Juvenile Delinquency - test bank U · 8) The most broad-based movement to strip the juvenile court of jurisdiction over all status offenders began in New York State in 1985 with passage

Online Instructor’s Manual with Testbank for

Juvenile Delinquency

Tenth Edition

Clemens Bartollas, Frank Schmalleger, and Michael Turner

prepared by

Madison Greene University of North Carolina at Charlotte

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_____________________________________________________________________ Copyright © 2019 by Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. Pearson Prentice Hall™ is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Pearson® is a registered trademark of Pearson plc Prentice Hall® is a registered trademark of Pearson Education, Inc. Instructors of classes using Bartollas, Schmalleger, & Turner’s Juvenile Delinquency, tenth edition, may reproduce material from the instructor’s manual for classroom use. 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN-13: 978-0-13-455910-0 ISBN-10: 0-13-455910-X



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iv Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

CONTENTS

(Testbank)

Chapter 1: Adolescence and Delinquency 131

Chapter 2: Measurement and Nature of Delinquency 145

Chapter 3: Individual Causes of Delinquency 159

Chapter 4: Social Theories of Delinquency 174

Chapter 5: Social Interactionist Theories of Delinquency 189

Chapter 6: Delinquency across the Life Course 202

Chapter 7: Gender and Delinquency 216

Chapter 8: Families and Delinquency 230

Chapter 9: Schools and Delinquency 244

Chapter 10: Gangs and Delinquency 259

Chapter 11: Drugs and Delinquency 272

Chapter 12: Prevention of Delinquency 287

Chapter 13: An Overview of Juvenile Justice in America 300

Chapter 14: Police and the Juvenile 315

Chapter 15: Juvenile Court 329

Chapter 16: Juvenile Corrections 344





131 Copyright © 2019 Pearson Education, Inc.

Chapter 1 Adolescence and Delinquency

1.1 Multiple Choice Questions

1) Which of the following behaviors is NOT a law violation when committed by a juvenile?

A) curfew violations

B) runaway behavior

C) incorrigibility

D) multiple body piercings

Answer: D

Page Ref: 9

Objective: Give examples of high-risk behaviors that characterize contemporary adolescence.

Level: Basic

2) Which of the following is NOT an important stage in the development of modern adolescence?

A) compulsory public schooling

B) creation of harsh punishments for juveniles, similar to those for adults

C) end of child labor

D) development of the belief that raising children had to do with training and socializing them

Answer: B

Page Ref: 5/6

Objective: Define the term "juvenile delinquency."

Level: Difficult

3) Under parens patriae, the ________ assumed the parental role over juvenile lawbreakers.

A) state

B) parents

C) teachers

D) neighbors

Answer: A

Page Ref: 9

Objective: Explain the concept of parens patriae.

Level: Basic

4) ________ consists of the unique beliefs, behaviors, and symbols that represent young people in society.

A) Parens patriae






B) Juvenile delinquency

C) Adolescence

D) Youth culture

Answer: D

Page Ref: 6


Level: Intermediate

5) Which of the following asks what can be done to improve the quality of young people's lives and provides ideas for effectively treating and controlling youth crime?

A) Developmental Life-Course theory

B) delinquency and social policy

C) parens patriae philosophy of juvenile courts

D) historical context of delinquency

Answer: B

Page Ref: 20

Objective: Show how changes to social policy can benefit American children.

Level: Difficult

6) Which context establishes the definition of delinquent behavior and status offense behavior?

A) the historical context

B) the economic context

C) the sociocultural context

D) the legal context

Answer: D

Page Ref: 19

Objective: Explain the influence of social and structural conditions on delinquency.

Level: Basic

7) Which of the following pertains to the social control and juvenile crime era?

A) spread of drug-trafficking street gangs due to crack epidemic

B) focus of federal effort on serious, violent, or chronic delinquents

C) nationwide deinstitutionalization of status offenders

D) disillusionment with the family as a form of social control for delinquency

Answer: B

Page Ref: 17

Objective: Summarize the historical handling and treatment of juvenile delinquents.

Level: Difficult






8) The most broad-based movement to strip the juvenile court of jurisdiction over all status offenders began in New York State in 1985 with passage of the ________.

A) Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (JJDP) Act of 1974

B) Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP)

C) 1985 PINS Adjustment Services Act

D) "get tough" mandate

Answer: C

Page Ref: 13

Objective: Discuss status offenses, status offenders, and the characteristics of crossover youth.

Level: Difficult

9) Which of the following does NOT relate to the Reagan administration's crime control policies for juveniles?

A) death penalty for juveniles who commit brutal murders

B) transfer of violent juveniles to adult court

C) mandatory and determinate sentencing for violent juveniles

D) drastic decrease in confinement of juveniles

Answer: D

Page Ref: 18


Level: Intermediate

10) Behaviors that would NOT be offenses when engaged in by adults are called ________.

