K-1_Introduction-HC Sebagai Sumber Energi

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TEKNOLOGI

PEMROSESAN RESERVOIR DAN

PEMROSESAN HIDROCARBONEMROSESAN HIDROCARBON

K01

Hidrokarbon

Sebagai Sumber Energi

Dr. Wahyudi Citrosiswoyo-


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Materi Kuliahateri Kuliah

Minggu

Tanggal Materi Referensi

inggu

Tanggal Materi Referensi

I 16-02-2012 Hidrokarbon Sebagai Sumber Energi

Mi as di Indonesia

II 23-09-2012 Asal -usul Hidrokarbon

III 01-03-2012 Batuan Induk, Batuan Reservoir dan Migrasi

IV 08-10-2012 Reservoir

V 10-10-2012 Fluida Reservoir

VI 17-10-2012 Fluida Reservoir

VII 24-10-2012 Drilling

VIII 31-10-2012 Drilling

- -


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Aturan dan Evaluasi Perkuliahan

• ITS: –


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Teknologi Reservoir dan

Pemrosesan Hidro-Karbon Pemrosesan

k l i

Pemrosesan

H

Teknologi

Reservoir

Well Surface

Reservoir


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Mengapa

Teknologi Reservoir

dan

Pemrosesan Hidrokarbon?

Masih berapakah volume migas di

dalam perut bumi??

M tenurut

the Oil & Gas Journal (OGJ):at the beginning of 2004, worldwide reserves were 1.27 tri llion barrels of oil and 6,100 tri llion

cubic feet of natural gas.

These estimates are 53 bil lion barrels of oi l and 575 tri llion cubic feet of natural gas higher

than the prior year, reflecting additional discoveries, improving technology, and changing economics.


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Absolute

eve s

(Report#:DOE/EIA-0484(2002)

Note

Information Revolution hasn’t yet revolutionized energy


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Global Oil Resources Global Oil Production

• Saudi Arabia 26% • Saudi Arabia 12%• Iraq 11%

• Iran 10%

• Kuwait 10%

• United States 11%• Russia 10%

• UAE 6%

• Russia 5%

• Venezuela 5%

• Iran 5%

• Mexico 5%• Nigeria 3%

• Libya 3%

• China 3%

• orway

• China 4%

• Mexico 2%

• United States 2% • Canada 4%


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Global

Global

• Russia 29%

• Russia 23%

• Iran 16%• Qatar 13%

• United States 22%• Canada 7%

• Saudi Arabia 4%

• UAE 3%

• United Kingdom 4%

• Algeria 3%• United States 3%

• Algeria 3%

• Netherlands 3%

• Indonesia 3%

• Venezuela 3%

•


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World Oil Gas Reservesorld Oil Gas Reserves

Natural Gas

(Billion Barrels) (Billion Barrels) (Billion Barrels) (Trillion Cubic

Feet)

(TCF)

(TCF)

(TCF)

BP StatisticalOil & Gas

Journal3 World Oil4BP Statistical CEDIGAZ5

Oil & Gas

Journal3 World Oil4ev ew

Year-End 2007January 1,

2008

Year-End 2006ev ew

Year-End 2007

anuary ,

2008January 1,

2008

Year-End 2006

NORTH AMERICA. . . . . . .

CENTRAL & SOUTH AMERICA

111.211 109.857 77.107 272.841 260.095 261.795 242.167

15.570 14.268 14.530 207.654 218.134 172.041 175.652


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Oil

(Billion Barrels)

Oil

(Billion Barrels)

Oil

(Billion Barrels)

Natural Gas

(TCF)

Natural Gas

(TCF)

Natural Gas

(TCF)

Natural Gas

(TCF)

BP Statistical

Review2

Year-End 2007

Oil & Gas

Journal3

January 1,

2008

World Oil4

Year-End 2006

BP Statistical

Review2

Year-End 2007

CEDIGAZ5

January 1,

2008

Oil & Gas

Journal3

January 1,

2008

World Oil4

Year-End 2006

EURASIA

128.146 98.886 123.360 1,884.676 1,900.265 2,014.800 2,136.660

MIDDLE EAST

755.325 748.286 722.513 2,585.351 2,609.319 2,548.900 2,555.078

AFRICA

117.482 114.838 111.661 514.923 514.328 489.630 500.731

ASIA-OCEANIA

40.847 34.350 35.965 510.687 531.809 415.393 497.920

1,237.876 1,331.698 1,143.355 6,257.780 6,315.770 6,185.694 6,395.050

INDONESIA

4.370 4.370 4.840 105.944 105.945 93.900 93.020


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CADANGAN DAN PRODUKSI ENERGI INDONESIA (2007)RASIO

ENERGI FOSIL SUMBER DAYA CADANGAN PRODUKSI(TAHUN)*)

