIMENT LOSS:The relative effects of different rainfall intensities where sediment yeildThe relative effects of different rainfall intensities where sediment yeild expressed in grams are shown in the following table and figures.expressed in grams are shown in the following table and figures.

Table-5:Table-5:SystemSystem Dry slopeDry slope

40 mm/hr.40 mm/hr.Wet slopeWet slope40 mm/hr.40 mm/hr.

Wet slopeWet slope75 mm/hr.75 mm/hr.

ControlControl 7070 9292 263263

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JGTJGT 66 2525 5757EnviromatEnviromat 44 2323 8787EnkamatEnkamat 5656 121121 189189TensermatTensermat 8181 106106 124124GeowebGeoweb 5151 104104 136136

3. 3. Mean values of Soil Erodibility (grams/mm) are indicated in theMean values of Soil Erodibility (grams/mm) are indicated in the following table and figure:following table and figure:

Table-6:Table-6:

SystemSystem Dry slopeDry slope40 mm/hr.40 mm/hr.

Wet slopeWet slope40 mm/hr.40 mm/hr.

Wet slopeWet slope75 mm/hr.75 mm/hr.

Overall Overall averageaverage

ControlControl 7.17.1 8.08.0 5.85.8 7.07.0JGTJGT 16.416.4 1.71.7 2.12.1 6.96.9EnviromatEnviromat 7.57.5 1.11.1 1.01.0 3.63.6EnkamatEnkamat 10.410.4 6.46.4 3.33.3 7.47.4TensermatTensermat 9.09.0 7.87.8 3.33.3 7.27.2GeowebGeoweb 12.312.3 8.68.6 6.26.2 7.97.9Storm DurationStorm Duration 01hr.01hr. 01hr.01hr. 20mins20mins

ITEM-5 ITEM-5 Effective Use Of Jute Geotextile In Construction Of Roads For LightEffective Use Of Jute Geotextile In Construction Of Roads For Light TrafficTraffic: :

Laboratory ExperimentLaboratory ExperimentAscertainment of improvement of load bearing capacity of sub grade of roadAscertainment of improvement of load bearing capacity of sub grade of road with the introduction of jute geotextiles and one and two layers of bricks.with the introduction of jute geotextiles and one and two layers of bricks.

Experimental InvestigationsExperimental InvestigationsSix sets of plate load tests were conducted with 2.5 mm thick steel plate wasSix sets of plate load tests were conducted with 2.5 mm thick steel plate was placed centrally into the test pit of size 150 cm x 150 cm & 30 cm deep. Theplaced centrally into the test pit of size 150 cm x 150 cm & 30 cm deep. The conventional method was followed for the plate load test.. The schedule ofconventional method was followed for the plate load test.. The schedule of the tests is given below:the tests is given below:

Table-7:Table-7:

Test SetTest Set The Test PitThe Test Pit Layers of brickLayers of brick laid over thelaid over the

final levelfinal level(a)(a) 30cms30cms No brick layerNo brick layer(b)(b) 60cms; made 30 cms; by filling with same60cms; made 30 cms; by filling with same

virgin soilvirgin soilOne layer of bricksOne layer of bricks

(c)(c) 60cms; made 30 cms; by placing same60cms; made 30 cms; by placing same virgin soil over JGT (60cm x 60cm)virgin soil over JGT (60cm x 60cm)

No brick layerNo brick layer

(d)(d) Same as in set (c)Same as in set (c) One layer of brickOne layer of brick(e)(e) Same as in set (b)Same as in set (b) Two layers of brickTwo layers of brick(f)(f) JGT (60cmsx30 cms) was placed at 60cmsJGT (60cmsx30 cms) was placed at 60cms

depth and 30cms depthwas made bydepth and 30cms depthwas made by placing over JGT virgin soilplacing over JGT virgin soil

Two layers of brickTwo layers of brick

Characteristics of fabrics usedCharacteristics of fabrics usedThe soil used on the test was silty clay having following properties:-The soil used on the test was silty clay having following properties:-

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LL:LL: 78%78%PL:PL: 40%40%N.M.C.:N.M.C.: 30%30%UnconfinedUnconfinedCompressive Strength: Compressive Strength: 4.7tm4.7tm22

Proctor OMC:Proctor OMC: 21%21%Max. Dry density:Max. Dry density: 1.566gm/cc1.566gm/cc

ResultsResultsThe yield Stresses and corresponding settlements for different cases areThe yield Stresses and corresponding settlements for different cases are given below:given below:

Table-8:Table-8:

Type of test mediumType of test medium Yield stresst/mYield stresst/m22 Settlement, mmSettlement, mmVirgin soil (set a)Virgin soil (set a) 12.1112.11 30.0030.00Compacted soil underlainCompacted soil underlain by single layer of brickby single layer of brick (set b)(set b)

27.9027.90 58.7058.70

Compacted soil underlainCompacted soil underlain by one layer of juteby one layer of jute geotextile (set c)geotextile (set c)

19.4019.40 70.0070.00

Compacted soil overlainCompacted soil overlain by single layer of bricksby single layer of bricks and underlain by a layerand underlain by a layer of jute geotextile (set d)of jute geotextile (set d)

