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The Australian Centre for Egyptology: Reports 8
THE TETI CEMETERYAT SAQQARA
Volume I
The Tombs of Nedjet-em-pet, Ka-aper and Others
---//
N. Kanawati and A. Hassan
With contributions by P. Bentley, A. Cavanagh, N. Charoubim,A. McFarlane, S. Shafik. K. Sowada, E. Thompson, N. Victor
,:r-'
F.l|?
THE TETI CEMtrTtrRYAT SAQQARA
Volume I
The Tombs of Nedjet-em-pet, Ka-aper and Others
r!.! 1 .: '' /' ) J i i ; . i r ' ' '
.l ii-1 ' '
,a.,.,'' ' ("ii,, The Australian Centre
Reports: 8
for Egyptology
THE TETI CEMETERYAT SAQQARA
Volume I
The Tombs of Nedjet_em_pet, Ka_aper and Others
N. Kanawati and A. Hassan
With contributions ?V J Bentley, A. Cavanagh, N. Charoubrm,A. McFarlane, S. Shafik, K- S;i;;u,-E. Thonlpson, N. Victor
Austral ian Centre l-or EgyptologySydney. I 996
-
@ N. Kanawoti and A.ISBN:
Hasscrn 1996. All rights reservedI -86108-2s9-3
Published by: The Au,strctliun Centre.fbr EgyptologyMacquarie University, North Rytle, N.S.ly. 2109, Australia
Printed by: Adept Printing Pty. Ltd.I3 Clements Avenne, Bnnkstotvn, N.S.W. 2200, Austrul.ia
Distributed by: Aris tmd Phillips Lttl.Church Street, Wunninster, Wilts, Englcrnd
CONTENTS
PREFACE
ABBREVIATIONS
THE MASTABA OF NEDJET-EM.PET
THE BURIAL OF IBI
THE MASTABA OF KA.APER
INSCRIBED OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
APPENDIX: THE MASTABA oF GEREF/ITJI
INDEX
PLATES
l l
3 l
35
53
69
75
17
.5
2
3 .
Gcneral view of thc ccmetcry to thc north ofTet i ' s pyramidLocation of rccent cxcavations to thc norih
o1 'Tc t i ' s pyramtdNcdjet-cm-pct(a ) Ent rance. l in te l(b) Entrancc, drum(c) Roont I . north wil l lNcdjet-crn-pct and Ibi(a ) Ib i , la lsc doors ( room IV . Ned jc t -e n t -pc t )(b ) Ned jc t -em-pet . room V ' nor th wa l l(c) Ncdjet-cnr-pct. shaft 6Nedjct-crn-pet. roorn V. l 'alse doorNedjct-em-pet. room V, north wall (detai l)
Ncdjet-cm-pct. toorn V. north wall (dctai l)
Ncdjet-cm-pct, sarcoPhagus(a) In tc r io r(b ) In te r io r , s idc 2 (dc ta i l )
Nedjct-em-pet. skelctal rctnains in thc
sarcopnagu s
3 9. Necl jct-crn-pet(a ) Ent rance, l in tc l(b) Entrancc, clrum(c) Entrancc to room l l l , rvest cloort h i c k n e s s(d) Roorn l , wcst wall(c ) Roorn I . nor th wa l l
40. Ncdjct-crn-pct. r t)or11 V, l 'alsc cloor,1 I . Ncdjet-crn-pet, room V
(a) North rval l(b ) Fragmcnts
42. Ncdjct-ern-pcl, room V, north rval l (dctai l),13. Necl jct-crn-pct, sarcophagus intcrior
(hand coPY)(a) S ide I(b ) S idc 2(c) Sidc 3
PLATES
+ + .
4 6 .1 1
4 u .,19.
5 0 .
4 .
5 .6 .' 7 .
a1 .
9 .
I 0. Ncdjct-cm-pct. f indsI l . Ncd je t -c rn-pe t . f indsI 2 . Ib i ( room IV . Ned jc t -e tn -Pet )
(a) Southcrn false door(b) Northcrn l-alsc dotir
I 3 . Ib i and Ka-aPer . f indsI zl . Thc mastaba ol ' Ka-apcr, gencral vicwI 5. Ka-aper, ct l tr i lnceI 6. Ka-apcr, cntrance, north . iamhI 7. Ka-apcr, el)trancc. north - iamb (dctai l)
I E. Ka-aPcr, cntrancc( r t ) N o l l h t h i c k t t c s :(b ) Nor th th ickness (de ta i l )
I 9. Ka-aper, cntrancc(a) South th ickncss(b) South th ickncss (dc ta i l )
2 0 . Ktr-aper, rr lotn I I I , lalsc doot '21 . Ka-apcr , roon i l l l , fa lse door n iche ' nor th
t h i c k n e s s22. Ka-apcr, roonl I I I , [alse door niche
(a) South th ickness(b) South jamb
23. Ka-apcr . s i r rcoPhagus
1 1
2 5 .2 6 .2 1 .2 t t .2 9 .3 0 .3 1 .3 2 .3 3 .- ) + .
3 5 .3 6 .3 7 .3 lJ .
(a ) S idc 3(b) S ide IInscribed objccts. 1'alsc doorsInscr ibed ob jcc ts . fa lsc doorsInscr ibed ob jcc ts . o l ' l c r ing tab lesInscribecl objccts, ol-f 'cr ing tablcsInscribed l-ragmcll tsInscr ibcd l ra -umcntslnscribed fragmentsInscr ibed l ragmcntsInscribcd fragmcntsInscribed l ' ragnlcntsInscribcd iragmcntsGercf, false doorNcd je t -cm-pet , P lansNcdjct-ern-Pet, scct lonsNcdjet-crn-pet. sections
Nedjct-cm-pct, l . indslbi (room lV. Ned.ict-cm-Pct)(a) Southcrn l 'alse door(b) Northcrn l 'alsc doorIbi and Ka-rpcr, l - indsKa-apcr. pl ln and scctionKa-aper . scc t ionsKa-apcr, t :ntnutcc(a) South ja rnb(h) Nor th jambKa-aper, cntrancc(a) South th ickncss(b) Nor th th ickncssKa-uper, room l l l . l 'alse doorKa-apcr, room III , sides of false door
5 l5 2
(a ) South(b) Nor th
5 3. Ka-aper. room l l l , l 'alsc door niche( a ) S o u t h t h i c k n e s s(b) Nor th th ickness
54. Ka-apcr, roorrr l l l , I 'alsc door niche(a) South iamb(b) Nor th jamb
55. Ka-apcr , sarcophagus(a) L id , s idc I(b) Siclc I(c ) S idc 3(d) S ide 1 , in te r io r
-56 . lnscr ibcd ob jcc ts , s t6 lc n ia ison(a) FaEadc(b) I lack(c ) End
57. Inscr ibc t l ob jcc ts , fa lse doors5 8. lnscribcd objccts, of ' l 'er in-u tablcs59. lnscribcd l ' ragtncnts( r0 . Inscr ibed f ragntcn ts61. Inscr ibed l ' rag t t tcn ts( r2 . Inscr ibed f ragmcnts6 3 . Inscribcd l ' ragme nts6'1. Inscribecl fragmcnts(r5. Gcrcf. falsc door
PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The reign of Teti and the early Sixth Dynasty repl 'esent an interesting anclir.nportant period in Egyptian history which witncssed rel igious and administrativcreforms, fore ign act iv i t ies, unusual events in the palacc and rnajor ar t is t icachievements. However, our understanding of this period is restricted dr-re to theincomplete excavations and/or documcntation of the Teti Cemetery. While some ofthe brilliantly decorated mastabas to the north of the pyrantid of Teti are accessibleor at least available to scholars in publications, other eqr-rally important mastabasremain part ly or total ly unpublishcd. In addit ion, an important section of thiscemetery has never been investigated and lies uncler a mound o[ sand and deblisresulting fiom earlier excavations (see Pl. 1).
The present excavation to the north of Teti 's pyrarrid is a.joint projcct of theAustralian Centre for Egyptology and the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities.Its aims are: a) to carry out an archaeological survey of the cet.netery of Teti and tcrproduce a detailed map with tomb locations; b) to excavate the area deflned on theeast by the temenos wall of the pyrarnicl of Quecn lpr-rt. on the west by the mastabaof Shepsi-pu-Ptah and on the sor-rth by the mastaba of Ncl-er-seshern-Ptah; c) toful ly publish the results of our excavations as wcll as complete reports of certainknown mastabas in this area which have not reccivecl the attention they descrve; d)to undertake a synthesis stucly o1'the material fhm this ccmetery pertaining to theOld Kingdom as well as later periods. This wil l include a detai led cxamination ol-the human remains, DNA analysis, carbon dating of certain organic materials and astudy of the ceramics and other objccts discovercd.
The expedi t ion began i ts work in 1994 lv i th two seasons, May-June andNovember-December. A third season was conducted in November-December199-5. The current volume records al l thc Old Kingdom tombs and f inds so larcleared. The level above these tombs contained nllmcrous burials of latcr periodswhich belonged to modest officials and their families. Material fiom these burialswill appezr in a separate volume now in preparation.
In 1995 a grid system was intrclduced which divided the cun'ent excavation siteinto squares of 5m. x 5m. taking thc north-east corner of the mastaba of Kt-gnt-rt.jas a start ing point to the grid. Beginning with the square closest to that mastaba,the divisions on the N-S l ine were given alphabetical lctters start ing with A, whilethe divisions on thc E-W line were assigned arabic numerals starting with l. Fron-r1995 all finds were located on this grid.
In recording ceramic objects, a number of vcssels wele examined and recordecl asaccurately as possible, noting the shape, surface I'inish, decoration and technology.The colour descriptions are based on Munsell Soil Crilour Charts (reviscd ed. 1994,New York) and the fabrics are classified in accordance with the Vienna System (D.Arnold and J. Bourriau, An Introdttc'tion to Ancient Egv-ptuirt Pottery [Mainz,19931, 168). Pots were cxamined under a i0x hand lens on a fi'esh brcak, althor"rghappropriate sections were not always visible on contplete vessels. For these,approximate fabric designations are given.
Abbreviations used in the text elre as fol lows. unless otherwise noted:H = maximum height; W = maximurn width; L = maximum length; D = diameter;Th = thickness.
During the course of our work we received generous f inancial support fromvarious institutions without which this pro.ject cor"rld nevcr have been accomplished.Our most sincere appreciation is extended to the Naitional Geographic Society, theEgyptian Supreme Council of Antiquit ies, thc Austral ian Research Council ,Macquarie University and the Rundle Foundation fbr Egyptian Archaeology.
The continued and valr,rnble cooperation of the Egyptian Supreme Council ofAntiquities is gratefully acknowlcdged. In this respect special thanks are extendedto the Chairman. Professor Dr. Abd el-Halirn Nour el-Din, and to the DirectorGeneral of Giza and Saqqara, Dr. Zahi Hawass. Thernks are also due to theDirectors of Antiquities at Seiqqara, Mr Yehya Eid and now Mr. Mohamed Hagras,and to the inspectorate personnel for their support and help. We are mostappreciative of the compctent and unsparing assistance received from ouraccompanying inspectors, Mr Nour el-Din Abd el-Samad and Mr. Ezat el-Gendi,who greatly facilitated our field work.
A very dedicated team assisted on site and it is a pleasure to acknowledge theirindividLral roles and contributions. Dr. Ade I Abd el-Aziz (Fayr-rm), Miss TrerceyCallaghan, Mr. Paul Cowie and Miss Jane Roy (Macquarie University) acted asfield supervisors. The epigraphic work was carried out by Dr. Ann McFarlane,Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson (Macquarie University) and Mr. Sarneh Shafik (Sohag).The f inds were recorded by Ms. Karin Sowada (University of Sydney), and thehuman remains by Mr. Paul Bentley (Macquaric University). Mr. Alan Cavanaghand Mrs. Delma Cavanagh (Newcastle) took charge o1'the surveying and thearchitectural measurements. Mrs. Gael Callaghan and Miss Tracey Callaghan(Macquarie Univcrsity) wcre responsible lor the conservation work.
We would like to express our deep appreciation to all who were involvcd in thepreparat ion of th is repor t . Mr . Paul Bent ley (Macquar ie Univers i ty) wasresponsible for writ ing the scction on hurnan remains and Dr. Ann McFarlanc(Macquar ie Univers i ty) for the arch i tectura l descr ip t ions and the co lourconventions. Ms. Karin Sowada (University of Sydncy) wrote the sections onfinds and drew the pottery. The final line drawings of the scenes and inscriptionswere executed by Mr. Nabil Charoubim (Cairo) and Mr. Sarneh Shaflk (Sohag).The architectural drawings are the work of Mr. Alan Cavanagh and Mr. Kas Sroka,(Cashmere Marler & Cavanagh, Newcastle) and of Mr. Naguib Victor (Sydney).The photographs were provided by Mr. Mr-rstafa Abd el-Maqsud and Mr. Nasser el-Din Abd el-Monem (Egyptian Mnseurn, Cairo). Thc l lnal artwork fbr this volumcwas prepared by Mrs. Joan Pollctt and Mrs. Elizabeth Thompson (MacquarieUniversity). The manuscript was ecl i tcd, with assistance f iom Miss Joan Bcck, Dr.Desmond Bright, Mrs. Joan Pollett and Mrs. Elizabcth Thompson, and producedfbr printing by Dr. Ann McFarlane.
Nacuib Kanawati and Hassan
ABBREVIATIONS
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THE MASTABA OF NEDJET.EM.PET
THE TON{B OWNERAND HER FAMILY
The Tomb Owner
NAMES
l- Ndt-m-pf I 'Nedjet-en1-pet' . The name may mean'a gift from heaven' or 'onewho is protected from heaven'.2 The samc name is describcd as rn.s <t 'her
great name' in the inscriptions on side I o1 the sarcophagus.2- T j t3'Tit ' , or T j t i+ 'Ttt ' .
TITLES
l- hm(t)-ntr Nt mhtjt jnb.s upt rrrut 'prtestess of Neith, north of her wetl l ,opener of the ways'. Neith is occasionally described as 'north of the wall ' ,5 or'opener of the ways',6 br-rt the combintrtion of the two epithets is uncommon.T
2- hnt(t)-ntr flrut-hr nbt nht'priestess of Hathor, lady of the sycatmore'.83- rlt nsrut'acquaintance of the king'.u
The name Nit-nt-pt is rare. It is carried, for example, at Giza by the wives ofZtufrt and Mru-kr.7,ll and by the mother of Mrtw-<t1b.t2 An abridged form, Ndf-pf, is attested fbr the daughter of <rrb, also of Giza,l3 who is probably earlie_r thanthe abovementioned examples.l4 More importantly, in the mastaba of Mrruu-k;.7 hismother is depicted with the name Ndf-tt-pt and the beautiful name ryf.t: Theinfrequency of the name and the beautiful name and the location of Nit-m-pt'smastaba near that of Mrrurkr.7's in the Teti Cemetery, leaves little doubt that theowner was Mrrzu-kt.j's mother. It is noticecl that in her son's tomb N|t-m'pt tsonly given the title rbt nswt, while his wif-e held the priesthoods of both Hatlror
I
23456'l
5
9
l 0
l l
l 2l 3l 4
Rirnke. Pe rsotrettnanten l, 21 5:'/.For a cliscussion sce .lunker, Giza 5, 152.Ranke. Personennunren l, 318 19.I b i d . 3 7 8 : 2 5 .Sce for cxample Junker, Cizu 2, 162; vo l . 6 .244, l ' ig . 104; Ducl l , Mereruko, p l . 46.
Junke r , G i za3 .20 ( t -201 ; vo l . 4 ,7 ; vo l . 8 ,72 ; Kanawa t i cLa l . .Snqqa ra 1 .p I . 36 .
As in Lepsius. Denknt t i ler I I , 87; Junkcr . Giza 4,1.For a study of thc pr iesthood o[ 'Hathor sec Gi l lanr , . IARCE 32 I1995] . 2 l9 l ' i .
Brunncr , SAK I |9741, 58f ' f ' ; F ischer . Var iu,8 n.15.Hassan, Giza 5, 251 , 259.Junke r , G i za 9 .70 -83 , f i gs . 23 . 38 ; F i sche r , M IO 1 [ 19601 . 310 -12 .Tomb No. 7766 (infbrmation courtcsy of the Muscurn of Fine Arts. Boston).
Junker, Gizt t 5 , 152. l ' ig . 44.Thc type of chair used by thc tonrb owncr ancl his wil-c ancl shown on the pancl ol 'thc lalsc
cloor (ibici, i ig. 4-5), with bull 's legs and thc cushion bu1 no back, woulcl suggest an early date.For thc latter detail see Cherpion, Mosldbds et ltt '1tog(e.r,28.Duel l . Mererukt , p ls . 150. l -59. l6 l . 166-67.
l l
l 5
NEDJET_EM_PET
and Neith.l6 J[ is, however, does not mean that the mother did not enjoy thesetitles at the time, but may indicate an emphasis on the position of Mrrw-b.7's wife,who was a 'king's daughter of his body' and who is regularly depicted in front ofhim while the mother is behind him.
The Husband of Nedjet-em-pet
It has been suggested that Nit-m-pt, the mother of Mrru-ki./, was possibly thesame as the wife of Mrw-kt.j of Grza.lT Had the name of the latter's eldest sonsurvived in his tomb, it would have strengthened such a likely identification.
The Son of Nedjet-em-pet
Mrrw-kt. j tS'Mereruka'. The name is not preserved among the few inscript ionssurviving in the tomb of Ndt-m'pt. However, since she appears as his mothel inMrrw-kt.j's large nearby mastaba,le the kinship is safely established.
The Daughter of Nedjet-em-pet
Httt-R<20'Hemet-Re'. She is depicted on the north wall of room V, clasping hermother's legs. A fragment recovered from the debris below the scene, which maywell belong to her, reads: [ztt.s?] sttsttt(t) jnufuu(t) I lntt-R<'her cldest daughtcr,the honoured one, Hemet-Re'.
The Daughter-in-law of Nedjet-em-pet
Zizitzt'Seshseshet'. Fragments recovered fiorn the debris in room V show thehead of a woman and at least three vertical lines of inscriptions above her, eachending wrth rn.s nfr Zizit 'her beautiful narne, Seshseshet' . As this name is notattr ibuted to Ndt-tn-pt on her own lalse door <-tr in Mrrru-kt. j 's tomb, i t seemslikely that this is a representation of the royal princ ess, Mrrul-kt.7's own wife. Thetwo women appear frequently together in the latter's tomb,22 and it is possible thatMrrzu-kt.jand his wife were also depicted in his ntother's chapel.
II DATING OF NEDJET-EM.PET
As stated above, NQt-m-pt was almost certainly Mrru-ks.j 's mother and wasdepicted in his tomb. Ndt-nt-pt's mastaba is situated immediately east of that ofSpsj-pw-Pth,23 and to the north-east of that of Kt-gnt-n7, opening in the samenorth-south street as the latter.24 The main mastabas in this cemetery appear to have
l 6 t b i d , p l s . 4 6 , 8 8 , l 5 0 .l1 Harpur, Decorotion, 14.I 8 Ranke, Personennamen l, 162:27 .I 9 Duell, Mereruka,2 vols., passim.20 Ranke, Personennanten |,240:5.2 t l b i c t , 298 : t .22 Ducl l , Mereruka, p ls . 150, 159, l6 l , 166-6723 Abder-Raziq, Milanges 2, 2l()f l.24 Porter - Moss, Bibliography' 3. pl. -52.
12
NEDJET-EM-PET
been built during the reign of Teti, although some were presumably completedunder Pepy I.25 Two mastabas lying immedjately to the west of that of NQt-m-ptshould be considered. The first belongs to Spsj-pru-Pth26 who, like Mrrw-kt.j,27Kt-gm-n.j28 and N/r-sim-Pth,2e was married to a woman with the designation ofztt nswt nt futfo who might be a daughter or a descendant of king Teti. Spsj-pw-Pth probably belongs to the reign of Teti.3l The second mastaba, dated to the samereign, is that of the overseer of Upper Egypt Nj-ktw-lzzj32 who is probably thesame individual mentioned in the decree of Teti at Abydos.33
Suggested date: Reign of Teti, probably late.
ilI ARCHITECTURAL FEATURES
Pls.36-38.
The tomb of Ndt-m-pf covers a large area and is composed of an entrancevestibule, an open couft, a corridor or stairway to the roof and a small antechamberwhich leads to the offering chamber. Other than blocks of limestone forming theentrance doorway, the false door and elements of the false door niche in the offeringchapel, the mastaba is constructed of black mud brick incorporating small stonesand pieces of pottery. The upper part is missing and nothing remains of the vaultedmud-brick ceilings which presumably roofed the rooms. Few of the internal wallsare preserved above 1.20m., so no heights of walls, ceilings or doorways can beprovided. The surface of the base rock on which the mastaba is constructed is quiteuneven, and a fill of gravel and sand to level the floor is visible in the offeringchamber and in the area surrounding the main shaft. The brick wall between roomsIII and V as well as the side walls of the main shaft extend approximately .75m.beneath the floor level of the mastaba.
The streets along the west and north walls were both extensively used for laterburials and there is also evidence of intrusive shafts in the tomb itself. In the opencourt and corridor areas are remains of walls constructed with a mixture of stone,undressed chunks of l imestone and mud brick, most of which were probablyconnected with intrusive shafts. The reconstruction of the original plan ishypothetical but the exclusion of some shafts has been based on several factors.Unlike the retaining walls of the main shaft which rise only .20m. above the presentfloor level, the side walls of others in room III remain to a height up to 1.00m.above the mastaba floor, and interrupt access from room I to room IV and theoffering chamber (room V) which suggest a later use of the area when rubble and
25 Kanawati etal.,Saqqara I, i0; Lloyd etal.,suqqAraTontbs 2, passirn.26 Quibcll - Hayter, Teti Nortlt,20-23; Abcler-Raziq, Milcmges2,2l9lf.27 Duell, Mereruka, pls. 21, 46, 51, 64,83, 96.28 von B i ss ing , Gem-n i - ka i I , p l . 21 .29 Capart, Rue rie totnbeaux 2, pls. 9l-93.3 0 Abder-Raziq , Mdlanges 2,221 |-ig. 4,221 l ' ig. 6.3 l F o r a d a t c i n t h e m i d d l c o l ' D y n a s t y 6 o r l a t e r s c c P o r t e r - M o s s , B i b t i o g r a p h y ' 3 , - 5 l t 3 ; B a e r ,
Rank and Ti t le , l l U 68Al .32 The mastaba remains unpublishcd. Scc Kanawati ct al., Saqqara 1,8-9.33 Goedicke, Kc)n ig l iche Dokuntente,3T-40, f ig .3; Jarnes, Hierogl tpt t ic Ter t .g 1,33, p l .31.
l 3
NEDJET_EM-PET
debris may have filled, at least partly, the courtyard. Some brick courses have alsointruded on and damaged the original walls, as has the rnouth of the shaft of /b/which was cut under and into the east wall of room IV. Five shafts al igned E-Walong the southem part of the mastaba rnay be assumed to be contemporary with theoriginal bui lding, as they are designed within the structural walls and apparentlyreached by an adjacent flight of stairs to the roof.
Like the east wall of the mastaba of Spsj-ptu-Pth on the opposite side of the samestreet,34 the west and north faEades of Ndt-nrpf 's tomb were decorated with apanell ing of plain compound nichcs. Constructed in brick, they havc an averagewidth of .45-.55m. and a depth at the central niche o1' .25-.27n. Several of theniches retain fragments of a whitewash which covered a coat of n-rud plaster boundwith straw, and it is possible that both faEade walls received thc same treatment.Five of these niches are clearly visible on the wcst wall ancl thrce at the western endof the north wall. In the less lvell preserved eastern part of the north wall, againstwhich later shafts were constructed, can be dist inguished the remains of two orthree other niches.