Minyak Bumi 56,6 miliar barel8,4 miliar

barel**)348 juta barel 24

Gas Bumi 334,5 TSCF 165 TSCF 2,7 TSCF 61

Batubara 90,5 miliar ton 18,7 miliar ton 250 juta ton 75

Coal Bed Methane

(CBM) - - -

*) Dengan asumsi tidak ada penemuan cadangan baru. **) Termasuk Blok Cepu

KAPASITASTERPASANG

Tenaga Air 75.670 MW 4.200 MW

Panas Bumi 27.000 MW 1.052 MW

Micro Hydro 450 MW 84 MWBiomass 49.810 MW 300 MW

Tenaga Surya 4,80 kWh/m2/day 8 MW

Tenaga Angin 9.290 MW 0,5 MW

Uranium 3.000 MW (e.q. 24,112 ton) untuk 11tahun*)

30 MW


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SASARAN ENERGI MIX NASIONAL 2025SASARAN ENERGI MIX NASIONAL 2025SASARAN ENERGI MIX NASIONAL 2025SASARAN ENERGI MIX NASIONAL 2025

Gas bumi

26.5%Batubara

14.1%

PLTA 3.4%

EBT Lainnya 0.2%Minyakbumi

54.4%

ENERGI MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2025

(SKENARIO BaU)Batubara

ENERGI MIX NASIONAL TAHUN 2025(SKENARIO OPTIMALISASI)

Gas bumi20.6%

34.6%

PLTA 1.9%

Panas bumi 2%PLTMH

PLTMH 0.216%

Biofuel 1.335%

Tenaga surya 0.020%

Tenaga angin 0.028%

Fuel cell 0.000%

EBT 4.4%

PLTA 2.4%

Gasbumi

30.6%

Batubara 32.7%

OPTIMALISASIPENGELOLAAN

ENERGI

0.1% .

Nuklir 1.993%

Minyak bumi26%

Panas bumi 5%

= 9500 MWe

Minyak bumi 41.7%


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Anda dapat memilih clean renewable energy dari angin,

,


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Energi panas bumi:

murah


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BAGAIMANA POTENSI SDABAGAIMANA POTENSI SDABAGAIMANA POTENSI SDABAGAIMANA POTENSI SDA

RESOURCES

HYPOTHETICAL

IDENTIFIED

RESOURCES

IDENTIFIED

SUBECONOMIC

RESOURCESRESERVES


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• RESOURCES – Reserves plus all other mineral deposits that may eventually

,

recoverable at present, or unknown deposits, that may beinferred to exist but have not yet been discovered.

– local, ultimately available for man’s use.

• RESERVES –

which the mineral or fuel can be extracted profitably withexisting technology and under present economicconditions.

– The concept can be applied in global, regional, or localsense, or applied as a measure of remaining effective life of individual mine.


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• IDENTIFIED RESOURCES

– Specific bodies of mineral bearing rock whose existence and

.

extent and grade. – Identified resources include reserves and identified sub-

.

• IDENTIFIED SUB-ECONOMIC RESOURCES

– Mineral resources that are not reserves, but that may becomereserves as a results o change in economic and legal

conditions.

• HYPOTHETICAL RESOURCES

– Undiscovered mineral resources that we may reasonably expectto find in known mining districts.


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Crude Oil

“a mixture of hydrocarbons that existed in the liquid

phase in natural underground reservoirs and remains

liquid at atmospheric pressure after passing throughiquid at atmospheric pressure after passing through

surface separating facilities”

• Primarily carbon, hydrogen and minor oxygen, nitrogen,

sulphur, vanadium, nickel…• o or: ye ow, green, rown o ar rown ac

• Oil at the surface tends to be more viscous, most oils areless dense than water: generally measured as the

°API =

141.5- 131.5

SG 60/60°F


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Petroleum• (rock oil)

•

Is a naturally occurring complex ofhydrocarbons widely distributed in the

se men ary roc s o e ear s crus .

•

Occur in liquid form that constitute crude oil ,,

solid members are variously called asphalt ,

• Petroleum Geology geology applied to


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• Petroleum: a general term for all naturally occurringhydrocarbons (solid, liquid, gas)

• Natural Gas: common term for gas hydrocarbons, mostly

• Crude Oil: common term for liquid phase. A complex

mixture of hydrocarbons (parrafins, napthenes, and

• Solid Hydrocarbons: tar and asphalt


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Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

• primarily methane

• has been liquefied by reducing its temperature to -260o

F

(approx. -162

o

C) at atmospheric pressure.

