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Kadamba Dynasty 1 Kadamba Dynasty Kadambas of Banavasi ಬನವಾಸ ಕದಂಬರು Empire (Subordinate to Pallava until 345) 345525   Extent of Kadamba Empire, 500 CE Capital Banavasi Languages Sanskrit Kannada Religion Hinduism Government Monarchy Maharaja - 345365 Mayurasharma Krishna Varma II History - Earliest Kadamba records 450 - Established 345 - Disestablished 525

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Kadamba Dynasty 2

Kadamba Kings (345–525)

(Banavasi Kings)

Mayurasharma (345–365)

Kangavarma (365–390)

Bagitarha (390–415)

Raghu (415–435)

Kakusthavarma (435–455)

Santivarma (455 -460)

Mrigeshavarma (460–480)

Shivamandhativarma (480–485)

Ravivarma (485–519)

Harivarma (519–525)

(Triparvatha Branch)

Krishna Varma I (455)

Vishnuvarma

Simhavarma

Krishna Varma II

Pulakesi I(Chalukya)

(543–566)

Kadamba Dynasty, Kadambas of Banavasi (Kannada: ಕದಂಬರು) (345 – 525 CE) was an ancient royal family of

Karnataka, India that ruled northern Karnataka and the Konkan from Banavasi in present day Uttara Kannadadistrict. At the peak of their power under King Kakushtavarma, Kadambas of Banavasi they ruled large parts ofKarnataka state.The dynasty was founded by Mayurasharman in 345 CE which at times showed the potential of developing intoimperial proportions, an indication to which is provided by the titles and epithets assumed by its rulers. KingMayurasharman defeated the armies of Pallavas of Kanchi possibly with help of some native tribes. The Kadambafame reached its peak during the rule of Kakusthavarma, a powerful ruler with whom even the kings of GuptaDynasty of northern India cultivated marital alliances. Tiring of the endless battles and bloodshed, one of the laterdescendants, King Shivakoti adopted Jainism. The Kadambas were contemporaries of the Western Ganga Dynastyand together they formed the earliest native kingdoms to rule the land with absolute autonomy. The dynasty latercontinued to rule as a feudatory of larger Kannada empires, the Chalukya and the Rashtrakuta empires for over fivehundred years during which time they branched into Goa and Hanagal.During the pre-Kadamba era the ruling families that controlled Karnataka, the Mauryas, Satavahanas and Chutuswere not natives of the region and the nucleus of power resided outside present day Karnataka. The Kadambas werethe first indigenous dynasty to use Kannada, the language of the soil at an administrative level. In the history ofKarnataka, this era serves as a broad based historical starting point in the study of the development of region as anenduring geo-political entity and Kannada as an important regional language.

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HistoryThere is no shortage of myths about the origin of the Kadambas. According to one account the dynasty was foundedby one Trilochana Kadamba also known from the Halsi and Degamve records as Jayanta who had three eyes andfour arms.[1] He was born out of the sweat of Shiva, which had fallen under a Kadamba tree and hence his nameKadamba. According to another myth, Mayurasharma himself was born to Lord Shiva and mother earth and hadthree eyes.[2] According to Grama Paddhati, a Kannada work dealing with the history of the Tulu Brahmanas,Mayurasharma was born to Lord Shiva and goddess Parvathi under a Kadamba tree in the Sahyadri mountains andhence the name Kadamba. An inscription of the Nagarakhanda Kadambas, a later descendent dynasty, gives alegendary account and traces their lineage back to the Nandas. According to the inscription, King Nanda who had noheir prayed to Lord Shiva in the Kailash mountains when a heavenly voice advised him that two sons would be bornto him, would bear the name of Kadamba Kula (family) and they should be instructed in the use of weapons.[1]

There are two theories to the origin of the Kadamba dynasty, a native Kannadiga origin and the other a north Indianorigin. Mention of the north Indian origin of the Kadambas are only found in their later records of their offshootdescendent dynasty and is considered legendary. The earliest record making this claim is the 1053 and 1055inscriptions of Harikesari Deva which are copied in inscriptions thereafter, describing Mayurasharma as theprogenitor of the kingdom who established his might on the summit of Mount Himavat. But this theory has notfound popularity as there is no indication of this account in any of their early records.[3] On the contrary, the familyderives its name from the Kadamba tree that is common only to the South India region.[4]

