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KANSAS – LOWER REPUBLICAN BASIN TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD
Waterbody / Assessment Unit: Upper Kansas River, Head Water to Ogden Water Quality Impairment: Total Phosphorus
1. INTRODUCTION Subbasin: Upper Kansas River Counties: Geary, Riley HUC8: 10270101 HUC10 (12): 02 (01) HUC8: 10250017 HUC10 (12): 06 (09) Ecoregion: Flint Hills (28a) Drainage Area: Approximately 66.3 square miles. Main Stem Water Quality Limited Segments and Tributaries: Main Stem Tributaries Republican River (1) Fourmile Creek (67) Kansas River (7) Threemile Creek (15) Kansas River (6) Designated Uses for Main Stem and Tributaries Designated uses for the Republican River, Kansas River, Fourmile Creek and Threemile Creek in the Upper Kansas River watershed are as detailed in Table 1.
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Table 1. Designated uses for the main stem and tributary segments Upper Kansas River watershed (SC518), Kansas Surface Water Register, December 12, 2013.
Stream Segment # Expected Aquatic
Life
Contact Recreation
Domestic Supply
Food Procurement
Ground Water
Recharge
Industrial Water
Use
Irrigation Use
Livestock Watering
Use
HUC 8: 10250017 Republican River 1 E B Y Y Y Y Y Y
Fourmile Creek 67 E b Y Y Y Y Y Y
HUC 8: 10270101
Kansas River 6 S B Y Y Y Y Y Y
Kansas River 7 S B Y Y Y Y Y Y
Threemile Creek 15 E C N Y N N Y Y
B= Primary contact recreation stream segment is by law or written permission of the landowner open to and accessible by the public; b= Secondary contact recreation stream segment is not open to and accessible by the public under Kansas law; C= Primary contact recreation stream segment is not open to and accessible by the public under Kansas law; E= Expected aquatic life use water; S=special aquatic life use water; Y = Yes (use is designated); N = No (use is not designated 303(d) Listings: Station SC518 (Figure 1), Kansas River near Ogden. Total Phosphorus (TP) Impairment: 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 Kansas/Lower Republican River Basin Streams.
Figure 1. Upper Kansas River basin (SC518) near Ogden.
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Impaired Use: Aquatic Life, Contact Recreation, and Domestic Water Supply. Water Quality Criteria: Nutrients – Narratives: Taste-producing and odor-producing substances of artificial origin shall not occur in surface waters at concentrations that interfere with the production of potable water by conventional water treatment processes, that impart an unpalatable flavor to edible aquatic or semiaquatic life or terrestrial wildlife, or that result in noticeable odors in the vicinity of surface waters (KAR 28-16-28e(b)(7)). The introduction of plant nutrients into surface waters designated for domestic water supply use shall be controlled to prevent interference with the production of drinking water (K.A.R. 28-16-28e(d)(3)(D)). The introduction of plant nutrients into streams, lakes, or wetlands from artificial sources shall be controlled to prevent the accelerated succession or replacement of aquatic biota or the projection of undesirable quantities or kinds of aquatic life (K.A.R. 28-16-28e(d)(2)(A)). The introduction of plant nutrients into surface waters designated for primary or secondary contact recreational use shall be controlled to prevent the development of objectionable concentrations of algae or algal by-products or nuisance growths of submersed, floating, or emergent aquatic vegetation (K.A.R. 28-16-28e(d)(7)(A)). The concentration of dissolved oxygen in surface waters shall not be lowered by the influence of artificial sources of pollution. The Dissolved Oxygen criterion is 5 milligrams per liter (K.A.R. 28-16-28e(e), Table 1g). 2. CURRENT WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS AND DESIRED ENDPOINT Level of Support for Designated Uses under 2016 – 303(d): Phosphorus levels in Upper Kansas River (SC518) and downstream are consistently high. Excessive nutrients are not being controlled and are thus impairing aquatic life, domestic water supply, and contact recreation. Achievement of the ALUS index endpoint established by this TMDL will indicate the aquatic life use in the river has been restored with simultaneous achievement of the chlorophyll a endpoint indicating restored domestic water supply and contact recreation uses. Stream Monitoring Sites and Period of Record: Station SC518: Active KDHE permanent station located on the Upper Kansas River near Ogden. Sampled bimonthly or quarterly for the period of record, 3/14/1990 through 7/12/2016. Flow Record: USGS gage 06879100 (1/1/1990-6/30/2016) on the Kansas River at Fort Riley. Flow Conditions: Flow conditions for the USGS gages used to estimate flow at KDHE sampling station and the resulting flow values are shown in Table 2.
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Table 2. Flow conditions for USGS gages used to estimate flows at KDHE sampling station SC518 along with the resulting flow values at the sampling station.
Station Watershed Drainage Area (mi2)
Mean Flow (cfs)
90% (cfs)
75% (cfs)
50% (cfs)
25% (cfs)
10% (cfs)
USGS 06879100
Kansas River at Fort Riley 43,470.15 2,463 293 467 1,010 2,430 5,883
KDHE SC518 Kansas River (Ogden) 43,495.52 2,464 293 467 1,011 2,431 5,886
Flows for the contributing area at SC518 were determined using the ratio of the watershed area (43,494.52 mi2) at SC518 to the watershed area (43,470.15 mi2) at USGS gage 06879100 (1/1/1990-6/30/2016), located downstream at Fort Riley. The flow duration curve covering the period of record from 1990-2016 are illustrated for Upper Kansas River at KDHE sampling station SC518 in Figure 2. Table 3 displays the USGS estimates of flow duration, mean flow, 2-year peak discharge value for the main stem and tributary segments in the watershed (Perry et al., 2004).
Figure 2. Flow duration on the Kansas River at SC518 based on watershed ratio calculations from USGS 06879100.
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Table 3. Long term estimated flows for Upper Kansas River and its tributaries in Geary and Riley Counties (Perry et al., 2004).