A) victimless crimes

B) delinquent behaviors

C) serious offenses

D) status offenses

Answer: D

Page Ref: 9


Level: Intermediate

11) Which of the following was NOT among the principal objectives of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974?

A) promote deinstitutionalization of status offenders

B) encourage elimination of the practice of jailing juveniles

C) encourage community-based alternatives to juvenile detention

D) promote the development of correctional facilities






Answer: D

Page Ref: 17


Level: Difficult

12) Which of the following acts of adolescents would NOT be considered a high-risk behavior?

A) break dancing

B) drunken driving

C) drug and alcohol abuse

D) carrying of weapons

Answer: A

Page Ref: 8


Level: Intermediate

13) The deinstitutionalization of status offenders movement refers to the ________.

A) confinement of status offenders in secure detention facilities

B) removal of status offenders from secure detention facilities

C) power struggle between parents and status offenders

D) discrimination against female status offenders

Answer: B

Page Ref: 12


Level: Intermediate

14) Which of the following is NOT a term used to describe crossover youth?

A) dually adjudicated youth

B) cross-system cases

C) human agency cases

D) dual-jurisdiction cases

Answer: C

Page Ref: 13


Level: Basic

15) The colonists saw the ________ as the primary means of control over children.

A) state






B) police

C) family

D) school

Answer: C

Page Ref: 14


Level: Basic

16) During which time period were youthful violators regarded not as criminals but as children in need of care, protection, moral guidance, and discipline?

A) colonial period

B) houses of refuge era

C) juvenile courts era

D) juvenile rights era

Answer: C

Page Ref: 16


Level: Intermediate

17) In the early 1990s, which of the following became a major impetus for the development and spread of drug-trafficking street gangs across the United States?

A) crack epidemic

B) parental control

C) deinstitutionalization of juveniles

D) unemployment epidemic

Answer: A

Page Ref: 18


Level: Intermediate

18) The "get-tough" attitude in the 1990s led to enacting of legislation in nearly every state changing the way juvenile delinquents were handled. Which of the following is NOT among the state initiatives in juvenile justice that continues in force today?

A) expanded use of curfews

B) creation of juvenile boot camps

C) movement toward graduated sanctions

D) banning of violence in video games

Answer: D

Page Ref: 19







Level: Intermediate

19) ________ involves the use of scientific principles to access the various evidence on program effectiveness and develop principles for best practices in any particular field.

A) Get tough policies

B) Evidence-based practices (EBP)

C) Deinstitutionalization of status offenders (DSO)

D) Houses of refuge

Answer: B

Page Ref: 20


Level: Intermediate

20) The ________ shapes the relationship between delinquent and societal institutions, including the family, the school, and the church or synagogue.

A) political context

B) historical context

C) sociocultural context

D) legal context

Answer: C

Page Ref: 20


Level: Basic

21) The ________ context influences local and national policy decisions that deal with youth crime.

A) political

B) economic

C) legal

D) historic

Answer: A

Page Ref: 20


Level: Basic

22) Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of crossover youth?

A) younger than non-crossover youth

B) high percentage of crossover youth are girls

C) more likely to have their cases dismissed compared to other youth






D) African American youth are overrepresented in crossover cases.

Answer: C

Page Ref: 14


Level: Difficult

23) The two basic tools of social science are ________, where each helps to guide and direct the other.

A) people and society

B) research and theory

C) police and judiciary

D) theory and law

Answer: B

Page Ref: 20


Level: Basic

24) A law violation by a young person is considered an act of juvenile delinquency if the behavior meets all of the following criteria EXCEPT ________.

A) the act would be a criminal offense if it were committed by an adult

B) the young person is below the age at which the criminal court traditionally assumes jurisdiction

C) the juvenile is charged with an offense that must be adjudicated in the juvenile court or the prosecution and juvenile court judge exercise their discretion to retain jurisdiction

D) the act is illegal for underage persons but not for adults

Answer: D

Page Ref: 4


Level: Difficult

25) The ________ recognizes how juvenile delinquents were handled in the past and influences how they are perceived and handled in the present.

A) legal context

B) sociocultural context

C) historical context

D) economic context

Answer: C

Page Ref: 19


Level: Basic






1.2 True/False Questions

1) The juvenile court codes define the conditions under which the state can legitimately intervene in a juvenile's life.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 10


Level: Intermediate

2) The U.S. Supreme Court abolished life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for persons who commit serious crimes other than homicides as teenagers.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 3

Objective: Explain the concept of adolescence.