35.5035.50 27.0027.00

Compacted soilCompacted soil overerlain by two layersovererlain by two layers of bricks (set e)of bricks (set e)

21.2021.20 26.0026.00

Compacted soil overrlainCompacted soil overrlain by two layer of juteby two layer of jute geotextile (set f)geotextile (set f)

19.3019.30 12.7012.70

CharacteristicsCharacteristicsWeightWeight 418 gm/m418 gm/m22

ThicknessThickness 2.305mm2.305mmTensile StrengthTensile Strength 0.0704Kg/cm0.0704Kg/cmIn-plane permeabilityIn-plane permeability 6.425x 106.425x 10-3-3 cm/sec cm/secCross plane permeabilityCross plane permeability 1.358x 101.358x 10-3-3 cm/sec cm/secConclusionConclusion

Placement of one layer of bricks on the top of the surface of compactedPlacement of one layer of bricks on the top of the surface of compacted soil set (b) helps on increasing the load carrying capacity quitsoil set (b) helps on increasing the load carrying capacity quit significantly compared to virgin soil, set (a) or simply a jute geotextilesignificantly compared to virgin soil, set (a) or simply a jute geotextile layer overlain by compacted soil set (c)layer overlain by compacted soil set (c)

The response of two layers of bricks over compacted soil (set e) hasThe response of two layers of bricks over compacted soil (set e) has been better. But when one brick layer along with a jute geotextile layerbeen better. But when one brick layer along with a jute geotextile layer overlain (set d) the load carrying is improved and is higher than that inoverlain (set d) the load carrying is improved and is higher than that in the cases when only two layers of bricks are used (set e)the cases when only two layers of bricks are used (set e)

The best results is obtained when two layers of bricks are used inThe best results is obtained when two layers of bricks are used in addition to a layer of jute geotextiles (set f) but (setd) appears to be theaddition to a layer of jute geotextiles (set f) but (setd) appears to be the

Page 18 of 31

most effective both from performance and economic point of view incasemost effective both from performance and economic point of view incase of low volume rural road construction.of low volume rural road construction.

Page 19 of 31

ITEM-6ITEM-6

CONTROL OF BANK EROSIONCONTROL OF BANK EROSION

Objective: Objective: To protect the island from severe erosion which made hindrenceTo protect the island from severe erosion which made hindrence on navigationon navigation

TidesTides - Semi diurnal with periodicity of 12.42hrs.- Semi diurnal with periodicity of 12.42hrs.- Average flood period-5hrs- Average flood period-5hrs- Average ebb period – 7.42- Average ebb period – 7.42

Tidal RangeTidal Range - Maximum spring -0 6.25 meter- Maximum spring -0 6.25 meter- Minimum Neap -0.71 meter- Minimum Neap -0.71 meter

CurrentCurrent - Peak velocity in spring – 3.0 meters/second- Peak velocity in spring – 3.0 meters/secondWind - Mid- April to mid-September-strong southwesterlyWind - Mid- April to mid-September-strong southwesterly

windswinds-March to May-Northwesters reaching up to 9 in Beaufort-March to May-Northwesters reaching up to 9 in Beaufort

ScaleScale

Weave - Wind generated waves-1.6 meterWeave - Wind generated waves-1.6 meter-Periodicity-6to 8 secounds-Periodicity-6to 8 secounds-General Consumption of Bank Soil-General Consumption of Bank Soil

Table-9Table-9

DepthDepth SandSandMed FineMed Fine siltsilt clayclay

2.0-0.425mm2.0-0.425mm 0.425-0.07mm0.425-0.07mm 0.075-0.075-0.002mm0.002mm

(<0.002mm)(<0.002mm)

3m3m -- 0.50%0.50% 65.50%65.50% 34.0%34.0%6m6m -- 0.30%0.30% 61.70%61.70% 38.0%38.0%9m9m 0.32%0.32% 50.80%50.80% 48.88%48.88% TREATMENT WITH JGTTREATMENT WITH JGT

For preventing of migration of soil particles from the bank and also forFor preventing of migration of soil particles from the bank and also for providing escape routs to the confined water to neutralize the differentialproviding escape routs to the confined water to neutralize the differential over pressure, jute geotextile smeared with bitumen was used on theover pressure, jute geotextile smeared with bitumen was used on the embankment.embankment.

For entrapping silt through extraneous contrivances mangrove vegetationFor entrapping silt through extraneous contrivances mangrove vegetation over jute geotextile was made as an alternative method to the conventionalover jute geotextile was made as an alternative method to the conventional practice of using bamboo cages with bricks fixed on them , concretepractice of using bamboo cages with bricks fixed on them , concrete hexapod etc.hexapod etc.