Stream USGS Site ID County
Drainage Area (mi2)
Flow (cfs)
Mean 90% 75% 50% 25% 10% 2-year Peak
Republican R 1857 GE 23,100 963 57.5 127 358 1,020 2,410 5,150 Fourmile Cr 1784 GE 13.8 7.35 0 0.11 1.41 3.68 9.38 1,080
Kansas R 1830 GE RL 43,500 3,010 408 637 1,350 3,310 7,450 19,100 Kansas R 1759 RL 43,500 3,020 409 639 1,350 3,320 7,460 19,100
Threemile Cr 1760 RL 22.9 12.5 0 0.45 2.52 6.80 17.1 1,480 http://ks.water.usgs.gov/streamflow-statistics Figure 3 shows the average annual flows for the KDHE stream sampling site (SC518) in the Upper Kansas River Basin. Dry years were observed in 1991, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2012 and 2014, where the average annual flow was well below the long-term average flow. Based on annual flow averages, the wetter years, where average flows are well above the long-term average flow, include 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2008, 2010 and 2016. The late spring, and early summer/fall months of June and July, respectively, have the highest average monthly flow, while the late summer/fall, and winter months of October and January, respectively, have the lowest monthly flow. The median highest flow value of 2,219.73 cfs, is seen in the month of June (Figure 4). Seasonal averages and median flows are displayed in Table 4 where average and median spring (April-June) flows more than double those seen during the winter (November-March) season.
Figure 3. Annual average flows (1990-2016) at KDHE sampling station SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin.
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Figure 4. Monthly average and median flows (1990-2016) at KDHE sampling station SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin. Table 4. Seasonal average flows at KDHE sampling site SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin.
Season Avg Flow (cfs) Median Flow (cfs)
Spring 3,451 1,541
Summer/Fall 2,757 1,091
Winter 1,628 762
Phosphorus Concentrations: The overall Total Phosphorus (TP) concentration average is 0.386 mg/L at SC518, with a median concentration of 0.325 mg/L for the period of record, 1990-2016. A higher median concentration of 0.379 mg/L is observed for more recent years (2010-2016). Seasonal TP averages range from a low of 0.295 mg/L in the winter season to a high of 0.487 mg/L in the spring season. Average annual total phosphorus concentrations at KDHE sampling station SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin is represented in Table 5. Total phosphorus concentrations by sampling date at KDHE sampling site SC518 is graphically represented in Figure 5. Phosphorus concentration averages, based on the three defined flow
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conditions, are the highest during the high flow condition (0-25% flow exceedance) with an average of 0.574 mg/L at SC518. During normal flows (26-74% flow exceedance), TP concentration averages 0.278 mg/L, and during the low flow condition (75-100% flow exceedance) TP has an average of 0.328 mg/L at SC518. The higher TP concentration during low flow is possibly due to some point source influence or elevated concentration associated with Milford releases. Median TP concentrations during the high flow condition are the highest at 0.470 mg/L. Median TP concentrations for the normal and low flow conditions are 0.235 mg/L and 0.265 mg/L, respectively. Table 5. Average Annual Total Phosphorus at KDHE sampling station SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin.
Year Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
Average Median 1991 0.262 0.225 1992 0.677 0.435 1993 0.480 0.480 1994 0.293 0.240 1995 0.282 0.194 1996 0.444 0.260 1997 0.375 0.269 1998 0.395 0.287 1999 0.368 0.330 2000 0.218 0.210 2001 0.364 0.237 2002 0.260 0.252 2003 0.305 0.266 2004 0.419 0.287 2005 0.354 0.310 2006 0.337 0.322 2007 0.606 0.584 2008 0.540 0.453 2009 0.275 0.244 2010 0.431 0.428 2011 0.721 0.451 2012 0.288 0.298 2013 0.253 0.224 2014 0.285 0.300 2015 0.533 0.545 2016 0.390 0.410
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Figure 5. Total phosphorus concentration by sampling date. The average annual TP concentrations at KDHE sampling station SC518, in the Upper Kansas River Basin are shown in Figure 6. The high annual TP concentrations 0.677 and 0.721 mg/L in the Upper Kansas River at SC518 occurred during the moderate flow years of 1992 and 2011, respectively. However, samples collected in May of 1992 and May and August of 2011 were collected when flows exceeded 25% flow condition at SC518 demonstrating the effect that nonpoint source runoff generated by precipitation events has on water quality. Average TP by month in the Upper Kansas River Basin, over the period of record for SC518, is split between 1990-2007 and 2008-2016 (Figure7) to assess more recent conditions. The months of March, May, August, September and December have seen an increase in the concentrations of total phosphorus in the recent years with the highest increase in May (Table 6), due to the influence of several samples being collected during high flow events.
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Sampling Date
Total Phosphorus Concentrations by Sampling Date for KDHE Sampling Site SC518 in the Upper Kansas River
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Figure 6. Average annual total phosphorus and average annual flow at KDHE sampling stations in the Upper Kansas River Basin.
Figure 7. Average total phosphorus by month in the Upper Kansas River Basin. Period of record for SC518 is split between 1990-2007 and 2008-2016.
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Average Annual Total Phosphorus at KDHE Sampling Station SC 518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin
TP Average Average Annual Flow
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Monthly Average Total Phosphorus at KDHE Sampling StationSC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin
90-07 08-16
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Table 6. Total phosphorus values by month at KDHE sampling station SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin.