• natural gas is lighter than air so that it rapidly

disperses and becomes diluted in airisperses and becomes diluted in air

• By liquefying natural gas, its volume is reduced

approximately 600 times. This makes it easier and

cheaper to transport over long distances by ship and

to store it in large quantities.

the storage of LNG at a very low temperaturehe storage of LNG at a very low temperature,

necessitates the use of specific materials (material

properties, thicknesses, insulating materials) and

standards.


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Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

• LPG consists mainly of propane (C3

H

8

) and butane

(C H )C

4

H

10

)

•LPG is primarily used for domestic and

commercial applications (including as a vehiclep ( g

fuel)

•

LPG is kept liquid by confining it under a high

pressureressure

• Components of LPG are heavier than air.

• The storage of LPG is under pressurep

•It is produced as a by-product of natural gas

processing and petroleum refining


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Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

• CNG is stored on the vehicle in high-pressure

tanks - 20 to 25 MPa (200 to 250 bar, or 3,000 to

3600 psi),600 psi).

•Natural gas consists mostly of methane and is

drawn from gas wells or in conjunction with crude

oil production.

• It also contains hydrocarbons such as ethane and

propane as well as other gases such as nitrogen,ropane as well as other gases such as nitrogen,

helium, carbon dioxide, sulphur compounds, and

water vapour.

A l h b d d t i ll dd d t

•

A sulphur-based odourant is normally added to

CNG to facilitate leak detection.

• Natural gas is lighter than air and thus will

normally dissipate in the case of a leak, giving it

a significant safety advantage over gasoline or

LPG.


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Historical Development

• Petroleum products have been used for at least 8000 years• Herodotus 450 BC – natural seeps• Egyptians – mummification/Victorian medication• Ancient Greece everlasting flame in the sacred Oracle at Delphi

• Persian Temples built around natural gas sources

• Early uses: – medication, waterproofing, warfare

• Up to mid 19th century: all oil produced from seeps,s a ow p s an an ug s a s

• James Young: extracted oil from carboniferous shales,Scotland 1847: “oil-shales”

• 1st Natural gas: Sichuan Province China several thousand years ago – Bamboo tools and pipes – salt production

- = , ,• 1st well to produce oil: Oil creek, Pennsylvania by “Colonel”

Drake


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Historical Development

• Commercial production has beencarried on for > a centur

• - - All areas producing oil had been discovered

throu h see a es

• From 1901 to 1925: Surface geological surveys aimed at theidentification of oil structures began in 1901(anticlinal theory)


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continued

Greatest innovation in petroleum exploration. Rotary

drillin ri s be an to dis lace cable tool ri s. Before 1925

most wells were shallower than 1000 m.With the new rigs wells were taken to 3000 m (1931),

4500 m (1938), and 5000 m (1945)

• From 1945 to 1960:exploratory drill ing had been extended to shallow waters

offshore. Revolution in subsurface geology methods using

se sm c exp ora on.• 1960 and after:

1960-1967: oil surplus productivity

1973-1974: world energy crisis


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continuedKeunggulan Minyak dan Gasbumi

• Bentuk/sifat cair/gas: mudah dan praktis/fleksibel dalampemanfaatan sebagai bb transportasi dan untuk ditransportemanfaatan sebagai bb transportasi dan untuk ditransport

• Kalori: paling tinggi di antara sumber energi yang lain

Produk: d t h ilk b b i j i b h b kroduk: dapat menghasilkan berbagai jenis bahan bakar

• Manfaat lain: sebagai bahan baku industri petro kimia• Teknologi eksplorasi eksploitasi telah tersedia


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Cadangan Potensiadangan Potensi

Migasigas

di Indonesiai Indonesia


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Cekungan sedimen di Indonesia (Ditjen Migas, 2007)


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a angan m nya um n ones a anuar en gas


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Cadangan gasbumi Indonesia Januari 2008 (Ditjen Migas 2008)


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Rencana Penawaran WK Migas Tahap II 2008 (Ditjen Migas 2008)


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Peta Area Kontrak Migas Indonesia (Ditjen Migas 2008)


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Peta Rencana Induk Jaringan Transmisi dan Distribusi Gasbumi

Nasional 2010-2025


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Peta Jaringan Transmisi dan Distribusi Gasbumi Nasional 2010-2025

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K-1_Introduction-HC Sebagai Sumber Energi