Properties of Jute Geotextile usedProperties of Jute Geotextile usedMaterial:Material: D. W. Twill-8x12-D. W. Twill-8x12-

850 gsm bitumen treated850 gsm bitumen treatedThicknessThickness 2.83mmat100g/cm22.83mmat100g/cm2Breaking strength (kN/m)Breaking strength (kN/m) 33.2 (warp way)33.2 (warp way)

28.2 (weft way)28.2 (weft way)Elongation at break (%)Elongation at break (%) 11.8 (warp way)11.8 (warp way)

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13.5 (weft way)13.5 (weft way)Puncture resistance (Kgf/cm2)Puncture resistance (Kgf/cm2) 37.937.9Air Permeability (mAir Permeability (m22) / m) / m2 2 minmin 16.216.2water Permeability at 10cm water Permeability at 10cm water head (1mwater head (1m22)/sec)/sec 16.216.2pore sizes (Microns)pore sizes (Microns) 150150

ResultsResults

No subsidence of disturbance of the protected stretch has taken placeNo subsidence of disturbance of the protected stretch has taken place after a period of one and half years. Samples of Jute were also tested.after a period of one and half years. Samples of Jute were also tested. Strength in both directions was found to be reduced by about 70%. ButStrength in both directions was found to be reduced by about 70%. But there appears to be no adverse effects on performance. The averagethere appears to be no adverse effects on performance. The average siltation over this period has been estimated to be around 50cm oversiltation over this period has been estimated to be around 50cm over the bouldersthe boulders

Inspection was again carried out in November 2001. No subsidenceInspection was again carried out in November 2001. No subsidence and disturbance of the armour layer were observed. Jute Geotextilesand disturbance of the armour layer were observed. Jute Geotextiles samples were exhumed from the site. At some locations they were insamples were exhumed from the site. At some locations they were in place. The samples taken out showed that they had not lost theirplace. The samples taken out showed that they had not lost their prometry feature, the bituminous treatment was also in excellentprometry feature, the bituminous treatment was also in excellent shape. There certainly has been consider degradation in their strengthshape. There certainly has been consider degradation in their strength but the samples were neither torn nor punctured. The fabric perfectlybut the samples were neither torn nor punctured. The fabric perfectly draped the bank soil. Soil samples collected below the geotextilesdraped the bank soil. Soil samples collected below the geotextiles were tested were tested

Table-11:Table-11:

SampleSample nono

N.M.C %N.M.C % M.C.M.C. (Saturate(Saturated %)d %)

BulkBulk DensityDensity

SaturateSaturated densityd density

permeabilipermeabilityty(cm/sc)(cm/sc)

11 54.2054.20 57.1557.15 1.671.67 1.721.72 3.60x10-43.60x10-422 47.0747.07 53.9153.91 1.641.64 1.701.70 0.89 x10-40.89 x10-433 46.7246.72 55.055.0 1.631.63 1.711.71 6.7 x10-56.7 x10-544 51.8351.83 57.9257.92 1.671.67 1.761.76 ------------55 46.7146.71 54.8854.88 1.651.65 1.741.74 1.266 x10-51.266 x10-5

Table-12:Table-12:

SampleSample no.no.

L.L (%)L.L (%) P.L( %)P.L( %) P.I. (%)P.I. (%) Sand %Sand % Silt %Silt % Clay %Clay %

11 5454 2020 3434 ------ 5151 494922 5151 2424 2727 ---------- 51.551.5 48.548.533 5050 2626 2424 8.58.5 58.558.5 333344 5151 2525 2626 1414 4949 373755 4949 2626 2323 ---60.5---60.5 39.539.5

ConclusionConclusionUse of JGT in river bank protection appears to be an efficiant alternative toUse of JGT in river bank protection appears to be an efficiant alternative to conventional method in respect of capital investment and recurringconventional method in respect of capital investment and recurring maintenance cost.maintenance cost.

The undistributed bank after 11 years implies that JGT performed itsThe undistributed bank after 11 years implies that JGT performed its designated functions and help in natural consolidation of the bank soil anddesignated functions and help in natural consolidation of the bank soil and

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durability of JGT beyond 1-1/2 years, even under continuing adversedurability of JGT beyond 1-1/2 years, even under continuing adverse conditions, provide to be redundant due to catalytic function of JGT. conditions, provide to be redundant due to catalytic function of JGT.

ITEM-7ITEM-7APPLICATION RIVER BANK EROSION CONTROL

Causes of Erosion : Concavity of Course Heaving up of water during the monsoon due to the constricted course of the River Strong Protective Work on the opposite bank. Soil : Fine 0.175 mm)Co-efficient of soil permeabilit – 10- 4 Sec. Monsoon discharge – 9330 cusec Maxm. Velocity – 2 meters second Angle of internal fiction – 30

Remedial Measures : Construction of a toe wall crated boulders (900×1200) Preparation of Bank slope to 1:2 Laying of Bitumen – Treated JGT on the prepared Slope Laying of armour (450 thick)

Type of JGT Used : Weight – 760 gsm (1200 gsm after bitumen treatment) Tensile Strength (MD×CD)-20×20 kn/m after treatment)Porometry – 150 microns Permittivity at constant head - 350×10 5 Sec. Puncture Resistance – 400N

Performance Evaluation

: The treated stretch is in a fine shape after three years of its completion in 2004 as per the written report of I & W Deptt. Govet. of West Bengal.Based on excellent performance of JGT, I & W Deptt. has undertaken the bank protection work with JGT in other stretches of the same river.

