8/14/2014 KALYAN SIR: ATMOSPHERE

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ATMOSPHERE

KALYANSIR.COM

THE ATMOSPHERE:

We know:

ü That the Oxygen is the life breath of human beings.

ü That the plants take Carbon dioxide and live.

ü That there is an ozone layer in the atmosphere that

protects us from the Ultra-Violet rays coming from the

Sun.

ü Where these gases are present?

ü These are present in surroundings of the earth and it

is called atmosphere.

The Components of Atmosphere

ü Nitrogen – 78.0 %

ü Oxygen - 21.0 %

Today's Question Click Here

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ü Argon – 0.93%

ü Carbon dioxide – 0.03%.

ü Neon – 0.0018 %

ü Water vapour, dust particles, Helium, Ozone, Krypton, Xenon etc also present in the

atmosphere.

ü The Nitrogen and Oxygen are considered to be the permanent constituents of the

atmosphere.

ü Remaining gases are the variable constituents.

ü The heavier gases are concentrated in the lower parts of the atmosphere.

ü The lighter gases are concentrated in the upper layers of the atmosphere.

ü The Nitrogen gas is important for vegetative growth.

ü The Nitrogen gas is also helpful for combustion.

ü The Carbon dioxide gas absorbs the heat from the Sun and the earth.

ü CO2 is a major nutrient for plants.

ü High concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere leads to the Greenhouse effect.

STRUCTURE (LAYERS) OF ATMOSPHERE

The atmosphere is divided into 5 layers.

Troposphere

Stratosphere

Mesosphere

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Ionosphere

Exosphere

The 5 layers are divided into 2 groups.

ü Homo sphere: (The composition of gases is almost similar)

ü Troposphere

ü Stratosphere

ü Mesosphere

ü Hetero sphere: (The composition of gases is not similar)

ü Ionosphere

ü Exosphere

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TROPOSPHERE:

ü This is the lowermost layer in the atmosphere.

ü We live in this layer.

ü The height of troposphere at the equator is 16 km.

ü The height of troposphere at the poles is 8 km.

ü This layer accounts for water vapor and dust particles.

ü This layer also accounts for most of the CO2.

ü The temperature decreases with the increase of height

ü The Tropo pause separates the Troposphere with the Stratosphere.

STRATOSPHERE:

ü This is the second layer in the atmosphere.

ü The Ozone layer is present in this layer. (Please remember).

ü Ozone layer is present 25 to 30 km above the surface of the earth.

ü This zone is called ozonosphere.

ü The temperature is very high as this layer absorbs the UV rays.

ü Air pockets are absent in this layer.

ü There is an absence of water vapour in this layer.

ü The layer is calm and clear.

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ü This layer provides the better visibility to the pilots.

ü This layer is suitable for the high speed jet flights.

ü The temperature increases with the increase of height

ü This layer is present up to 50 km.

ü The Chlorofluro-carbons are responsible for the depletion of the Ozone layer.

ü This is called Ozone hole.

MESOSPHERE:

ü This is the 3rd layer.

ü This is a transitional layer.

ü This layer is present up to 80 km.

ü This layer is considered to be the coldest layer.

ü The temperature decreases with the increase of height.

IONOSPHERE:

ü This is the 4th layer in the atmosphere.

ü This is an electrically conducting layer.

ü They reflect the radio waves back to the earth.

ü The Ionosphere helps in radio communication.

ü This layer acts as a protective layer against meteorites. (Meteorites are burnt in this

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layer).

ü The height is up to 400 km.

EXOSPHERE:

ü This is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

ü The extent or the boundary of this layer is not clear.

Miscellaneous:

ü The earth receives heat from the sun and is called insolation.

ü The surface of the earth receives the heat at the rate of 1.94 calories per Sq.cm per

minute.

ü The vast amount of energy coming to and leaving the earth is called radiation.

ü The Sun radiation is in the form of short waves.

ü Radiation from the earth is called terrestrial radiation.

ü The terrestrial radiation is in the form of long waves.

ü What is the average temperature of the earth?

ü This remains constant because of the incoming and outgoing radiation. This is called heat

budget.

ü The heat budget is not uniform throughout the earth.

ü Up to 400 latitude the amount of solar radiation is received is high than it is lost to space.

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ü Above the 400 latitude the amount of radiation received is less than it is lost.

ü Aurora is a luminous phenomenon observed in the atmosphere in the high altitude

regions.

ü The Aurora is produced by the entry of the charged particles from the sun into the

earth’s magnetic field and occurs at a height of 100 km.

ü The Aurora are visible in high latitudes of both northern and southern hemispheres.

ü The Aurora of northern hemisphere is called Aurora Borealis.

ü The Aurora of southern hemisphere is called

Aurora Australis.

AURORA BOREALIS

AURORA AUSTRALIS

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ü Weather primary elements are Temperature, Humidity and Wind.

ü Weather changes from time to time.

ü The climate is the average of daily changing weather conditions over a long period of

time.

ü The proportion of incident solar radiation reflected from the surface of the earth is called

albedo.

ü The earth receives only 1/2000 millionth part of the total energy emitted by the sun.

ü Most of the energy emitted by the sun is not received by the earth because of

absorption, scattering and reflection.

ü Depending on the temperature distribution the globe can be divided into three

temperature zones.

1. Torrid Zone or Tropical zone: The temperature remains high. This is 23 ½ 0 N

and 23 ½ 0 S.

2. Temperate Zone: The temperature remains moderate.

3. Frigid Zone (Polar regions): The temperature remains low.

ü Isotherms: The lines joining places with same temperature.

ü Atmospheric pressure is the column of air extending vertically over a given area on

the earth’s surface.

ü Atmospheric pressure is measured by Barometer.

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ü Aneroid Barometers are the modern barometers that do not make use of any liquids.

BAROMETER

ANEROID BAROMETER

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ü Barograph is an instrument that records the atmospheric pressure continuously.

ü Wind: The air moving in a definite direction.

ü Air always moves from the area of high pressure to the low pressure area.

ü Easterly winds: Blows from East to west.

ü Westerly winds: Blows from West to East.

ü Doldrums or Variable winds: 50 N and S.

ü Trade Winds: 50 to 300 N and S. They blow

from North to South in the Northern hemisphere and South to North in the southern

hemisphere.

ü Horse latitudes: Between 300 and 400 N and S.

ü Westerly winds: Between 350 and 600 N and S.

ü Westerly’s in the southern hemisphere also called Roaring forties, Furious fifties and

Screaming sixties.

KALYANSIR.COM

BAROGRAPH

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