Month Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
Change in % 1990-2007 2008-2016
January 0.286 0.275 -4 February 0.288 0.190 -34
March 0.208 0.543 162 April 0.396 0.387 -2 May 0.540 0.807 49 June 0.505 0.407 -19 July 0.572 0.426 -25
August 0.442 0.496 12
September 0.406 0.537 32
October 0.272 0.204 -25 November 0.438 0.301 -31 December 0.233 0.406 75
Assessment Season: Seasonal variability has been accounted for in this TMDL. A three-season approach was utilized to include: the Spring season consisting of the months of April, May, and June; the Summer-Fall (S/F) season consisting of the months of July, August, September, and October, and the Winter season that includes January, February, March, November, and December. Seasonal TP averages have a low of 0.295 mg/L in the winter season, and measures 0.425 mg/L in the S/F season, with the highest concentration occurring in the spring at 0.487 mg/L. Seasonal median TP concentrations in the winter and S/F season are 0.211 mg/L and 0.343 mg/L respectively. The highest seasonal median TP concentration occurs in the spring with a median TP concentration of 0.420 mg/L. Seasonal TP concentrations are further detailed in Figure 8. The low TP concentrations occurring during the winter season shows lower impact by non-point sources. However, the higher TP concentrations during spring season indicates the influence of non-point source during periods of increased flow due to spring runoff from high intensity rainfall. The monthly TP values and the monthly median flow values follow a similar trend indicative of higher non-point source loading in the watershed where months with greater flow register higher TP concentrations. Total phosphorus concentration versus the percent flow exceedance in the stream on the day the sample was taken for the KDHE stream-sampling site (SC518) in the Upper Kansas River Basin is shown in Figure 9. The impact of nonpoint source versus point source loading in the watershed is clearly displayed in the graph. It also shows phosphorus concentrations increase with increasing flow. This indicates loading is occurring during precipitation events when it is likely that runoff from grazing lands and fertilized cropland in the watershed is reaching the Kansas River. Point source loading is pronounced during the low flow condition when TP concentrations are elevated. Total phosphorus concentrations at SC518 under high flow conditions (0-25%) average 0.569 mg/L (1990-2007) and 0.721 mg/L (2008-2016). Under low flow conditions (75-100%), total phosphorus concentrations average 0.350 mg/L (1990-2007) and 0.258 mg/L (2008-2016).
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Figure 8. Seasonal total phosphorus at SC518.
Figure 9. Total phosphorus concentration versus percent flow at SC518 on the day of sampling.
WinterSpringS/FAll
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Total Phosphorus vs Percent Flow Exceedence in Upper Kansas River at Ogden SC (518)
1990-2007 2008-2016
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TP concentrations relative to the flow conditions were assessed and are detailed in Figure 10. High flow samples were obtained when flow is 0-25% flow exceedance; normal flow samples occurred when the stream was between 26-74% flow exceedance; and low flow samples included those taken when the stream was at 75-100% flow exceedance. Phosphorus concentration averages based on the three defined flow conditions are the highest during the high flow condition (0-25% flow exceedance) with an average of 0.574 mg/L. During normal flows (26-74% flow exceedance) TP averages 0.278 mg/L and during the low flow condition (75-100% flow exceedance) TP averages 0.328 mg/L at SC518. Median TP concentrations for the normal and low flow conditions are 0.235 mg/L and 0.265 mg/L, respectively. Median concentrations during the high flow condition are the highest at 0.470 mg/L.
Figure 10. TP concentrations relative to flow condition. Phosphorus concentrations across the watershed when streams are at 0-25%, 26-50%, 51-74% and 75-100% flow exceedance is represented in Table 7. TP concentrations for the corresponding flow exceedance percentiles were determined by averaging the samples collected while the stream was at 0-25%, 26-50%, 51-74%and 75-100% flow exceedance, respectively. The elevated TP concentration at low flow indicates the impact of Milford Lake releases, point sources., and the influence of some non-point sources with higher phosphorus concentrations occurring during the higher flow conditions. Levels of ortho-phosphate (o-P), the soluble portion of total phosphorus that is readily available for biological uptake, together with the sample’s corresponding TP concentration and the o-P reporting limit can be seen in Figure 11. Ortho-phosphate is present in the effluent of wastewater treatment plants and in the runoff from feedlots and grazing lands and may be detected downstream from the
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point of entry particularly during periods of low flow as can be seen in Figure 12. Additionally, releases from Milford Lake may contain measureable levels of o-P, which is likely influencing concentrations in the Kansas River. Table 7. Total phosphorus concentrations at SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin.
% Flow Exceedance
Total Phosphorus Concentration by Range of Percent Flow Exceedance (mg/L)
Avg Median Max
0-25% 0.574 0.463 2.080 26-50% 0.296 0.247 1.117 51-74% 0.245 0.210 0.580
75-100% 0.328 0.265 1.450
Figure 11. Ortho-phosphate detections with corresponding total phosphorus values at KDHE sampling site SC518 Ortho-phosphate values that measured above the reporting limit (RL) at KDHE site SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin is used for the analysis. Twenty three percent of the samples taken at SC518
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have measureable concentrations of o-P over the period of record and twenty six percent of samples taken during the summer-fall season measured above the reporting limit (Table 8). Figure 12 highlights the potential for ortho-phosphate contributions under runoff conditions with 25% of the samples at SC518 measuring above reporting limits when collected under high flow conditions (0-25%). The spring season has the highest concentration of o-P at SC518 possibly due to spring runoff events.
Figure 12. Ortho-phosphate versus percent flow exceedance at SC518 for the 1990-2016 period of record. Table 8. Average of the ortho-phosphate values that measured above the reporting limit (RL) at KDHE site SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin.
Sample information Spring Summer/Fall Winter All Seasons Average o-P (mg/L) 0.173 0.111 0.155 0.151
o-P > RL /Total # of Samples 12/52 18/70 17/84 47/206
% samples with o-P > RL 23% 26% 20% 23%
It should be noted that the ortho-phosphate reporting limit has increased twice (except for a brief period in 1996; where the reporting limit was 0.05 mg/L for 3 samples) over the period of record. In 1997 the reporting limit increased from 0.01 mg/L to 0.02 mg/L and in March of 2002 it increased
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from 0.02 mg/L to 0.25 mg/L. The o-P values, measured above the reporting limit (RL), displayed in Table 8 are likely skewed high, because values below the reporting limit were not accounted for in the calculation of the average. However, relative comparison of o-P concentrations at SC518 combined with the percentage of samples measuring above the reporting limit can be used to assist in the determination of loading conditions, and the consistent availability of o-P for biological uptake. Phosphorus is typically linked to sediment or total suspended solids (TSS) because of the propensity of those solids to adsorb phosphorus. As seen in Figure 13, TSS and TP show a strong correlation at SC518 indicating that there is a good relationship when TSS> 100 mg/L. In streams influenced by wastewater effluent, TP concentrations outpace the TSS concentrations during lower flow conditions, which is indicative when TSS concentrations are <100 mg/L.