Prevention of Railway Track Subsidence with Jute Geotextile

Objective : To restore the settled track to the desired level by improving bearing capacity of the fills under respective dynamic loads. The track has been undergoing persistent settlement in the last 25 years. Short term remedial intervention did not work.

Pre-remedial Situation at the Site

The old railway embankment was built was cohesive fills of varying composition – silty clay to silty loan.

The embankment height varies between 1 m to 6m from GL.

Side slope of the embankment varies between 1:2 to 1:5

The cess at the side of the southern was almost non existent the due to unabated erosion of the surficial soil.

Borrow pils almost touch the toe of the embankment most places with water within.

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Properties of sub grade soil

Table-13:Table-13:

Properties Shrinkable but not black cotton type

Shear strength (T/sqm) 1.47 – 1.96Natural dry density 70% - 80%

TREATMENT WITH JGT

Woven JGT was laid on the sand spread over the sub grade and non-woven JGT was laid over woven JGT. Woven JGT was used to check the movement of sub grade and helps allow pore-water to seep through the fabric pores. Non-woven JGT was placed as shock absorber and as drainage medium.

Non woven JGT was used as encapsulated rubble (brick ballast) drains at a suitable gradient by inserting them under the subgrade with their open ends exposed on the embankment slope.

Open weave JGT was used to guard against erosion caused by precipitation on 5 slope (slope 1:2.5)

Properties of Jute Geotextiles Used

Table-14:Table-14:

Properties Woven(Bitumen treated)

Non woven

Open mesh

Weight (g/m) at 20% MR 1200 1000 500Threads/dm (MD×CD) 102×39 - 6.5×4.5Thickness (MM) 2 8 4Width (cm) 76 150 122Strength (kN/M) (MD×CD) 21×21 6×7 10×7.5Elongation at break % (MD×CD) 10×10 20×25- -Pore size (O90) Micro 150 300 -Water permeability at 10 10 cm water head (m2/s)

20 - -

Puncture resistance 400 - -Coefficient of water permittivity (m/s) - 3.4×104 -Water holding capacity (% on by dry wt.)

- - 500

Open area (%) - - 50

ITEM-8ITEM-8Page 23 of 31

DESIGN BIO-DEGRADABLE JUTE PRODUCTS:DESIGN BIO-DEGRADABLE JUTE PRODUCTS:

Jute geotextile undergo designed biodegradation in soil, the decompositionJute geotextile undergo designed biodegradation in soil, the decomposition of fibers takes place within ecological cycle, climatic conditions and soilof fibers takes place within ecological cycle, climatic conditions and soil properties. A few types of jute geo textiles treated with various chemicalproperties. A few types of jute geo textiles treated with various chemical compositions designed by treatment -1, treatment -2, treatment -3, andcompositions designed by treatment -1, treatment -2, treatment -3, and treatment 4, respectively and then tested their biodegradability, durability,treatment 4, respectively and then tested their biodegradability, durability, moisture holding capacity in a standard laboratory test. Results of abovemoisture holding capacity in a standard laboratory test. Results of above treated geotextiles are shown in the following tables:treated geotextiles are shown in the following tables:

Table-15:Table-15: BIODEGRADABILITY, DURABILITY AND MOISTUREBIODEGRADABILITY, DURABILITY AND MOISTURE HOLDING CAPACITY OF JUTE AND TREATED JUTEHOLDING CAPACITY OF JUTE AND TREATED JUTE MATERIALSMATERIALS

Type ofType of productproduct

BiodegradibiltityBiodegradibiltity DurabilityDurability MoistureMoisture holding capacityholding capacity

Time inTime inmonthmonth

WeightWeightloss (%)loss (%)

time in yeartime in year (%)(%)

Light WeightLight Weighthessionhession

33 3030 0.25-0.800.25-0.80 1212

Treatment 1Treatment 1 1212 1515 0.50-1.250.50-1.25 9-109-10Treatment 2Treatment 2 1212 1010 2.0-5.-2.0-5.- 6-86-8Treatment 3Treatment 3 1212 55 >10>10 5-65-6Treatment 4Treatment 4 1212 1-31-3 >20>20 3-43-4

SOME PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES JUTE GEOTEXTILESOME PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES JUTE GEOTEXTILE

Table-16:Table-16:

ProduProduct ct NameName

CCJCRCCJCRM-IM-I

CJCRCJCRM-2M-2

CJCRCJCRM-3M-3

CJCRCJCRM-4M-4

CJCRCJCRM-5M-5

CJCRCJCRM-6M-6

CJCRCJCRM-7M-7

CJCRCJCRM-8M-8

CompositCompositionionThick -Thick -nessness

3.03.0 2.02.0 2.02.0 2.02.0 2.02.0 2.02.0 2.02.0 4.04.0

WeigtWeigt kg/mkg/m22

6.006.00 6.006.00 6.006.00 6.006.00 6.006.00 6.006.00 6.006.00 0.600.60

TensileTensile strengthstrengthWarp(KBWarp(KBM/M)M/M)TensileTensilestrengthstrengthWeftWeft (KN/M)(KN/M)

