KINETIC-MOLECULAR THEORY

Pressure!

CELIAC DISEASE VS. IBS

FODMAPS

Fermentable… Oligosaccharides…

3-10 units, Fructans, and galacto-oligosaccharides

Disaccharides… 2units

Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Monosaccharides… Single unit

Galactose, fructose, glucose

And…….Polyls Sugar alcohols

Mannitol, sorbitol, and xylitol

PRODUCTION OF GAS

HYRDROGEN C6H12O6 + 4H2O 2CH3COO- + 2HCO3

- + 4H+ + 4H2

CARBON DIOXIDE AND METHANE CH3C00- + H+ CH4 + CO2

OSMOTIC PRESSURE-excess solutes in the intestine cause WATER to enter the intestine, turning SOLID feces into LIQUID. ()

BEANO COMMERCIAL

GASES! Laughing gas- nitrous oxide Gas chambers in Germany-carbon monoxide Poisonous gas from furnaces, car exhaust-

carbon monoxide Balloons-helium, carbon dioxide SCUBA tanks, oxygen, nitrogen, and helium Essential to life- oxygen DEADLY- Chloramine (produced when bleach and ammonia are mixed)

FLATULENCE- mostly hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and methane, sulfur compounds also release smell.

Greenhouse Gases1.Carbon dioxide2. methane3. Nitrous oxide4.Water vapor

Sunlight enters the atmosphere, reflects back as infrared radiation. These gases trap the infrared radiation causing a temperature increase.

POSTULATES

1. gases are made of tiny particles. 2. These particles are so small that their

volumes can be considered to be (themselves) zero.

3. These particles are in constant, random motion with each other AND collide with each other and the wall of its container causing pressure.

4. These particles do not attract/repel each other. Thus collisions are elastic with no loss in energy

5. The temperature of these particles is directly proportional to its average kinetic energy.

DESCRIBES THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

First Assumption

Volume of gas particle

extremely small in comparison to empty small around it

DESCRIBES THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Second Assumption Particle motion

Constant Random Perfectly elastic

collisions No loss of kinetic energy

– just change direction of motion

DESCRIBES THE BEHAVIOR OF GASES

Third Assumption Particle energy

average molecular kinetic energy depends only on temperature

GAS BEHAVIOR

Fluid –any substance that can flow

gas can flow because their particles are far apart and can move past each other

Who Cares? Welll….how does natural gas get to your house? Flows through underground pipes!!!

GAS BEHAVIOR

Filling a container Gases continue to move

in a straight line until it collides and changes direction of its motion – thus, a gas will fill its container

Who Cares? Well.. That expensive fabulous perfume or AXE? People across the room can smell you!

GAS BEHAVIOR

Low Density In the same volume

there are fewer gas particles than in a solid or a liquid.

Gases have a lot of empty space with few particles for mass Who Cares? If a noxious gas is in the room, should

you be at the bottom or the top?

GAS BEHAVIOR

Compression Gas have large empty

space where particles can be squeezed together

COMPRESSION

Decreasing the volume (space) that the gas can occupy, increases the pressure!

GAS BEHAVIOR

Expansion Random motion will

refill an expandable container

GAS BEHAVIOR

Diffusion Movement from area

of high concentration to low concentration

GAS BEHAVIOR

Effusion The movement

of a gas through a tiny opening

BEHAVIORS OF GASES ARE RELATED TO 4 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Property Symbol units Formula

pressure P atm, torr, Pa, kPa

P=F/A

volume V L, cm3 L x w x h

D=m/V

temp T K C=273 =K

moles n mole g/molar mass

GAS PRESSURE

Definition- force per unit area (P=F/A)

Atmospheric pressure – force exerted by air as it travels in all direction

MEASURING GAS PRESSURE

Barometer – measures atmospheric gas pressure

First invented by Torricelli! (torr)

Weather: Is the barometer falling or rising? This is an indication of bad or good weather coming.

MEASURING GAS PRESSURE

Manometer – measures pressure of a collected gas

Sphygmomanometer-measures blood pressure Systolic/Diastolic (120/80) Measured in mm Hg Video

Unit Symbol Conversions

pascal Pa 1 Pa = 1 N/m2

psi lb/in2

atmosphere atm 1 atm = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 lb/in2

bar bar 1 bar = 100kPa

torr torr 760 torr = 1 atm

millimeters of mercury mm Hg 1 mm Hg = 1 torr

GAS PRESSURE UNITS EQUIVALENTS

1 atm = 760 mmHg = 101.3 kPa = 14.7 psi

1 torr = 1 mmHg

CONVERTING GAS PRESSURE UNITS

Convert 1.69 atm to mmHg

Convert 689 mm Hg to kPa

CONVERTING GAS PRESSURE UNITS

Convert 0.3587 atm to Pa

Convert 725.0 torr to mmHg

CONVERTING GAS PRESSURE UNITS

Convert 820.1mmHg to atm

Convert 0.96 atm to torr

TEMPERATURE

definition – average molecular kinetic energy

measured by thermometer

TEMPERATURE SCALE FOR GAS LAWS

Kelvin Temperature Scale no negative values Two fixed values

absolute zero as its zero the other fixed point is the

triple point of water = 273 K Triple point is when solid

ice, liquid water and water vapor coexist in thermal equilibrium

COMPARING THE THREE SCALES:

CONVERTING OC TO K

K = oC + 273 where oC = Celsius and K = Kelvin