Figure 13. Relationship of total suspended solids to total phosphorus in the sampling site SC518 in the Upper Kansas River watershed. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) concentrations in the Kansas River near Ogden (SC518) relative to the sampling date are represented in Figure 14. DO concentrations have fallen below the water quality standard (WQS) of 5 mg/L only twice since 1990. Both the DO violations occurred in July when the Kansas River was at high flow (0-25% flow exceedance) (Figure 15) and the stream temperature was 24 and 25 oC, respectively (Figure 16). Figure 16 shows that, generally, as stream temperature increases, dissolved oxygen concentrations decrease.
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Total Suspended Solids vs Total Phosphorus in the Upper kansas River at Ogden (SC518)
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Figure 14. Dissolved oxygen concentration by sampling date at SC518
Figure 15. Seasonal dissolved oxygen concentrations by flow condition at SC518
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Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations vs Percent Flow Exceedence in Upper Kansas River at Ogden (SC518)
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Figure 16. Stream temperature versus dissolved oxygen at SC518. Relationship between Phosphorus and Biological Indicators: The narrative criteria of the Kansas Water Quality Standards are based on conditions of the prevailing biological community. Excessive primary productivity may be indicated by extreme swings in dissolved oxygen or pH as the chemical reaction of photosynthesis and respiration alter the ambient levels of oxygen or acid-base balance of the stream. Dissolved oxygen is inversely related to the ambient temperature in the stream at SC518, as displayed in Figures 17. To discount the impacts of temperature on the solubility of oxygen in the water column, the percent of saturated dissolved oxygen was computed from the data collected at station SC518 in the Upper Kansas River Basin (Figure 18). A seasonal pattern remained with a high percentage of dissolved oxygen saturation seen during cooler months while declines in percent saturation are associated with summer months (Table 9). It should be noted that the widening of the percent DO saturation and pH ranges that occurred mid-2000 as seen in Figures 18 and 19, is most likely due to a change in the time of day the samples were collected. Samples collected from March 1990 to February 2003, were primarily collected in the morning, while samples collected from February 2003 to July 2016, were collected in the afternoon hours.
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Figure 17. Dissolved oxygen concentrations and temperature over time in the Upper Kansas River at Ogden (SC518)
Figure 18. Percent Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen at SC518 by sampling date (1990-2016)
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02
1/1/
00
1/1/
98
1/1/
96
1/1/
94
1/1/
92
1/1/
90
150.00%
125.00%
100.00%
75.00%
50.00%
Sampling Date
% D
isso
lved
Oxy
gen
Satu
ratio
n
Lowess, F = 0.5Fit
Percent Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen by Sampling Date for KDHE Sampling Site SC518 in the Upper Kansas River
19
Table 9. Average DO, temperature, % DO saturation, and pH samples Parameter Spring S/F Winter
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 9.1 8.3 12.3
Temperature (oC) 18.4 22.2 5.2
Oxygen Saturation (%) 96.5% 93.9% 96.3%
pH 8.1 8.0 8.1 The pH observed at SC518 by sampling date is graphically represented in Figure 19. pH has exceeded the criterion of 8.5 (red line in Figure 19) seven times in the watershed, most recently in 2001. However, there is not a strong relationship between pH and dissolved oxygen at SC518 for the period of record (Figure 20). Higher pH values tend to occur during periods when photosynthesis intensifies. The relationship between pH and stream temperature is illustrated in Figure 21, and Figure 22 shows the relationship between pH and percent saturation of dissolved oxygen at SC518. Figure 23 illustrates the relationship between stream pH and the TP concentration at SC518 and reveals that, generally, higher TP concentrations have pH values lower than the average pH value at station SC518.
Figure 19. pH at SC518 by sampling date (1990-2016).
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
3/14
/90
4/24
/91
3/18
/92
6/16
/93
5/18
/94
1/17
/95
10/1
8/95
3/14
/96
6/6/
968/
29/9
611
/21/
962/
13/9
75/
8/97
7/31
/97
10/2
3/97
1/29
/98
4/23
/98
7/16
/98
10/8
/98
12/2
9/98
12/2
2/99
11/1
5/00
1/24
/02
2/5/
031/
7/04
2/2/
051/
4/06
2/7/
071/
8/08
2/3/
094/
27/1
011
/28/
114/
30/1
311
/24/
144/
5/16
pH
Sampling Date
pH by Sampling Date for KDHE Sampling Site SC518 in the Upper Kansas River
pH pH WQS
20
Figure20. Relationship between pH and DO at SC518
Figure21. Relationship between pH and Temperature at SC518
R² = 0.038
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
pH
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
pH vs Dissolved Oxygen in the Upper Kansas River at Ogden (SC518)
0-74% Flow Exceedence 75-100% Flow Exceedence
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
pH
Temperature (oC)
pH vs Temperature in the Upper Kansas River at Ogden (SC518)
0-74% Flow Exceedence 75-100% Flow Exceedence
21
Figure22. Relationship between pH and Percent Saturation of Dissolved Oxygen at SC518
Figure23. Relationship between pH and TP at SC518
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
40% 60% 80% 100% 120% 140% 160%
pH
% Dissolved Oxygen (Saturation)
pH vs % Dissolved Oxygen Saturation in the Upper Kansas River at Ogden (SC518)
0-74% Flow Exceedence 75-100% Flow Exceedence
7
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8
9
0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25
pH
Total Phosphorus (mg/L)
pH vs Total Phosphorus in the Upper Kansas River at Ogden (SC518)
0-74% Flow Exceedence 75-100% Flow Exceedence
22
Desired Endpoints of Water Quality (Implied Load Capacity) in the Kansas River at Ogden (SC518). The ultimate endpoint of this TMDL will be to achieve the Kansas Water Quality Standards by eliminating the objectionable flora and other impacts to aquatic life, domestic water supply, or recreation associated with excessive phosphorus as described in the narrative criteria pertaining to nutrients. There are no existing numeric phosphorus criteria currently in Kansas. Hence, stream biology will be used to assess the impact of TP in the river. KDHE’s Stream Biological Monitoring Program uses the Aquatic Life Use Support Index (ALUS Index) to assess stream biology described in Kansas’ 2016 303(d) Methodology. The ALUS Index consists of five categorizations of biotic condition that, once measured, are assigned a score (Table 10). Scores are then tallied and a support category is assigned according to Table 11.