300300

7575 5050

250250

7575

200200

5050

175175

5050

150150

5050

125125

5050

100100

5050

ElongatioElongationnWarp%Warp%

1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010 1010

ElongatioElongationnWeftWeft

1515 1515 1515 1515 1515 1515 1515 1515

Cre (%)<1% AFTER TWO YEARS AT 50% OF MAXIMUMLOADCre (%)<1% AFTER TWO YEARS AT 50% OF MAXIMUMLOADDurabilityDurability (Year)(Year)

> 15> 15 >20>20 2020 >20>20 >20>20 >20>20 >20>20 >20>20

E- Modulus of Elasticity- RANGING FROM 1500 to 2000 (Mpa)E- Modulus of Elasticity- RANGING FROM 1500 to 2000 (Mpa)

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Table-17: Table-17: PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES JUTE FILTER ANDPROPERTIES OF COMPOSITES JUTE FILTER AND VERTICAL DRAINVERTICAL DRAIN

Properties Properties Unit Unit Range of value Range of value WeightWeight kg/ m2kg/ m2 0.40.4 0.060.06ThicknessThickness mmmm 2.02.0 4.04.0Strip TensileStrip Tensile StrengthStrengthWarp DirectorWarp Director

KN/MKN/M 1515 4040

Weft Director Weft Director KN/MKN/M 2020 4040Elongation WarpElongation Warp %% 1515 3030Elongation WeftElongation Weft %% 1515 2020Pore size openingPore size opening mmmm 0.150.15 0.300.30Trapezoidal TearTrapezoidal Tear NN 450450 800800Strength (Warp)Strength (Warp) NN 550550 900900Trapezoidal TearTrapezoidal TearStrength (Weft) Strength (Weft) NN 10001000 20002000Grab strengthGrab strength NN 10001000 25002500Warp DirectorWarp Director 1/M1/M2/s2/s 5050 250250Weft Director Weft Director MM22//

S(200)S(200)2.102.10-2-2 5.10 -5.10 -77

Transmittivity Transmittivity KpaKpa

The biodegradability of jute fabrics varies directly with environmentalThe biodegradability of jute fabrics varies directly with environmental conditions such as water, soil and pH.conditions such as water, soil and pH.

ITEM-9 ITEM-9

BANANA DRAIN (BD)BANANA DRAIN (BD)`̀

Banana dtain is a new types of fiber drain acting like a wick drain (WD)Banana dtain is a new types of fiber drain acting like a wick drain (WD) prepared mainly with jute fiber but coir, banana fiber and synthetic fiber alsoprepared mainly with jute fiber but coir, banana fiber and synthetic fiber also used. It is a composite types of products where two /three type woven,used. It is a composite types of products where two /three type woven, nonwoven and netting materials are used. In it the innermost netted part isnonwoven and netting materials are used. In it the innermost netted part is enveloped by nonwoven and woven parts respectively. The woven outerenveloped by nonwoven and woven parts respectively. The woven outer part is specially blended cloth with jute coir and jute cuttings. The nonpart is specially blended cloth with jute coir and jute cuttings. The non woven middle part is made with a mixture of jute caddied, coir masticatedwoven middle part is made with a mixture of jute caddied, coir masticated garments wasts in specific proportion. The innermost part is made withgarments wasts in specific proportion. The innermost part is made with special types of yarns made by non retted, non spun, jute ribbon in thespecial types of yarns made by non retted, non spun, jute ribbon in the vertical ribs connected with horizontal light ribs at definite angles withvertical ribs connected with horizontal light ribs at definite angles with interconnection Simulating the natural banana stem.interconnection Simulating the natural banana stem.

Table:-18:Table:-18: PROPERTIES OF BANANA DRAINPROPERTIES OF BANANA DRAIN

MaterialsMaterials FabricsFabrics YarnYarn RibbonRibbon OtherOther parametersparameters

Jute fiber, jute Jute fiber, jute ribbon jute ribbon jute cutting, cutting, caddis, coir, caddis, coir, banana fiber, banana fiber, rayon rayon masticated masticated garment wastsgarment wasts

a) Plain twill a) Plain twill untreated untreated and treated and treated woven woven structure structure jute fabricsjute fabrics

b) Untreatedb) Untreated and treated and treated

Two Two ply(258.2text)ply(258.2text) treated jute treated jute yarnyarn

Non retted Non retted non spun non spun modified jute modified jute ribbon (5-7 ribbon (5-7 mm diameter)mm diameter)

Type: compositeType: composite

Parts: 2/3 partsParts: 2/3 parts

Width: 100-Width: 100-200mm200mm

Thickness: n5-15Thickness: n5-15

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non woven non woven lap of lap of different different proportion proportion coir, caddis, coir, caddis, coir caddis, coir caddis, banana banana fiber, rayon fiber, rayon masticated masticated garment garment wasts wasts

Weight: 0.3-Weight: 0.3-1.0kg1.0kg

Tensile strength:Tensile strength:

Warp: 1.8kN/mWarp: 1.8kN/m

Weft: 0.8-Weft: 0.8-4.5kn/m4.5kn/m

Permeability: Permeability:

Vertical Vertical 0.0008m/s0.0008m/sHorizontal: Horizontal: 0.0005/m/s at = 0.0005/m/s at = 300kpa300kpaDurability: 1-Durability: 1-10years10years

Elongation: 15%-Elongation: 15%-20% in warp and 20% in warp and weft directionweft direction

Table-19: Table-19: Consolidation time and loss and strength ofConsolidation time and loss and strength of different types of BDdifferent types of BD

Type ofType of DrainDrain

Consolidation timeConsolidation time(Days)(Days)

Loss in bursting strengthLoss in bursting strength(%)(%)

UntreatedUntreated TreatedTreated IntreatedIntreated TreatedTreatedOne JacketedOne Jacketed Banana DrainBanana Drain (Non woven(Non woven and net core)and net core)

140140 123123 biomassbiomass 33

One JacketedOne Jacketed (woven and(woven and net core)net core)

138138 126126 biomassbiomass 33

Two JacketedTwo Jacketed (Woven+non(Woven+non woven+netwoven+net

core)core)

120120 100100 structure isstructure is deformed butdeformed but not convertednot converted into biomassinto biomass

22

WDWD 135135 130130 biomassbiomass 44SDSD 142142 133133 biomassbiomass 77

Application:Application:

Application of BD is altogether different from those of WD or SD. Theory isApplication of BD is altogether different from those of WD or SD. Theory is generally applied after civil construction by boring holes bygenerally applied after civil construction by boring holes by mechanical/electrical means. But BD are applied the construction time ofmechanical/electrical means. But BD are applied the construction time of civil work with special design and time of consolidation of BD in clay soil andcivil work with special design and time of consolidation of BD in clay soil and design spacing can be calculated with the equation developed by Prodhandesign spacing can be calculated with the equation developed by Prodhan etal, 1984.etal, 1984.

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Jute has similar properties as wood and cotton. It is hydrophilic and quickJute has similar properties as wood and cotton. It is hydrophilic and quick degradable. This is not suitable for using as GT material where life span isdegradable. This is not suitable for using as GT material where life span is necessary for more than 120-150 days. Design time for consolidation of softnecessary for more than 120-150 days. Design time for consolidation of soft claye soil may require more than 360 days. BD is special types of fiber drainclaye soil may require more than 360 days. BD is special types of fiber drain where jute fibers with higher content of lignin have been used as lignin iswhere jute fibers with higher content of lignin have been used as lignin is more resistant to biodegradation. Moreover non biodegradability andmore resistant to biodegradation. Moreover non biodegradability and hydrophobic characters of these products are improved by modifications.hydrophobic characters of these products are improved by modifications. Structure is BD is simulated from the steam of Banana Plant. In theStructure is BD is simulated from the steam of Banana Plant. In the drainage system, soil pore pressure is reduced by removing water throughdrainage system, soil pore pressure is reduced by removing water through the drain by the formation of hydraulic connection by the drainage systemthe drain by the formation of hydraulic connection by the drainage system either by wick or sand media by gravitational process. In BD innermosteither by wick or sand media by gravitational process. In BD innermost hydrophobic and less biodegradable network act similarity. One jacketedhydrophobic and less biodegradable network act similarity. One jacketed woven or nonwoven BD has similar property like those of WD and SD. Butwoven or nonwoven BD has similar property like those of WD and SD. But two Jacketed BD works better as both capillarity and hydraulic propertiestwo Jacketed BD works better as both capillarity and hydraulic properties functions simultaneously. All the treated drains are better than untreatedfunctions simultaneously. All the treated drains are better than untreated ones are shown in table. Moreover due to hydrophobicity, and permeabilityones are shown in table. Moreover due to hydrophobicity, and permeability of BD consolidation is increased. Before completion of total consolidation,of BD consolidation is increased. Before completion of total consolidation, they become biomass and restrict further consolidation. But treated onesthey become biomass and restrict further consolidation. But treated ones can function up to the designed time. As loss of strength is very insignificantcan function up to the designed time. As loss of strength is very insignificant during consolidation, the BD work as reinforced type of JGT due to itsduring consolidation, the BD work as reinforced type of JGT due to its composite nature. In BD consolidation process seems to be governed alsocomposite nature. In BD consolidation process seems to be governed also by hydrogen bonds and capillary system of the media which determined byby hydrogen bonds and capillary system of the media which determined by Abdullah et al, It may be stated that better consolidation effect can beAbdullah et al, It may be stated that better consolidation effect can be achieved by BD as compared to other drains . In Bangladesh conditions BDachieved by BD as compared to other drains . In Bangladesh conditions BD are supposed to be more economic than those of synthetics and other typesare supposed to be more economic than those of synthetics and other types of fiber drains. of fiber drains.