The dimensions of the mastaba's superstructure are I 1.75m. N-S x 9.60m. E-W.Although a section of the faEade north of the entrance sti l l stands to 2.35m., theoriginal height of the external walls cannot be determined. Tlie entrance to Ndt-rtt-pf 's tomb, like many others in this part of the Teti cetnetery, was placed at thesouthern end of the fagade. The walls on either side are darnaged and therefore nolines or measurements of the entrance doorway can be provided. However, foundduring the excavation of shaft 8, which lies at the SW corner of the mastaba just
south of the entrance, were parts of a l imestone l intel, 1.054m. wide x .16m.high,3-5 and drum, .40m. wide x.l35m. thick. Both are inscribed for Ndt-m-1ttand undoubtedly are elements of the entrance doorway.
The doorway leads into room I, a snall chamber 2.4Am. N-S x 2.50m. E-Wwhich apparently served as an entrance vestibule. Al l walls received a coat ofbrown mud plaster which was overlaid with a yellow taf-el plaster mixed with strawand then given a thin layer of creamy whitewash. The NW corner of the roon isreasonably well-preserved, standing to a height of 2.10m., and the west and northwalls retain a small portion of scenes outlined in red paint. At the south end of theeast wall is a doorway .50m. wide x .53m. thick within which are preserved twosteps .15-.20m. in height constructed ol brick ancl plastered. The doorway leads toa long, narrow 'corridor', room II, which extends to the external east wall of themastaba and may originally have housed stairs leading to the roof. It measures5.25m. E-W x 1.05m. N-S. Between the south walls of rooms I and II and theexternal south wall are five square shafts, separated by walls of mud brick, whichprobably date to the original construction.
At the east end of the north wall of room I a recess 1.00m. wide x.l5m. deepdefines a doorway .65m. wide x .35m. thick, with fragments of painted decorationpreserved on the west door thickness. The doorway opens into room III, a large
34 Quibell - Haytcr, Teti35 At Giza the normal
Attenclants,l5).
North.20-23.maximum span o l 'a s inglc archi t ravc is 1.20-1.50rn. (Roth, Pct l r tce
l 4
NEDJET-EM-PET
area which was probably an open court. Irregular in shape, it measures 2.60m.N-S on the west wall x 4.10m. on the east wall x 6.75m. E-W on the north walland 5.25m. on the south wall. There are traces of white plaster on the west, southand north walls but no evidence of any decoration. Cut into the floor of this court,contiguous with the north wall, is the large mouth of a shaft giving access to theowner's buriai apartment. Two srnaller shafts cut into the rock are located in the SEpart of the cour-t, and the remains of brick walls standing to nearly a metre above thefloor suggest that there may have been other, intmsive, burials.
A narrow doorway at the eastern extremity of the north wall of the court, .45m.wide x .60m. thick, is defined on the north by a recess .85m. wide x .15m. deep.The doorway leads to room IV, a small antechamber which measures 2.05m. N-S x1.65m. E-W. The west and north walls retain evidence of plaster and red paint ofthe dado. Two small false doors inscribed for an official named lbj were placedadjacent to each other at the south end of the west wall, and an intrusive shaft cutunder and into the length of the east wall.
From this antechamber access is gained to the offering chamber (room V) througha doorway at the north end of the west wall. It is .57m. wide x .38m. thick and isdefined on the west by a recess .85m. wide x .17m. deep. Both thicknesses retainsome plaster and on the north side are the remains of a painted scene. The offeringchamber measures 4. l5m. E-W x 2.05m. N-S. Traces of plaster and paint remainon the lower part of the east wall and fragments of two figures and the dado on thelargely destroyed south wall, while the better preserved north wall retains a goodportion of the painted scenes in the two lower registers. Set into the west wall ofroom V is a large inscribed l imestone false door, 1.60m. wide and 2.62m.high,which has a cavetto cornice and three pairs of jambs. The measurements of thedoor are: upper l intel L2lm. x .22m.; central panel .385m. square with sideaper tu res each .06m. w ide , l ower l i n te l . 52m. x . l 9m. ; d rum. l lm . x . l 0m. ; ou te rjambs .21m. x 1.96m.; middle jambs .16- .17m. x l . l2m. , inner jambs .20m. xLl5m.; central niche 1.00m. x . l lm. On either side is preserved one course oflarge limestone blocks, .20m. wide and .455m. high, which formed the side wallsof the false door niche, i ts f loor having a stone paving l0-.15m. high across theentire width. Placed on the stone floor in front of the false door rs a htp offeringtable .98m. wide x .34m. deep x .225m. high in the western part and .26m. deep x.20m. high in the eastern part.
IV BURIAL APARTMENTS
Pls.4c, 37, 38.
The main shaft is cut into the floor of the open court (room III). In the SE sectionof the court two smaller shafts with burial apartments have brick retaining wallsabove the floor level and may have been constructed at a later time when themastaba was no longer accessible. Other brick walls in the court may belong to twoother shafts which have no burial chamber and probably were either unfinished ornot very deep. Another burial apartment is in room IV along the east wall. Fivevertical shafts, two with burial apartments, are situated between the south walls ofrooms I and II and the south wall of the mastaba. Separated above the rock level by
t - )
NEDJET-EM-PET
walls built of brick, these may have been part of the original construction withaccess probably from the roof. It is suspected that the area between the west wallsof rooms III and V and the west faqade wall may include other shafts. No attemptwas made to clear this area below a height of approximately 1.00m. above themastaba floor as such excavations could have undermined the larse false door andthe fragile west and norlh walls of the courl.
From the burial apartment of Nflt-m-pf were recovered jars, jar stands and bowlsof pottery, numerous model jars anddishes of limestone, as well as several items ofalabaster and copper. Three pots were recovered from the shaft I I in room IV (seeBurial of Ibi) but none of the other nine shafts yielded any finds.
I . Unlike most of the burial apartments in the Teti cemetery which were accessedfrom the roof of the mastaba, the shaft leading to the burial apaftment of Ndt-m-pf is located in an open courlyard within the mastaba. The mouth of the shaft,which occupies a good portion of the floor area of room III, measures 2.15m.N-S x 2.25m. E-W. As the bedrock surface here falls considerably below thefloor level of the mastaba, the uppermost part of the shaft has retaining walls, ca.10-75m. high, constructed of mud bdsft.36 The walls of the shaft cut throughthe rock become nanower and twist slightly as they descend vertically to a depthof 14.60m. At the shaft floor the walls measure 1.65m. on the north, 1.85m.on the east and 1.30m. on the south. The entire west wall and a good portion ofthe north and south walls are cut away to provide an opening 2.45m. wide x2.25m. high which enabled a large sarcophagus to be manipulated into positionin the burial chamber. This chamber is not cut at right angles to the shaft or tothe mastaba but is closely aligned to the Saqqara Grid North. The ceiling, floorand west walls are quite evenly cut, although not smoothed, while the north andsouth walls have rough surfaces. The burial apartment measures 5.50m. N-Son the east side and 4.65m. at the west wall x 3.75m. E-W on the north walland 3.20m. on the south wall x2.25m. high. A recess or ledge along the ful llength of the west wall has a si l l height of 1.40m., a depth of . l lm. and aheight of .80m.37
Placed in front of, and aligned with, the west wall is a massive limestonesarcophagus, its head end lying just beneath the false door in the offeringchamber (room V). The chest measures externally 2.94m. long x 1.35m. wideat the top and 1.39m. wide at the bottom x 1.20m. high. The side walls areapproximately .28m. thick, and the internal measurements are 2.25m.long x.75m. wide x .80m. high. The l id, st i l l in place, is 3.20m. long x 1.38m. widex .45m. thick. The exterior of the sarcophagus, reasonably well cut but notsmoothed, has no decoration. The interior walls are well finished and a singlehorizontal line of text between two register lines is inscribed on the head andtwo side walls. Outlined in black paint, the signs were given a coat of creamwash but details were neither carved nor painted. Near the head end on the east
In shafis at Giza walls constructed above thc bedrock are generally of stonc, and rarcly ol 'mud
br ick ( ib id, 18) .It has been suggested that a similar recess in thc burial charnber of ,nb-nt-r-Hr servcd as ashelf on which to rest the l id unti l thc sarcophagus was ready to bc scalcd (Firth - Gunn, i 'etlPyr. Cent. l. 16).
3 6
3 7
l 6
2.
3 .
NEDJET-EM-PET
side of the chest a break made bv robbers has rnaximum meAsllrements of .70m.x .40m.
Contiguous with the east wall of the mouth of shaft I and with the north wall ofroom I I I is a shaf i 1 .15m. sq l rare. The br ick wal ls a long the east and sor , r thsides remaincd to a height of approximatelv l .00rn. ancl thc shafi does notextend bclow the present lloor level.
Shaft 3 is cut into the courtyard f loor cl irectly !, i . ol t lrat belonging to Nit-nt-pt.I t has a mouth .92n. E-W x 1.00m. N-S and a depth of 5.00ni. At the f loor o1'the shaft an opening in thc south wall, .9-5nr. wicle x .95n. high, leacls to aburial area mcasuring .95m. E-W x 2.05nr. N-S x .9-5nr. high. The f loor ol ' theburial chamber has brokcn through thc cci l ing ol ' thc burial chambcr of shaft , lwhich lies irnmediately below.
A larger vertical shaft in the SE corner of the court with a rnouth Lzl-5nr. squarcdescends thror-rgh rock to a dcpth of-5.9-5m. whcrc an opcning in the west walll .45rn. wide x l . lOrn. high lcads to an irrcgularly shapcd br-rr ial chanrbcr. I tmeasures 2.35n-r. N-S on the east wall and 2.40m. on the west wall x l .90nr.E-W on the south wall and 1.60m. on the north wall. The ceil ing, now with abreak opening into the burial chamber of shafi 3, has a sl ight downward slopcfrorn the entrance to give a height ol ' 1.00m. along the west wall .
The eastern part of the north wall of the court appears to have been largcly cutaway in the proccss of constructing shaft -5. The brick walls of the shafi, st i l lstanding to a height of jr-rst over 1.00rn., surround a mouth.80m. square andthere is no evidence o1 cLrtting beneath the f'loor level into the base rock.
One of f ivc shafis al igned E-W rvhich are contiguous with the south wall of thernastaba, shaft 6 at thc SE, corner appeafs to have been lefi very incornplctc. Ithas a mouth 1.25m. E-W x l .30ni . N-S and a depth of 1 .80m. Uncut rock.30rn. wide x l .-50rn. high remains along the north wall, and various levels ol-cutting are evident in a section of rock .4-5m. wide along the east wall.
Directly wcst of shaft 6, shaft 7 has a mouth 1.0-5m. square and a dcpth of2.05m. In the north wall an opening .95rn. wide has a cei l ing cut at a sharpangle which slopes from a height of 1.05m. to .8-5rn. This entrance givesaccess to an irregularly shapcd burial area measllring .95n'r. E-W at the entranccand .60m. at the north wall x l .90rn. N-S, with a cei l ing sloping downward to.70m. at the north wall.
Shafi 8 has a mouth 1.30m. square and a tnaxirnum depth of 1.65m. The shaftfloor has sevelal levels and the cutting appcars unllnished. At the bottorn of theshaft were preserved thc lower four courses ol ' an oval, domcd str l lct l l reconstructed of mud brick. I t has a maximum leneth of 1.00m. and possiblvhoused a contracted burial.
4 .
9. Also unfinished, shaft t hats a rnouth l .30rn. square and a depth of 1.4-5m.Remaining along the east ernd part of the south walls, a tr iangular scction ofuncut rock has a hcisht of 1.35m.. not lar below the f irst course of brickwork.
5.
6 .
t 1
10.
[ .
NEDJET-EM-PET
In the SW corner of the mastaba, abutting the faqade wall, is a shaft with amouth 1.20m. E-W x 1.30m. N-S which is cut into the rock to a depth of2.60m. At the floor of the shaft uncut rock along the east and south sidesremains to a height of .50m. An opening in the west wall L30m. wide x
.90m. high leads to a burial errea which nteasufes 1.7-5m. N-S x .85m. E-W x
.90m. h igh.
See Burial of Ibi.
V SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS
The walls of the chapel were constructed o1-nud brick. Rooms I, [V and V were
pllstered and clecorated with scenes and inscript ions executed in painting. Both
blaster and decoration are very similar to those of Mtt i now in the Louvre
museum.3S A thick layer of plaster lormed of mud and straw was covered witrr a
layer, a I'ew millimetres thick, of yellowish argil mixed with sand and some fine,
smeill pieces of vegetable flbre. This was then coated with a thin, smooth creamy-
white wash, on which painted sce nes were executed. Most of the upper parts of the
wllls have disappeared and only in thc lowcr registers of certain sections are scenes
preserved. The area was later covered with an accumulation of sand and debris
above which a layer (approximately -50cm. high) of clean, very compact gravel was
laicl to provide a siahle foundation for a New Kingdom tomb buil t of rnud brick
walls with a pavement and some architecturatl elements of stone, most of which
have now diiappearecl. The pressure of weight on the surviving Old Kingdom
walls is evident in some areas where the mud brick has yielded and certain
horizontal registers now have a wavy, undulating appearance. The entrance lintel,
the entrance ,lru* ancl the false door in thc off-ering chamber are e ach formed of one
limestone block decorated with incised hieroglyphs and f igures, with l imited
modelling and cletails.
The Entrance
Pls. 3tt, 3b, 39u, 39b.
The Lintel: jmtlut rn nnjt jmntjt fur lnpu Ndt-tn-pt rn .. . ' the honoured one in
the western desert, before Anubis, Nedjet-em-pet, [her beautiful] name' ..' '.
The Drum: Two l ines of inscript ions read: (1) lmr(t)-ntr ".. l tm(t)-ntr Nt wpt Turut
(2) . . .ws j r Ndt-nt -pt rn .s nf r T j t ' ( l ) . . . the pr iestess of . . . , the pr iestess of
Neith, op"n"t of the ways (2) .. . Osir is, Nedjet-em-pet, her beautiful name, Tit ' .
Room I
Pls. 3c, 39c, 39d, 39e.
The decoration in this room is executed in red outline only and is now very poorly
preserved. On the north wall are the remains of the two lower registers depicting
38 Zieg.ler, Catalogue, des sti les,32-36, 123--5 l.
l 8
NEDJET-EM-PET
herdsmen leading oxen in an animal procession. Both the west wall and west doorthickness to room III retain fragmentary sccncs of ofl'cring bearers, also outlined inred.
Room V
THE DOORWAY
Only the northern thickness retains part of i ts original decoration. In each ol-thctwo lower registers arc two incompletely preservcd ofl 'cr ing bearers proceedingtowards the inside of the room (no facsirnile).
THE FALSE DOOR
Pls. 5, 40.
Set into a recess in the west wall is a monolithic l imestone door with a torusmoulding and surmounted by a cavetto cornice. It was painted red to simulategranite and the f igures and inscript ions retain some blue paint. However, thecolours are much better preserved in the lower part of the door.
The Upper Lintel: At the left is a ligure of the owner holding a lotus flower close toher nose whilc sitting on a chair with lion's legs. In fi'ont of the figure are twohorizontal ( l-2) and two vert ical (3-4) l ines ol 'hieroglyphs which read: ( l) | t tp djnswt htp lrtpzu lntj zl.t-ntr jmj zut tpj tlru.f nb t: t-lsr qrs.tj.s m ltrt-n[r (2) htTt tljnsu,t htp dj Wsjr funtj Ddru prt-furru n.s m brt lrru r< nb3e (3) jmtfuut br ntr <t (4)Ndt-m-pt rn.s nfr Tjt '(1) An offering which the king gives and an ofl'ering whichAnubis, foremost of the divine booth, who is in the embalming place, who is on hishi l l , lord of the sacred land (gives), that she be buried in the necropolis. (2) Anoffering which the king gives and an offering which Osir is, loremost of Busir isgives. May an invocation offering corre forth for her throughout the course ofevery day. (3) The honoured one before thc grcat god, (4) Nedjet-em-pct, herbeaut i fu l name, T i t ' .
The Central Panel: The tomb owner sits at an offering table laden with fourteenhall'loaves of bre ad. She extends her right hand to the table while carrying a lotusflower in her left. On one side of the table is a cwer in a basin placed on a stand,and on the other side is written fu t lt hnqt fu kt l1t tpd l.1t is l.1t mnbt 'one thousandof bread, one thousand of beer, one thousand of oxen, onc thousand o1' lowl, oncthousand of alabaster and one thousand of clothes'. Above the scene is writ tenjmtfuw[t] l1r Wsjr Ndt-m-pt rn.s nfr Tjt 'the honoured one befbre Osiris, Nedjet-em-pet, her beautiful name, Tit'.
The Lower Lintel: Two horizontal l ines ( l-2) end with a f igure of the owner',similar to that on the upper l intel. (1) rbt nsrttt l .utt(t)-ntr Hwt-l. tr nbt nht (2)jm:fuwt NQt-rn-pt rn.s nfr Tjt ' (1) thc acquaintance of the king, the priestess ol 'Hathor, lady of the sycamore, (2) the honor-rred one, Nedjet-em-pet, her beautifulname, Tit ' .
39 For thc expression firt hnu r( /11, see Wb 3, 391.
l 9
NEDJET-EM_PET
T'he Jambs: Each of the three jambs contains two vertical lines of hieroglyphs andends with a standing f igure of the tomb owner holding a lotus f lower to i r i r nose.The inscriptions on each of the coresponding right ancl left.jambs are identical.
The Outer Jambs: (l) .l.ttp (i Wsjr sim.tj.s lJr wnut dsrku)t lppt jnullzut hr.sn ispt<_.s_ jn tttr dj zrnjt jnmtjt <i1tj.s r.s (2) rbt nxut lJnt(t)-ntr Hrut-l.ir nbt nht ttnr(t)-ntrNt rnftj-t jrtb.s u\tt tuttut jrntftrt,t br wsjr Njt-m-ptt rn.s nfr Tjt ,( l) An offeringwhich osiris gives, that she be guided urpon the sacrcd i..-,a,lr, upon which thehontlttrecl one s travcl. that her hand/credentialca0 be accepled by thc god, that thewestcrn desert assists her.4l (2) Thc acquaintance of the king, the priestess ofHathor, lady o1'the sycamore, the priestess of Neith, north of hcr wali . opener ofthe ways, the honottrccl one before Osir is, Ned.jet-cm-pct, he-r beautiful name, Tit ' .
Thc Middle Jambs: (1) l . t tp dj .n!r rt_b_p.s l tr unut nfrku)t nt jmnt ints.t j .s jrt knu.s
jtru nfr u,.rt Q) rlt nsutt l.un(t)-n!r Htut-ltr nbt nlit ltnt(t)-ntr Nt mltjt jnb.s zuptzu.tzut jrru[gzut lr lnTtru NL_lt-nt-ptt rn.s nfr Tjt 'tl) An of1'ering which rhe grear godgives, that she may travel upon the bcauti l i r l roads of the west, that she beaccompanied by her kas having rcached a vcry good old age. (2) The acquaintanceof the king, thc priestess of Hathor, lacly of the sycarnorc, the priestess of Neith,north of her wall , opener of the ways, thc honoured one befbre Anubis, Ncdiet-em-pet, her beautiful name, Tit ' .
The lnncr Jaintrs: (1) r l .1t trxut l .nn(t)-ntr Hutt- l tr nbt nltt hnt(t)-ntr Nt ntt. t t j tjnb.s ntpt tu t r t t t (2) jmt l .4ut fur n l r < t nb jmnt Ndt-m-pt rn .s nf r T j t '11) iheacquaintance of the king, the priestcss of Hathor, lady of the sycamore, thepriestess of Neith, north of her wall , opener of the ways, (2) the honourecl onebefbre the great gocl, lord of thc west, Nedjet-em-pet, her beautiful name, Tit'.
THE NORTH WALL
Pls. 4b, 6. 7. 11. 12.
The upper part of thc wall has disappcarecl and only the lower two registers arepartly preserved above a banded dado.
The top register shows thc t-eet of a large, scated f'emale figure wearing anklets,probably N|t-nt-pt herself, and the renains of a snral l kneeling l-emale probablyclasping the legs of NtJt-rn-pt. Ft 'agments of plaster recovered f iom the debrisimmediately below this scene presurnably identify the srnall f igure as [ztf.s?]strtsru(t) jmtf irt t(t) !7ttt-R<'hcr eldest claushter, the honoured one, Hemet-Re'. Infiont of the two wonten are sevcral stancls holding brcacl, cuts o1- rneilt, geese andvegetables as wcll as containers of foocl and clr inks. At the eastern encl of- thc wallare flve olfcring bearcrs advancing towarcls the tomb owncr. In the bottom registerat least a l 'urther twcnty-four offering bearers are depicted, al l wcaring short, t ightki l ts. Sorne wring thc necks ol-geesc. son'rc support with thcir hancls trays ol fooclplaced on their shoulders, while others lead on ropcs small animals or carry l ive
40 Davics cta l . , SuqqAruTorrrb.s l , ( ) .4 I L i t . 'g ivcs i ts hant ls to her ' .
20
NEDJET-EM-PET
birds. Many bearers also carry in their hands, or hanging from the crooks of theirarms, bags of food, forelegs of oxen, vegetables or lotus flowers.
The arrtist's guidelines, drawn in red, have survivcd well in the section depictingthe offering bearers. Seven horizontal lincs were drawn, marking the positions ofthe crown of the head, the hair l ine of the lorchead, the join of the ncck andshoulders, the armpits, the elbows, the wrists and the lower cLlrve of the buttocks,and the knees. One axial vertical line passing through the ear divides the body intotwo parts.42 While the horizontal line s extencl the entire length of the register, thusfixing an equal height to al l otfbring bearels,Jl he velt ical l ines are posit ioned atdifferent intervals depending on the spacc required for illustrating each ofl'eringbearer and the items he carries.
A l i neo f t ex t runs the leng tho f t hewa l l above thebo t tomreg is te r . I t r eads : . . . sm njuwts nt Trnthtu .. .wpt rnpt m pfiut j t m tpj rnpt rn Wtg m lfu Zkr m hbRkh m wt dt n jm'firut lr nlr ,t jmtbrut fur lnpw tpj dzu.f Ndt-m-pt r[n].s nfr f jt' . . . her .. . and her towns of the North .. . , at thc opening of the year feast, at theThot feast, at the first of the year feast, at the Wag-l-east, at the feast of Sokar and atthe f-east of the burning, in the extent of eternity for the honoured one before thegreat god, the honoured one before Anubis, who is on his hill, Nedjet-em-pet, herbeautiful name. Tit'.
Fragments recovered from the debris which filled room V show the head of erwoman wearing a flllet and streamer and at least three vertical lines of hieroglyphs,each ending with rn.s nfr Zizit 'her beautiful name, Seshseshet' . I t has beensuggested above that this might have been a represcntation of Nf,t-nt-pt's daughter-in-law, the wife of Mrru-k1.7, but whether the fragments belonged to the north wallor to the opposite south wall is unknown.
THE SOUTH WALL
Only the feet o1'two offering bearersdado are now preserved. The rest ofthe
The Sarcophagus
Pls. 8, 43.
in the bottom register and the remains of awall and its scenes have disappeared.
Found in sittt in the burial chamber of the main shaft, the large sarcophagus o1Nf,t-m-pt was cut fiom two blocks of limestone, one for the chest and another forthe lid. Both blocks are reasonably well cut, but neithcr smoothed nor inscribed onthe outside. The inside surfaces are better finished and are inscribed with a line ofhieroglyphs in black ink only on each of sides I (east), 2 (west) and 3 (north).There is evidence that the initial inscriptions were corrected, also in black ink, butthere is no reason to believe that the sarcophagus changed ownership. Such
12 For the stuc ly of thcsc guidel incs scc Iversen, Conon ond Propr t r t ions, 2 ' / l I . , Robins,
P roportion and Sty le, 64|l'.43 The present apparent dilf 'crcnce in thc hcight of certain l ' igures on this wall was causcd by thc
prcssure of the accuntulated sand and debris as wcll as the wcight ol-latcr buildings.