Historians are divided on the issue of the caste of the Kadamba family, whether the founders of the kingdombelonged to the Brahmin caste as claimed by the Talagunda inscription, or were of tribal origin. A claim has beenmade that the Kadambas were none other than a tribe called the Kadambu, who were in conflict with the Cherakingdom (of modern Tamil Nadu – Kerala region). The 'Kadambus' find mention in the Tamil Sangam literature astotemic worshippers of the Kadambu tree and the Hindu god Subramanya.[5] While some historians have argued thatthey being of Brahmin descent made Mayurasharma's ancestors natives of northern India, the counter argument isthat it was common for Dravidian peoples to be received into the Brahmanic caste during early and later medievaltimes. Being native Kannadigas, the Kadambas promptly gave administrative and political importance to theirlanguage, Kannada, after coming to power.[6] Its is thus claimed that the family of the Kadambas were undoubtedlyof Kanarese descent and may have been admitted into the Brahminical caste.[7][8] The Naga descent of the Kadambashas been stated in early inscriptions of King Krishna Varma I too, which confirms the family was from present dayKarnataka.[4]

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The Halmidi inscription at Halmidi village, dated450 CE. is the earliest Kannada inscription issued

by the Kadamba Dynasty

Inscriptions in Sanskrit and Kannada are the main sources of theKadamba history. The Talagunda, Gundanur, Chandravalli, Halasi andHalmidi inscription are some of the important inscriptions that throwlight on this ancient ruling family of Karnataka.[9] They belonged tothe Manavya Gotra and were Haritiputras (lineage), which connectsthem to the native Chutus of Banavasi, a feudatory of the Satavahanaempire.[10] Inscriptions of the Kadambas in Kannada and Sanskritascribed to the main dynasty and branch kingdoms have beenpublished by historians.[11][12] The Kadambas minted coins withNagari, Kannada and Grantha legends which provide additionalnumismatic evidence of their history.[13][14]

Kadambas were the first rulers to use Kannada as an additional officialadministrative language, as evidenced by the Halmidi inscription of450.[15][16][17] Three Kannada inscriptions from their early rule fromBanavasi have been discovered.[18] Several early Kadamba dynastycoins bearing the Kannada inscription Vira and Skandha was found inSatara collectorate.[19] A gold coin of King Bhagiratha (390–415 CE)bearing the old Kannada legend Sri and Bhagi also exists.[20] Recentdiscovery of 5th century Kadamba copper coin in Banavasi withKannada script inscription Srimanaragi on it proves the usage ofKannada at the administrative level further.[21]

One of their earliest inscriptions, the Talagunda inscription of Santivarma (450) gives what may be the most possiblecause for the emergence of the Kadamba kingdom. It states that Mayura sharma was a native of Talagunda, (inpresent day Shimoga district) and his family got its name from the Kadamba tree that grew near his home.[22][23][24]

The inscription narrates how Mayurasharma proceeded to Kanchi in 345 along with his guru and grandfatherVeerasarma to pursue his Vedic studies at a Ghatika (school). There, owing to some misunderstanding between himand a Pallava guard or at an Ashvasanstha (a place of horse sacrifice), a quarrel arose in which Mayurasharma washumiliated. In high rage, the Brahmana discontinued his studies, left Kanchi, swearing vengeance on the impudentPallavas, and took to arms. He collected a faithful group of followers and routed the Pallava armies near Srisilamregion. After a prolonged period of low intensity warfare against the Pallavas and other smaller kings such as theBrihad-Banas of Kolar region, he proclaimed independence. Unable to contain him, the Pallavas had to accept hissovereignty.[25][26] Thus in an act of righteous indignation was born the first native kingdom of Karnataka, thePallava King Skandavarman condescending to recognise the growing might of the Kadambas south of theMalaprabha river as a sovereign power.[27] Though pallavas were mightier than Kadambas yet they taste the defeat."Scholars like Dr.Moraes, Prof.K.A.Nilakanta sastry and others have felt that Mayurasharma availed himself of theconfusion that was created by the invasion of Samudragupta who,in his Allahabad Inscription,claims to havedefeated, among others,Vishnugopa of Kanchi. Taking advantage of the weakening of the Pallava power, Mayuraappears to have succeeded in establishing a new kingdom."[28] The fact that Mayurasharma had to travel to distantKanchi for Vedic studies gives an indication that Vedic lore was quite rudimentary in the region at that time. Therecently discovered Gudnapur inscription states that Mauryasharma's grandfather and preceptor was Virasarma andhis father Bandhushena developed the character of a Kshatriya.[29]