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GEOTEXTILES & THE ENVIRONMENTGEOTEXTILES & THE ENVIRONMENT

Environment and ecological sustainability become one of the prime issues in the modern developmental strategy. Without positive ecological sustainability technology/product becomes obsolete. No benefit can be harnessed from this type of technology whatever big achievement it may be.

Geotextiles are not new technology. But their modern uses have started with the advancement of synthetic and polymeric products and their ever increasing applications in different formed and areas of civil engineering are not very old. It is initiated only a few decades ago. Again uses of natural fibrous materials in the field of bioengineering, erosion control and agro-mulching are also recent practices. In geotechnical uses like fibre drain, separator, filter and reinforcing materials are mostly synthetic and non biodegradable with longer span of life. Woven, non-woven, composite geosynthetics are used in the construction of roads-highways, railways, water-bodies, river banks erosion controls and other areas. Recent study of International Fabrics Association shows following eight end uses for geotiextiles with the percentage of market share (i) asphalt overlay (35%) stabilizer (30%) (iii) drainage (16%) (iv) liners (6%) (v) silt fence (6%) (vi) rail road (4%) (vii) reinforcement (viii) filter in barrages/embankment, seashore protection (rest.). On the other hand in soil bioengineering, permanent and self propagating, vegetation is wanted with environmentally desirable and aesthetically pleasing besides economical and self sustainability. The roots bind the soil and counteract surface erosion and instable conditions, natural geotextiles are more acceptable for their better performance.

Acid rain, deforestation, desertification, depletion in ozone layer and biodiversity, loss of flora-funa, warming of earth, rising of sea water level etc have come global issues and directly related with ecosystem as a whole. Synthetic geotextiles are made of polymers and plastics. Hydro-carbon, petor-chemicals, fossils are the basic raw materials for their production. Thus all green house gases and effects are some how related with their manufacturing. Moreover, non-destructible nature of these synthetic geotextiles has direct effect on soil, water air and other biotic and a biotic system. Again this geotextiles often come in contract with life cycles of animals, fisher, insects, pest along with various micro organisms and create imbalance in their natural conditions.

On the other hand soil bioengineering provides adequate protection from erosion. They provide environmental benefit incorporating vegetation by employing grass, shrubs and tress in specific configuration and immediate protection. Reinforcement by roots and included fibres provided resistance to sliding or shear displacement. Again streams, banks, beds and biota are interlinked and within them various physical, chemical and biological pathways and processes dictate the form and characteristics of the water

Page 28 of 31

body’s of rivers, their productivity shape and the biotic community found within them. These interlink ages are based upon the geology and climate of the region within which the water resides. These features in turn dictate the types of soils found within the water body, the vegetative communities, erodability of the soils and shops, the type of river channel, its hydrograph, form of stability and structure.

All these features together dictate the abundance and biodiversity of the ecosystem. Thus eco developments, rehabilitation and management of rivers and their channels and banks together its hydrogical cycle and physical process that define the characteristics of hydrologic and ecologic pathways within the water body and are involved in bioengineering and optimal management of ecosystem considering various ecological niche within it.

Synthetic geotextiles are polymeric, compound. During their manufacturing process various plasticizers, fillers, sensitizes, stabilizers, antioxidants etc. are to be compounded for effective product development. These additive materials are more hydrolysable and have got properties from alkaline to acidic in nature. Hindred phenols, amines, metallic chelates, metallic oxides, phosphates and various sulphonic compounds and pigments are used depending on the polymeric compounds and nature of the uses. Degradative processes of polymeric compounds are oxidative and surface phenomena. When they are exposed to heat, sunlight and UV radiation, oxidation takes place on the surface of the materials, so that the materials become weak and brittle leadings to fracture. Though synthetic materials do disintegrate, the plasticizers and other components applied in products processing are oxidised and hydrolysed. In various experimental observations it was found that acidity development in some cases due to presence of acidic acid dioctyl pthalate, phoshites, su;ohides due to the hydrolysis of the plasticizers. Similarly turbidity of the liquid developed due to the decomposition of various components like fillers, stabilizers and sensitizers like carbon black, hindered phenols and amine. Alkalinity is developed in some cased due to the formation of amine derivatives, metal oxides and hydroxides by hydrolysis caused by temperature, pressure and humidity on composite components.

Microbial growth changes due to the formation /generation of nitrogenous compounds from amines component. It was observed that when synthetic geotextile materials are exposed to UV lamp /direct sunlight and heat, their surface becomes rough and fractured and colours are changed. This clearly indicates surface degradation of synthetic geotextiles. Absorption of moisture in open atmosphere and burial conditions may be due to the decomposition of plasticizers and other ingredients into hydraulic ones. Comparatively lower absorption in the open condition may be due to the evaporation of moisture in open atmospheric condition. In addition it was also observed that when synthetic geotextiles are used in Bangladesh and similar conditions, soil temperature increases 1-20C which is directly related with the in growth of microorganisms. This also creates change in flora-funa in the application areas. The synthetic geotextiles have got direct negative impact on climate and ecology as a whole. Following some comparative

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characteristics of jute geotextiles and synthetics geotextiles are shown below:

TABLE-19: COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF SYNTHETIC & JUTE GEOTEXTILE