2 l
NEDJET_EM_PE'I
corections can be seen in the repetition of the sign l, in nsut, the replacement ofthe suffix .rf with that of .s in !p[fl.s on side 2 and in the re-writing of the sign f injmtfurut on side 3. In all three cases the original signs are slightly lighter in colourthan the rest of the inscriptions which appear to have been inked a second time,perhaps in the course ofchecking and cornecting.
Ancient tomb robbers gained entry to the sarcophagus by breaking through the topof the northern end of side 1,aa which damaged the inscriptions in this section.However, other than small areas presumably crushed during the process of cuttingthrough the stone, the text can be completely reconstructed with fiagments from themissing section found among the rubble in the burial chamber. No facsimile of theinscriptions inside the sarcophagus was feasible, but a hand copy of the texts wasproduced.
Side 1 : l.ttp dj nswt futttj zh-ntr jmj wt tpj dru.f rtb tt dsr qrs.tj.s m hrt-ntr jmtfowt
fur nlr g Tjtj rn.s <) Nf,t-m-pt 'An offering which the king gives and the foremostof the divine booth, who is in the embalming place, who is on his hill, lord of thesacred land (gives),45 that she be buried in the necropolis, the honoured one beforethe great god, Titi, her great name, Nedjet-em-pet'.
Side 2: htp dj nsrut nb Ddu bp[.fl.546 nfv hr wtwt jptf nfr(w)t bppt jmtfuwt hr.snNdt-m-pt 'An offering which the king gives and the lord of Busiris (gives), thatshe may travel well upon these beautiful roads, upon which the honoured onestravel, Nedj et-em-pet'.
Side 3: rfut nswt jntfuwt NQt-m-pt ''fhe acquaintance of the king, the honouredone. Nedjet -em-pet .
VI COLOUR CONVENTIONS
All walls were given a coat of black mud plaster which was covered with a yellowplaster mixed with fine vegetable fibre, and prepared for painting with a thincreamy-white wash. The remains of scenes outlined in red are found on the northand west walls of room I and on the west jamb of the door leading to room III.Painted wall scenes are preserved in the otfering chamber (room V) and fragmentsof colour surviving above the dado in room IV indicate that this room was alsodecorated. In the offering chamber red guidelines, vertical and horizontal, arepresent in both of the registers remaining on the north wall.
Comparc with the sarcophagus of Kr(.j)-<pr(rp), where attempts to break into thc sarcophagus
were made at three scparate places.
Although thc epithcts of Anubis arc given, thc name of'thc god is ontittcd. The sarnc is lbund
in the casc of Osi r is on s ide 2. In th is ccmetery, Mrrw-kt . j , Ny ' -s i r r -R' and lJnt i -k t . iinscribed on thcir sarcophagi and/or on thc walls of'their burial chanbers thc names of the two
gods phonet ica l ly , but wi th no detcrminat ives (F i r th - Cunn, 7 'et i Pt ' r . Cent .2, p ls . ,58,60;
Duell, Meret-uko,pls.20l1l.; Jarnes. KhentiktL, pls. -1.5, 4(l\:Kt-gnr-trj . 'ndrttb-nt<-Hr omittcd
the nanres and refcrred to the gods by their cpithets (Firth - Gunn, Ieti Pyr. Cem. 2, pls. 64,
-58, 60;Badirwy, <Anklmfrhor, pl. 80).The sutl ix .f was writtcn flrst, then thc .s in ink.
I A
4 6
22
NEDJET-EM-PET
Dado: Red band above yellow, separated by black line, black to f'loor.Banded frreze: Blocks of red, bright blue and white separated by tri-partite blocks
of black-white-black.Register and column lines: Black.Skin of male figures: Cleiu ochre red with darker red outline.Skin of f'emale figures: Yellow.Hair: Black.Eyes: Brow, eye outline and iris black.Kilts and dresses: White with red outline.Jewellery: Traces of blue on tomb owner's anklcts.Footrest: White.Stands/tables for off-erings: One white; one shows black wood grain marking.Flat woven trays: White with red diagonal lines.Woven baskets: Two of the five baskets carried over the crook of an arm retain
most of their colour and exhibit a variety of weaves in the six bands of eachbasket. That in the upper register: (fiom top) red; bhre with black dots; whitewith red hatching; blue with black hatching; red with white hatching; blucwith black dots; outl ine and ropc handle black. That at r ight in bottomregister: (f i 'om top) red; white with red diagonal l ines; white (black dotsrnissing?); white u' i th red diagonal l ines; white with black dots; white withred diagonal lincs; outline and ropc black.
Containers with fruit?: Carried by sixth man fiom right in lower register, containerwhite outl ined in black; Iarge f iuit yel low with sn-ral ler blue fruit (circles)above. both or:tlined in recl.
Container with lotus top: Middle of lower register, white ground; base spotted inblack; upper part with black horizontal lines and red vertical lines; flower ontop blue; all outlined in black.
Tall jars: One red with black top; one blue with black spots.Jar: White with black detail and outline.Jar carried over crook of arm: White with black lines and black rope.Lotus: Stem red, flower blue.Papyrus: Upper part now white with red outline and detail; lower portion (below
hand) red with black lines and outline.Onions: Stems and bulbs white outlined in red"Foreleg: Haunch red, leg orange-red (onc whitc) with spotted black markings, hoof
yellow.Calf: White with black meu'kings, colletr or,rtlined in black.Antelope?: Pale orange-red.Calfs head on treiy: Yellow.Trussed duck on tray: Yellow.Geese: At r ight in upper register, ycl low/brown body outl ined in rcd with blue
shading near tai l ; black markings on brcast; wing and wing t ips blue; tai lf'eathers dark red with blue markings and black outline; bcak rcd; red legswith dark red diagonal markings. In pi led offbrings upper register and inlower register, blue body, rcd head; wing and tail tips red with red and blackmarkings; one with black f-eet.
Loaves: r- loaf yel low; squarish loal 'white with yel low spots; round loaf white withblack spots.
Fruit?: carried by two offering bearers on woven flat tray - white with blr"re spots.Vegetable?: top no colour, stem bands o[ yellow and white with black outline.
L-)
NEDJET-E,M-PET
HieroglyPhic s igns
Traces of blue paint remain in several of the hieroglyphs incised on the entrance
l;,";..,'[;, i;;, u,'1.,- +, and it mav be pl:t"l* that all were painted the
same colour. The false door was painted-red with all the figure^s and inscriptions
retaining traces of biue colour. Afl signs listed below atre recorded in the offering
chamber (room vl; ifr" vast majorit/are found on the north wall and a few are
pi"r"i".O on painted plaster_ trigments recovered from the debris in that room'
Most of the hierogiypil, on the n"orth wall to the left of the tomb owner's feet are
now white with red fr black outline, and it is likely that most of the signs were
given a white undercoat before applying colour'
Polychrome
A20 tif Flesh yellow; kilt whire; staff yellow; outlined in red
Dl fJ Face recl; hair and details black
D39 tr..tr Arm red; t?lt Pot blue
White ground with red rib detail and outline
White ground with red rib detail and outline
Facewhi tewi threddeta i lonforehead;wings ' ta i landlegsyel low;
breast ancl hocks white with black dots; outlined in red
Yellow with details eye and outline black; beak and legs red
Yellow with black horns, eye and outline
Light yellow with fine red dots and outline above two black horizontal
lines
Blue, outlined in red - or under blue?
Booth white with post bases and rope lashing black; centre support red
Top yellow with black surround; bottom white on black base
R8 'l
Yellow with black lashing on lower half of pole
V4 I i Tie white, centre of rope red' end blue
W3 ',t"/'/ Yellow (one whitc) with cliagonal red lines; black outline
Wl2 !l White with red details and outline
Y2r t ' ) sd rP i rpy rus ro l lwh i tew i th redde ta i l ' ou t l i ned inb lack ;sea lb lue
F39
F40
Grl
nq,At,,,1l.
G43 \].
Ig x.':==
N26 Lj
N37 E--
o22 li"jro32 :' L
Red
D2l '
s2e llD36r r 1 1 l
U - 1 - 1 l l
D46
Aa2l I
F35 o29 o34
24
Ye l low
uo =' l
White it is very likely that all these
Mrr i u| ., '1, ' v28
NEDJET-EM-PET
signs originally were green
? v:r \- -^ Aa f)
Green
v30 '- -7
Blue all outlined in black
N l N l7 ' - : ' - U36 w24 0 XI
Black
E15 lta, N35 M
VII HUMAN REMAINS
Pls. 8ct, 9.
Human remains were found in the sarcophagus of Ndt-m-pt. The wrappings arebadly decayed with a charred appearance, soft tissues are completely lacking andthere is no evidence that the body was mummified. The bones were found loosebut lay extended on the back in the correct anatomical position. The skeleton is thatof a female, the long bones indicating a person of between 149cm. (4 feet l0inches) and 153cm. (5 feet) in height.aT The skull and skeleton are small andgracile, the muscle attachment scars are all small and the skull architecture is smoothwith sharp edges on the orbits. The pelvis is unambiguously gynaecoid in shapeand proportions, the angle of the sciatic notch is wide, the obturator foramen issmall and more angular than round in shape and the preauricular sulcus is wide anddeep.
The individual is likely to have been over fifty years of age at death. There isextreme dental attrition, and 1007o of the occlusal surfaces of all remaining teeth areworn down to the dentine. When the molar teeth are compared to Brothwell'sa8chart for age classification, they fall into the 45+ age group. According to Todd's4e10 age phases of the pubic symphysis this specimen is a phase 10, which indicatesan age of 50+. The cranial sutures have almost completely disappeared ecto-cranially. The coronial suture is only faintly visible for approximately 2cm. on thetemples, the sagittal sllture is almost totally obliterated, with a faint remainder in
11 Staturc calculations wcre madc tiom thc rnoditled Trotter and Glcser Tablc in Krogrnan - Iscan,
The Hunan Skeleton, 308.48 Bass, Hunrun O.steoktgt',239, l ' ig. 15319 Krcrgman - Iscan, The Humun Skeleton, l5l.
!t*i l
25
NEDJET-EM_PET
places; the lamboidal suture is just faintly visitrle over approximately 40Vo of itslength. The condition of the sutures would indicate a person of middle to advancedage.50 However, because of the unreliability of ageing from cranial sutures, thismethod was noted but not rel ied upon.5l
As stated above there is severe dental attrition, in addition to other dentalproblems. Beginning with the maxilla, the left first incisor (tooth 2.1) is chipped,and the left canine (tooth 2.3) is worn down to the gum level with the canal exposedand a periapical abscess above it that opens into the palatal side. Tooth 2.5 is justholding in place, as a result of a large abscess above tooth 2.6 which has erodedthrough the maxilla on the palatal side and emerges above tooth2.l on the buccalside. Teeth 2.6 and 2.J have both been lost ante-mortem. On the right side of themaxilla, teeth l. I and 1.2 are both worn down to the canal, which has been resealedby secondary growth. Tooth 1.3 is chipped, the canal of tooth 1.4 is exposed to theextent that the tooth is almost hollow, and there is a small abscess beginning at theapex of the tooth. Teeth 1.6,1.1 and 1.8 are,t l l worn almost to the gum level.
On the mandible, both f irst incisors (3.1 and 4.1) are missing, the root canalshave resealed and some resorption of alveolar bone has taken place, leaving asmooth surface. Thus the alveolar bone is very thin in this area. Tooth 3.6 has anabscess below it, and teeth 3.7 and 3.8 appear to have been lost ante-mortemthough the condition of the bone makes it difflcult to tell. There appears to beperiodontal disease, with the bone retreating from the roots of the molar teeth.Tooth 4.8 is worn to the gum level and has a heavy build-up of calculus.
There are slight arthritic changes in the cervical spine, most pronounced on C5and 6. Arthritic degeneration is nuch more in evidence in the thoracic spine, withlipping and osteophytic growth on nearly all of the rnargins. T7 is slightly wedgedto the anterior margin and T8 and 9 are fused by osteophytic growth on the anteriorlongitudinal ligament that is beginning to continue onto T 10. There are largeosteophytes on L 3, 4 and 5. Some arthritic change had begun in the acetabulum.
The pelvis, like all of the other bones in the skeleton, is extremely light, giving theimpression of osteoporosis. There is a fracture in the right pubis approximately3cm. from the pubic symphysis, that was beginning to heal at time of death. Thereis a crack (approximately 2crn. long) on the shaft of the right femur just inferior tothe greater trochanter. This also appeared to be healing at time of death. It isprobable that this is a woman of advanced years who had a fall and broke her pelvisand hip, then possibly died fiom hypostatic pncumonia due to being immobilised.s2
In summary the skeleton is that of a f-emale of advanced years (at least over 50)who had a little arthritis in the neck, back and hip, which would have resulted insome loss of mobility in these areas, and some fairly serious dental problems, that
so Ib id. I lo-23.5 l For a c l iscussion o1- the unrc l iab i l i ty of ageing l ' rc lm suture c losurcs see Ubclakcr , Huntan
Skeletctl R enroins, 59-60.52 This was a common resul t o f a broken h ip or pelv is in peoplc o l ' advanced ycars unt i l vcry
rccent t i rncs when surgcons bcgan to p in broken bones thus prevent ing thc need l i r r
immobi l is t r t ion.
26
NEDJET.EM-PET
TABLE 1. SKULL MEASUREMENTS OF NDT-M-PT
l. Glabello-occipital length2. Nasio-occipital length3. Basion-nasion length4. Basion-bregma height5. Maximum cranial breadth6. Maximum frontal breadth1 . Biauricular breadth8. Biasterionic breadth9. Basion-prosthion length
I 0. Nasion-prosthion heightI l. Nasal height12. Orbit height, rightI 3. Orbit breadth, right14. Brjugal breadthI 5. Nasal breadth16. Palate breadth17. Bimaxillary breadth18. Zygomaxillary subtense19. Bifrontal breadth20. Nasio-frontal subtense21 . Biorbital breadth22. Interorbital breadth23. Cheek heisht
l69mm.16894
t36134t t41161058862453539
IOl256492e*2591t99 l2 lI9
24. Frontal (Nasion-bregma) chord 11325. Frontal subtense 2626. Parretal (bregma-lambda) chord 11327. Partetal subtense 2628. Occipital (Lambda-opisthion) chord 10529. Occipital subtense 26
* e denotcs cstimatc, wherc the bone is cracked or damaged
but sti l l accuratelv measurablc to thc ncarcst mm.
TABLE 2. LONG BOAIE MEASUREMENTS OF NDT-M-PT
Right Humerus lengthRight Humerus head diameterLeft Ulna lengthLeft Radius lengthRight Femur length
head diametermidshaft diameter, Medio-lateralmidshaft diameter, Anterior posterior
Left Femur lengthmidshaft diameter. Medio-lateralmidshaft diameter, Anterior posterior
Right Tibia lengthLeft Tibia length
217mm.39
2392t l39540z-)24
395z_)
24321321
21
NEDJET-EM-PET
may well have eventually led to septicaemia. She probably died from complicationsresulting from a fall and a broken hip and pelvis, or from septicaemia.
VIII FINDS
All of the finds recorded below were recovered from the burial chamber of Ndf-m-pt except the three items designated TNE94:l2l which were fbund in clearing theshaft. These jars probably date to the First Intermediate Period or early MiddleKingdom; the other finds may be ascribed to the late Old Kingdom.
TNE94:102. PIs. 10. 44.Large ovoid storage jar, with a slightly flaring neck and external triangular rim;
body tapering to a pointed base. Remains of a plaster seal on the shoulder. Wheel-made. The jar was full of lumps of dark clay. Complete. H 29.5cm. W l5.0cm.D rim 7.0cm.
TNE94:103. Pl. 10.Large storage jar, similar type to TNE94:102, with traces of plaster sealing on
shoulder. Probably wheelmade, covered in a light beige wash. The jar was full ofa fine-textured light brown substance. Complete. H 32.8cm. W 1-5.8cm. D rim8 .5cm.
TNE94:101. Pls. 10. 14.Large storage jar, similar to TNE94:102 bLrt with a more bevelled rim. Traces of
plaster sealing on shoulder. The jar was ful l of a dark substance. Complete.H 31.2cm. W l7.5cm. D r im 8.8cm.
TNE94:105. Pl. 10.Large storage jar, same type as TNE94:102. Remnants of white plaster sealing
on shoulder and exterior surface coated rvith a light greenish-grey self-slip. The jarwas filled with a dark substance. Wheelmade of marl clay close to Marl 43.Missing the neck and rim. H 30.6cm. W l7.2cm.
TNE94:106. Pls. 10, 11.Jar stand with rol l r im and thickened base, concavo-convex walls. Incised
horizontal l ine around the stand. Matt l ight grey wash (5YR l11) on surface.Crudely wheelmade and also built by hand; finger impressions visible on body.Close to Nile si l t 82. Chipped edges but otherwise complete. H 19.lcm. D riml4.8cm. D base l3 .6cm.
TNE94:107. Pls. 10,44.Fragmentary squat jar stand, wider at thc top than the bottom. Convex sides and
thickened rim. Light grey wash (5YR 7ll) on exterior. Wheelmade of Nile silt.H 9.8cm. D r im l7 .0cm. D base 15.0cm.
TNE94: 108. Pls. I 1, 44.Tall jar stand, straight sides, with a plain flaring rim. Light reddish-brown (5YR
614) to reddish-brown wash (5YR 514) on exterior surface and some leaching alsovisible. The stand is wheelmade, and then twisted and stretched by hand when the
2 8
NEDJET-EM-PET
clay was wet to lengthen the object, as 'stretch' marks are visible in the interior
along with f inger i i-rpressions on surface. Nile si l t 82. Broken at one end'
H l4 .6cm. D r im l2 .5cm.
TNE94:109. Pl. l0'n*g-"nt of a jar stand with concave walls, roll rim at one end and plain rim at the
otherl Probably wheeln-rade of Nile silt' H 14'5cm'
TNE94: I 10. Pls- I 1, 41.S'ral l bowl, with a wicle f lat basc, convex sides and sl ightly l lattened, sl ightly
evertecl r im. Nlatt redclish-brown wash (5YR 5/4) on interior ancl exterior '
wheelmade, base unevcnly knife-cut anil cxterior tr immecl with a knif 'e. coarse
Nile si l t B2 bordering on "
Xit" si l t C. Cornpletc. H -5.5cm' W l0'3crn' D rinr
l0 . lcm. D basc 6.2crn.
TNE94 :111 . P l s . 11 ,14 .Small f laring bowl, with an uneven f lat base and plain r im. weak red wash
(2.5YR 5/4) on exterior ancl interior surlace. Wheelmade of Nilc si l t c, with str ing-
cut base. Missing a fragment from the rim, but otherwise complete' H 5'2cm'
D rim 9.4cm. D base 5.0cm.
TNE9l :112. P l . l l -one side of a mother ol 'pearl bivalve shell ' almost complete' L I l '5cm' W max'
L2cm.
TNE94: 1 13. Pl. I I .Model jars of limestone etnd calcite, many complele:
A. Two ovoicl limestone jars with flat-toppecl ledge rims, flat bases, and remnant
unoierced handles on one sicle. Jai -dri l led
inside to elbout l /3 of height'
H 7.5crn. D rim max. 4.0cm' D base 3'Ocm'
B. Ten ovoicl l imestone jars with f lat-topped ledge rims and f lat bascs' Jatrs
dri l lecl inside to about l14 of height' H -5'0-7'5cm'
C. Ten l imestone jars, almost cyl inlr ical in shape butwirh sl ightly convex.sidcs'
Flat-topped leclge'r ims.nd cl isc bases. Jais clr i l led inside to about l l4 of
height. H crr. 8.0cm.D. Two calcite or gypsum necked jars with llaring tlat-topped rims and flat bases'
Jars dri l led insi"de'to almost l l2 of height. H 4.7 ancl 6.7cm.
E. Two f laring straight-sided cups of f ine basalt and quartz, with f lat r ims and
bases.53 H Uasati cup 2.7cn-r' H cluartz cr-rp 3'0crn'
F. Sixty-f ive small l i rne.stone dishes; dri l l marks visible on interior ' D rim 4' l-
6 .2cm.
TNE94: I11. (nor illustratetl)- Srnall qu"ni i ty of cobalt bluc pigntcnt, now hardened into a mass in the broken
base o1'a vessel bearing a red sl ippecl surfacc' L 6'-5cm' W 5'5cm'
53 For cxarnplcs o l 's imi lar cups scc Fi r th - Gunn' ' l -e t i Pt ' t
ne ler , P| .69: I 037.
2L)
Ccm.2 , p l . l 5A : Va l l ogg ia . Medou-
NEDJET-EM_PET
TNE94: 1 15. Pl. l l .Copper jars and fiergments:
A. Slender concavo-convex kohi pot and stick inside, with applied r idge aroundneck. Pot filled with a pink substance. Base now hollow with traces of whitesubstance. Probably core-formed. Good state of preservation. H l0.0cm.W 2.4crn. D rim 2.3cm. D base l.Ocm.
B . One hole-mouthed jar with high shoulders and a flat base. Interior is lined witha layer of plaster. Core-formed. Broken. H 6.6cm. W 4.0cm. D rim L2crn.D base 2.9cm.
C. Numerous fragments of copper vessels, including bases, r ims and neck pieces,found scattered in the burial chamber.
TNE94: l2 L Pl. 11.A. Large tapering ovoid bott le with a short vert ical neck, thickcned rim and
pointed base.54 Worn matt red wash (2.-5YR 5i6) on cxterior. Roughlywheelmade and probably also part ial ly hand-buil t of Nile si l t C. Cornpleteexcept for small chips on rim. [I 24.]cm. W I l .3cm. D rim -5.Ocm.
B. Large tapering bott le of the same type ancl ware as TNE94: l2l A. Missingfiagment from neck. H 24.9cm. W 10.8cm. D rim 4.8cm.
C. Large tapering bott le of the same type and ware as TNE94: 121A. Missing ther im and neck. H 22.8cm. W 1l .4cm.
54 Quibell lound larger but cornparablc examplcs during work
Per iod/ear ly Middlc Kingdom tombs at Saqqara to which(Excavations at Saqqu'a 2. pl. 39:l, 3, 4).
on a ser ies o l 'F i rs t In termcdiatethc present vessels arc rclated
30
3-4-
THE BURIAL OF IBI
I THE TOMB OWNER
NAM E
Iblss 'rot'.
TITLES
l- jnj-r jpt nswt 'overseer of the royal harep'.-562- jr j nfr l .ut 'keeper of the headdress'. The t i t le is usual ly associated wi th
attendance on the kins.-57f t r j - l t h t ' lec tor pr iest ' .smr zucti 'sole comDanion'.
II DATING OI' ItsI
Although lbj set two false doors into the west wall of room IV of Ndt-m-at'schapel, their relationship, i f any existed, is not known. The posit ion of the falsedoors, at floor level of the room, may suggest that the chapel of Ndt-nt-p;/ was stillperfectly cfear and accessible. The shape of lbj's false doors is common in thecemetery,-58 and there is no justification in clating all such examples to the end of theOld Kingdom or later.-5e The inscribecl frame around the northern door and the T-shaped panel of both doors are found in the false door of ppjj-etdj.60 rnost probablyflntj-k\.j's son, clated_to the reign o1'Pepy I.6l It is interesting that the unuiual longpleated kilt worn bV lbjon the southern false door is attested in the tomb of ldw otGiza, also dated to the reign of Pepy 1.r,2 It remains uncertain whether the burialapartment cut into the floor of this room opposite the false cloors was associatedwith Ibi or is intrusive and of a slightly later date.
Suggested date: Reign of Pepy I, or later.
-5 5 Ranke, Personennctmen 1,20:10.