Mayurasharma's successor was his son Kangavarma in 365 who had to fight the Vakataka might to protect Kuntala. He was defeated by Vakataka Prithvisena but managed to maintain his freedom.[30] His son Bhagiratha is said to have retrieved his fathers losses but Vakataka inscriptions do not attest to this.[31] His son Raghu died fighting the Pallavas. He was succeeded by his brother Kakusthavarma who was the most ferocious and powerful ruler of the

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kingdom.[32] He maintained marital relations with even the imperial Guptas of the north, according to the Talagundainscription. One of his daughters was married to Kumara Gupta's son Skanda Gupta. His other daughter was marriedto a Vakataka king Narendrasena.[33] He maintained similar relations with the Bhatari, the Alupas of South Canaraand the Western Ganga Dynasty of Gangavadi according to the Talagunda inscription. The great poet Kalidasa hadvisited his court.[34]

After Kakusthavarma only Ravivarma who came to the throne in 485 was able to build upon the kingdom. His rulewas marked by a series of clashes within the family, and also against the Pallavas and the Gangas. He is also creditedwith a victory against the Vakatakas, which extended his Kingdom as far north as the river Narmada. The crux oftheir kingdom essentially consisted of most of Karnataka, Goa and southern areas of present day Maharashtra. Afterhis death, the kingdom went into decline due to family feuds. The Birur plates of Kadamba Vishnuvarman callShantivarman "The master of the entire Karnataka region". The Triparvatha branch that broke away in 455 ruledfrom Murod in Belgavi for some time and merged with the main Banavasi kingdom during rule of Harivarma.Finally the kingdom fell to the prowess of the Badami Chalukyas. The Kadambas thereafter became feudatories ofthe Badami Chalukyas and later the Rashtrakutas and Kalyani Chalukyas. The successors of Mayurasharma took tothe name "varma" to indicate their Kshatriya status.

Coin of the Kadamba king Shanthivarma or Mrigeshavarma. Obverseshows the 5th century Kannada legend "Sri Manarashi", an epithet ofthe king. The coin cannot be attributed properly in the absence of any

records that mentions this title.

Coin of the Kadamba king Krishnavarma (ruled c. 516-540), who hasan epithet "sri dosharashi. The reverse of the coin has the legend Shri

shashankaha, Shashanka means "moon" in Sanskrit

Coins

Although the Kadamba dynasty has been known fromover 50 inscriptions, no coins had been firmlyattributed to them until recently. However, coins ofthese kings came to light for the first time in 2006,when a hoard of coins was discovered, mostly coins ofa lesser branch of the Satavahanas, who had ruled in theBanavasi area, a few coins of the Chutus, and Kadambacoins. They have been definitively attributed to theKadambas because they not only have variousKadamba symbols, such as conches and chakras, butone of the epithets on the coins, sri dosharashi, isknown from inscriptions to have been used by theKadamba king Krishnavarma II (ruled 516-540).[35]

Other coins with the legend sri manarashi were alsofound, along with anepigraphic coins (that is, coinswithout any legends) featuring flowers, chakras, andconches. The lotus, chakra (discus), and conch are allsymbols of the god Vishnu. Kadamba inscriptionsfrequently invoke Vishnu, indicating they must havebeen devotees of this deity. The identity of the kingnamed sri manarashi has still not been determined.

The coins are perhaps the earliest ones to use Kannadaletters, a confirmation that the Kadambas were the firstruling dynasty indigenous to Karnataka.

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Kadamba Coins and the earliest Kannada inscription

Kannada legend sri manarashi

Kannada legend sri dosharashi

The Halmidi inscription was the earliest known epigraph that showed theearly usage of Kannada script. The stone inscription found at Halmidi hasbeen assigned to C. 450 CE. and belongs to Kadamba ruler Kakusthavarma,whose reign is estimated to be between 435 CE to 455 CE.In the year 2006, the Jalagars, the sand sievers family, from Tamil Nadu,yielded around 6 Kannada inscribed potin coins from the riverbed of Varadain Sirsi Taluk, which is in Uttara Kannada district. The legends could not besatisfactorily deciphered by Sri MM Prabhu of Mangalore due to the poorchipped condition of coins, and was read Sri Manaragi. Later, when morecoins came to limelight, the next year, he managed to attribute it to theKadambas of Banavasi. The Banavasi village, which is 22 miles ( km) awayfrom the Sirsi town was the ancient capital of the Kadambas of Banavasi.