1. Macroinvertebrate Biotic Index (MBI): A statistical measure that evaluates the effects of nutrients and oxygen demanding substances on macroinvertebrates based on the relative abundance of certain indicator taxa (orders and families).
2. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) abundance as a percentage of the total abundance of macroinvertebrates.
3. Kansas Biotic Index for Nutrients (KBI-N): Mathematically equivalent to the MBI, however, the tolerance values are species specific and restricted to aquatic insect orders.
4. EPT Percent of Count (EPT % CNT) – The percentage of organisms in a sample consisting of individuals belonging to the EPT orders.
5. Shannon’s Evenness (SHN EVN) – A measure of diversity that describes how evenly distributed the numbers of individuals are among the taxa in a sample.
Table 10. ALUS Index metrics with scoring ranges. MBI KBI-N EPT EPT % CNT SHN EVN Score
<= 4.18 <= 2.52 >= 16 >= 65 >= 0.849 4 4.19-4.38 2.53-2.64 14-15 56-64 0.826-0.848 3 4.39-4.57 2.65-2.75 12-13 48-55 0.802-0.825 2 4.58-4.88 2.76-2.87 10-11 38-47 0.767-0.801 1 >= 4.89 >= 2.88 < = 9 <= 37 <= 0.766 0
Table 11. ALUS Index score range, interpretation of biotic condition, and supporting, partial, and no supporting categories.
ALUS Index Score Biotic Condition Support Category 17-20 Very Good Supporting 14-16 Good 7-13 Fair Partially Supporting 4-6 Poor
Non-supporting 1-3 Very Poor
Ecoregions specific to Kansas and delineated in the Kansas Reference Streams Report (KDHE, 2010) were used to develop the total phosphorus benchmark for the stations covered by this TMDL (Appendix A). First, stream biology sites located in the K2, K4 and K5 ecoregions were identified. Second, the average ALUS index was determined for those sites that had a stream biology data set
23
greater than two samplings. Third, the median total phosphorus concentration was determined for those biology sites that had a corresponding total phosphorus data set at the stream biology site. The resulting plot (Figure 24) reveal conditions of full support span total phosphorus levels of 0.031 to 0.215 mg/L. This data set comprises 563 biology sampling events and 3,982 total phosphorus values at 53 SB/SC stations. Figure 24 displays that once total phosphorus concentrations are greater than about 0.2 mg/L, conditions of full support are no longer observed.
Figure 24. Mean aquatic life use score (ALUS) versus the median total phosphorus for stream chemistry/stream biology stations located in Kansas ecoregions K2, K4 and K5 for 1999-2014. An analysis of the relationship between chlorophyll a and total phosphorus at KDHE stream chemistry stations in the K2, K4 and K5 Kansas Ecoregions reveals a statistically significant relationship between the two (Figure 25) with a total phosphorus concentration of 0.2 mg/L (log10 = -0.699) equating to about 10.6 µg/L (log10 = 1.03) chlorophyll a (Figure 26). The data set is comprised of 1,001 stream chemistry samples from 49 sites that had both total phosphorus and chlorophyll a values reported for the sample.
0.50.40.30.20.10.0
20
15
10
5
0
Median TP in PPM
Mea
n AL
US
Inde
x
0.2
6
14
Mean ALUS vs Median TP 1999-2014For SB_SC Stations in KS Ecoregions K2, K4 & K5
Fully Supporting Biology = > 14 ALUS
ALUSBiology = 6-14SupportingPartially
Not Supporting Biology < 6 ALUS
24
Figure 25. Scatterplot of chlorophyll a vs total phosphorus values at stream chemistry sites in the K2, K4 and K5 Kansas Ecoregions for the 1/6/2003 through 3/18/2015 period of record.
Figure 26. Line developed from the regression of total phosphorus and chlorophyll a values at stream chemistry stations located in Kansas ecoregions K2, K4 and K5 for the 2003-2015 period of record. One of the complications in setting a total phosphorus endpoint is establishing the linkage of phosphorus levels to applicable biologic response variables. Although Figure 24 shows a somewhat noisy relationship with phosphorus in the partially supporting range, there is a clear delineation below 0.2 mg/L total phosphorus where streams move into the fully supporting category. Hence, the Phase I total phosphorus milestone for this TMDL will be 0.2 mg/L with the primary outcome of reduced nutrient loading being improved ALUS Index scores. The ALUS Index will serve to indicate if the
1.00.50.0-0.5-1.0-1.5-2.0
3
2
1
0
-1
Log TP
Log
Chl a
-0.699
1.03
Scatterplot of Chlorophyll a vs Total Phosphorus 2003-2015Stream Chemistry Stations in Kansas Ecoregions K2, K4 and K5
p < 0.001R = 0.54R sq = 0.29y=1.46+0.624x
25
biological community in the Upper Kansas River reflects recovery, renewed diversity, and minimal disruption by the impacts described in the narrative criteria for nutrients on aquatic life. Additionally, the concentration of floating sestonic phytoplankton in the water column at SC518, as determined by measuring the sestonic chlorophyll a concentrations in the Kansas River at Ogden, will indicate if primary productivity has moderated to reduce the impacts described in the narrative criteria for nutrients on aquatic life, recreation, and domestic water supply along the upper reaches of the Kansas River. Secondary indicators of the health of the in-stream biological community include:
1. Dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than 5.0 mg/L and the percent dissolved oxygen nor more than 110%. Percent dissolved oxygen saturation is the measure of oxygen in the water relative to the water’s potential dissolved oxygen concentration. Dissolved oxygen concentrations below 5.0 mg/L puts aquatic life under stress while dissolved oxygen percent saturation levels greater than 110% are indicative of over-active primary productivity.
2. Instream pH values remain below 8.5. Excessive nutrients can induce vigorous photosynthesis which will cause pH to rise above 8.5, the current Kansas criterion.
Therefore, the numeric endpoints for this TMDL, as measured at SC518 indicating attainment of water quality standards within the watershed are:
1. An ALUS Index score greater than or equal to 14. 2. Maintain sestonic chlorophyll a concentration below 10 µg/l. 3. Dissolved oxygen concentrations greater than 5.0 mg/L. 4. Dissolved oxygen saturation below 110%. 5. pH below 8.5.