SI.SI. NoNo

Name of observationsName of observations Effect on syntheticEffect on synthetic geotextilegeotextile

Effect on JuteEffect on Jute GeotextileGeotextile

1.1. BiodegradabilityBiodegradability Non BiodegradableNon Biodegradable DesignedDesigned BiodegradableBiodegradable

2.2. Photo degradabilityPhoto degradability Not PhotodegradableNot Photodegradable PhotodegradablePhotodegradable3.3. Ionic PropertyIonic Property Normal nonionicNormal nonionic AnionicAnionic4.4. Metal contentMetal content Mercury, lead,Mercury, lead,

cadmium, coper,cadmium, coper, nickel, cobalt, zinc,nickel, cobalt, zinc, Arsenic etc.Arsenic etc.

NoneNone

5.5. Stabilizer \ sensitizer \Stabilizer \ sensitizer \ filler\ pigmentfiller\ pigment

PresentPresent AbsentAbsent

6.6. Warming effectWarming effect Soil temperatureSoil temperatureincreasing 1-2increasing 1-200CC

No effectNo effect

7.7. Leaching effectLeaching effect pH changes from 4.5-pH changes from 4.5-8.58.5

--

8.8. CompatibleCompatible Normally notNormally not compatiblecompatible

CompatibleCompatible

9.9. BiomassBiomass Negative effectNegative effect Fertilizer effectFertilizer effect1010 Stacking effectStacking effect SlipperySlippery Non-slipperyNon-slippery

11.11. On burringOn burring Toxic gas evolvesToxic gas evolves Only co evolvesOnly co evolves12.12. Effect on waterEffect on water Pollution on leachingPollution on leaching No pollutionNo pollution13.13. Effect on fish/ microbes/Effect on fish/ microbes/

eggs etc.eggs etc.HarmfulHarmful HarmlessHarmless

14.14. Effect on plantEffect on plant HarmfulHarmful HelpfulHelpful15.15. Effect on biological pathEffect on biological path

waywayPossibility of creating Possibility of creating disturbance in disturbance in biological pathwaybiological pathway

No disturbanceNo disturbance

16.16. Effect on agriculturalEffect on agricultural activityactivity

Increase insect growthIncrease insect growth by increasingsoilby increasingsoil temperature temperature

No effectNo effect

17.17. Prone to ratProne to rat YesYes ModifiedModified18.18. ExtensibilityExtensibility High extensibleHigh extensible Low ExtensibleLow Extensible1919 Shape and sizeShape and size Any dimensionAny dimension Any dimensionAny dimension

20.20. FabricationFabrication Woven, Nonwoven, Woven, Nonwoven, CompositeComposite

Woven, Nonwoven, Woven, Nonwoven, CompositeComposite

21.21. Expected design LifeExpected design Life Not possible (ifNot possible (if possible , createspossible , creates other problems)other problems)

possiblepossible

22.22. Application technologyApplication technology Special technology andSpecial technology and costlycostly

Simple andSimple and indigenousindigenous

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23.23. Full scale model studyFull scale model study was not donewas not done DoneDone24.24. OriginOrigin ForeignForeign LocalLocal25.25. CostCost MoreMore LessLess26.26. AvailabilityAvailability ImportedImported Local and easyLocal and easy27.27. Foreign exchangeForeign exchange YesYes nono28.28. SupplySupply ForeignForeign Any quantity can beAny quantity can be

supplied locallysupplied locally

ReferencesReferences

1.1. An Approach to Photo-Stabilization of Jute Abdullah’s PhD An Approach to Photo-Stabilization of Jute Abdullah’s PhD

Thesis ,1983Thesis ,1983

2.2. An Introduction to Jute/Allied fibers properties and processingAn Introduction to Jute/Allied fibers properties and processing

Abdullah, Latifa, Matin, International Jute Organization ,Dhaka-1992Abdullah, Latifa, Matin, International Jute Organization ,Dhaka-1992

3.3. A Hand book of Geotextiles Particularly natural goe-textiles from A Hand book of Geotextiles Particularly natural goe-textiles from

jute and other vegetable fibers, Abdullah, FAO-2000jute and other vegetable fibers, Abdullah, FAO-2000

4.4. Banana Drains, Abdullah, Prodhan, Rahaman, Khan, Kabir, Banana Drains, Abdullah, Prodhan, Rahaman, Khan, Kabir,

Proceeding of 5Proceeding of 5thth international conference of geotextile Vol.-5 international conference of geotextile Vol.-5

Singapore,1994Singapore,1994

5.5. BJRI Annual Technical Report -2001BJRI Annual Technical Report -2001

6.6. Personal Communication with Dr. Shoeb, SRDIPersonal Communication with Dr. Shoeb, SRDI

7.7. A Manual on Use of Jute Geotextiles in Civil Engineering, JMDC, A Manual on Use of Jute Geotextiles in Civil Engineering, JMDC,

20082008

8.8. Performance Evaluation of Jute Geotextiles, JMDC, 2007Performance Evaluation of Jute Geotextiles, JMDC, 2007

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