Banavasi was also known as "Jaldurga" in the Aihole inscription of Pulakeshi II. The Varada river encompassed theBanavasi town in all the four directions to form a natural water port and hence the name Jal (water) durga (port).For the next two years (2007–2008), the Jalagars made a headway and yielded Satavahana Potin coins bearingElephant/quadri-directional symbol in quantity above 5000 pieecs along with few hundreds of Kura Potin coinsbearing Bull/Bow-and-Arrow symbols. Most of the elephant Satavahana coins were of rulers Siri, Satakarni andPudumavi. The Satavahaha fractions of up to 50 mg weight, with similar elephant motiff and illegible legend werealso obtained. The Bull/Discus Potin coins were issued mainly by Rajno Vishnurudra though other rulers name suchas Vishnurudra Putra, Vasithi Putra, Satakarni etc. exist. Third of the series, the inscribed Kadamba Potin coins werefound too, but in small quantities, estimated to be around 100 pieces with four unique legend types. Only the coinsbearing the legend Sri-Manarashi and Sr-Dhosharashi have been published yet. There exist around 10 die variationsof the same. Other coins such as Bull/Trident-Goad coins in bell metal of tetradrachm standard bearing legendVinukhata Brahmananda were found in 5 to 6 numbers, Copper and Lead coins of Chutukulananda, Mulananda andSivalananda etc. are seen seldom in those river beds but in too lesser numbers. Copper coins of Chutus were notknown hitherto. Since Banavasi was an important religious site of sanctity, the site attracted old-age piigrims fromdistant places who spent their last days in the holy site. They offered coins such as Guptas, Kushan, Roman, WesternKshatrapas, Vijayanagaras and Hoysalas etc., which stands evidence to this.As far as the chronology of these Banavasi Kadamba coins concerned, Sri-Dhosharashi coins follow Sri-Manarashicoins as evidenced by the script style. Since Dhosharashi epithet was adorned by Ravivarma, the Manarashi coins areeither issued by the predecessors Shanthivarma or Mrigeshavarma. This is understood by the script style ofManarashi coins that resembled more that of Halmidi inscription. Moreover, Halmidi inscription is assigned toKakkushthavarman. These potin coins are observed in varied weights such as 200 mg to 400 mg stanadard. Thefractional coins weighed around 100 mg and contained religious symbols such as Discus, Conch and Lotus, whichare the icons of Lord Vishnu.Their Talagunda inscription had an invocation of Lord Shiva while the Halmidi and Banavasi inscriptions startedwith an invocation of Lord Vishnu. Moreover, their temple, the Madukeshwara, also seem to have undergone severalchanges over a period. The initial statue is believed to be of Lord Vishnu while Siva Linga is currently worshipped.Another tale about this place involves the slaying of demon Madhu by Lord Vishnu at the behest of Lord Shiva. Thistale is mentioned in the Puranas. So, the religious symbol such as Conch, Discuss and Lotus only signifies thefractional value of coin, which is seen evenin the Hanas and Hagas of the Alupas and Gangas, who were thecontemporaries and also in time, the feudatories of the Kadambas of Banavasi.It is impressive to see the shift of script usage to Kannada, from the Satavahana Brahmi. Satavahana Brahmi wasused by the Chutus, Satavahanas and the Kuras respectively as the official script. It is quite possible that Kannadawas in use prior to the rule of the Chutus but Brahmi was the script. The usage of Kannada script in coins and

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inscriptions is the gift of the Kadambas and trend continued in the whole of then Karnataka. The stone tabletsrecently found in Parkala, Udupi taluk, attests the usage of Kannada around the same period (5th century CE).