All five endpoints have to be initially maintained over three consecutive years at SC518 to constitute full support of the designated uses of the Kansas River at Ogden. After the endpoints are attained at SC518, simultaneous digression of the endpoint more than once every three years, on average, constitutes a resumption of impaired conditions at the respective station. These endpoints will be evaluated periodically as phosphorus levels decline in the watershed over time. This TMDL looks to establish a management milestone of 0.2 mg/L for a median total phosphorus concentration in the Kansas River at Ogden that would be the cue to examine for altered, improved biological conditions at SC518. Achievement of the biological endpoints indicates phosphorus loads are within the loading capacity of the stream, water quality standards are attained, and full support of the designated uses of the stream has been restored. There are no existing numeric phosphorus criteria currently in Kansas. Hence, a series of endpoints have been established by this TMDL that will be the measures used to indicate full support of aquatic life, domestic water supply and recreation uses in the river. These endpoints will be evaluated
26
periodically as phosphorus levels decline in the watershed over time with achievement of the ALUS index endpoint indicating restored status of the aquatic life use in the river. This TMDL looks to establish phased total phosphorus endpoints that will be the cue to examine for altered, improved biological conditions in the river. Once concentrations in the river approach the Phase I management milestone of a median concentration of 0.2 mg/L at Kansas River at Ogden (SC518) assessment of the biological community in the Upper Kansas River will be initiated. Should the biological community fail to respond to the Phase I reduction of total phosphorus, Phase II will commence with a TP milestone of a median concentration of 0.18 mg/L, representing the rounded median of the average TP concentrations at the 30 stream stations displayed in Figure 24 that are currently unimpaired for TP. Simultaneous achievement of the chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, and pH endpoints will signal phosphorus reductions are addressing the accelerated succession of aquatic biota and the development of objectionable concentrations of algae and algae by-products thereby restoring the domestic water supply and contact recreation uses in the river. 3. SOURCE INVENTORY AND ASSESSMENT Point Sources: There are a total of six NPDES permitted discharging facilities and one MS4 permit in the Upper Kansas River watershed (Table 12). Of the six NPDES permitted facilities, Penny’s Concrete and Fort Riley Groundwater Remediation, Camp Funston are assigned a total phosphorus wasteload allocation of zero in section 4. Table 12. NPDES permitted facilities in the Kansas River watershed above the sampling station SC518.
Kansas Permit No.
NPDES Permit No. Facility Name
Design Flow (MGD)
Receiving Stream & Basin
Facility Type
Expiration Date
F-KS51-OO01 KS0099759
Fort Riley Military Base Camp Funston Waste Water Treatment Facilities
3.00 Three Mile Creek Federal (Activated Sludge)
11/30/19
F-KS97-PO02 KS0096598 Fort Riley Military Base Waste Water Treatment Facilities
2.35 Three Mile Creek & Unnamed Tributary
Federal 9/30/18
F-KS97-PO03 KS0099881 Fort Riley Groundwater Remediation, Camp Funston
0.01 Unnamed Tributary
Federal (Remediation) 10/31/19
I-LR15-PO02 KS0083275 Milford Fish Hatchery, Junction City 0.14 Republican River 3 Cell Lagoon 11/30/20
I-LR15-PR02 KSG110170 Penny’s Concrete - Hwy 57 Plant, Junction City * Republican River Concrete
Plant 9/30/17
M-LR15-OO01 KS0034011 Junction City Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (East Plant)
2.5 (dry) 7.0 (wet) Republican River Mechanical
Plant 12/31/16
M-LR15-SN01 KSR440010 Junction City MS4 Kansas River MS4 1/31/19 * No design flow established in NPDES permit In the SC518 watershed, two of the four facilities discharge to the Kansas River via tributaries and two discharge to the Republican River. Milford Hatchery is a 3-cell lagoon system that is required to monitor annually for average TP (0.77 mg/L) when discharging (Table 13). As a discharging lagoon, this facility is considered a contributor to the total phosphorus load at SC518; hence, they are assigned
27
a wasteload allocation for total phosphorus. Since, no design flow is established in the hatchery’s NPDES Permit, current average flow is used to determine wasteload allocation. Two of the discharging facilities, Junction City Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) and Fort Riley Military Base Waste Water Treatment Facilities (WWTF) are required to monitor effluent TP monthly. The Fort Riley Military Base Camp Funston WWTF monitors TP twice a month. Fort Riley Military Base WWTF has three outfalls (one major and two minor) and discharges to the Kansas River via Threemile Creek and other unnamed tributaries with 3.11mg/L of average total phosphorus in their effluent. The discharge from the major outfall was used in the calculation of wasteload allocation. Fort Riley Military Base Camp Funston WWTF discharges an effluent average TP concentration of 1.08mg/L to Threemile Creek. The wastewater treatment plant at Junction City has two designated design flows, one for the dry and wet weather conditions. This facility discharges 0.7 mg/L of average TP in their effluent directly to the Republican River. Fort Riley Groundwater Remediation, Camp Funston, is a groundwater remediation project permitted to discharge, but they are not anticipated to contribute, so a nominal wasteload allocation is assigned. The Penny’s Concrete Plant in Junction City is also permitted to discharge to the watershed but they are not required to monitor for phosphorus, since they are not expected to contribute to the phosphorus load at SC518. Hence, a wasteload allocation of zero been established for the concrete facility. All the TP effluent discharge from Junction City influences the water quality as it located in the upper region of the watershed. Table 13. Current TP discharge data for facilities discharging above sampling station SC518
Permit No. Facility Name Design Flow
(MGD)
Avg.TP (mg/l) in Effluent
Current Avg. Flow
(MGD)
Current Avg. Load (lb/day)
Permit TP Monitoring
F-KS51-OO01 Fort Riley Military Base
Camp Funston Waste Water Treatment Facilities
3 1.08 0.96 8.64 Twice Monthly
F-KS97-PO02 Fort Riley Military Base Waste Water Treatment
Facilities 2.35 3.11 0.93 24.16 Monthly
F-KS97-PO03 Fort Riley Groundwater
Remediation, Camp Funston
0.01 NA 0.002 0.01 NA
I-LR15-PO02 Milford Fish Hatchery, Junction City, Kansas 0.14 0.77 0.14 0.90 Annually
M-LR15-OO01 Junction City Municipal Wastewater Treatment
Plant (East Plant) 2.5 0.70 1.62 9.45 Monthly
M-LR15-SN01 Junction City MS4 NA NA NA NA
Land Use: The approximate land area of the SC518 watershed is 42,913.22 in acres. The land use percentages and acres within the watershed are in Table 14 and are further illustrated in the land use map (Figure 27). Runoff from the cropland and developed areas could contribute significantly to total phosphorus loading. Land use within the Upper Kansas River Basin is mostly pasture and grassland (42.92%) and developed land (25.25%). The SC518 watershed has forested lands comprising 20.56% of the watershed, while cultivated crops only account for 5.22%.
