Juvenile Justice

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Juvenile Justice An Introduction

Seventh edition

John T. Whitehead East Tennessee State University

Steven P. Lab Bowling Green State University

Amsterdam • Boston • Heidelberg • London New York • Oxford • Paris • San Diego

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Acquiring Editor: Shirley Decker-Lucke Development Editor: Ellen Boyne Project Manager: Paul Gottehrer Designer: Joanne Blank

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Dedication to Pat, Danny, & Tim Whitehead

and Danielle Lab

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vii

Contents

FOREWORD ............................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER 1 Introduction—The Defi nition and Extent of Delinquency ....................................................................... 1 Introduction .................................................................................. 1 Defi ning Delinquency ................................................................... 2 Defi ning a Juvenile ....................................................................... 5 The Extent of Delinquency ........................................................... 6 Summary ...................................................................................... 23

CHAPTER 2 The History of Juvenile Justice ...................................... 25 Introduction ................................................................................. 25 Property and Person ................................................................... 26 The Rise of Juvenile Institutions ............................................... 29 The Establishment of the Juvenile Court ................................. 33 Benevolence or Self-Interest? ..................................................... 39 Juvenile Justice from 1920 to the 1960s ................................... 42 Changes Since the 1960s ............................................................ 42 Summary ...................................................................................... 43

CHAPTER 3 Explaining Delinquency—Biological and Psychological Approaches .............................................. 47 Introduction ................................................................................. 48 Theoretical Schools of Thought ................................................. 48 Biological and Sociobiological Theories .................................... 52 Psychological Explanations ........................................................ 62 Summary ...................................................................................... 72

CHAPTER 4 Sociological Explanations of Delinquency ..................... 73 Introduction ................................................................................. 74 The Ecological Perspective ........................................................ 75 Learning Theory .......................................................................... 77

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Contentsviii

Subcultural Theories ................................................................... 79 Routine Activities and Rational Choice .................................... 83 Strain Theories ............................................................................ 84 Social Control Theory .................................................................. 87 The Labeling Perspective ........................................................... 90 The Integration and Elaboration of Theories ........................... 92 The Impact of Theories on Juvenile Justice ............................. 93 Summary ...................................................................................... 94

CHAPTER 5 Gang Delinquency ........................................................... 95 Introduction ................................................................................. 96 Gangs Defi ned ............................................................................. 97 Early Gang Research ................................................................ 100 The Extent of Gang Membership ............................................ 102 Characteristics of Gangs .......................................................... 106 Why Do Youths Join Gangs? .................................................... 111 Gang Behavior ........................................................................... 113 Intervention with Gangs .......................................................... 120 Summary .................................................................................... 127

CHAPTER 6 Drugs and Delinquency ................................................. 129 Introduction ............................................................................... 130 Gauging the Extent of Drug Use ............................................. 130 The Drugs-Delinquency Connection ....................................... 137 Research on the Drugs-Delinquency Relationship ................. 139 Interventions ............................................................................. 141 Treatment Approaches ............................................................. 142 Prevention Approaches ............................................................ 146 Alternative Responses to Drug Use ........................................ 152 Summary: The Response of the Juvenile Justice System ..... 157

CHAPTER 7 Policing and Juveniles ................................................... 159 Introduction ............................................................................... 160 Statistics on Police Work with Juveniles ................................ 160 Professional Policing and Juveniles ........................................ 161 Community or Problem-Solving Policing ................................. 169 Citizen Attitudes Toward Police .............................................. 172 Recent Issues in Policing Concerning Juveniles .................... 177 Police Effectiveness with Juvenile Crime ............................... 187 Summary .................................................................................... 188

CHAPTER 8 The Juvenile Court Process .......................................... 191 Introduction ............................................................................... 192 Detention ................................................................................... 194

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Contents ix

Detention Alternatives ............................................................. 200 The Intake Decision .................................................................. 201 Processing Juveniles in Adult Criminal Court ........................ 209 Adjudication and Disposition ................................................... 215 Summary .................................................................................... 228

CHAPTER 9 Due Process and Juveniles ........................................... 231 Introduction ............................................................................... 231 The Landmark Supreme Court Cases ..................................... 232 Additional Supreme Court Rulings .......................................... 236 Search and Seizure .................................................................... 240 Rights in School ......................................................................... 241 Rights at Home and in the Community ................................... 254 Summary .................................................................................... 260

CHAPTER 10 Institutional/Residential Interventions ........................ 263 Introduction ............................................................................... 264 Institutional Corrections for Juveniles .................................... 264 State Training Schools .............................................................. 265 Program Effectiveness .............................................................. 272 Institutional Life ........................................................................ 274 New Directions in Institutional Interventions ........................ 283 Summary .................................................................................... 287

CHAPTER 11 Juvenile Probation and Community Corrections ..................................................................... 289 Introduction ............................................................................... 289 Probation .................................................................................... 290 Aftercare .................................................................................... 293 Supervision and Counseling .................................................... 293 Current Trends in Community Supervision ............................ 295 Effectiveness of Juvenile Probation and Related Sanctions ..... 304 Effective and Ineffective Treatment Interventions with

Offenders ................................................................................... 306 Continuing Concerns in Community Corrections .................. 312 Summary .................................................................................... 316

CHAPTER 12 Restorative Justice ........................................................ 319 Introduction ............................................................................... 320 Background of Restorative Justice .......................................... 320 Types of Restorative Justice .................................................... 327 The Impact of Restorative Justice ........................................... 336 Summary .................................................................................... 343

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Contentsx

CHAPTER 13 The Victimization of Juveniles ..................................... 345 Introduction ............................................................................... 345 The Extent of Victimization ..................................................... 346 Explaining Juvenile Victimization ........................................... 353 Responses to Victimization ...................................................... 355 The Role of Formal Social Control Agencies ........................... 358 Summary: The Need to Recognize the Victim ........................ 364

CHAPTER 14 Future Directions in Juvenile Justice ........................... 365 Introduction ............................................................................... 365 Proposals for Reforming Juvenile Court ................................. 366 Broader Issues ........................................................................... 378 Capital Punishment for Juveniles ............................................ 391 Life Without Parole for Juveniles ............................................. 395 Jurisdiction over Status Offenses ............................................ 398 Conclusion ................................................................................. 401

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...................................................................................... 405 GLOSSARY .............................................................................................. 447 INDEX ...................................................................................................... 461

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Foreword

For this Seventh edition of Juvenile Justice: An Introduction we have updated materials. We have included the latest available statistics on juvenile crime and victimization, drug use, court processing, and corrections. The police chapter has been reworked to focus more on juvenile matters and less on gen-eral policing issues. The institutions and probation chapters include recent research on the effectiveness of the police and treatment interventions. In the due process chapter we have added recent court decisions that have impacted the handling of youths.

Each chapter has a a section entitled “What You Need to Know.” This is a list that summarizes key pieces of information. Along with the Key Terms list, this section should help students focus on the key concepts and informa-tion in each chapter. We have also included website information at key points in the text showing students where they can go to get the latest information from such sources as the FBI Uniform Crime Reports and the Offi ce of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

Perhaps the greatest change is the accompanying material that is available on the publisher’s website for the book. There we have materials for both the instructor and the student. These materials supplement the book and can be incorporated into regular class activities or can be used by the individual for study and further exploration. Some of these materials are directed spe-cifi cally to the student, while others are for the instructor. We thank all of the people at Elsevier (Anderson Publishing) for their support and hard work. We are especially grateful to Ellen Boyne, our editor, for her excellent work in editing and producing the book, and to Mickey Braswell for his continuing support.

JTW

SPL

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