AdministrationThe Kadamba kings called themselves Dharmamaharajas like the Satavahana kings. Dr. Mores has identifiedvarious cabinet and other positions in the kingdom from inscriptions. The prime minister (Pradhana), Steward(Manevergade), secretary of council (Tantrapala or Sabhakarya Sachiva), scholarly elders (Vidyavriddhas),physician (Deshamatya), private secretary (Rahasyadhikritha), chief secretary (Sarvakaryakarta), chief justice(Dharmadhyaksha) and other officials (Bhojaka and Ayukta). The army consisted of officers like Jagadala,Dandanayaka and Senapathi.A crown prince from the royal family helped the king in administration. Princesses of the royal family wereappointed as governors of various provinces. King Kakusthavarma had appointed his son Krishna as viceroy ofThriparvatha region. This later proved detrimental to the kingdom as it gave opportunity for break away factions inthe kingdom.The kingdom was divided into Mandalas (provinces) or Desha. Under a Mandala was Vishayas (districts). A total ofnine Vishaya have been identified.[36] Under a Vishaya were Mahagramas (Taluk) and Dashagramas (Hobli).Mahagrama had more villages than Dashagramas. One sixth of land produce was collected as tax. Taxes werecollected as Perjunka (levy on load), Vaddaravula (social security tax for royal family), Bilkoda (salex tax),Kirukula (land tax), Pannaya (betel tax) and other professional taxes on traders etc. recently Dr.s.g.samak ofshimoga has discovered a hoard of 6 kadamba copper plates from a place called aratalegadde is in shimoha district.in that hoard two new kings so far unknown in the geniology of the kadambas have been identified. they arepriyavruta varma and pulinda varma

Culture

Religious conditionThe Kadambas were followers of Vedic Hinduism. The founder, Mayurasharma was a Brahmin by birth but later hissuccessors changed their surname to Varma to indicate their Kshatriya status. Some Kadamba kings like KrishnaVarma performed the horse sacrifice (Ashwamedha). Their Talagunda inscription starts with an invocation of LordShiva while the Halmidi and Banavasi inscriptions start with an invocation of Lord Vishnu. They built theMadhukesvara temple which is considered their family deity. Many records like the Kudalur, Sirsi records speak ofgrants made by them to scholarly Brahmins. Grants were also made to Buddhist viharas.The Kadambas also patronised Jainism; several of the latter kings adopted the religion, and built numerous JainBasadis (temples) that are scattered around Banavasi, Belgavi, Mangaluru and Goa. Kings and Queens of thedynasty were renowned for their support of literature, arts and liberal grants to temples and educational institutions.Several descendants are scattered around present day Goa, Belgavi, Mangaluru and Bengaluru. Adikavi Pampahighly spoke of this kingdom in his writings. Following are his famous quotes on Banavasi: Aaramkushamittodamnenevudenna manam banavasi deshamam (I shall cherish the sweet memories of Banavasi even when tortured),Maridumbiyagi mEN Kogileyagi puttuvudu nandanadol Banavasi deshadol (As a bee or as nightingale should oneborn here in this beautiful country of Banavasi).[37]

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Architecture

Kadamba shikara (tower) with Kalasa (pinnacle)on top, Doddagaddavalli

The contribution of the Kadambas to the architectural heritage ofKarnataka is certainly worthy of recognition.[38] The Kadamba stylecan be identified and that it has a few things in common with theChalukya and the Pallava styles. The most prominent feature of theirarchitecture, basic as it was is their Shikara called Kadamba Shikara.The Shikara is pyramid shaped and rises in steps without anydecoration with a Stupika or Kalasha at the top. This style of Shikaraare used several centuries later in the Doddagaddavalli Hoysala templeand the Mahakuta temples in Hampi. Some of their temples also useperforated screen windows. It has also been pointed out that inarchitecture and sculpture, the Kadambas contributed to the foundationof the later Chalukya-Hoysala style.[39]

The Madhukeshwara (Lord Shiva) temple built by them still exists in Banavasi. Built in 10th century and renovatedmany times, the temple is a very good piece of art. The stone cot with wonderful carvings is one of the main touristattractions in the temple.