:6 For a stucly o| this tit lc see Juuker. Gizu I, l2zl; vol. l l . l2l-2r).57 See ibid 10, I t l ; Helck, Beomtentitel, 42.-58 See fbr cxample, F i r th - Gunn, Tet i pyr . Cetr t . ,2 , passi r r ; Kanawat i
pass im .59 As c loes Strudwick, JEA 13 ( lg} i ) ,21j .6o Jnmes, Khentikct, pl. 42.6l Strudwick, Aclninistration, 18.62 Simpson, Qctr and lclu. f ig.31.
et al. , Saqtlara, 2 vols.,
3r
IBI
BURIAI, APARTMENT
Pt. 36.
A shallow vert ical shafi (shaft l1) was excavatcd in room IV of NQt-rrt-pt 'schapel, opposite the two false doors of lbj placcd into thc brick-work o1'the wcstwal l . l ts mouth is cut in to the f loor a long thc length of the east wal l o f theantechamber, extending under both thc east and south walls. In order to i tvoidundermining the remaining lower colrrscs ol-thc niud brick walls. this shaff was notcompletcly excavatcd so f 'ew precisc nlcasurelnents or cletai ls can be provided. Itmeasures 2.20n. N-S with a deep step down at the south end, and the east andwest walls are straight but roughly cut. At the shaft f loor an irrcgularly shapcclburial area extencls we stward under thc l-loor of the antecharnber for approxirnately1.50m. The shape of this shafi, rcctangular ancl shallow with a burial chamber notfar beneath thc chapel floor, is cluite diff-erent from the others in the tomb of Ntlt-nt-pf which have a square mouth and gencrally a greater depth. It is quite possible thatit rnay be dated sl ightly, although not much, later than the original construction ofthis mastaba.
IV SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS
Pls. 4u. 12. 45.
The two small l imestone false doors are inscribedfor lbj. Both are of the typewith a torus moulding and cavetto cornicc and retain sc'rn-tc of their original coats ofwhite plaster. The southern door including the f iatne has a wiclth of .56m. and is.18m. thick; the door i tself measr-rres .39-5m. wide x .77m. high. The northerndoor, .06m. thick and placed on a stone base .06n-r. high, has a wiclth at the base of.43rn. and at the top of .46rn. with a height of .5,5rn. With the exception of thescene on the panel of the south I 'alse door, which is in raised rel ief, the decorationon both doors is incised with minimum intcrnal details. No colours are preserved.
The Southern lralse Door
The Upper Lintel: prt-furut nt63 stnr ructj jr j r fr htt f ir j- lrbt lbj 'An invocation
off'ering of thc sole companion, the keeper ol-the headdre ss, the lector priest, Ibi'.
The Lower Lintel: jr t t t furu lr lnpw tpj du.f 'The honourcd one before Anubis,who is on h is h i l l ' .
The Central Panel: Thc owner sits at an of1'ering table. One horizontal and oncvelt ical l ine of inscript ions re ad: ( l) t bt l tnqt ly ryd $ (2) n jmsltu lbj
' ( l) Bread,
63 Fcrr the lbrmula prt lru lf ... see Lapp. Op.feftormel. $68, l60fi. For other cxantplcs sce
Fir th - Gunn, Zel l Pt ' r . Cent . 2, p l . 73: l : S i rnpsor t , Qur utd ldu, l ' ig . 32; Kanawat i c t a l . ,
Saqq4 rc t I , p1 .23 ;E l -Khou l i - Kanawa t i , Saq t1u ra2 .1 t l . 22 ; . l amcs , Khen t i kc t , p l . 12 ; Junke r .
Giz,a 1, f ig . 8 ; vo l . l l . l ig . 40. I t is in tcrest ing that these cxamplcs sharc sot t tc points of
s i rn i lar i ty and that the rnost l ike ly datc o l 'a l l o1 ' thcm is thc rc ign of Pepy I . Whi le th is l i r r r t r
was perhaps nilt rcstricted to this rcign. it appcars to have bccn ntclre conlmon at that t irnc.
I I I
32
IIBI
one thousand, beer, one thousand, fowl, one thousand, (2) for the honoured one,I b i ' .
The Outer Jambs: Each jamb contains one column of hieroglyphs ending with astanding figure of the owner, wearing a long, pleiited kilt. The figure on the leftholds a staff and a sceptre, while that on the right holds a folded cloth in the lefthand. Inscribed on the right jamb is: jnulro br ntr <t nb pt smr uctj lbj
'The
honoured one before the great god, lord of heavcn, thc sole companion, Ibi'. Theleft.jamb reads: prt-ftrnt n sflIr ructj jrj nfr l.ut furj-l.tbt lbj
'May an invocationoff'ering come forth lor the sole companion, the keeper ol-the headdress, the lectorpriest, Ibi ' .
The Inner Jambs: Each jarnb carried onc column of text. The right reads: artr ru<tjhrj-fbt jmtlw lbj
'The sole companion, the lector priest, the honoured one, Ibi ' ;and the left: sffir rl<tj jrj 4, lut lbj
'Thc solc companion, the keeper of thcheaddress. Ibi ' .
The Northern False Door
The Frame: The inscriptions across the top of the fiarr"re ( l) continuc down the leftside (2) and end with a standing figure of the owner holding a staff and sceptre.The right side has a separate inscription (3) ending with a figure like that on the left.(1) htp dj nswt lttptu tpj dzu.f prt-furnt n smr wctj (.2) jrj nfr htt jmj-r jpt rtszutjmtly.u lr nsrut sntr zuctj lbj (3) jmil3ru fur Wsjr nb Ddw smr roctj furj-l1bt lbj'(1) An offering which the king gives and Anubis, who is on his hi l l (gives). Miiyan invocation off-ering come forth for thc solc companion. (2) Thc kceper of theheaddress, the overseer of the royal harem, the honoured one befbre the king, thesole companion, Ibi. (3) The honoured one beforc Osir is, lord of Busir is, the solecompanion, the lector priest, Ibi'.
The Upper Lintel: smr wctj jrj 4, lrt jntj-r jptt rtsrut 'The sole companion, thekeeper of the headdress, the overseer of the royal harem'.
The Central Panel: Holcl ing a perfume jar to his nose the ownel sits before anoffering table, to the right of which is a ewer in a basin. Above the scene is written(1) sntr zuctj jr j nfr l t t hrj-hbt (2) jnulzu lbj
' ( l) The sole companion, the keeperof the headdress, (2) the honoured one, Ibi ' .
The OuterJarnbs: Each jamb is inscribed with one l ine of hieroglyphs ending in astanding figure of the owner holding the staff and sceptre. The inscriptions on theright jamb read: jmtfutu fur Wsjr srnr ructj jrj
"f, hn lbj
'The honoured one beforeOsiris, the sole companion, the keeper of the headdress, Ibi', while those on thc leftread: jmt!1w br nsut smr wctj lbj
'The honourcd one before the king, the solccompanion, Ibi ' .
The Lower Lintel: (l') sntr wctj jntj-r jpt rrszut (2) jrj nfr l.ut furjJ.rbt '(l) The sole
companion, the overseer of the royal harem, (2) the keeper of the headdress, thelector priest'.
33
IBI
The Inner Jambs: Each jamb carries the inscription jnu'fizu lbj 'The honoured one,
Ibi', fbllowed by a seated figure of the owner.
V FINDS
Three pots were found in the course of clearing shafi I 1 but these cannot beregarded as necessarily contemporary with the tomb.
TNE94:49. PIs. 13,46.Squat high-shouldered jar, body narrowing to a wide flat base. Oval spout on
shoulder below thickened collar rim.6a Red wash on exterior surface. Wheelmadeof Ni le s i l t , spout added by hand. Almost complete. H 14.1cm. W 14. lcm.D base 9.5cm. D rim '7 .5cm. L spout ca 2.25cm. D spout 3.3-2.5cm.
TNE 94:50. Pls. 13, 46"Large ovoid storage jar with rounded base, short upright neck and thickened
everted rim. Red wash over exterior surface. Probably wheelmade of Nile silt.Mud seal associated with.jar. Alnost complete. H 32.5cm. D max. 19.5cm.D rim l0.0cm. Mud seal: D 6.5-7.0cm. H at centre 3.5cm.
TNE 94 :51 . P l . 13 .Large ovoid storage jar of same type and ware as TNE94:50. Missing minor
chios but otherwise complete. H 30.3cm. D rnax. 18.3cm. D rim 9.5cm.
64 Squat spoutcd jars are known in the Old Kingdom in both copper and ceramic (Bouniau, Urnnrel-Ga'ah. -52, no. 8-5). In thc Sixth Dynasty, spouts on mctal cxamples were somctimcs longand curvcd (Hayes, Scepter I, 120, l ig.74). Squat jars with short spouts similar to TNE94:49are also known fiom somc First Intcrrncdiatc Pcriod/early Middle Kingdom tombs at Saqqara( Q u i b e l l , E x c a v a t i o n s a t S u q q u r u l , p l . 3 2 : l ; v o l . 2 , p l . 3 9 : 1 , 2 . ) , w h i c h c o u l d i n d i c a t e a S i x t hDynasty to carly Middle Kingdom date range fbr TNE94:,19.
34
THE MASTABAOF KA-APER
TIIE TOMB OWNER. HIS FAMILY AND DEPENDENTS
The Tomb Owner
NAME
Kt(. j)-<pr(w)65'Ka-aper'. The name\- -,if . The name was rathcr popr-rlarDynasty 5.66
TITLES
is consistently writ ten with I I rather thanin the Old Kingdont, part icularly during
1- jnt j-r l . t tut-zurt 'overseer of the great court ' . T'he t i t le appears to have beenconnected with the legal administration and is fiecluently associated with that ofhrj-tp l tstut.61 jnt j-r hwt-utrt is basical ly hclcl in the capital,68 although twoprovincial off icials, who probably also had a period of en-rploynent in theResidence. are known to have carricd i1.6e 11"r. titlc in itself docs not seem tobe a particularly high one. yet in many' cascs its tenule ilppears as 'a f-eature of aman's career before he was promotcd to the yl2isrnlg'.7t)
2- jmj-, zi < ttswt'overseer of the scribes o1' the king's clocuments'. This isconsidered as the most irnportant otf ice in the scribal administr i i t ion. In theFifth Dynasty the t i t le was probably helcl simr-rl taneously by two rncn. one ol 'whom was the v iz ier . whi le the other supcrv ised the dcta i ls o f theadministration. From the late Fifth Dynasty, however, the t i t lc was held onlyby the vrzier, l t an off lce which does not appcar in the surviving inscript ions o1'Kt(.j)-<pr(u).
3- j*j-, zituj 'overscer of thc two fbwl pools'.724- jnt j-r ktt nbt nt nsrut 'overseer of al l thc works of the king'. The holders of
this t i t le were responsible for the organisation of al l works, such as buildings,
o) Ranke, Persctnennanren 1,338:24.66 Sce fbr exarnplc Lcpsius, Denktnt i ler , Tsxt I , 126; Mar iet tc . Mrt .s ta l tu . r , l2 l -28: F ischer .
JNES l8 f l 9 .591 ,233 i i . ; Hassan , G izo2 , l - 5 -5 - .58 ; vo l . 6 :3 , 155 -62 ;Junkc r , G i zu 1 ,25 .1 ; vo l .6, 32. Thc name is at tested a nunrber of ' t i rncs in thc Abusi r papyr i (Posencr-Kr idgcr - DcCenival , T l te Abu-Sir Pc4t t ' r i . p ls .62-63, 82,96) . Thc sarnc narnc has a lso bccn l i runcl inother reccnt cxcavations at Saqqara and Ahusrr.
61 Helck, Beantentitel, 60; Struclwick. Atlntinistt ' ttt ion. 182..68 For a l ist of holclers scc ibid, 116-17, Tablc 7, to which rray bc aclclccl thc prcscnt casc as wcll
i rs that o l 'S int -nf r in thc Tct i ccmctcry ( thc la t tcr . cxcavatcd hy thc Egypt ian Ant iqui t iesOrganisal ion. is unpubl ishccl ; scc now Kanawat i c t a l . . Saqqora 1,9) .
69 Hnr-Mntu (Kanawat i , E l -Hctvt 'uvt ' i .s l r -5, p l . l , f ig .7) tmdP1t j j "c1: fu l l r j jb ( .B lackrnan. Meir l .p ls . 4,A:1, I -5) . See a lso Kanawat i - McFrr lanc, Akl :L. i t i t r r | . 36. 202,216.
1O Strudwick, Aclninistrcttiorr. ltJlJ. As thc tit lc was protrably hclcl by onc rnan at a tirne (ibicl,t89), Kt(. j)tpr(zu) probably succcedcd Wfu ln-Ttj /Nfr-sitrr-Ptl.t, owncr ol ' thc ncighbourirrgmastaba.
7 | Wi th only one cxccpt ion, in thc re ign of Pepy I I ( ib id, 214) .72 Wb 3,484. Badawy t r t rns lates the t i t le as overseerof the two fbwl ponds ( .Ankhnfahor,5( \ )
and James as oversccr of'thc two pools (Kfterrtifta, l0).
7-6 -
KA-APER
agriculture, crafls, etc. The title was held by viziers and at the same time by at
lJast one non-vizier who assisted the vizier in his many responsibilities.T3
5- jrnj-r gs-pr 'overseer of the workcentre'.7a The title appears tol"re related in
roi"" way to the responsibi l i t ies of the imj-r ktt nbt nt nswt,75 and might
represent an earlier stage of Kt('i)*pr(w)'s career'
6- jrj-prt 'hereditary prince'. With a few exceptions, this rank is usually held by
uiri".t. Howevir, other examples of non-vizier holders of the title are known
in the Teti cemetery./olzrff-< 'count' .
lr j-sit t n pr-dutt 'privy to the secret of the house of morning'. The t i t le-
opp"u.. to have been held by a rather small and specially favoured group of
men within the royal court concerned with personal attendance on the king in
the house of morning.TTg- thrj-slitt tt ttsrttt'privy to the sccret of the king'. The title seems related to the
preceding one.l0- hrj- l .rbt ' lector Priest ' .t t - l l i j - tp nxut'royal chamberlain'.78
Kt(.j)*pr(ru)'s career may be traced in two stages with marked advancement in
both ttis honoriflc ancl functional titles. Nowhere in his offbring chamber or on his
sarcophagus are the ranks of jr j-pct and htt j-<.or.the part icularly important
administrarive offices of jrnj-r'zi i nxut and jmj-r ktt nbt nt nxut mentioned.
They are inclucled in the insciiptions on the entrance to the tomb where the rank of
iri-irt is especially emphasised. ttre quality of reliefs on the entrance blocks is also
fir'superior to that in the offering charnber.
The Son of Ka-aPer
NAME
Ihjjle 'th\''
TITLES
l- jmj-r gs-pr'overseer of the workcentre"2-
"hrj-tp nsztrf 'royal chamberlain'.
He appears in front of his father on the right entrance jamb with the designation
zt.f sm'sw 'his eldest son'. Another figure, wearing a panther's skin, is only partly
13 Kanawati, Gtt,ernntenttt l Refornrs.25-21 .3c) n.44; Strudwick, Adnrinistratittn.2-39''74
Fischer , MMJ,159-60. F i r th - Gunn t ranslates gs-pr as ' royal donrains ' ( .Tet i Pvr . Cent . l ,
107), Lichthcirn 1s'district ol 'f icials' (Literctture l ' 20), and both Junkcr (Gi:rt 5"1U' l9ll) and
Roccati (Litty'rctture, 193) as'aclnlinistration' 'T5 Strudwick, Adminis t rat i r tn ,222.16 For insrancc Nj ,knu- lzz j ( ib ic l , 105) andl i f i (E l -Khoul i - Kanawat i , Saqqart t2,25-26, p ls ' l7-
t 9 ) .j '7 Blackman, JEA 5l l9 l8 l , 148-65; Hclck, Beantent i te l ,43; F ischcr , Dendert t , 137-38. Jatnes
trirnslates it as 'Keeper of the sccrcts ol 'thc Bathroon'r' (Khentikr, l0).
18 Helck. Belntent i te l , 60 ' 105.'79
Rankc. Personennunen l '44'.22'
36
KA-APER
preserved in the same posit ion on the lel i jamb.another son, but no inscriptions survived.
The Dependents of Ka-aper
NAME
I dzuso 'ldu' .
TITLES
This may rcpresent the same, or
l- jmj-r pr 'overseer of the house'.2- jmj-r sir 'overseer of the linen'.3- shd hnrkt'superintendent of the ka-servants'.
He is depicted facing Kt(.j)-<pr(ru) on the right thickncss of the entrance to thetomb.
NAM E
Nszu8l 'Nesu ' .
TITLE
lrp zh'director of the food-hall ' .
He is the only off-ering bearer designated by name in the ofl-ering chamber.
II DATING OF KA.APER
In dating the tomb of Kt(. j)-<pr(zo), i ts location in the so-called'rue de tombeaux'should certainly be taken into account. The dates of the other threc tombs in thisstreet have been reconsidered by Strudwick, who reasonably suggests a date in thereign of Teti for Nfr-sim-R< and<n!-rr<-Hr.82 He then emphasises the importanceof the third tomb, that of Wdt-l.u-TtjNfr-sint-Pth/55/, for the daring of the TetiPyramid Cemetery, pointing out that the tomb may be dividcd into two parts, in thefirst of which the t i t les connect the owner with the pyramid of Teti, while in thesecond they connect him with both Teti and Pepy L The tomb is accordingly placedin the reign of Teti to early Pepy I.83 While there can be no doubt that some of thebuilding and/or decoration was carried out in the tornb of Wdt-ht-Ttj early in thereign of Pepy I, this should not automatically influence thc dating of other tombs inthe cemetery and particularly those in the 'rue de tombeaux'. It appears that this
8 o Ibid. -54: I o.8 l I b i t t . r 7 3 : r 2 .82 Administrct t ion,J5, 100-101, l l2. Scc also Kanawati , Egt 'pt i tut At lnt i t r i .str t t t ion. 152 [60],
l-53 fl901. Harpur, on thc other hand. thinks thal<nb-nt-<-Hr is tn bc diitccl to late Teti-carlyPepy | (Dec'oration,213 [314D.
83 Strudwick, Atlministration, l l l . This datc is supportcd by Hnrpur (Decorcttictn,2JSSee also Editorial fbreword in JEA (t6 ( 1980). 2.
KA-APER
street was initially planned as a single project, with areas of land allocated tofavoured officials and royal relatives at almost the same time. Howevet, it alsoseems that work on certain mastabas started befbre others, but not by a long time,perhaps as a result of the owner reaching a ccrtain age or status. Thus while themastaba of <nb-m-<-Hr is built against, and therefbre later than, that of Nfr-sim-R<,archaeological evidence suggests that he and W{t-ht-Ttjbui l t their tombs at thesame time as a single building project.8a The relative chronology of the tombs ofWdrh-Ttj and Kt(.j)-<pr(w) is not clear from extant archaeological evidence, butthere is no reason for thinking that Kt(. j) tpr(u) started the construction of hismastaba long afier his neighbour. The data fiorn Kt(.j)*pr(zu)'s tomb should nowbe considered.
Although not lacking in Dynasty 6, the name Kt(.7)-<pr(ru), as indicated above,was rnore common in the Fifth Dynasty. As for his offices, Kt(.j)-<pr(w) does notpossess a sufficient number of the titles studied by Baer in his ranking system toallow placing him in a specific perio6i.tls The rnastaba is constructed of mud brick,the first as such in the 'rue de tombeaux'. Although the false door, its niche and theentrance to the tomb are fbrmed of monolithic blocks of good limestone, andalthough the relief, particularly on the entrance, is among the finest in the cemetery,the use crf mud brick for the external walls of the mastaba sets Kt(.7)-<pr(ru) apartfi'om the higher officiiils of Teti,86 and also apart from his immediate neighbour inthe 'rue de tombeaux', Wf,t-l.tt-Ttj/Nfr-sirn-Pth/Sij. There are, nevertheless,alchitectural similarities with the latter's tomb. In each, an entry vestibule opensnorthward into a small room leading to an east-west offering chamber in which ahigh L-shaped offering table/bench extends across the width of the west wall infront of the false door and along the north wall.87
Certain details in the sccnes and inscriptions are usefr"rl as dating criteria. Thecarliest dated examples of a shor-rlder-length wig covering the ears occuls in tombswhere the cartouche of Teti is inscribed. However, this type of wig becomespopular under Pepy I and Pepy II.ttE A perfume jar which is held between thefbrefinger and thumb is a rather uncommon f'eature and found mainly in tombsdated to the period late l'eti-Pepy I,8e although isolated examples exist from later inthe Old Kingdom.eo The representation of Kt(.j)-<pr(uL) on the panel of his false
lJ4 Ib id. 2.85 Rank ancl Tit le,232ff . This ranking system now nccds complete revision (see also Franke,
JEA 79 t l993l , 291) and is currcnt ly bc ing studiec l .l l 6 In addition to the vizicrs of'the period,Kt(.j) ,pr(u) should be cornpared withNj-kno-lz:j ,
who was jrj prt jtuj-r Snr jmj-r ki rrltt nt nxpt and who ownecl a f 'ully decoratecl stonernastaba (unpubl ishecl ; scc Strudwick. Adnt in i s t rctriorr, I 05).
87 Cirpart, Rue de tonbeuux 2, p|.94 Portcr - Moss, Blbllr lgraphl' 3, pl. -54; and pcrsonal
examinat ion.88 Chcrpion, Mostaba.t et ln'pogie.s,57-58.89 Due l l , Mere ruku ,p l . l l 7 ; Ja rnes , Khen t i k t t , p l . 2 l ;Capa r t . Rue de tombeaux , p l . 102 ( t h i s
falsc door is unlikely to bclong 1o a tomb in thc ruc cic lombeaux); Davies er al., SaqqlrctTontbs l, pl. l2; Sinrpson, Qur oncl Idu, f ig. 30; Davics, Deir a!-GebrAw'i 2, pl. l7 (lbr reccntdat ing scc Kanawat i - McFar lane, Akhnt inr 1,62-68) ; Kanawat i . E l -Ht twawis l t 9 ,29; Al l io t ,Tell Edfou l9-13, pl. l4; Ziegler, Ccttctlog,ue r/e.r .st?1e.r, 78-81.
90 For examplc in the tomb ol 'Mr i j -<t (Kanawat i , EL-Hagnrso 3, 39. p ls . 42-13,45b; thc dcta i lis not c lcar in Petr is , Athr ib is , p l . l ) .