28
Table 14. Land use data for the Upper Kansas River watershed (NLCD, 2011). Land use Area (acres) Area (%) Grassland/ Pasture 18,417.31 42.92 Developed Land 10,837.73 25.25 Forest 8,824.79 20.56 Cultivated Crops 2,238.00 5.22 Wetlands 1,437.59 3.35 Open Water 1,129.34 2.63 Barren Land 28.47 0.07
Figure 27. Land use map for the Upper Kansas River watershed (NLCD, 2011).
Livestock Waste Management Systems: There is only one permitted animal feeding operation within the SC518 watershed, which is detailed in Table 15. The permitted livestock facilities have waste management systems designed to minimize runoff entering their operation and detain runoff emanating from their facilities. These facilities are designed to retain a 25-year, 24-hour rainfall/runoff event as well as an anticipated two weeks of normal wastewater from their operations. Typically, this rainfall event coincides with streamflow that occurs less than 1-5% of the time. It is unlikely TP
29
loading would be attributable to properly operating permitted livestock facilities, though extensive loading may occur if any of these facilities were in violation and discharged. Table 15. NPDES permitted confined feeding operations in the watershed SC(518).
KS Permit # County Animal Total Permit Type Animal Type A-LRGE-BA01 Geary 400 Certification Beef
According to the USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS), on January 1, 2013 there were a total of 13,304 and 24,740 head of cattle (including calves) in Geary and Riley counties, respectively (Table 16). An increase in poultry was seen in 2012 when compared to 2007, and horses and sheep showed a decline as of December 31, 2012. The animal waste from both confined and unconfined feeding sites is considered a potential source of total phosphorus loading in the streams in the Upper Kansas River watershed. Table 16. County inventory of livestock, on January 1, 2013 and of hogs on December 1, 2012, USDA NASS.
County Year Cattle and Calves Beef Poultry Dairy Horses Sheep Swine
Geary 2012 13,304 D 547 D 283 537 D 2007 12,810 D 163 D 340 85 D
Change in % 4 NA 236 NA -17 NA NA
Riley 2012 24,740 9,183 3,316 642 376 494 D 2007 25,927 D 1,807 D 684 1,280 18,845
Change in % 5 NA 84 NA -45 -61 NA D Withheld to avoid disclosing data for individual farms. On-Site Waste Systems: According to the Spreadsheet Tool for Estimating Pollutant Loads (STEPL), there are 280 septic systems in the SC518 watershed. Additionally, according to STEPL, approximately 0.93% of the systems are failing. Because of their small flows and loads, failing on-site septic systems would be a minor source of nutrient loadings within the watershed and would not significantly contribute to the phosphorus impairment in the watersheds. Population Density: The population in the watershed is detailed in Table 17. A population growth in the most populated place (Junction City) in the watershed, along with the populations of the counties, is listed in Table 15. Junction City shows an increase in 13% over the 2000 census results with population growth expected to continue in the watershed. According to the 2010 census data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the SC518 watershed is approximately 26,585 people, giving a population density of 401 people/square mile. Table 17. U.S. 2000, 2010 Census results and a 2015 population estimate from United States census Bureau.
County/City 2000 Census 2010 Census 2015 Estimates % Change from 2000 Census to 2015 Estimate
Geary 27,949 34,362 37,030 32.5% Riley 62,843 71,115 75,249 19.7% Junction City 20,671 23,353 24621 19.1%
30
Contributing Runoff: The SC518 watershed has mean soil permeability of 0.83 inches/hour in HUC12 102701010201, and 1.47 inches/hour in HUC12 102500170609. According to NRCS STATSGO database (Figure 28) soil permeability in the SC518 watershed ranges from 0.01 to 13.0 inches/hour with over 63% of the watershed having extremely low permeability values of 1.29 inches/hour or lower. According to a USGS open-file report (Juracek, 2000), the threshold soil-permeability values are set at 3.43 inches/hour for very high, 2.86 inches/hour for high, 2.29 inches/hour for moderate, 1.71 inches/hour for low, 1.14 inches/hour for very low, and 0.57 inches/hour for extremely low soil-permeability. Runoff is primarily generated as infiltration excess with rainfall intensities greater than soil permeability. As the watersheds’ soil profiles become saturated, excess overland flow is produced. The majority of the nonpoint source nutrient runoff will be associated with cropland areas throughout the watershed that are in close proximity to the stream corridors.
Figure 28. Soil permeability in the Upper Kansas River watershed. Background and Natural Sources: Phosphorus is present over the landscape, in the soil profile as well as terrestrial and aquatic biota. Wildlife can contribute phosphorus loadings, particularly if they congregate to a density that exceeds the assimilative capacity of the land or water.