ImpactKadambotsava ("The festival of Kadamba") a festival is celebrated every year by Government of Karnataka in honorof this kingdom.[40] A popular Kannada film, Mayura starring Dr. Raj Kumar celebrates the creation of the firstKannada kingdom.On May 31, 2005 Defence minister Pranab Mukherjee commissioned India's most advanced and first dedicatedmilitary naval base named INS Kadamba after the Kadamba dynasty, in Karwar.[41]

Notes[1][1] George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, 1990, p8[2] Yet another legend is that Mayurasarma was born to a sister of Jain Thirtankara Ananda Jinavritindra under a Kadamba tree. All these legends

are from the records of the later Hangal Kadambas and Kadambas of Goa, George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History ofAncient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, 1990, p7

[3][3] Royal families of the Deccan in the 11th century period often concocted northern origin theories according to George M. Moraes (1931), TheKadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, 1990, p.9

[4][4] George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, 1990, p.10[5][5] Chopra et al. (2003),p.161[6][6] Sahitya Akademi (1988), p.1717[7][7] George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, 1990, p.11[8][8] Kadambas were essentially Mysoreans (Rice 1897, pp.296, 335)[9] Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore

(Reprint 2002), pp 30–39[10][10] Both the Talagunda and Gundanur inscriptions attest to this-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic

times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p30[11] 21 Kannada and 2 Sanskrit inscriptions have been deciphered and published by George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of

Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990, pp 387–474[12] Dr. D.C. Sircar, Dr. P.B.Desai, Dr. G.S. Gai, N. Lakshminarayana Rao. "Indian Inscriptions-South Indian Inscriptions, vol 15,18" (http:/ /

inscriptions. whatisindia. com/ ). What Is India News Service, Friday, April 28, 2006. Archaeological Survey of India. . Retrieved 2006-11-28.[13] =Govindaraya S. Prabhu (November 1, 2001). "Prabhu's web page on Indian Coins-Dynasties of South-Kadambas" (http:/ / prabhu. 50g.

com/ southind/ kadamba/ south_kadambag. html). . Retrieved 2006-11-28.[14][14] Coins with Kannada legends have been discovered from the rule of the Kadambas, according to Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise

history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p12[15] A report on Halmidi inscription, Muralidhara Khajane (2003-11-03). "Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition" (http:/ / www.

hindu. com/ 2003/ 11/ 03/ stories/ 2003110304550500. htm). The Hindu, Monday, November 3, 2003 (Chennai, India: The Hindu). . Retrieved2006-11-28.

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[16][16] The Kadamba-Western Ganga Dynasty era is a momentous importance to Kannada language for it was with these rulers that Kannadalanguage first gained official language status-K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi, p10

[17][17] Dr. S.U. Kamath opines that Kannada may have been a local language at this time-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history ofKarnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p37

[18][18] Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore(Reprint 2002), p37

[19] The coins are preserved at the Archaaeological Section, Prince of Wales Museum of Western India, Mumbai – Moraes (1931), p382[20] The coin is preserved at the Indian Historical Research Institute, St. Xavier's College, Mumbai – Moraes (1931), p382[21] DH News Service Mysore. "5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20061006041816/ http:/ /

www. deccanherald. com/ deccanherald/ feb72006/ state171017200626. asp). Deccan Herald, Tuesday, February 7, 2006. Deccan Herald.Archived from the original (http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ deccanherald/ feb72006/ state171017200626. asp) on 2006-10-06. . Retrieved2006-11-28..

[22][22] According to Dr. B. L. Rice-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books,2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p30

[23][23] George M. Moares (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational Services, 1990, p10[24] Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. "Kadambas of Banavasi" (http:/ / www. kamat. com/ kalranga/ deccan/ kadamba. htm). 1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. .

Retrieved 2006-11-28.[25] The Talagunda inscription of 450 states that Mayurasharma was the progenitor of the kingdom. The inscription gives a graphic description

of the happenings at Kanchi, "That the hand dextrous in grasping the Kusha (grass), fuel and stones, ladle, melted butter and the oblationvessel, unsheathed a flaming sword, eager to conquer the earth"-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historictimes to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), pp 30–31

[26][26] K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p6[27][27] K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, p3[28][28] A CONCISE HISTORY OF KARNATAKA By Dr.SURYANATH U.KAMATH, page 31.[29] The inscription was discovered by Dr. B.R. Gopal, Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka-Kadambas of Banavasi" (http:/ / www.

ourkarnataka. com/ states/ history/ historyofkarnataka10. htm). 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. . Retrieved 2006-11-28.[30][30] According to Prof. Jouveau-Dubreuil-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present,

Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p32[31] The Talagunda inscription describes Bhagiratha as the sole lord of the Kadamba land and the great Sagara himself, indicating he may have

retrieved their losses against the Vakatakas-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present,Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p32

[32] According to Dr. G. M. Moraes who wrote Kadamba Kula: A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, under the rule Kakusthavarma,the kingdom reached its acme of success and the Talagunda record calls him the ornament of the family, the Halsi and Halmidi inscriptionsalso hold him in high esteem-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books,2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p32

[33][33] According to Dr. P.B. Desai and the Balaghat inscription of Vakataka Pritvisena-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnatakafrom pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p33

[34] The Sanskrit work Auchitya Vichara by Kshemendra quotes certain portions of a work by great Poet Kalidasa called Kunthalesvara Dautyawhich discusses his visit to the Kadamba court. Apparently, the Kadamba did not offer the poet a seat to sit on and Kalidasa had to sit on theground, indicating the Kadambas treated the ambassador from the Gupta kingdom with scant respect. This is also verified from a Sanskritwork by Bhoja called Shringara Prakasika which mentions a Gupta ambassador being sent to the court of Kuntala. While Dr. Moraes opinesthe ambassador went during the time of Kadamba king Bhagiratha, Dr. P.B. Desai, R.S. Panchamukhi feel it was during the rule of kingKakusthavarma-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC,Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p33

[35] K. Ganesh: Coins of Banavasi, Bangalore, March 2008.[36][36] Prof. R.S. Panchamukhi has identified nine such Vishaya like the Sendraka Vishaya, Tagare Vishaya etc-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A

Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), p35[37] Arthikaje, Mangalore. "History of Karnataka-Kadambas of Banavasi" (http:/ / www. ourkarnataka. com/ states/ history/

historyofkarnataka10. htm). © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. . Retrieved 2006-11-28.[38] Dr. Jyotsna Kamat. "Ancient City of Banavasi" (http:/ / www. kamat. com/ kalranga/ archaeology/ banavasi. htm). 1996–2006 Kamat's

Potpourri. Kamat's Potpourri. . Retrieved 2006-11-28.[39] Dr. G. M. Moraes opines that apart from using some unique features, the Kadambas used many mixed styles in their architecutre derived

from their predecessors and overlords. The Kadambas were the originators of the Karnataka architecture-Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concisehistory of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books, 2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002), pp 37–38

[40] Kadambotsava is held at Banavasi as it is here that the Kadamba kings organised the spring festival every year. Staff Correspondent(2006-01-20). "Kadambotsava in Banavasi from today" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2006/ 01/ 20/ stories/ 2006012003990300. htm). TheHindu, Friday, January 20, 2006 (Chennai, India: The Hindu). . Retrieved 2006-11-28.

[41] Defense Minister Pranab Mukherjee opened the first phase of India's giant western naval base INS Kadamba in Karwar, Karnataka state, on May 31. "India Opens Major Naval Base at Karwar" (http:/ / www. defenseindustrydaily. com/ india-opens-major-naval-base-at-karwar-0647/

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Kadamba Dynasty 10

). Defence Industry Daily. 2012-05-21. . Retrieved 2013-01-30.

References•• George M. Moraes (1931), The Kadamba Kula, A History of Ancient and Medieval Karnataka, Asian Educational

Services, New Delhi, Madras, 1990 ISBN 81-206-0595-0•• Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2, (1988) Sahitya Akademi, ISBN 81-260-1194-7• Dr. Suryanath U. Kamath, A Concise history of Karnataka from pre-historic times to the present, Jupiter books,

2001, MCC, Bangalore (Reprint 2002) LCCN 809-5179, OCLC 7796041•• K.V. Ramesh, Chalukyas of Vatapi, 1984, Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi ISBN 3987-10333•• Chopra P.N., Ravindran T.K., Subrahmanian N. (2003), History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern),

Part 1, Chand publications, New Delhi ISBN 81-219-0153-7• Rice, B.L. (2001) [1897]. Mysore Gazatteer Compiled for Government-vol 1. New Delhi, Madras: Asian

Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-0977-8.• "Kadambas of Banavasi, Dr. Jyotsna Kamat" (http:/ / www. kamat. com/ kalranga/ deccan/ kadamba. htm). ©