Level: Intermediate

3) High-risk youths typically have educational and vocational skill deficits.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 8


Level: Intermediate

4) The average American delinquent today is far more likely to commit a serious violent crime than to commit petty theft.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 9


Level: Intermediate

5) Status offenders frequently come from single-parent homes and often place the blame for their problems on parental figures in the home.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 11


Level: Intermediate

6) Meda Chesney-Lind and Linda Pasko argue that the juvenile justice system discriminates against girls.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 12







Level: Intermediate

7) Public whippings and expulsion from the community were common punishments for chronic offenders during the colonial period.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 15


Level: Intermediate

8) The use of training schools flourished during the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 16


Level: Intermediate

9) The main purpose of the reform agenda of the late 1970s was to divert the handling of status offenses from a criminal to a noncriminal setting.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 17


Level: Intermediate

10) The Reagan administration's crime control policies for juveniles discouraged preventive detention.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 18


Level: Intermediate

11) By early 1990s, the use of guns, the spread of the drug market, and the skyrocketing growth of street gangs contributed to a rise in murder rates among young people.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 19


Level: Intermediate






12) The political context influences local and national policy decisions that deal with youth crime.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 20


Level: Intermediate

13) The concept of childhood, as reflected in today's child-centered culture, is an old phenomenon.

Answer: FALSE

Page Ref: 5


Level: Intermediate

14) Effective policy will emerge when well-thought-out theoretical assumptions are supported by methodologically sound research.

Answer: TRUE

Page Ref: 20


Level: Intermediate

1.3 Fill in the Blank Questions

1) The ________ of early childhood fester into socially unacceptable behavior in later years.

Answer: unmet needs

Page Ref: 5


Level: Intermediate

2) Of the 25 million adolescents in the United States, approximately one in four is at ________ for engaging in multiple problem behaviors.

Answer: high risk

Page Ref: 7


Level: Intermediate

3) An institution that was designed by eighteenth- and nineteenth-century reformers to provide an orderly, disciplined environment similar to that of the ideal Puritan family was called a ________.

Answer: house of refuge

Page Ref: 15







Level: Intermediate

4) According to Meda Chesney-Lind and Lisa Pasko, the juvenile justice system discriminates against girls because of the fear of ________.

Answer: sexual activity

Page Ref: 12

Objective: Describe status offenses, status offenders, and the characteristics of crossover youth.

Level: Difficult

5) The 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act served as an impetus for ________ of status offenders.

Answer: deinstitutionalization

Page Ref: 12


Level: Difficult

6) Juvenile courts can institutionalize status offenders by simply ________ them as delinquent.

Answer: redefining

Page Ref: 13


Level: Difficult

7) The period in which reformers became disillusioned with family control of delinquents is known as the ________ era.

Answer: houses of refuge

Page Ref: 15


Level: Intermediate

8) The medieval English doctrine that sanctions the right of the crown to intervene in family relations is termed ________.

Answer: parens patriae

Page Ref: 9


Level: Intermediate






9) The life interval between childhood and adulthood, usually the period between the ages of twelve and eighteen years, is called ________.

Answer: adolescence

Page Ref: 4


Level: Basic

10) Beginning in the late 1980s and extending throughout the 1990s, adolescents participated widely in ________.

Answer: street gangs

Page Ref: 9


Level: Intermediate

11) An act committed by a minor that violates the penal code of the government with authority over the area in which the act occurs is called ________.

Answer: juvenile delinquency

Page Ref: 4


Level: Intermediate

12) Maine, New York, and Washington are among the states that have ________ status offenses.

Answer: decriminalized

Page Ref: 13


Level: Intermediate

13) The ________ decision stated that juveniles have the right to due process safeguards in proceedings in which a finding of delinquency could lead to confinement.

Answer: In re Gault

Page Ref: 16


Level: Intermediate

14) The spirit of the social control and juvenile crime era was about ________ on serious juvenile offenders.

Answer: getting tough

Page Ref: 17







Level: Intermediate

15) The most effective interventions in juvenile justice that are supported by evidence of achievement are ________.

Answer: evidence-based practices

Page Ref: 20


Level: Difficult

1.4 Essay Questions

1) What are the stages that led to the development of modern adolescence?

Answer: The answer should include the following points:

• the end of child labor

• compulsory public schooling

• development in the twentieth century of the belief that raising children had less to do with conquering their spirits than with training and socializing them

Page Ref: 5-6


Level: Intermediate

2) Discuss the three categories of juvenile behavior in which the juvenile court has jurisdiction.


• delinquency

• dependency

• neglect

Page Ref: 10


Level: Intermediate

3) Discuss the history of the societal responses to juvenile delinquency in the United States.


• the colonial period

• the houses of refuge era

• the juvenile courts era

• the juvenile rights era

• the reform agenda era

• the social control and juvenile crime era

• delinquency and the growing fear of crime






Page Ref: 14-19


Level: Intermediate

4) What are the three statements that can be concluded about high-risk youths?


• high-risk youth often experience multiple difficulties

• adolescent problem behaviors are interrelated

• high-risk youth tend to become involved in behaviors that contribute to unintentional injury and violence

Page Ref: 8


Level: Intermediate

5) Define the elements of a social context of delinquency as described by Bartollas.


• historical context

• legal context

• sociocultural context

• economic context

• political context

Page Ref: 19-20


Level: Intermediate





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Juvenile Delinquency - test bank U · 8) The most broad-based movement to strip the juvenile court of jurisdiction over all status offenders began in New York State in 1985 with passage