3 8
KA-APER
door seated on a chair with bull's legs is curious. This type of chair was graduallysuperseded oy that with lion's legs,'rl and at the provincial site of Akhmim, wherethe change is documented, it is evident that it took place round the reign of Teti.e2In the Teti cemetery at Saqqara the new style with l ion's lcgs was alreadyfashionable,e3 and Kt(. j)-<pr(zu) himself used it on both.jarnbs of his entrancedoorway. The depiction of the chair with bull's legs on the panel of the false doormight be due to conservatism which seems n"rore likely to be shown on false doorsthan in wall scenes.94
At this stage a comparison with the tomb of l fuu at Giza (G7102;0-s rnight beuseful. Llke Kt(.j)-rpr(u), ldzu was both ftrj-tp ttsiut and jntj-r lnut-urt. I Ic wasnot jmj-r zi < nsrLtt, but was z! < nxttt fuft-|1r. Neither was he jntj-r ktt nht ntnsutt, but his son Qrr was jmj-r ktt t tbt and jmj-r zi n ktt nbt.e6 Both Kr(.7)-,pr(w) and ldru represent chairs with bull's legs on their false doors, br-rt not in thescenes of their chapels. ldw has an engaged bust statue in the lower part of hisfalse door.eT This highly unusual f'eature is abscnt in the casc of Kt(.j)*ltr(ru), buthis neighbour,Nfr-sim-Ptl.t,has a bust statllc in the panel of his false door.es Thepalaeography on the faqades of the tombs of Kt(.j).pr(ztt) and Jdwe't shows manysimilarities and the determinatives for the oryxes and thc oxcn arc the same in thetwo tombs, where five thousands ol'fowl are requested as offbrings.l(x)
Two unusual featules attract attcntion in Kt(. j)-<pr(u)'s tomb. The f irst is thatunlike the majority of off icials, and certainly al l the higher ones, buried in thiscemetery, Kt(.j)tpr(zu) does not hold any priesthood. In this rcspect he may becompared with other off icials who are l ikely to date in thc transit ional perioclbetween Teti-Userkare-Pepy I. l0l Thc second unusual l tature in Kt(. j)*pr(ru)'stornb is the damage which the faEade of his mastaba has; suffbred. Many tombs inthe Teti cemetery have the names and l-rcquently the f igures of their ownerschiselled out; but this was always done systematically throughout the torlb and vcrycarefully to the signs and figures without affecting the background. This is believedto be a sort of punishment tor these tomb owners, presl lmably as a result of their
()l Fischer, Varict.4. Thc earlier typc rcappcrircd in thc Miclclle Kingclonr (Vanclicr. Mcutue! 1.84) .Kanawat i - McFar lane, Akhnt int 1,30.I t is in terest ing that e lsewhcrc in th is cernctery Mrtu changcd/corrccted a chai r in h is wal l
scenes l ior r bul l 's lcgs in to I ion 's lcgs ( l , loyd et a l . , Sut lqAru T 'onrbs 2, 15, p l . c) ; Malck, DE20 i l 9e r l , 99).Compare lbr cxarnplc thc type of chair on thc lalse door ol '/dru (Simpson. Qar und ldu, l ' ig., 10 ) w i t h t ha t i n h i s w i i l l s cenes ( i b i d , f i gs .39 , .1 l ) , and thc t ypc on T f f ' s f a l sc c l oo r(Simpson, Western Centetery l , l ' igs. l8 ancl pcrhaps l6) wi th that on h is wal ls ( ib id, i igs.
21 ,23-24). See also thc l 'alse door of' Nfr-si ' l l-Ptl.t in thc Egyptian Museum (Capart, l lue deTontbeaur, pl. 1 02).Sinrpson, Qar and lt lu, l9tf ., pls. l,5fl ' ., l ' igs. 3311'.I b i d , 18 . Fo r a s tudy o f t hc l as t two t i t l c s scc S t rudw ick , A t l t n i n i s t ru t i on .20 l l t . , 2 l l l .
Simpson, Qar and ldu, pl.29.Capart, Rue cle tontbeaux, pls. 9zl-96.Sirnpson, Qar ond ldu, l ig.33.For a comment on thc numbcr of' lbwl requcstcd lbr of1'erings scc Lapp, Op.fulornrel, $211El-Khouli - Kanawati, Quseir el-Anrurna,24.Sec lbr exanrple Mhl (El-Khouli - Kanawari. Suqqurtt 2,(ibid. 2-51 .
9 29 3
9 4
9 59 6()'/
9 89 91 0 0
Hzjj (lbid, l8fT.) and /ifl
KA-APER
involvement in one of the conspiracies against Teti or Pepy I.102 The case of Kt(.j)-<pr(zu) is different in that the whole surface, not only the name and figure, waschiselled out on the entire upper part of the south entrance jamb, and that the scenesand inscript ions in the rest of the tomb are intact. The exact implication of this isnot clear, but the evidence seenls to suggest that Kt(. j)-rpr(u) l ived at thetransitional time Teti-Userkare-Pepy I, when there appear to have been problemswith succession and allegiance.
Suggested date: End Teti-early Pepy I.
I I I ARCHITECTURAL F'EATURES
Pls. 14, 17, 48.
The mastaba of Kt(j)-<pr(w) is located in the 'rue de tombeaux', approximatelyl0 metres to the north of Nfr-sirrt-Ptl.t and on the same western side of that street.It is constructed large ly of tafel bricks which incorporate pieces of broken potteryand stone ch ips and measure.30m. x . l5m. x .07m., wi th some e lements at thecntrance and in the offering chapel formed of limestone blocks. Internally the brickwalls were coated with a layer.0l-.03rn. thick of Nile niud plaster bound withsome straw and small stones. This was covered with a thinner layer of creamyyellow tafel-like plaster and then finished with a coat of fine hard white plaster.Evidence of plastcr is preserved on the walls of all chambers except room VI, butthe only evidence of painted decoration are traces o1 red colour, apparently theremains of three male figures, on the west wall of room V.
The dimensions of the mastaba superstructure are l0. l5rn. N-S x 8.80m. E-W.The upper part has disappeared so no original heights of walls, cei l ings ordoorways can be provided. It may be assumcd that the rooms had vaulted brickceil ings. The faEade wall, l .20rn. thick, presently stands to a maximum height of2.15m., and that part forrning the east wall of room Il is largely destroyed. Theentrance is located at the southern end of the east wall of the mastaba, the jambs,threshold and intelnal door reccss al l fornred of blocks of f ine quali ty whitelimestone, as were presumably the now missing lintel and drum. Both door jambsand thicknesses arc decorated in incised relief, but that on the southern jamb hasalmost entirely been chiselled away with a very small portion remaining in the lowerpart. In front of the entrance a stone step .07m. high spans the full width of arecess 2.40m. wide x .15m. deep. Formed of two blocks of l imestone andprojecting slightly from the brick faEade, the step measures .26m. deep at the northend and .22m. at the south end. Into i t are cut six small offering basins, three onei ther s ide of the doorway. From the south they l . t1easure. l6m. x . l5m. x .02m.deep , . l 45m. x .07 ,5m. x .04m. dcep , . 14m. x .05m. x .03 rn . deep , . l 0m . x .06m.x .03m. deep , . l 3m . x .07m. x .03m. deep , . 20m. x .1 -5 rn . x . 03m. deep .
The entrance doorway, with a south jamb .92rn. wide and a north jan-rb .15m.wide, is .75m. wide x .45m. th ick and has a present he ight o f 2 .10m. The l in te land drum have disappeared, the latter perhaps originally resting in two small ledges,
I 02 11"nu*ut-i, Chron. d' Eg. 56 t 198 I l. 2031'l ' .: idern, Saqqarct l. I I - I 2
40
KA-APER
.10m. x .10m. x .15m. h igh, cut a t the top on the ins ide corners of the doorthicknesses. The entrance rel ief was cut directly into the stone with no plasterfacing, but a small section near the top of the south door thickness was repaired atthe time of construction with a hard white plaster into which signs subsequentlywere carved. The two large entrance blocks are cut to form an internal door recesswhich measures 1.28m. N-S x .52m. E-W on the south side and .62m. on thenorth side, with a jamb on the south of .15m. and another on the north of .28m.Cut into the stone threshold just inside the north.jamb is a socket for a door pivot,with a diameter of .15m. and a depth of .075rn. In both side walls of the internaldoor recess at a height of .90m. above the floor level are neatly cut holes for a doorbolt, each with a width of .24m., a height of . 18m., and a depth of .10m.
The doorway opens into an entrance vestibule (room I) which mcasures 1.80m.N-S on the east wall and 1.95m. on the west wall x 1.70m. E-W. The presentmaximum wall height is 2.45m. At the west end of the north wall a recess 1.00m.wide x .15m. deep and a small stone step up of .04m. defines a doorway .70m.wide x. 85m. thick. The door leads to room Il which measures 2.20m. N-S x1.70m. E-W. At the east end of the north wall of this chamber a doorway .70m.wide x.70m. th ick, wi th a recess on the nor th s ide.95m. wide x . l5m. deep, g ivesaccess to the offering chapel.
The offering chamber (room III) is 2.80rn. E-W x 2.75m. N-S and has a presentmaximum height of 2.80m. The west wall is occupied by a lalse door set in a nichewhich is 1.70m. wide x .55m. deep. Both the door and the side walls of the nichcare formed of large limestone blocks decorated in relief and placed on a stoneoffering bench. The false door, with two pairs ol ' jambs, is l .30rn. wide and2.40m. high to the top of the torus moulding; the cornicc above has disappeared.The measurements of the door are: upper lintel I .21m. x .29m.; central panel .58m.x .44m. with side apertures each .05m. wide; lower l intel .68rn. x .20m.; drum.145m. x .10m. ; ou te r j ambs 2 .00m. x .30m. ; i nne r j ambs 1 .3 -5m. x .26m. ; cen t ra lniche 1.22m. x. l45rn. The side walls of the recess measure .50m. N-S x .55m.E-W, that on the soLrth broken above a height of l .2lrn. and on the north above2.00m. The stone platform, .40m. high and .21m. deep, extends the full width ofthe west wall and continues along the west part of the north wall for a length of1.15m. wi th a depth of .525m.
In the west wall of the entrance vestibule (room I) is a doorway .80rn. wide x.83m. th ick which is def lned by a rccess l .10rn. wide x .15m. deep. Wi th in thedoorway are two stone steps, the f irst .30m. high x .60m. deep and the second.20m. high x .35m. deep. The doorway gives acccss to room IV, a corridor-l ikechamber which measures 4.70m. E-W x 1.50m. N-S and has er 1' loor sloping verygently upward to the west. Its walls havc a prcscnt nnximum height of 2.25m.
In the middle of the north wall a doorway .-52m. wide x .80r.n. thick leads to roomV which measures 2.10m. N-S x 1.90m. E-W. Fragmentary traces of red paint onthe west wall may be the remains of male figures in a slaughtering scene. To theeast of the doorway, a niche constructed in the south wall has a si l l height .65m.above floor level. The floor of the niche projects .12-5m. from the south wall andmeasures .55m. wide (E-W) x .70m. deep (N-S). The ceil ing is gone and the backwall is smoothed to an approximate height of 1.10m.
4 l
KA-APER
At the south extremity of the east wall of room V is a half-arch doorway .57m.wide with a height of .75m. at the north thickness and 1.20m. at the sourhthickness. This small doorway leads to room VI which measures 2.].om. N-S x.80m. E-W. The function of this room is uncertain, but this is the only chamber inthe mastaba which retains no traces ol plaster.
At the far west end of room IV another doorway constructed in the north wall,defined by an entrance recess 1.05m. wide x.l5m. deep, measures.65m. wide x.65m. thick. I t opens into a small chamber (room vII) which is 1.05m. E-w xl. l5m. N-S. To the north of this room is the mouth of shaft 1.
IV BURIAL APARTMENTS
PLs. 47, 48.
Located to the south of the main burial apartment and directly behind the northwall of room VII is a small and r,rnflnished shaft with a mouth measurins1.15m. N-S x.90m. E-w. Presumably i t was enterecl f iom the roof level, a--sthe shaft walls lined with mud brick stand well above the floor level of themastaba. It is cut into the native rock to a depth of 6.00rn. where work appearsto have been abandoned when its north wall broke throush into the SE cornerof the shaft of the tomb owner.
The main burial shaft is located at the NW corner of the mastaba. directlv westof the false door of Kt(. j)-<pr(w) in his offering chamber (room V) anclpresumably was entered from the rool'. The n-routh of the shaft is 2.80m.square, and above the level of the mastaba floor has retaining walls constructedof mud brick which are presently preserved to a height of 1.55m. The shaftdescends through the native rock to a depth of 14.00m. at the floor of the burialchamber. It is likely that roughly cut notches on the east wall functioned asfootholds. The upper half of the shaft is well cut through sandstone bandedwith shale, but the walls of the lower half, cut in a harder rock formation, arevery rough and irregular with no smooth surfaces or clean corners. The floorof the shaft is uneven with large areas of uncut rock remaining on the south andeast, and is partly finished only in the northwest section which slopes downtowards the burial charnber. It would appear that cutting in the lower part mayhave been restr icted to that required in order to lower vert ical ly the largelimestone sarcophagus of Kt(.7)-rpr(ru) and manoeuvre it into the burialchamber. The entire west wall and a good portion of the north are cut away toproduce an opening approximately 3.50m. wide and 3.25m. high which givesaccess to the burial chamber.
Oriented N-S at a 40" angle to the west wall of the shaft, the burial chamber isirregularly-shaped and incompletely cut with few smooth surfaces. It measures5.50m. N-S on the east side x 5.20m. on the west wall x 3.35m. E-W on thenorth wall and 3.95m. on the south wall. The rough ceiling, with many cracksand flssures, slopes slightly downward to give a height of 3.20m. at the westwall. The south wall is cleanly cut from the floor level to a height of about.70m. and, above this, work was begun to extend the wall further to the south.
A )
KA-APER
The west wall and a small section at the west end of the north wali are quitewell cut to a height of approximately 1.00m. above the floor level. The floorarea has been levelled and smoothed only in the area surrounding thesarcophagus. Beneath the sarcophagus is a well cut pit .80m. E-W x 3.60m.N-S x .55m. deep. To the east of and parallel to the pit a section of the floorwith maximum measurements of .60m. wide at the south end and 2.35m. alongthe west side is cleanlv cut to depths of .45m. in the western part and .22m. tnthe eastem part.
Resting on loose stones and rubble above the pit is the large sarcophagus ofKt(.j)*pr(w), cut from good quality limestone, but with the surfaces onlyroughly finished. Found empty and damaged by tomb robbers there are severalbreaks in the sarcophagus, particularly at the northern head end where pieceshave also been broken from the lid. Most of these fragments were recoveredduring the excavations to enable a complete record to be made of theinscript ions incised on the sarcophagus and its l id. The chest measuresexternal ly 3 .10m. long x 1.63m. wide x 1.40m. h igh. The in ternalmeasurements are 2.22m. long x .70m. wide x .66m. high, with thethicknesses of the four sides varying from .40-.50m. The lid has a width of1.63m. and an average height of .56m.; the length cannot be accuratelymeasured as the norlh end is missins.
V SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS
The chapel is constructed of mud brick, then plastered and whitewashed, but theonly evidence of painted decoration are fragments of red colour, perhaps theremains of male figures, preserved on the west wall of room V. Monolithic blocksof good quality limestone form each of the two sides of the entrance doorway, thefalse door, the false door niche thicknesses and the offering bench. The architraveabove the entrance and the cornice of the false door are now missing. Most of theseblocks received decoration. All inscriptions are incised while the figures are insunken rel ief with good modell ing, and detai ls of body muscles, as well as thestructure of faces, hands, feet, etc, are well rendered. The hieroglyphic signs showa great deal of internal details. In general, the work on the entrance blocks is farsuperior to that on the false door and the offering chamber. It is likely that thefagade was the last to be decorated,l03 and there Kt(.j)-,pr(w) holds higher titlesthan those attributed to him on his false door and sarcophagus.
The North Entrance Jamb
Pls. 14-17, 49b.
The upper half is occupied by seven vertical ( I -7) and one horizontal (8) lines ofhieroglyphs which read: ( 1) mrr(zo) ttswt pru mrr(w) Inpw tpj dw.f pu rm! nbhm-b (2) swt.tj.fj hr wtt tn m ld bsft st n(.j) mw (3) rdj n(.j,) t hnqt m ntt m-fut.fn
lo3 5"s also James, Khentiko, 13.
43
KA-APER
j., nf, n wnn t hnqt mruto4 m:fi t . ln r05 (4) dcl.kt.tn m r.!n zodnto6 nt <.tn lu m thnqt (5) fot m r fu m lrp l t m zt bt m sr fut tn mniut (6) bt m ftB-hdln 1r, ' nr ' irryrost:.,.r,r1.,!
.:,!,,:f, Ft.p, lyj-tp.ttstut.j,yj l ht.ut<urt 0) ljfifuw l-rr'nstut fir Jnpiu tpjQzu.J !7r n[r <t nb l.ntrrt (8) jrj-p,t httj-< jmj-r gs-pr furj-tp nszut Kt(.j)-rpr(u)' (1) Beloved of the king and beloved of Anubis, *to ir onhis hi l l , is ony p". lon ot.a ka-servant (2) who shall pass by this road in travelling downstream or upstream.Pour water for me (3) and give breari and beer to me from that which is in yourpossession. If there are no bread, beer ancl water in your possession 1+; 1t"nen.y'shall_you say with your mouth and make offering with your 1lun6.roo a thousand o1,bread and beer, (5) a thousand of /-geese, a thousand or 1rp-ge"re, a thousand ofzf-geese, a thousand of sr-geese, a thousand of pigeons, 16j a tnousancl of oryxes,a thousand of oxen and pure incense for the ouerGe, of the workcentre, the ioyalchamberlain, the overseer of the great court, (7) the honoured one before the king,before Anubis who is on his hill, and before the great god lord of the west'.
The horizontal line (8) is a caption identifying the tomb owner as: 'the hereclitaryprince, the count, the overseer of the workcentre, the royal chamberlain, Ka_aper,,who is shown seated, facing towards the entrance and invoking.il0 The gesture ofhis right hand may be interpreted as an invitation to the pas"r-Ly to enter his tomband-perhaps present him with offerings as indicated inthe insir ipt ions afsys.l rdd.f 'he says', written before his face, might ref'er to the words above as well as rothose on the adjoining north entrance thickness.
simjlar invoking f igures are found o.n the lagades of a number of the largemastabas in the Teti. cemetery. Kt(.j)*pr(ru) sits on a chair with lion's legs and low,cushioned back. He wears a shoulder-length wig, a beard, a collar, tiracelets, asash across his chest and. a-pleated kilt. Like the figure of flntj-kt.jpreserved on hisnorthern entrance.jamb,tt2 Kt{.iS-jrr(zu) invokes with one hand on,inotO, a sceptrein the other. As there is no evidence of a staff near his feet on the south iamb itseems that, unlike flntj-kt,j and orhers,tt3 Kt{.i;*rr(ro) js clepicted on rh; sourhjamb invoking but also holding a sceptre.
On a separate base line in front of the tomb owner stands a small male flsurewearing a shoulder-length wig, a collar, a sash and a pointed kilt. He is identiiedas zt.f smsw j*j-, gs-pr hrj-tp nsr.ot jnrl,lw lhjj
'his eidest son, rhe overseer of theworkcentre, the royal chamberlain, the honoured one. Ihi'.
104 pot the expression 'bread, becr and watcr' sec Jantcs, Khentika,39, pl. 6; Lloyd et al., S1c1q[iraTontb.s 2. o1.22.
105 pn. the usc of m-l3t scc EtJcl, Grtmmrcttik, \797.t ,06 rudn is e l l ip t ica l for rudn.kt . [ r r ( ib id, $5-53, b) .107 16. deternt inat ivc is ic lcnt ica l to that in thc tomb ol ' l r lw at Giza, whcre the aninra l is
idcntif lcd as nrrhd (Sirnpson, Qttr and ldu,20-21, l ig. 33).l0ti 4n iclentical dercrminarive in rhe rornb oI' ldw is idcn-tif ied asizru (ibid).109 1t;t probably nlcans that thc spokcn worcls should bc accornpanied by thc apprgpriate gesture
of of lbring (Lloyd et al., SutlqAra Tonilts 2, 38 n.3).I I0 pur this posturc see Harpur, Decorcrrion,l2g--10; LA 2, -57-l-g-5.l l I S i ln i lar ly Harpur expla ins thc dcpict ions c l f ' the tomb owncr on the cntrance th ickncsscs
facing outwards as 'awaiting the approach ol'visitors' (Decoruti.,,53).I I 2 Jar"r, Khentiko. ol. (t.I I 3 16;,1, pl. -5; Baclaw y, <Ankhnf ahor, t ' ig. 2-j.
A A
KA_APER
The South Entrance Jamb
Pls. 14, 15, 49a.
Apart from the bottom part of a scene on the lower section of this jamb, all theinscript ions on the upper part have been completely removed by deliberatechisel l ing. The decoration surviving in the lower part shows the pleated ki l t andfeet of the tomb owner seated on a chair with lion's legs. Standing at his f-eet is partof a small male figure, perhaps his son, wearing a leopard's skin.
The North Entrance Thickness
PIs. 18, 50b.
The upper half is occupied by four vertical (l-4) and two horizontal (5-6) lines oftext that read: ( l) pr.n(. j) m njzot(. j) ht.n(. j) m sptt(. j) jr .n(. j) (2) m{t n nb.sshtp.n(.j) nlr m mrrt.f (3) rdj(.j) t n l.tqr hbs n htjj snu(.j) tt (4) m jwtj tttllnt.f jnk
Qd nfr wtun nfr (5) jnufuw lr nlr <t (6) jrj-pct jrnj-r gs-pr Kt(.j)*pr(w) '( l) I cameforth from my town, and descended from my province. I carried out (2) justice forits lord, and satisfled god with what he loves. (3) I gave bread to the hungry andclothing to the naked. I brought to land (4) he who had no ferry-boat. I was onewho said what was good and who reported what was good. (5) The honoured onebefore the great god, (6) the hereditary prince, the overseer of the workcentre, Ka-aper ' .
The tomb owner is depicted in the prime of l i fe, but is represented withabbreviated shoulder, which is mostly associated with older-looking figures.l l4 Hewears a cap wig, a long, projecting kilt, bracelets and sandals and holds a staff.Kt(.j)-<pr(u) is shown here, as on the opposite thickness, ta_cing outwards which,conirary to the earlier interpretation of leaving his tomb,ll5 is now explained byHarpur as standing at the entrance, awaiting the approach of visitors.l l6 Facing thetomb owner is a small figure of a man presenting him with ahz-jar. He is labelled:j*j-, pr jmj-r sir shd hm-kt ldzu'the overseer of the house, the overseer of thelinen, the superintendent of the ka-servants, Idu'.
The South Entrance Thickness
Pls. 19, 50a.
Four vertical (l-4) and two horizontal (5-6) lines of hieroglyphs occupy the upperspace and read: ( l) [ jmj]-r zi < nxut jmj-r bt nbt nt nsut (2) hrj-tp nsut jmj-rl.tr.ut-wrt j*j-, ziwj (3) brj-hbt l.trj-sitt n pr-dutt (4) jmtfuu lr Wsir nb Ddwl t'7
(5) jmtfuw lr lnpru tpj dw.f (6) jrj-pct jntj-r gs-pr k(.j)*pr(w) '(1) The overseerof the scribes of the king's documents, the overseer of all the works of the king, (2)the royal chamberlain, the overseer of the great court, the overseer of the two fowl
Harpur, Decorutiort. I 33-34.Hassan , G iz .a 3 ,101 -102 ; vo l . 6 :3 ,Decoration,53.For thc writ ing ol'Ddu as Ddru in this cernetcry sce Davies ct al., SctqqAra Tontbs I, f ig. 26
KA-APER
pools, (3) the lector priest, the one who is privy to the secret of the house ofmorning, (4) the honoured one before Osiris, lord of Busiris, (5) the honoured onebefore Anubis, who is on his hill, (6) the hereditary prince, the overseer of theworkcentre, Ka-aper'. Below the inscript ions is a standing f igure of the tombowner depicted in the same manner as on the opposite thickness.
Room III: The Offering Chamber
THE FALSE DOOR
Pls . 20 , 51 .
The Upper Lintel: Two horizontal (1-2) and one vert ical (3) l ines of hieroglyphsread: (1) lttp dj nsrut htp lnpru tpj du.f jmj wt nb tt isr (2) htp dj nsrut Wsjr lntjQdw qrs.t j . f m ftrt-ntr (3) jmj-r gs-pr Kt(. j)-<pr(ru) '( l) An offering which theking gives and an offering which Anubis, who is on his hi l l , who is in theembalming place, lord of the sacred land (gives). (2) An offering which the kinggives and Osir is, foremost of Busir is (gives), that he be buried in the necropolis.(3) The overseer of the workcentre, Ka-aper'. To the left is a figure of the tombowner holding a staff and sitting on a chair with bull's legs.