1996–2006 Kamat's Potpourri. Retrieved 2006-11-28.• "History of Karnataka – Kadambas of Banavasi, Arthikaje" (http:/ / www. ourkarnataka. com/ states/ history/

historyofkarnataka10. htm). © 1998-00 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Retrieved 2006-11-28.• "Indian Inscriptions" (http:/ / inscriptions. whatisindia. com). Archeological Survey Of India. Retrieved

2006-11-28.• "5th century copper coin discovered at Banavasi" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20061006041816/ http:/ / www.

deccanherald. com/ deccanherald/ feb72006/ state171017200626. asp). Deccan Herald, Tuesday, February 7,2006. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. deccanherald. com/ deccanherald/ feb72006/ state171017200626.asp) on 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2006-11-28.

• "Halmidi village finally on the road to recognition" (http:/ / www. hindu. com/ 2003/ 11/ 03/ stories/2003110304550500. htm). The Hindu (Chennai, India). 2003-11-03. Retrieved 2006-11-28.

• Heche karnataka One of the village falling under kadamba empire.• "Indian Coins, Dynasties of South India, Govindayara Prabhu" (http:/ / prabhu. 50g. com/ southind/ kadamba/

south_kadambagcat. html). G.S Prabhu, 1 November 2001. Retrieved 2006-11-13.

External links• Coins of the Kadambas of Banavasi (http:/ / coinindia. com/ galleries-kadambas-banavasi. html)

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Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsKadamba Dynasty  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=540482645  Contributors: Aaron Schulz, Abecedare, Adimovk5, Aerofighter2010, Ahoerstemeier, Alren, Amarrg,Apsubrahmanyam, ArielGold, Astynax, Basilicofresco, CALR, Calidore Chase, ChrisCork, ChrisGualtieri, Crystallina, Dangerous-Boy, Dendodge, Dewan357, Dineshkannambadi, Doloco,Drmies, F-402, Gaius Cornelius, GenQuest, Generalboss3, Gnanapiti, GoingBatty, Gongshow, Groggy Dice, HansHermans, J04n, Jrsanthosh, Just4edit, KNM, Karthickbala, Khazar, Kroger2005,Lightmouse, LilHelpa, Linguisticgeek, Luna Santin, Manjunath Doddamani Gajendragad, Mattisse, Mauler90, Mayasandra, Melakavijay, Naveenbm, Nichalp, Nick Number, Nijgoykar, Niri.M,Nishkid64, Norm, Pied Hornbill, Pigman, Planemad, Prabhupaatil, Raguks, Ramk2004, Rani nurmai, Ravichandar84, Redtigerxyz, Rich Farmbrough, Rjwilmsi, Roland zh, RoyBoy, Sanjeev76,Schmiteye, Shyamsunder, Sitush, Spidermen, Tabletop, Talessman, TexasJyotish, Thumperward, Tobias Conradi, Utcursch, Vadakkan, Victuallers, Vishal1976, Vishu123, Vssun, Winston786,Woohookitty, Xufanc, YellowMonkey, Ἀλέξανδρος ὁ Μέγας, 131 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Blank.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Blank.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bastique, Chlewey, ChrisDHDR, It Is Me Here, Jed, Paradoctor,Patrick, Penubag, Rocket000, Roomba, Timeroot, TintazulFile:Indian Kadamba Empire map.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Indian_Kadamba_Empire_map.svg  License: unknown  Contributors: LX, Planemad, Roland zh,1 anonymous editsImage:Halmidi OldKannada inscription.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Halmidi_OldKannada_inscription.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: en:User:Dineshkannambadi Original uploader was Dineshkannambadi at en.wikipediaFile:Coin of Kadamba king Sri Manarashi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Manarashi.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Rani nurmaiFile:Coin of Kadamba king Sri Dosharashi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Coin_of_Kadamba_king_Sri_Dosharashi.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Rani nurmaiFile:Sri-manarashi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Sri-manarashi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Rani nurmaiFile:Kannada legend of Sri-dosharashi.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kannada_legend_of_Sri-dosharashi.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0  Contributors: Rani nurmaiImage:Doddagaddavalli Lakshmidevi temple1 retouched.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Doddagaddavalli_Lakshmidevi_temple1_retouched.JPG  License: GNUFree Documentation License  Contributors: User:Sagredo, user:Dineshkannambadi

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