The Central Panel: The tomb owner sits on a chair with bull 's legs wearing ashoulder-length wig and er short, t ight ki l t . He stretches his r ight hand to anoffering table with lourtcen half- loaves of bread and holds in his left hand aperfume jar with his forefinger and thumb. Two ewers in basins, two jars and acalf s head on a tray are also depicted. Above the scene is written: jmtlru fur nlr <thrj-tp nsrut k(. j)-rpr(zu)'The honoured onc before the great god, the royalchamberlain, Ka-aper'.
The Lower Lintel: The arrangement is similar to that on the upper lintel, except thatthe figure to the left is standing and holding a stailT and a sceptre. (1) jntfuru furflntj-jmntjut (2) jnulw ftr nxut fur nlr <t nb pt (3) jntj-r gs-pr Kt(.j)*pr(zt') '(l)
The honoured one before Khentiamentiu, (2) the honoured one before the king arrdbefore the great god, lord of heaven, (3) the overseer of the workcentre, Ka-aper'.
The Drunr : Kt ( . j ) -<pr(w) 'Ka-aper ' .
The Jambs: Each jamb contains two vert ical ( l-2) and one horizontal (3) l ines ofhieroglyphs, the lerst containing only the tomb owner's name. Below this, in eachcase, is a depiction of Kt(.j)-<pr(zrr) wearing a shouider-length wig, a beard, a collarand a pointed kilt and holding a staff and a sceptre.
The Right Outer Jamb: (1) l.ttp dj rtsittt lnpu tpj dru.f jntj ut nb tt lsr lntj spt (2)prt-furw n.f m ltrt-nlr jmj-r gs'pr furj-tp nswt jrnj-r l.trut-rurt (Z) K:(.j)-,pr(nt) '(l)
An offering which the king gives and Anubis, who is on his hi l l , who is in theembalming place, lord of the sacrcd land, forernost of Sepal l8 lgives). (2) May aninvocation offering come fbrth for him in the necropolis. The overseer of theworkcentre, the royal chamberlain, the overseer of the great court, (3) Ka-aper'.
l l t i p . r ra<J i scuss iono f t heposs ib l c l oca t i ono f ScpaseeZ ibe l i us , Z ied lungen .20g - l l .
16
KA-APER
The Left Outer Jamb: (I) htp dj nsut Inpw funtj zh-ntr bp.f hr wtwt jptf (Zlnfr(w)t nt jmnt lppt jmtfuw hr,snl le j tnj-r gs-pr (3) Kt(. j)-<pr(w) '(1) An offeringwhich the king gives and Anubis, foremost of the divine booth (gives). May hetravel upon those beautiful roads (2) of the west, upon which the honoured onestravel, the overseer of the workcentre, (3) Ka-aper'.
The Right Inner Jamb: ( l) jmtf iru br ntr g nb pt (2) jm{l3w|3r Wsjr nb Ddw (3)Kt(.j)*pr(w) '(l) The honoured one before the great god, Iord of heaven, (2) thehonoured one before Osiris, lord of Busiris, (3) Ka-aper'.
The Left Inner Jamb (l) jmtfuw fur lnpw tpj dw.f (2) jntj-r gs-pr hrj-tp nswt jmj-rLtwt-rurt (3) Kt(.j)tpr(w) '(l) The honoured one before Anubis, who is on his hill,(2) the overseer of the workcentre, the royal chamberlain, the overseer of the grezrtcourt, (3) Ka-aper'.
SIDES OF THE FALSE DOOR
Pl. 52.
On either side of the false door the traditional oils are depicted in superposedregisters, each containing a jar and the name of the oil. The north side reads: ...hknw sft nhnm trutwt h*t nt l l .mw
'. . .hknw orl,sft oi l ,nfunm oll , twtrut orl,best Libyan oil'. The south side lists the same oils, but trttnut is replaced by l.utt,? f (5 'best cedar o i l ' .
THE FALSE DOOR NICHE
Pls. 21, 22, 53, 54.
Two monolithic limestone blocks, now broken in the upper part, form the sides ofa niche into which the false door is set. Each thickness is decorated with a largefigure of the tomb owner facing away from the false door, while the jambs of theniche show offering bearers. (See also TNE94:F25 which may have originatedfrom the south side of this niche.)
The North Thickness: The upper section is partly missing, but the remaining partshows three ver t ica l ( l -3) and two hor izonta l (4-5) l ines of text : ( l ) . . . (2) . . .L t r j -hbt (3) .. . f i . tr j-sl i t t n nsntt (4) jmtftto br ntr <t (5) jmj-r gs-pr Kt(. j)*pr(w) '( l)
. . . (2) .. . the lector priest, (3) .. . privy to the secret of the king, (4) the honouredone before the great god, (5) the overseer of the workcentre, Ka-aper'. Below thisthe tomb owner stands with the staff and sceptre. He wears a shoulder-length wig.a collar and bracelets, a leopard's skin and a short, pointed kilt.
The South Thickness: The upper section is missing. The lower section shows afigure of Kt(.j)-<pr(zu) holding the staff and sceptre and wearing a sash and a short,pointed kilt.
l l9 Lopp, Opfetformel, 579-80
11
KA-APER
The North Jamb: The figures of four offering bearers in superposed registers arepreserved, all depicted with cap wig, beard and short kilt. All carry a foreleg of anox and possibly another cut of meat. Only the man in the lower register is labelledas lrp zh Ns::u'the director of the fbod-hall , Nesu'. A vert ical l ine of inscript ionexplains the action of the men as: .. . [pr] n dt120 jrutt m Trnthw Srn'ru n kt jnt j-rgs-pr hrj-tp nsrut Kt(. j)-<pr(u,) ' . . .121 of the house of dt, which is brought fromthe North and South [ 'or the ka of the overseer o1' the workcentre, the royalchamberlain, Ka-aper'.
The South Jamb: Similar in composit ion to the north jamb, only the two lowerrcgisters of the south jamb are preserved. In each is depicted an offering bearerwith a short wig carrying lotus flowers in the right hand and different offering itemsin the left. A small gazelle accompanies the man in the upper register. The verticalinscription before them reads: ... n jmj-r gs-pr llrj-tp nswt jntt'ftru lr nlr g Kt(.j)-<pr(zu) '... for the overseer of the workcentre, the royal chamberlain, the honouredone before the great god, Ka-aper'.
The Sarcophagus
Pl,s. 23. 28. 55.
The chest of Kt(.j)tpr(u)'s sarcophagus is made of one block of limestone, andits l id of ernother, both of which were lel l unsmoothed. Inscript ions exist outsideon side I (east) of the lid and the chest and on side 3 (north) of the latter, and insideon side 1 of the chest. l22 All signs and theruitt-eyes are incised, but very poorlyexecutedl23 and presumably unfinished. The left hand section of the lid is also veryrough and partly damaged. If the text was left unfinished in this section it wouldhave probably been due to superstition rather than a premature death. A comparisonbetween the titles written on the sarcophagus and those on the entrance shows thatKt(. j)-<pr(w) presumably was promoted to a higher level in his career after hissarcophagus was inscribed. Certain signs, part icularly human l igures in theinscript ions have, as on other contemporary sarcophergi, been suppressed ormodified, possibly for the protection of the deceased.
Tomb robbers entered the sarcophagus by breaking through in three differentl oca t i ons ,a t the topo f t henor the rnendo f s ide l , a t t he topo f s ide3 toge the rw i thside 3 of the lid, and from the bottom of the chest. Two inscribed fragmentsrecovered from the rubble of the burial chamber have been incorporated in thefacsimile of the text inscribed on the siucophagus.
The Lid: The inscription contains an address by Kt(.j)-<pr(u) to the priests andcemetery workers(?) who are to take charge of burying him, asking them to securehis heavy l id on its 'mother', i .e. the chest. The appeal is rather unusual, butsimilar inscriptions are found on the lids of <tilt-m-<-Hr and flnti-kt.i.tz.+ The text
I 20 gn the signif icancc of thc house of 1f sce Percpclkit ' t, Privuteigentunt, l58ll ' .l2l The lacuna may be reconstructcd as'bringing thc choicc lbod by the ka-scrvants', or thc l ikc.122 5 i .11" . arrangement is fc lund on the sarcophagus o l ' (n l rnt -<-Hr, who in addi t ion inscr ibcd
the ins ide o l 's ide 3 (F i r th - Gunn, Tet i Pvr . Cerr . l ' 98) .1 23 16" sarnc is obscrved in the casc ol <ttl l-m-< Hr (ibid, 99).l 2a 16 ; ,1 ,981 f . ; vo l . 2 , p l . - 5u ; James , Khen t i ka ,65 , p l . 39 ; Sc thc , { . / r f t . l ' 205 '
48
KA.APER
reads: ...ltrj-tp ttsrot jmj-[r] hrut-rurt Kt(j)-<pr(w) dd.f j fuj-hbt wt rntt ucbt rm!B0 ... (2) .. . j j nxut zunn jnul1.ln nfr f tr nlr, t djdj.tn n(. j) s pn l. tr mwt.f jqr jnkKt(.j)tpr(zu) n mrwt '(1) ... thc royal charnberlain, the ovcrseer of the great court,Ka-aper, he says: O lector priest, enrbalmer, men of the embalming charnber and the80 men [of the necropol is ]125 . . . (2) . . . o f the k ing and your honour to be wel lbefore the great god, then you should place for me this l id upon its mother,excellently. I am the beloved, Ka-aper'.
Side l: Kt(.j)-<pr(zu) [rudtt-eyesl jrnj-r gs-pr Kt(.j)*pr(ur) 'Ka-aper [zr.rlrf-eyes],
the overseer of the workcentre, Ka-aper'.
Side 3: jmfly.u UJlr nstut jmj-r gs-pr Kt(.j)*pr(zu)'the honoured one before theking, the overseer of the workcentre, Ka-aper'.
Side I ( inside): jmj-r gs-pr hrj-tp nszut Kt[(. j)*pr(w)l ' the overseer of thcworkcentre, the royal chamberlain, Ka-aper'.
VI FINDS
The tomb of Kt(.j)tpr(w) appears to have been emptied a number of times, themost recent of which was by Loret during his work in the 'rue de tombeaux' at thevery end of the last century. The fill of the shali contained a number of objectswhich are certainly out of context.
TNE94:69. Pl. 13.Assortment of small copper tools, several intact but mostly broken, all moderately
oxidised on the tr11nce.l26A. One large adze, with a splayed blunt end and blade. L l2.0cm. W 2.6cm.B. Five spatulate adzes with rounded blr-rnt ends. String marks are visiblc on the
narrow ends, where the objects were hafied onto a strafl. L 7.8cm. W 2.5cm.C. Six square axes, one edge slightly rounded. L 4.8cm. W 4.0cm.D. Fragments of awls/styli (number indeterminate). L 3.8-7.5crn. W 0.2-0.3cm.E,. Miscellaneous small fragments.
TNE9{:70. (not illustrated)Numerous fragments of copper model dishes and jars, body, base and neck(?)
fragments discernible. Moderate surface oxidisation. Th 0.1-0.2cm.
TNE9{:7 1. (not illustruted)A. Blue-glazed faience shabti, glaze discoloured to black. H 14.3cm. W 4.0cm.B. Fragment of a moulded blue-glazed faience shabti, head and upper torsc'r
remaining. Features indistinct; figr"rre wears a tripartite wig with lappets ovcrthe shoulders. Some abrasion and discolouration on surface. H 4.7cm.W 4.0cm.
I 25 por this expression scc ref-ercnccs in previous note.126 A sirnilar collection of coppcr tools was tbund during ACE work at Saqqara in l9it3-U, at thc
botom of ' the shal ' t o f l l . r j -m 23. / (Kanawat i e t a l . , Suqqara l ,23, p1.9, SU3:U8). Sec a ls t ' r
F i r t h - Gunn . Te l l P t ' r . Cem. l . 13 , 19 ,22 ,25 ,35 .
49
KA-APER
TNE94:72. Pl. 13.Three circular l imestone objects, with rounded tops and concave underneath.
Probably jar stoppers. Traces of yellow paint remaining. Complete.A. D 5.3cm. Th l .6cm.B. D 7.0cm. Th 2.0cm.C. D 7.5-8.0cm. Th l .7cm.Three fragments of jar stoppers. D 5.8cm. Th max. l .2cm.
TNE94:73. Pl. 13.Model calcite jar. Cylindrical shape with slightly concave sides, flat-topped ledge
rim and f laring base. Complete. H 5.3cm. D rim 4.2cm. D base 3.5cm.
TN E94 :74. (not illustrated)Stone obj ect, circular with concave sides. D 2.3-2.2cm. H L5cm.
TNE94:75. (not illustruted)Pale green stone (feldspar?) rzn -pot amulet. H 0.8cm. W 0.7cm.
TNE9(:76. Pl. 13.Roughly-modelled small square container of Nile mud with a l id, unfired and
hand-formed. Traces of powdery white paint on two sides. Inside the box was acrude hand-formed f igure of Nile mud. Figure and l id broken. Box: H 5.8cm.L8 .5cm. W8.5c rn . Tho f wa l l l .Ocm: L id : L7 .5cm. W7. -5cm. Th0 .5cm.
TNE9{:77. Pl. 13.Roughly-n-rodelled small oval shaped container with l id, handmade from Nile
mud, unfired. Lid broken, now mended. H incl. l id -5.6cm. L 9.9cm. W 6.2cm.Th of wal l 0 .5 cm- l .0cm.
TNE96:78. Pl. 13.Roughly-modelled rectangular container with rounded corners and lid, handmade
of unfired Nile mud. Each side of the box is pierced by two holes about 0.5cm.from the rim, possibly for threading to secure the lid. Traces of white paint orplaster remaining on box and l id. Inside the box was a crudely fashioned clayfigure, left foot broken and a model clay headrest. All limbs on the figure weredistinguished and crude delineation of the facial features visible; prominent malegenitalia present. Base complete, but lid broken in two halves, now mended. Box:H3 .6cm. L9 .9cm. W7 .0cm. Tho f wa l l s0 .95cm. L i d : L l 0 . l cm . W6 . -5cm 'Ih. o f l id 1 .1 cm. F igure: L 7.55cm. Headrest : 2 .85 x2.2cm.
TNE94:100. P ls . 13,46.Squat ceramic vessel with a flaring neck and fluted rim, long spout narrowing
towards the end and recessed foot showing marks of tr ipod support. Roundedhandle attached from top of neck to shoulder. Very glossy, srnooth turquoise blueglaze over exterior surface. N{ended from fragments; handle and spout broken.The nature of the glaze points to an Islamic date for this obiect. H 8.5cm. W max.7.8cm. D base 5.5cm. D r im 4.2cm.
50
KA-APER
TNE94:101 PIs. 13, 16.Squat ceramic vessel with a long spout narrowing towards the end, f laring r im
and a recessed foot. Flat strap handle rvith thumb-rest applied from neck toshoulder. Raised ridge below handle around neck. Dark green-blue glaze overexterior and interior surf-aces, indicative of an Islamic date. Spout broken and othersurface wear evident. H 8.0cm. W max. '7.Zcm. D basc 5.lcm. D rim 4. '7cm.
-51
INSCRIBED OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
During the excavation seasons of 1994-95, numerous inscribed l imestone obiecrswere found in the compact earth and debris which f i l led chupcls and shalis oi theOld Kingdom mastabas and also in the looscr sarrd abovc them. In 1994 thecxpedit ion focused on clearing a section where thc mastabaol-Ndt-nt-pf was laterfound, and the majority of fragrnents were discovcred in that vicinity. The tomb ofKt(.j)-<pr(w) was previor"rsly cleared, although not fully recorcled, by Loret, hencevery few objects or fragments were recovered in this area. Unless otherwise sterteclthe small fragments found in 1994 arre from the fill above or in the irnmediatesurroundings of the tomb of Nf,t-m-pt; only cornplete or near complete objects aregiven a lnore exact location. A grid systern instigated in 199-5 has enablcd the findsof that season to be more precisely located.
The inscribed items are divided into three categorics and are listed below with thefbl lowing ref-erences: TNE (Teti Cemetery North-East); SM (stdle maison), FD(false door), OT (oif-ering table) or F (fragment) plLrs the individual registrationnumber. Find spots of objects found in thc 1995 scason, within the grid systcm,are provided in parenthesis at the beginning of each cntry. Translations are ofteredwhere texts are complete, but transli teration only where the contcxt is lacking.Unless otherwise noted there are no remaining traces of paint.
The great majority of the inscribed objects recovered during the cxcavations maybe dated to the late Old Kingdom and thesc are presented below. Numerous otherf iagments wil l appear in a future volume devoted to latcr burials and relatedmaterials recorded lrom the same area of the Teti Cemeterv.
I STtI,E MAISON
TNE95:SMl. P|.56.This object, now stored in thc pi l lared court ol ' /5/ which forms part o1' the
mastaba of his father, <nh-m-<-Hr, was found by the Egyptian Surpreme Council ofAntiquit ies, presumably in thc ne ar vicinity. As a re-publication o1'this rnastaba isincluded in our current ploject, it seerns also appropriatc to make known the prescntinteresting object. This type of monument, cal led 'stble maison' by Jiquier iscurrently otherwise attested only in the cemctcry of Pepy II and generally dated tothe end of Dynasty 6.127 The presence of one of t irese monuments in thc Teticemetery is therefore of interest. There is no doubt that the cemetery remained inuse by successive generations during thc reign of Pepy II and later, and fragmentTNE94:F8 records thc cartouche of Nef-erkarc. But this cemetcry, limited in area,appears to have been totally planned and allociited under Teti himself, althoughsome mastabas were completed under Pepy I. Later officials and faniily membershad to dig new shafis and add stelac to exist ing mastabas. The present 'stdle
maison' should be seen in this contcxt.
127 Jdquier , Out l jebten,26-31; idcrn, Pctr t i t ' t i l ier .s ' , l12-14; Z ieglcr . Ct f tuktgue t les st i le .s ,191-gg.
-53
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
The monument is formed of one block of limestone with a rectangular base 69cm.long x 34cm. wide at the base and 3l.5cm. wide at the top of the vert ical sideswhich are 37cm. high. Above this the long sides curve inward to form an archedtop, resulting in a total height of 43cm. J6quier thinks this type of object representsa simple, one room house with vaulted roof, hence its name.l28 Vandier, fbllowingMiiller, however, reasonably rejects this interpretation and thinks that the objectdoes not represent a stela or a house, but a miniature mastaba.l29 Decoration inincised relief with little detail is partially preserved on three sides.
The Long Side, FaEade
The faEade is decorated with a false door of the type with torus moulding andcavetto cornice, flanked on either side by a figure of the owner seated at an offeringtable. The inscriptions on the false door read as follows:
The Upper Lintel: prt-furu n jm:'fuw lhirto'May an invocation offering come forthfbr the honoured one, Ihi'.
The Central Panel: fu t fut lmqt fu k:'fut mnfit n jnt*3ru lhj 'one thousand of bread,
one thousand of beer, one thousand of oxen, one thousand of clothes for thehonoured one. Ihi '.
The Lower Lintel: jrufuru lhj'The honoured one, Ihi'.
The Left Outer Jamb: j*j-, pr-in'131 hrj-hbt jmtfuw Hhittz'The overseer of thedepartment of stores, the lector priest, the honoured one, Hehi'.
The Right Outer Jamb: jmtfuto fur nb.f . . . 'The honoured one betore his lord, . . . ' .
The Inner Jambs: jrufutu (Hhj) 'lne honoured one, Hehi'.
To the left of the false door the owner is depicted seated on a chair with lion'slegs, wearing a short kilt, broad collar and a long wig which does not cover his ear.One of his hands is held clenched to his chest and the other is open and extendedtowards an off-ering table which is apparently unfinished, showing six loaves on theleft half but none on the right. Under the table on the far side is a chest on whichare piled items of food and above are two trays, the lower with three jars and theupper with loaves of bread. The inscriptions above the scene read: lgt t l3t hnqt fu kt
fu rytlfut mt-hd $ is [!t] nmlt n jm:ftru fur Wsjr ll.tj 'one thousand of bread, one
thousand of beer, one thousand of oxen, one thousand of fowl, one thousand oforyxes. one thousand of alabaster and one thousand of clothes for the honoured onebefore Osir is, Ihi ' .
The off-ering table sccne to the right of the false door is damaged in the lower part.The seated figure of the owner is clad in a sirnilar mannel' to that on the lefi but also
128 oudjebten,21 .129 7v4n,run1 2, 435-36.1 3o BonL", Personennamen l ,14:20.l3 I For th is t i t lc see Kanawat i - McFar lane, Akhnr int l . 23 l .I 32 Rankc, Personennrunen 1, 254 12.
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
wears the sash of a lector priest and bracelets. One hand rests on his lap and theother is extended towards a table with 13 loaves of bread. Beneath it to the lefl are aewer and basin. The 'one thousand ... ' fbrmula is identical to that on the lcf i sideand is followed by: n jmtftzu lr nfr <t nb pt flfuj
'for the honoured one befbre thegreat god, lord of heaven, Hehi'.
The Back Side
On the opposite 'back' side the only surviving decoration, at the lower lctt encl, isa small portion of the legs of a standing male figure facing left and of two columnsof inscript ions in front of him. The signs read: I) . . . hrjJ.tbt jmjt-r) . . .2) . . . m ...l ) . . . the lector pr iest , the overseer . . .2) . . . n1 . . .
The End
A standing figure of the owner is depicted facing left and weziring a shoulder-length, curled wig which does not cover his ear, l33 a beard, a col lar, bracelets and aprojecting, pleated kilt. He holds a staff and a sceptre and is accompanied by onehorizontal ( l) and two vert ical (2-3) l ines of hieroglyphs that read: ( l) jmtfuu.t furInpw tpj dru.f lhj @ j*j-, pr-in< furj-ftbt jm{bw} (3) br nlr <t Hhj rn.f nfr ll1[j]' ( l ) The honoured one before Anubis, who is on his hi l l , lhi. (2) The overseer ofthe department of stores, the lector priest, the honoured one (3) before the greatgod, Hehi, his beautiful name, Ihi'.
il FALSE DOORS
The street between Nit-m-pt ancl Spsj-ptu-Ptl l is iul ly occupied by shaftspresumably dating between the late Old Kingdom and First Intermediate Period.These are characterised by small mouths and are arranged in an orderly fashion tomaximise use of the l imited space. A number of small lalse doors and offeringtables were found in the loose debris filling this street and the area above the chapelof Ndt-m-pt to a height of 3.0m. It seems l ikely that sr"rch inscribed objectsoriginally belonged to these shafts and were moved, perhaps at the tirne that thiscemetery was first robbed. The area to the east of Njt-m-pt has not yet beencompletely cleared. The intrusive burials (to be published) were all later than theseobjects, even if sometimes they were dug to a lower dcpth.
TNE94:FDI. Pls.24. 57.The upper part of the false door of Nw-hjj-futot-knu was fbund near the SW
corner of NQt-m-pf's mastaba at a height approximately 2.50m. above floor level.Of the type with torus moulding and cavetto cornice, it is decorated in incised relie fof good style. W 44.5cm. (W cornice 47.0cm.) present max. H 38.0cm.
133 Thic typc became par t icu lar ly l iequent dur ing the re igns of Pepy l -Pcpy I I (Cherpion.M astabas et hypo gd e s, 57-58).
55
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
The Upper Linrel: (l) 4t! dj ryxut l.ttp dj lnpru prt-furw.ftt+ (\ m jtntfuzu l3r nlr <t(3) Spsj nsrot smr pr Nzu-hjj-hws-fu7p135 '( r) An off-ering which the kiig givesand an offering which Anubis gives. May his invocation ofiering come fortf, Dl o.an honoured one before the great god, (3) the nobleman of the king, the companionof the house,l36 \s-[ i- i lewet-kau'. To the left is a standing f igure of the o*n"r.holding the staff and the sceptre.
The Central Panel: Only the Llpper section is preserved, where a title and the nameof the owner read: .. . snrr pr Nu-l.t j j -hrut-knu'.. . , the companion of the house,Nu-hi-hewet-kau'.
Date: Dynasty 6.
TNE94:FD2. Pls.24, 57.Found in the debris approximately 2.00m. above the central part of Ndt-m-pt,s
mastaba, the false door of Hjj is almost complete, except for the cavetto cornicewhich is part ly broken above the torus moulding. It is decorated in incised, andnow weathercd, rel ief of poor style. W 3l.Ocm. present H 45.0cm.
The Upper Lintcl: \t 1 lltp dj nsut dj lnpzu tpj fdru.f prt-furw n] jmtbw Hjjt3i e)jmtlu fur nb.f ... Hjj '(l) An offering which rhe king gives ancl Anubis, w'ho is on[his hill] gives. [May an invocation offering come forth fbr] the honoured one, Hi,(2) the honoured one before his lord .. . , Hi ' .
The Ccntral Panel: The owner sits at an offering table and holds a perfume jar closeto his nose. He is described as jmj-r pr Hjj
'The overseer of the house, Hi'.
The Right outer Jamb: jnufuu lr lnpw lntj zh-nfr jntj-r pr Hjj 'The honoured
one before Anubis, foremost of the divine booth, the overseerof the house, Hi'.
The Left Outer Jamb: 1nufiru fur [Ptl.t?] smr wctj Mnzu-jnw(?)tta 4y.7te Hjj 'fn"
honoured onc before [Ptah?] the sole companion, Min-inu(?), his df, Hi'.
The Lower Lintel: lmt.f [m]rtt . f l Wdrt.. . n 'His wife, his beloved, Wedjat . . . n'.
The Right Inner Jamb: jmil3w fur nlr ,t Hjj 'The honoured one before the great
god , H i ' .
I 34 p,l. the lbrm Ttrt-furut scc Lapp, Oplefinrnret. g162.135 Thic natnc is unat{cstcd in Rankc, Personennt tnerr , but a rathcr s i rn i lar namc, Nzu h-kt tu rs
lbunci once in thc tomb of Ptl.t l l tp (D62) at Siiclqara (ibid l. 182:29: Maricrrc, Mnstubtts.3-52) , datcc l to thc rc ign of Djcdkare (Bacr . Rank cur t l T i t le ,74- j5 l l60 l : Strudwick,Atlnt in i.s t rut ir.rn, t37-t38 [49] ).
136 p1t.1.t.. has obscrvccl that the last two tit lcs are usually cornbined (Denclertt,98-99).I 3 7 Ranke, Personennunten l . 233:16.138 16 i . 1 , l - 5 l : 16 ; vo l . 2 ,360 . I f ' t h i s reac l i ng i sco r r cc r t henb . f o f H j j i sMrnu - j n ru , rheowner
ol' a tonrb recently cliscovered in thc samc area which datcs rnost probably tit thc reign ofPcpy I (kr be publishcd shortly).
139 pn, t l.tc tcrnr L/f see Mcnu-Harari, CRIPEL 2 |()741. l42fl.; Perepclkin, Prit,ctteigerttunt,nass im .
56
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
The Left Inner Jamb: jnrhzu fur nb.f Hjj 'The honourecl one befbre his lord. Hi .
Date: Dynasty 6
TNE94:FD3. Pls.25, 57.Found in the debris,.of Nit-nt-pt's tomb near TNE94:FD2, the complete falsedoor of Mr.srnb is of the type with torus moulcling ancl cavetto cornice and has aT-shaped panel ' Decorated in incised rel ief with
"minimum detai ls, the owner isshown seated at an offering table on the pane^l and is depicted standing and holdrnga lotus flower to her nose at the bottom of each of- t'he four 1ambs. w at base30.0cm. W aftop 3l.Ocm. H -52.0cm.
The Upper Lintel and Lefi outer Jamb: The inscriptions on the former (l) continueon the latter (2). (1) \!l di nsw.t ,lnyru.tpj crw j Ttrt-r3rzu (2) n jnur3iui r3r ntr,tMr.s-'nbt+0 '( l) An offering which the king giutJ aniAnubis, who is on his hi l l(gives). IVIay an invocation offering come foitf, (2) for the honoured one before thegreat god, Meres-ankh'.
The Right Outer Jamb: jnufuwt !1r pth Mr.s_<nl3 'TheMeres-ankh'.
honoured one before ptah.
The Central Panel: lg t fot l.tnqt p3tthousand of bread, one thousand ofthousand of oxen, one thousancl ofMeres-ankh'.
fut tpd fu kt fu is ftt nntfut n Mr.s-<nh 'Onebeer and cake, one thousand of tbwl. onealabaster and one thousand of c lothes. fbr
Lower Lintel: jmtfiut Mr.s-<nfu 'The honoured one, Meres-ankh,.
The Inner Jambs: The szrme inscript ions are written on both inner. jambs: bkrtnswt Mr.s-<n! 'The royal o.nament, Meres_ankh'.
Date: Pepy I, or later.
II I OFFERING TABLES
The offering tables, both complete and incomplete, are of the type with a l.ttp_stgnand two basins, except for or3 which is a singl^e basin with a flat rim.
TNE94:OT1. Pls. 26, 58.A complete offering table inscribed lbr Tmzj/IJrtJtmt-n-brzu was fbund ne.r theeastern wall of NQt-m-pt's mastaba at a height approximaGty z.:0,,-'. above floorlevel . Inscr ipt ionsincisedon1l .e.btTt$gniead:"(r )htpa1 nsi t i i i i i i i " " ' tp l
dwf prt,.pyr! ".f !
jyntlw.Trnrj.,o,, .i) iritt3w t3, ni j tifs1]'nswt hri!6i u[t_h,n,_n-'ftrTu '(l) An offering which fhe king'giv". uno un nir..ing which Anubis, who ison his hill, gives. May an invocation offering come fbrth f'oi hi-, for the honoureclone Tjemst. (2) The honoured onc befbre his lord, the noblernan of the kinc. the
140 Ranke, Personennunren l . l5U:6.| '1 I Ib id, 391 : lo .
57
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
lector priest, Kheret-hema-en-kheru'. Each inscription ends with a seated figure ofthe owner. W 29.8cm. L 43.7cm.
TNE94:OT2. Pls.26, 58.The offering table of Zzjis broken on one side. Preserved between two basins is
most of a vert ical l ine of incised inscript ions ending with a seated f igurcdeterminative. It reads: jmtfuru fur lnpzu tpj dw.f Zzjl42 'The honoured one beforeAnubis, who is on his hi l l , Sesi ' . W l7.0cm. present max. L 22.0cm.
TNE9l:OT3. Pls.26, 58.The right lower corner of a single offering basin retains inscript ions roughly
inc ised on the f la t r im around the edge. They read ( t ) . . . z i l r j r+z Q) l . rmt . f j . . .' (1) . . . the scr ibe, I r i . (2) h is wi fe , i . . . . . Present max. W 2l .5cm. L 16.0cm.
TNE94:OT4. Pls.27, 58.A small fragment of an offering table has remains of a horizontal line of incised
signs which reads: ... prt-furw Ftkt-ttt11 '... invocation offerings (for) Feteket-ta'.Present max. W 8.5cm. L l0.0cm.
TNE9{:OT5. Pls.27, 58.An offering table of Sbkru is damaged on three corners but retains most of its
incised inscript ions. They read: ( l) jmtlut Sbkwt45 (D htp dj nszut lnpzu tpi
dwt.fl... '(1) The honoured one, Sebeku. (2) An off-ering which the king gives and
Anubis , who is on h is h i l l (g ives) . . . ' . W' l3 .5cm. present max. L l6 .5cm.
TNE94:OT6. Pl. 58.Two pieces were found of a broken offering table, but the right side is missing.
Little remains of two horizontal lines of incised inscriptions which read: ( l) ... prt-
f t rw . . . (2) . . . [ jmtb]u l r Wsj r . . . ' (1) . . . invocat ion of fer ings ( for ) . . . (2) . . . thehonoured one before Osir is .. . ' . Present max. W 2l.0cm. L 33.0cm.
TNE94:OT7. Pls.27, 58.The right half of an offering table inscribed in black ink only was found to the
north of the mastaba of Ndt-m-pt at a height of 2.00m. The single line of textbegins: htp dj nsut lrtpw tpj dwf .. . 'An offering which the king gives andAnubis, who is on his hi l l (gives) .. . ' . W 26.3cm. present max' L 32.5cm.
TNE94:OT8. Pl. 58.A complete offering table was found near the SE corner of Nflt-m-pf's mastaba at
a height of approximately 3.00m. above floor level. Crudely incised for an officialno-"d Hzjj ihe inscriptions read: ( t) htp dj nsrot Wsjr prt-furro n ipsj nsut jmil3w
Hzjjr+6 (2) jmtfuw... ' ( l) An offering which the king gives and Osir is (gives).
May an invocation offering come forth for the nobleman of the king, the honouredone. Hesi. (2) The honoured one ... ' . W 32.0cm. L 36'0cm.
la2 16i ,1, 29i :22.l a3 15 ; ,1 , 41 ' 1 .l a a 1 6 i , 1 , 1 4 j . 1 .1,15 tb id, 306:3.I a6 15;,1. 254:29.
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
IV FRAGMENTS
A great number of fragments fbund near to each other in the fill and debris abovethe central part of Nflt-ttt-pt's tomb were formed of a hard, slate-coloured rock andhad incised decoration of a similar style and size. Two (TNE94:F21, F43) bear thename lpj,to, and it is believed that the majority belong to the same monument.Their registration numbers are not in consecutive order and to facilitate study theyhave been grouped at the beginning of the fol lowing descript ions and theirphotographs and line drawings appear together on the same plates.(TNE94 :F4 , I l , 13 -14 , 16 -21 ,26 -27 , 30 -31 , 37 -38 , 43 , 45 , 52 , 64 , 6 ' / - 69 ,76 ,89 Pls. 28-30, 59)
TNE94:F4. Pls. 28, 59.Parts of rows of an incised offering list with kneeling figure determinatives facing
left. Blue-grey background. W 14.lcm. H l2.5cm. (oins F52 and belongs withFl7, F20, F89)
TNE94:F11. Pls.29, 59.Lower left portion of false door with torus moulding; legs and feet of male figure
facing right at bottom of jamb; no colour. W l6.7cm. H l2.5cm.
TNE9{:F13-14. Pl. 59.Two fragments fitting together show an off-ering table with food items piled above
and a'ewer and basin, jar, and tray with fruit below. Above the scene partiallypreserved signs read ... tbt l t fu hnqt fu k:.. . , and to the right a column ofinscript ion retains the signs dj, jandp (htpl dj [nswt] lnpw?). Loaves, baseunder table stand, jars and meat red; some yellow at top of offerings (vegetable?);traces of blue-green in signs. W 19.0cm. H22.5cm.
TNE94:F16. PI. 59.Incised signs, including t andd, retaining no colour on red ground. W 9.lcm.
H 4.6cm.
TNE94:F17. PIs.28, 59.Part of rows of offering list with incised signs and kneeling figure determinatives
facing right to left of vertical banded frieze. Ground blue-grey; banded frieze withblocks of green-red-blue-green, etc. W l4.0cm. H l3.7cm. (oins F20)
TNE94:F18. PIs.29, 59.Remains of incised signs reading ...
some red discolouration. W 8.0cm. Hlnpu tpj dru.f... on blue-grey ground, with'/.6cm.
TNE9 l :F19 . P1 .59 .Remains of incised signs reading jmfuwt Qhwtj . . . on blue-grey ground.
W 10.2cm. H I .2cm. (similar in style to F I 8)
t a 7 6 i 6 . 2 2 . 1 5 .
59
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
TNE94:F20. PL,E. 28, 59.Part of rows of incised offering l ist with kneeling f igure determinatives and
vertical banded frieze on right. Blue-grey ground; frieze with traces of green andred. W l2 . lcm. H. 12.3cm. (o ins F17 and F89)
TNE94:F21. Pls.29, 59.Fragment incised with jmt'f tzu and
W 17 .1c rn . H 7 .5cm.
TNE94:F26. Pls.29, 59.Lower portion of offering table scene with base of stand, lower part of legs of
seated f igure and leg of chair. Greyish background, legs red. W l6.0cm.H l3 .6cm. (o ins wi th F27)
TNE94:F27. Pls. 29, 59.Torso and arms of male f igure seated on a chair. Skin red. W l5.4cm.
H l5 .0cm. (o ins F26)
TNE94:F30. PL. 59.Parts of large incised signs d-t-tt-rt ; no colour. W 8.0cm. H 7.8cm.
TNE94:F31. Pls. 30. 59.Part of r ight hand column of incised inscript ion; no colour. W 8.3cm. x l6.5crn.
(face); W 16.5crn. x H 23.0cm. (whole).
TNE94:F37 and15. Pl.. 59.Two fragments from the upper right jamb of a false door with banded frieze, torus
moulding. The single sign preserved, an incised ̂rw, is the beginning of the htp dj/1s?rf formula. Background blue-grey, torus moulding and frame red, fr iezebanded in orange-red, blue and dark red. W 23.0cm. H 32.5cni.
TNE94:F38. Pls. 30. 59.Parts of two male standing figures facing left each carrying a staff in right hand,
the f irst wearing a long pointed ki l t , col lar and short cap wig, the second (lesscomplete) wears a short pointed kilt. Probably lrom right jambs of false door.Blue-grey background, skin red. W 25.0cm. H l6.8cm.
TNE9(:F43. Pls. 30, 59.End of horizontal l ine of incised signs reading ... n [ j ]mfuu lpj; nn colour.
W l4 .6cm. H l5 .0cm.
TNE94:F45. See TNE94:31
TNE94:F52. Pls.28, 59.Parts of registers of an incised offering list with kneeling figure determinatives,
beneath a horizontal banded frteze. Blue-grey ground. W l5.5cm. H l8.7crn.(oins F4)
the name Ip j ,on b lue-grey gror" rnd.
60
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
TNE9(:F6,4. Pl. 59.Fragment of corner piece with part of the incised sign zu on one side and vertical
banded fneze and cornice on other. Blue-grey background; bird, register andcolumn lines red, frteze blocks retain red and yellow, frame orange-red, cornice leafgreen. Right side W l0.7cm. H I l .5cm., left W 4.0cm. H l-5.9cm.
TNE94:F67. PIs. 30, 59.Incised wStt eye above line of inscription (sign 7 ?). Pale blue-green on blue-grey
ground. W l0 .7cm. H 18.2cm.
TNE94:F68. PIs. 30, 59.Incised inscription jmdbwl below the items t hnqt b ryd. Blue-grey ground, blue
in s igns. W 11.5cm. H l3 .0cm.
TNE94:F69. Pl. 59.Corner of false door cornice with red and blue leaves, sign for di with traces of
blue. W 20.0cm. H 11.0cm. (may f i t with F68)
TNE94:F76. Pl" 59.Corner piece with banded frieze on one side and traces of signs on the other; no
colour. Right side W 7.3cm. H 13.0cm., left W 6.6cm. H l3.0cm.
TNE94:F89. Pl. 59.Fragment of incised cffering list with kneeling figure determinatives and vertical
banded frieze. Blue-grey ground, traces of green in signs, green and red remainingon fr ieze blocks. W 8.0cm. H 8.5cm. (oins F20)
TNE94:F1. P ls . 31,60.Parts of piled offerings consisting of vegetables, fowl and a calf s head on a tray
between two stands, that on the left retaining traces of red. W l7cm. H l6cm.
TNE94:F2. Pls. 31,60.Upper part of two columns of hieroglyphs, the first with the frame of a cartouche
and the second reading mrwtth a correction/reversal of the first sign. In front ofthe inscription is preserved the raised arm of a female offering bearer holding,possibly on the head, a basket and a duck. Background dark grey; arm yellow,traces of blue on bracelet and beak of bird, traces of red on basket, orange-redground to eye. Cartouche frame blue with traces of illegible blue hieroglyphs onred ground. W 24. lcm. H 14.5cm.
TNE94:F5. P1.60.Lower legs and feet of a man
hieroglyphic signs remain at topH l0 .0cm.
facing lef i ; fragments of horizontal l ine ofof res is ter bcneath. Sk in red. W 2l .7cm.
TNE9(:F6. P\.60.Part of three columns of signs; no colour. W l6.5cm. H 7.8cm.
6 l
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
TNE94:F8. P ls . 31, 60.Part ial ly preserved cartouche of Neferkare in column of signsl no colour.
W 9.0cm. H 8.8cm.
TNE94:F22. P\.60.Head and shoulders of man with short curly wig facing left, with bundles of
folded l inen on shoulders; no colour. W l6.0cm. H 6.8cm.
TNE9l:F23. P|.60.Remains of signs in horizontal inscription above horns of two goats facing right.
Dark grey ground, dark yellow on signs for slt and i. W 8.5cm. H 7.6cm.
TNE94:F25. P\.60.Corner piece with veftical banded fneze along one edge, with sign 7 to left, and on
other side remains of larger incised signs in vertical column, including r and, sw; nocolour . Righr s ide w 9.0cm. H. 28.7cm., le f t w g.6cm. H 2g.0cm. Thisfragment is possibly from the left side of the false door niche of Kt(.il'pr(w).
TNE94:F32. P\.60.Part of large szu sign, very deeply incised; no colour. w 4l.Ocm. H 9.gcm. The
size and depth of the inscription resembles that on the faqades of the mastabas ofMrrw-kt.j and Ks-gm-n.j.
TNE94:F33. P\.60.Remains of two standing figures facing left: of the first only left arm remains; the
second carries objects over crook of each arm and holds another in left hancl; nocolour . W29.0cm. H 6.5cm.
TNE94:F34. Pl 60.Fragment with piled offerings and incised offering list to the right; no colour.
W 20.0cm. H l9 .5cm.
TNE94:F35. P\.60.Remains of two columns of incised inscription which retain the signs j, s and w;
no colour. W 18.6cm. H4.2cm.
TNE94:F36. PI.60.Remains of three columns of incised inscription retaining several signs; no colour.
W 27.0cm. H 6.3cm. (may belong with F35)
TNE94:F40. P\.60"Remains of horizontal register retaining signs reading m pr dt.f prt-!1ru, no
colour . W32.5cm. H l0 .0cm.
TNE94:F41. PI. 60.Lower legs of standing male figure facing right and hand of another figure facing
left, each hold a pestle and between them is a mortar. Blue-grey ground, red skin.W l2.6cm. FI l4 .6cm.
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
TNE94:F47. P\.60.Lower part of legs of male figure facing left; beneath register line are remains of
the r"rpper part of horizontal line of hieroglyphic inscription. Background blue-grey,skin red. W 45.3cm. H 10.8cm. (may belong with F48 and perhaps F5)
TNE94:F48. PI 60.Lower part of two pairs of legs of male figures and the front part of the foot of athird, facing left. Blue-grey ground, red skin. W 33.5cm. H 1 l .0cm. (similar toF41)
TNE94:F53. P|.60.Incised sign r; no colour. W 9.0cm. H 9.0cm. Possibly lrom sarcophagus of
Kt(.j)-pr(w).
TNE94:F55. PI. 61.Part of horizontal line of large incised signs of a seated deity followed by htp: no
colour. W 24.0cm. H 36.9cm.
TNE94:F56. P\.61Piled offerings on a tray resting on an extended, upturned arm. Skin red, nail
whi te. W 6.4cm. H 1 l .5cm.
TNE9{:F57. P\.61.Fragment with part of small offering table with containers below on either side of
stand; directly above the table is a trorizontal line of incised inscriptions retainingshd ... pr-<t; at top probably another horizontal line of larger signs but only the standof Anubis is preserved. Loaves yellow. W 4.4cm. H 15.5cm.
TNE94:F59. Pl.61.Corner fragment with vert ical incised inscript ion nb.f and perhaps falcon
determinative on one side. Traces of l ight blue-green in signs. W l6.2cm.H 9.7crn.
TNE94:F60. P\.61.Parts of three columns of inscriptions including 1) j-p-n 2) part of a bird 3) part
of n; no colour. W 9.0cm. H 8.5cm.
TNE94:F62. PI. 61.Fragment from a (fowling?) scene of birds eating grain; no colour. W l2.3cm.
H 5.7cm. (probably frorr same as F63)
TNE94:F63. Pl. 6lFragment with bird
belongs with F62)
TNEq4: F66. Pl. 61 .Fragment with hand
Traces of red on hand.
and grain; no colour. W 2.6cm. H. 9.0cm. (probably
holding oval object, possibly from sccne of'picking fruit.W 5 .5cm. H 9 .4cm.
63
[ -
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
TNE94:F72. PL.6l.Lower part of a pair of legs walking right; in register below remains of large signs
inc lude r ; no co lour . W 5.6cm. H2l .Ocm.
TNE94:F75. PI.6l.Torso and arms of male figure wearing a kilt, facing leti. Traces of red on skin.
W l 3 .6cm. H l l . 2cm.
TNE94:F77. P\.61.Part of horizontal register with incised n1r sign and seated god determinative; no
colour . W 10.8cm. H l5 .0cm.
TNE9l:F81. PI. 61.Part of an inscription including f, bird (probably t) and a cartouche with sign f ,
probably of Teti; no colour. W 6.4cm. H 7.0cm.
TNEgl:F86. P1. 61.Parts of two columns with incised signs 1) b, tp (possibly hrj-hbt l . tr j- tp) 21
m?, t and z5; no colour. W l5.5cm. H 8.4cm.
TNE94:F88. Pls . 31. 61.Panther's head; no colour. W -5.5cm. H 8.7cm.
TNE9l: F9l . Fl. 6l .Part of column with signs reading jmtfuru ; traccs of relief decoration on right; no
colour . W 1 l .Ocm. H 20.0cm.
TNE94:F91. Pl. 61.Part of two columns of inscriptions, one with lzfp signs and the other with legs
and lower body of quail chick; no colour. W 29.0cm. H I l .2cm.
TNE94: F95. Pl. 6l .Fish; no colour. W I l .2cm. H 6.5cm.
TN E94: F96. Pl. 6 I .Top part of a pi le of offerings including
W 25.4cm. H 18.0cm.
TN E94: F97. PI. 6l
lettuce, r ibs and a iar; no colour.
Leg of a str iding male f igure wearing a ki l t , holding an object in the lef i hand.Leg painted red, black register line with red beneath. W 7.9cm. H l6.5cm.
TNE94:F98. P\.61.Remains of one column of incised signs s(mr) ru,ti ; on red ground. W l2.0cm.
H 2 l .5cm.
TNE94:F107. PIs. 3I-32, 62.Fragments of false door found in fill of a shaft abutting the south wall of NQt-m-
pf's mastaba. Incised signs blue, base and column lines black, torus lashing black,cornice leaves white. red. blue. outlined in black.
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
a) horizontal line of signs reading jmt'fint. W 20.2cm. H 12.2cm.b) tblr tPlth tblr above cavetto cornice. W 17.7cm. H 9.9cm.c) / above cavetto cornice. W 9.6cm. H 8.0cm.d) three loaves from an of fbring table and the items ..!t tpd l,1t t hnqt. W
H l0.3cm.e) smr. W 6.4cm. H 6.3cm.f) parts of 3 registers of signs l7 m jmllTlt l 2) nt Zkr 3) n - b7 - j . W
H 10.5cm.g) Anubis on stand. W 6.9cm. H 4.6cm.h) torus moulding. W 8.2cm. H l6.7cm.i) horizontal line retaining sign r, above cavetto. W l7.0cn"r. H 8.8cm.j) rL, - t? beneath black register l ine. W l3.7cm. H 5.0cm.k) d beneath black register l ine. W 10.8cm. H 6.3cm.l) part of (sntr) ru,tj and jmj-(r). W 8.5crn. H 3.Scm.
TNE94:F108. Pls. 32, 62.Head and shoulders of malc figurc facing right fbllowed by another, only
remaining, who carries a small gazelle. Red on face, black on hair. WH l6.2cm. (found south of Nflt-nt-pt)
TNE94:F111. Pl. 62.Middle part of the bodies of two male f igures wearing plain ki l ts; no
W 7 . l cm . H 8 .3cm.
8.9cm.
l7 .0cm.
the facel 3 . 0 c m .
colour .
TNE94:F113. Pl. 62.Parts of l ine of incised signs njutt - nb - fr; pale pink in signs. W 8.6cm.
H 8.0cm.
TNE94:F115. Pl,s. 32, 62.Parts of four horizontal l ines of incised sisns. Some traces of vel low.
W 33.5cm. H 37.3cm.
TNE94:1 18- I19. P ls . 33, 63.Two large limestone blocks which fit one above the other were found near each
other at the southern end of Nf,t-nt-pf's mastaba at a height of 2.30m. above floorlevel. Decorated on two sides with incised hieroglyphs, there is at present no traceof colour on either piece. These corner elements probably fbrmed part of one sideof a false door niche.l48 A single column of hieroglyphs on the thickness reads:smr wctj hrj-hbt jnufuw Ttj-ht-jit.f +v 'The sole companion, the lector priest, thehonoured one, Teti-ha-ishetef . Beneath the column is a standing figure of theowner who wears a shoulder-length wig, a beard and a pointed kilt. The inscriptionon the jamb is damaged, but may be amended as [jj.tt.j m njru]t(.j) flt]t.n(.j) [nt]sptt(.j) jr,n(.j) [mt]rt mrrt ntr s[htp].n[.j sw] ... rrj 'I came from my town anddescended from my province. I carried out justice which the god loves. I satisfiedhim ... rr i ' . W at base of thickness 48.0cm. of jarnb 9.9cm. W at top of thickness33.5cm. of jamb 7.8cm. H at corner 108.4cm.
148 5"" El-Khouli - Kanawati, Sctqclara 2, pls.20-21 ,149 Ranke , Pe rsonennan ren2 ,330 :16 . Thc name
Porter - Moss, Blbllography 3:2, -548, 563).
lbr conrparison.is at testcd c lscwhcrc in thc ccrnctcry (e.g
65
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
TNE94:F123. Pl. 64.The right end of a door lintel with a single line of hieroglyphs with some details
was found SW of NQt-m-pt's mastaba at a height of 1.50m. The inscriptions read:l.trj 5 n mrt-Ttj zi n zt pr-9 ...'He who is in charge of the lake of the Meret-templeof Teti, the scribe of the phyle of the palace ... ' . W'71.0cm. H 11.0cm.
TNE95:F128. PIs. 34, 61.(F2.1 1 ,F2.12) Two decorated blocks which fit together, retaining Iower parts of
four offering bearers proceeding to right, each wearing a plain short kilt andcarrying a foreleg. Red paint remains on skin. W 68.0cm. H l9.5cm.
TNE95:F129. Pls. 34, 64.(C4.2, C5.4) Two fragments which fit together of false door with vertical torus
moulding and the remains on the left outer jamb of one column of incised signswhich read ... kt.f thrl wrut dsr(w)t . . . ' . . . his ka on the sacred roads ... ' . Somered colour on torus. W 15.0cm. H25.2cm.
TNE95:F130. P\.64.(C4.1) Remains of three l ines of inc ised s igns: l ) . . . qrs . f . . .2) . . .n hrcu nb . . .
3 ) . . .m j * (? ) . f . . . . W 20 .0cm. H 25 .0cm. (TNE95 :F130-133 , 13 -5 poss ib l ybelons to the same obiect)
TNE95:F131. P\.64.(F4.4) Paris of two registers with incised, weathered signs: 1)
Wtg . . . . W l l .5cm. H l9 .0cm.
TNE95:F132. P1 64.(E3.1) Par t o f reg is ter wi th inc ised s igns . . . pn . . . . . W l0 .3crn. H 8.2cm.
TNE95:F133. Pl. 64.(E3.4) Par ts of three regis ters wi th inc ised s igns: l l . . .2) . . . fur smj t . . .3) . . .w
mr. . . . W 9.0cm. H 23.0cm.
TNE95:F135. Pl. 61.(F2.10) Parts of three registers with incised signs: l) . . . jmthzu(?) br .. .2) . . .m
h tp b r . . . 3 ) . . . r . . . . W 17 .0cm. H 16 .0cm.
TNE95:F136. PIs. 34, 64.(F3.2) Scene in marsh with front part of papyrlls boat, weed beneath, and two
unclothed male figures with lock of youth standing on the deck both holding a birdby the wings in each of their hands. In front of them, and behind the boat, isprobably the papyrus marsh, with one drooping umbel and part of a bird in flight.No colour . W 31.0cm. H24.5cm.
TNE95:F137. P\.61.(E4.13) Thick block of limestone with parts of two vertical columns of clearly
inc ised s isns 1) . . . n tn . . .2) m mi t t r . . . . No co lour . W l6 .5cm. H 1 l .4cm.
a \
oo
OBJECTS AND FRAGMENTS
TNE95:F138. PL.64.(84.45) Fragment with torso of offering bearer facing right with right arm at side
and left holding young calf(?). Background blue-grey, skin red. W 10.0cm. H8.4cm.
TNE95:F139. P|.64.(H2.5) Offerings, with jar which retains red paint on lower half and black at top.
W 16.0cm . H z l .J cm.
TNE95:F140. P\.64.(F4.46)) Piled offerings, jar at left with red on lower part and black on top, ribs
red, loaves yellow, onions stems white/no colour and bulbs red with red outline.W 2l.0cm. H9.lcm.
TNE95:F141. Pls. 34, 64.(Fl.8) Thick limestone block with kilt and foot of incised male figure facing right
and wearing a calf-length pointed kilt and holding a staff. The end of a column ofinscription in front of the figure retains a few signs, possibly the name lrui.tso *ocolour. W 18.2cm. H 21.0cm.
TNE95:F142. PL.64.(F2.I1) Part of large incised signs in two columns; no colour. W 13.0cm.
H 7.5cm.
I 50 punL", Personennamen l, 391'.1.
61
APPENDIX
THE MASTABA OF GEREF/ITJI
A short season of excavations was conducted dLrring Apri l-May 19911 with thepulpose of completing work in our earlier concession to the north of the mastaba ofMrrztt-kt.jt5l before the start of the present project. The excavations rcvealecl acontinuous mud brick wall built immediately on the native rock and extending east-west at the northern end of the site . If thc same wall is found to be extendingfurther east, under the cument excavations, it would indiciite some kind of enclosurewall partly or completely surrounding the cemetery. The two large stone jambs ('l)still standing to the south of the'rue de tombeaux'rnight have originally fbrmecl anentrance to the cemetery and not simply to this street of tombs.
Clearing the north-eastern section of the concessionl52 revealed also a part of amud brick rectangular offering chamber with an inscribed limestone false doorwhich had fallen to the ground. As thc greater part of thc mastaba lies outside ourconcession,l53 i, was not possible to complete i ts clearance and to producearchitectural plans. The false door of Grf/ltjis pLrblished here with some additionalinformation on his family gained from a photograph of an architrave found in thenear vicinity,l-54 and beionging to a man with identical names and titles to the ownerof the false door.
THE TOMB OWNER AND HIS FAMILY
The Tomb Owner
NAI',TES
I Grftss 'Geref'.
I t i r so ' I t j i ' .
l - 5 I Fo ra rcpo r ton thc rcsu l t so f t hesccxcava t i onssccKanawa t i c r , ' t l .Sc t c l qo ra l ;E l -Khou l i -Kanawati, Sctclqara2.
1 5 2 I b i d . n t . t .l-53 16" aiea to the east ol 'this conccssion and to ths west of thc currcnt pro1ect, i.e. irnntcdiately
to the north of thc mastabaol-Kt-gnr-n/, was cxcavated by M. Abder-Raziq of the EgyptranAnt iqui t ies Organisat ion, who has now rcsunrecl h is work under the i iuspices o l ' theUniversity of the Suez Canal.
154 Courtesy of Mr. Hasabal la c l -Taycb, photographcr at Saqqara. Thc inscr ipt ions in sevcnhorizontal l ines, arc sirnilar to thosc on the architravc of Ml.t j (El-Khouli - Kanawati, Saqqora2, p l . 6) , whi lc the arrangcmcnt of the f 'arn i ly group to the lc l ' t is s i rn i lar to that on thearchitrave of /rl ( ibid, pl. 3). Thc thrcc tornbs are wilhin close proximity of each othcr.
155 ths namc is unattcstcd in Ranke. Personenntmren.156 16161 1 .52 :29 .
69
l -
a
3-+̂ -
6 -t -8-9-t0-11 -t2-t3-
jryj .r jcru;r nb nsrut djdjru pt qrnnu f; 'overseer of all the king's breakfast, and
of that which heaven gives and earth produces'.j*j-, pftruu'overseer of the marshlands'.j*j-, lnot-jhrut 'overseer of the 6n11ls ss1n1s'.1-57j*jn sfutj htp(t) 'ovelseer of the two fields of offerings'.15t3j*j-, sqbbzuj pr-<i 'overseer of the two cool chamb"ru of the palace'. r5ejmj-r in t: nb 'overseer of al l vegelnl isn'.160jmj-r s/ 'overseer of a department'.jrj ,tf, htt'keeper of the headdress'.hm-nlr 1d-swt-Ttj
'priest of the pyraniid "one steadfast of places is Teti"'.hrj-sit t n nswt m st.f nb(t) 'privy to the secrets of the kineln his everv Dlace'.smr ructj 'sole companion'.smr pr'companion of the house'.ipsj nszut 'nobleman
of the king'. l6 t
Gr/s titles seem consistent with his responsibilities in attending at the king in themorning. He was responsible for the bathrooms in the palice, for th6 royalheaddress, for the king's breakfast and as such was in charge of certain sources -the marshlands, the fields of offerings, the vegetation ancl of all that heaven givesand earth produces.
The Wife of Geref
GEREF/ITJI
TITLES
NAM ES
I- : i , i ."^f l^, i ' . ,", Wnt-nfrrI62'yrran.t-nefert,.2- t : ,-r- i l : : Wntwt63 'Wentu'. This name is described as rn.s nfr,her
name'. The wif-e is depictcd on the architrave, equal in size to herwith one hand on his shoulder and the other holdine his arm. She isas ltmt.f 'his wife'.
TITLES
beautifulhusband,described
1t -
aL -
rfut nxttt'acquaintance of the king'.hnt(t)-ntr Hrut-hr'priestess of Hathor'.
r) / Fischer, 'Lp.22-23, no. -5. Sotne examplcs oflnut Tflzrf seern to rcf'er to the capital of Nornc3o f LowerEgyp t (He l ck ,Goue , I -53 - -5 -5 ;Z ibc l i us , S ied lungen ,149 - -5 l ; L Ioyc le t a l . ,Saqq t )1 rTonrbs 2, 24 n.3\ .
l5 i i por th is rcacl ing scc Kanawr i eL a l . , saqqcrrr r l , l -5 . r9 n. l l ; F ischcr , '1p,23, no. g. L loyd etal., translate as 'ovcrseer of the ol'fcring ol-thc two Sckhets', and see thc S/3f as the 'Fcn-
goddcss ' and thc dual numher rcpresent ing a c l iv is ion in to west ancl east o l ' the Dcl ta. thernarshcs in each bcing undcr the protcction of a s/3f (saqqira'fombs 2,24 n.4).
] ] l t " . thc rcading o{ ' th is t i t lc scc ib ic l , 7 ,p l .9 ,wherc.sqbbw. j is wr iuen phonct ica l ly .160 He lck , Beamten t i t e ! , 66 ; F i sche r , Denc le ra , | j 2 ,234 ; i c l cm, / p ,23 , no .6 . The t i t l e i s a l so
transf ated as 'oversecr of all hair of thc carth' (Lloyd ct al., Sctqqara Tombs 2,7).l6l 16" tit le is usually combined with that tol ' sfiff;rr (Fischer, Denclera.gg-99).162 6n1t the ntasculine lbrm cl1'(hc namc is attestccl in Ranke, Per.sonennturten l. ' /():19.I 63 t b ia . 80 : t 2 .
10
t -aL -
3-
GEREF/ITJI
The Son of Geref
i 'V-,
Stj-rnbl64 '5s1.j i-rnkh'. Described as zt.f 'his son', a small f igure isdepicted on the architrave before Grf and holding on to his staff.
The Mother of Geref
NAMES
-:1. r :,,i,i) T Et-db165'Jjn1-6Js['.
\ ", ,'.-- filii, utrt-it 5 |66 '\,'[s1st-ites'.
-==- .=.i Afdtt6T'Khefdjet'.
The tomb owner is designated on his false door as Grf njsu m J[j jr n Ttt-db'Geref, who is cal led It j i , born to Tjat-deb'. In l ine 6 on the architrave he isdescribed as Grf njsru m Ilj jr n Mrt-jt,s'Geref, who is called Itji, born ro Merer-ites', and aL.ove the family group on the same architrave he is Grf jr n flfdt'GeLef,born to Khefdjet'. There can be no doubt that the three names belonged to the samewoman, but it is interesting that he referred to his mother three times, each with adifferent name. 168
II DATING O}' GEREF
The excellent style of inscriptions on the architrave (unlike those on the false door)and their similarity to other inscriptions in the vicinity, the shape of the false doorand particularly its elongated panel,l6e and the proximity of the tomb to other betterdated mastabas in the area suggest a date at the end of Teti's reign or early underPepy I.
I I I SCENES AND INSCRIPTIONS
PLs. 35, 65.
As indicated above, only the false door was discovered by our expedit ion.Formed of one piece of limestone, this door is of the type with cavetlo cornice andtorus moulding. The upper l intel is uninscribed, the remaindcr of the door isdecorated in incised relief with no details. The standing figures of the owner at the
t 6 11 6 5r 6 61 6 1r 6 8
1 6 9
Ib id, 322:19.Thc namc is unattcstcd in ibid.I b i d I , l - 58 :8 .Thc namc is unattcsted in ibid.Although Mltj,owner of a ncighbouring tornb, ref'erred to hirnself only as jr n fJntj
'born toKhcnt i ' (E l -Khoul i - Kanawat i , Saqqara2,p l .6) , a snra l l la lse c loor in h is chapel , possib lybclonging to his rnothcr, shows that she had two namcs. f lttt j and T{ (ibid. pl.9).Strudwick, Administration, 18. For some exantplcs scc Junker, Giz.a 8,l ' igs. 32, 34; Jantes,Khent ika, p ls . l8-19; El -Khoul i - Kanawat i , Sat lqaru 2, p l . l l ;Abder-Raziq, Mdlanges 2,o l . l .
7 l
GEREF/TTJI
bottom of each jamb are for the most part left unfinished, in black paint only, and so
are the lashings on the torus moulding. All standing figures of Grf wear shoulder-
length wigs and projecting kilts. Six figures hold a staff in one hand and a cloth in
the other, while two, those on the inner jambs, have their hands by their sides.
The Central Panel: The tomb owner sits on a chair with lion's legs and a low back.
He stretches his right hand to an offering table with eight half-loaves of bread while
placing his left hand on his chest. Beneath the table on the opposite side is a ewer
in o Uisin placed on a stancl. Above the scene is written: Spsj nswt-imi-r.st.Grf'The nobleman of the king, the overseer of a department, Geref . ... fu mnfut fut kt' . . . , one thousand of clothes, one thousand of oxen'.
The Middle Lintel: Two horizontal (1-2) and one vertical (3) lines of hieroglyphs
read: ( t) jrnfuzu for nlr <t (2) jmtfow fur wsjr (3) ipli nsy:t.Grf '(1) The.honouredone befoie thi great god, (2) the honoured one before Osiris, (3) the nobleman of
the king, Geref . To the left is a seated figure of the tomb owner holding a staff.
The Lower Lintel: Spsj nsrut Grf 'The nobleman of the king, Geref . To the lefl is
a similar figure to that on the middle lintel.
The Right Outer Jamb: (I) smr wctj ipsj nswt mrrw !?.f hri-sitt.n .nswt m st'f
nb(t) ir(w).f hrr r-nbtll ipsj nswt Grf (2) i*i-, sqbbwi pr-<t jmi-r i'zu.-r nb
nswt djdjzu pt qmtw tt jmi-r sfutjlltp(t) Iti']).The sole companion, the nobleman
of the't<ing,'Ueioved oi his lord, he who is privy to the secrets of the king in his
every plac-e, whom he loves, one who satisfies every person, the nobleman of the
king, Geref, (2) the overseer of the two cool chambers of the palace, the overseer of
all ihe king's breakfast, and of that which heaven gives and earth produces, the
overseer of the two fields of offerings, Itji '.
The Left Outer Jamb: Two horizontal (1-2) and two vert ical (3-4) l ines of
hieroglyphs read: (r) imtfujj pw (2) rm! nb dd't|.f O t l.tnqt ry ;!tl nswt .Grf njswm ltili i Ttt-db rn.f itfr lij tq jnk js (i sic.) imtfuw mj wnt d1t ir tp tt ink wrynt irtttii stt j,r* crf 'ti) An honoured one he is (2) any man who will say: (3) breadund b"". for th6 nobleman of the king, Geref, who is called Itji, born to Tjat-deb,
his beautiful name, Itji. (4) I was indeed an honoured one, as that which was said
upon earth. I was indeed one who achieved graciousness and who attained
honours, Geref .
The Right Middle Jamb: jmj-r plwru imi-r l1wt-il1wt jmj+ st ltj,'The overseer of
the manshlands, the overseer of the cattie estate, the overseer of a department, Itji'.
The Left Middle Jamb: i*i-, st Spsj nsut smr pr smr wctj jri nfr htt .Grf 'The
overseer of a department, the nobleman of the king, the companion of the house'
the sole companion, the keeper of the headdress, Geref '
The Right Inner Jamb: hm-ntr ild-swt-Ttj ipsi nswt^Grf 'The^prie-st of the
pVramid "One steadfast of places is Teti", the nobleman of the king, Geref '
170 po1. ' r : - \ - . ' jedcr Mundare l iom DynastY 18.
= iedermann sce trVb 2,390:3, where the earliest attestcd examples
12
GEREF/ITJI
The Left Inner Jamb'. smr wctj jmj-r in tt nb hrj-sitt n nsrut m st.f nbt ipsj nswt
Itj 'Tne sole companion, the overseer of all vegetation, he who is privy to the
secrets of the king in his every place, the nobleman of the king, Itji '.
t - )
INDEX
DEITIES
Inpw 18-21, 32-33, 43'41 , 55-59Wsjr 18-20, 33, 45-41, 54, 58,12Pth 56-57,65Mt<t 45N f I r - r 2Ntr-e 19-22, 33, 44-49, 55-51,12Hwt l r 1 l ; n .8flntjjmntju 46Zkr 65S ! f n . 1 5 8Phwtj 59
KINGS
Djedkare n.135Neferkare 53, 62Pepy I 13 , 32 , 31-40 , 53 , 51 ,11 , n .63 ,
n . 8 2 , n . 1 3 3 , n . 1 3 8P e p y I I 3 8 , - 5 3 , 5 5 ; n . 7 1 , n . 8 2 , n . 1 3 3Teti 13, 37-40, 53,1lUserkare 39-40
INDIVIDUALS
Ib j t4 -16 , r 8 , 31-34lpj se-60lri 58; n.154fuj sa-sslhj-m-zt.f n.126
fitjj 36, a+l i f j s3; n.76, n.101I t j 6e ,11-13ldtu 37,45]dw (Giza) 31 ,39 ;n .94 , nn . l07-108<nft (Giz,a) 11,nh-nt-r-Hr 37-38, 48, 53; n.37, n.4-5, n. 82,
nn . l22-123Wtrt-nfrt 70Wntw l0WQtJu-TtjNfr sim-Ptl.r/Sij 13, 37-40; n.70,
n.94Wdtt...tr 56Ppjj'<nful.rrj-jb (Mcir) n.69Ppjj-ddj ztPtl.tJ.ttp n.135Ffkf-r 58Mmu- jnu 56 ; n .138Mttw-rtt! (Giza) llMr.s <tt[ 57
Mrjj <t(El-Hagarsa) n.90Mrw n.93Mrw-kt.j(Giza) l1-12Mrrru-kt.j I l-13, 21, 62, 69; n.45M l . r j n . l 0 l , n . 1 5 4 , n . 1 6 8Mrt-jt.s 1lMff (t-ouvre) l8I'Ij-knu-lzzj I 3; n.76, n.86Mu-L-krr n.l3-5N u -11 j j -1.n u t -kuu -5-5-5 6Nfr sim-Pth seeWQt ht TtjNfr-sim-R< 37-38; n.45Nsru 37,48IxlStpt (Giza) I lNit nrpt (.Giz.a) 11-12Nit-m-pt 1 t-14, 16-22, 25, 21 -28, 31-32, 53,
55-59, 64-66Hjj s6-s1Hnt-Mnzu (El-Hawawish) n.69Hmt-R< 12,20Hhj s4-ssHzzj 58; n.l}lafdt 7lfJntj n.168unt j -k t . j 3 l , 44 ,4u ; n .45IJrt-hnr rr hrru seeTnejZruf (Giz.a) 1lZzj 58Z iz i t 12 ,21Sim-nfr n.68Sbkw 58Sti 'r1t , ttpsj-pru-Ptl1 t2-t4, 55Kt gnt-n. j l2-13, 62; n.4-5, n. l -53Kt(.j)'<pr(w) 35-40, 42-49, 53, 62-63; n.44,
n .70 , n .U6Q:r (Giza) 39Grf 69-72T j t i l , r8 -2rT j t j n ,22rtj-t.u-jit,f 6sTtt-db 1t-12Tntj 67lntzj/IJrt lmutt-finu 51 -58Ttj (Giz.a) n.94, n. I 6it
TITI,ES
jntj-r j<w-r nb trsrut djdjw pt qmru tt 70,12jnr j-r jpt r tsrut 31,33
15
INDEX
jnrj-r pr 31, 45, 5(tjnl r pr-in< 54-55jnrj-r plnuu 70,72jmj -r l.nut-jluut 1 0, 12jnr j r l .nut-utr f 35,39,44-11,19jmj-r zi < nsrut 3.5-36, 39, 4-5jmj-r zi n ktt ttbt 39jntj-r ziwj 35, 45jntj-r sltj-lttp(t) 10, 12jntj-r sir 37, 45jmj-r sqbbwj pr<t 70,72jnr j r st 70,72jmj-r Sm, n.86jnj-r in b nb 10,13jntj-r ktt nbt 39jnrj-r k:t rtbt rtt ttstut 3-5-36, 39, 215; n.86jnrj-r gs-pr 36,44-49jrj-P't zo' 44-45; n 86jr j
" f , |ut 3t-33,10,12rut 49rfut nsrut I l , 19-20, 22.10l.utj-< 36,44l.rnt ntr dd-xttt Ttj 10,12
l . tn t ( t ) -nt r Nt (mht j t jnb.s) wpt iur iu f l l , 18,20
I.tm(t)-ntr Hwt-l.rr l0I.tnt(t)-ntr Hwt-l.tr nbt nht I 1, l9-20l.trj-sitt n pr dwtt 36,45Irrj sitt tt trsrut 36, 4'/l.tr j sitt rr rtsrut m st.f trb(t) 10,72-13h r j i nn r r t -T t j 66llrp z.lt 37, 48I t r j - l tu t 3 l -33, 36, 45, 41,49, 54--55, -57, 6.5Irrj l.rbt l.trj-tp 64Itrj-tp ttstut 35-36, 39, 44-49ltkrt nxut 5lztt nxut nt lt.f 12-13zi -58, 64zi , ttstut lft l.tr 39zi rr zt pr-s 66sntr 65sntr uct j 3 l -33, -56, 61-65, 10, 72-13sn t r p r 56 , 70 , 12 ; n .16 lsl.t j l tnrkt 31,45sl.tQ ... pr-<t 63ipsj trsrot 56-58, 70, 12-13
76