31
4. ALLOCATION OF POLLUTION REDUCTION RESPONSIBILITY This TMDL is established as two phases to progressively reduce phosphorus loadings and ambient concentrations with periodic assessment of the biological endpoints in the Upper Kansas River. The Phase I TMDL TP concentration is set at a median concentration of 0.2 mg/L with point source load reductions required from the two mechanical wastewater treatment plants operated at Fort Riley, and one in Junction City. It is expected that best management practices prescribed in the MS4 permits will be implemented by Junction City to the maximum extent practicable during precipitation events. Additionally, the application of riparian and agricultural best management practices within the watershed should continue in order to abate and reduce total phosphorus loading from non-point sources. Once the concentrations in the Kansas River approach the Phase I milestone of a median TP concentration of 0.2 mg/L, an intensive assessment of macroinvertebrate abundance and diversity will be performed to determine compliance with the narrative nutrient criteria. Presuming one or more of the numeric endpoints are not met at the end of Phase I, Phase II will commence with a TP milestone of 0.18 mg/L with additional reductions in loads and phosphorus concentrations accomplished through enhanced implementation of controls on both point and nonpoint sources in the watershed. Point Sources: The Phase I Wasteload Allocations (WLA) are associated with the total phosphorus contributing facilities in the watershed, and are detailed in Table 18. The Phase I wasteload allocations associated with the municipal facility and the two federal facilities operating mechanical plants are calculated based on their design flows and an effluent concentration of 1.0 mg/L TP. For Phase II, the municipal and two federal facilities may need to implement enhanced nutrient reduction (ENR) technologies in order to meet their Phase II wasteload allocation calculated at total phosphorus concentration of 0.5 mg/L and facility design flow. The WLA for the Milford Hatchery lagoon facility has been established based on their current load as there is no designated design flow. The Phase I TP WLA for the industrial and municipal facilities is 66.5 lbs/day. In addition, a wasteload allocation of 16.63 lbs/day totaling 6,069.95 lbs/year total phosphorus has been reserved at SC518 in anticipation of further development in the Upper Kansas River watershed. This reserve may be portioned and applied to new or expanded NPDES permitted facilities discharging to the watershed contributing to SC518. The established Phase I TMDL with wasteload and MS4 allocations in the Upper Kansas River Basin (SC518) is graphically represented in Figure 29. Table 19 details Phase I and Phase II current condition, load capacity (TMDL), wasteload allocation (WLA), load allocation (LA) and stormwater (MS4) allocations in terms of pounds per day under varying flow conditions.
32
Table 18. Phase I Wasteload allocations for the NPDES permitted wastewater facilities in the Kansas River watershed above the sampling station SC518
Kansas Permit No.
NPDES Permit No. Facility Name
Design Flow (MGD)
TP WLA Concentration (mg/L)
TP WLA Daily Load (lbs/day)
TP WLA Annual Load (lbs/year)
F-KS51-OO01 KS0099759 Fort Riley Military Base Camp Funston Waste Water Treatment Facilities
3.00 1 25.06 9,146.90
F-KS97-PO02 KS0096598 Fort Riley Military Base Waste Water Treatment Facilities
2.35 1 19.63 7,164.95
F-KS97-PO03 KS0099881 Fort Riley Groundwater Remediation, Camp Funston 0.01 0.2 0.02 7.3
I-LR15-PO02 KS0083275 Milford Fish Hatchery, Junction City 0.14 0.77 0.90 328.5
I-LR15-PR02 KSG110170 Penny'S Concrete - Hwy 57 Plant, Junction City * 0 0 0
M-LR15-OO01 KS0034011 Junction City Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (East Plant)
2.50 1 20.89 7,624.85
Total Industrial and Municipal Wasteload Allocation 66.50 24,272.50 Upper Kansas Watershed Reserve Wasteload Allocation 16.63 6,069.95 Total Upper Kansas Watershed Wasteload Allocation 83.13 30,342.45
* No design flow established in NPDES permit MS4 Stormwater: The Wasteload Allocation for the Junction City MS4 stormwater permit (M-LR15-SN01; KSR440010) is provided by proportioning the remaining load capacity, after accounting for the NPDES WLA, between MS4 and nonpoint source loads. This was done by assuming MS4 load contributions would arise from the developed areas within the contributing areas of the Upper Kansas River stream chemistry station (SC518). Thus, the MS4 WLA considers the proportion of developed land (open space, and low, medium and high intensity) in the contributing areas, which accounts for about 28% area at SC518. Runoff volume during precipitation events, by HUC 12, was estimated for each watershed using Wiki Watershed Model My Watershed with the precipitation value set at each watershed’s soil permeability value. The Phase I runoff TP load for each HUC 12 was calculated using a TP concentration of 0.2 mg/L. These loads were then multiplied by 19%, the percentage of time rain falls in the watershed (GHCND:USC00142652 1990-2016) with the resulting load multiplied by the percentage of developed land (open space, low, medium, high intensity) in the watershed. This load was then compared to the load allocation at 50% flow exceedance showing it to be 1.20% of the load allocation at SC518. The Phase I MS4 allocation, then, was calculated at 1.20% of the Phase I load capacity minus Phase I wasteload allocation (load allocation) at flows greater than 50% flow exceedance. The Phase II MS4 allocation was also calculated the same way at a TP concentration of 0.18 mg/L showing it to be 1.17% of the load allocation at 50% flow exceedance at SC518. During both phases, nominal MS4 allocations of 1 lb/day and 2 lb/day TP for Kansas River flows ranging from 76 to 100 and 51 to 75 percent flow exceedance, respectively, have been assigned to account for incidences of localized heavy rainfall that may generate runoff conditions when the river is at or below median flow. In addition, a reserve MS4 wasteload allocation has been established for SC518 watershed to accommodate growth. MS4 permittees are expected to reduce phosphorus loading using best management practices to the maximum extent practicable.
33
Figure 29. Phase I total phosphorus TMDL with wasteload and MS4 allocations in Upper Kansas River Basin at SC518. Table 19. Load capacities and allocations in the Upper Kansas River near Ogden (SC518).
Percent Flow
Exceedance
Flow at SC518 (cfs)
Current Condition (lbs/day)
Load Capacity (lbs/day)
Wasteload Allocation (lbs/day)
Load Allocation (lbs/day)
MS4 Allocations
(lbs/day)
Reserve MS4 Allocation (lbs/day)
Phase I 95% 235.56 482.10 254.41 83.13 171.28 1.00 1.00 75% 470.12 962.15 507.73 83.13 424.60 2.00 2.00 50% 1,016.75 2,080.87 1,098.09 83.13 1,014.96 12.19 12.19 25% 2,446.23 5,006.45 2,641.93 83.13 2,558.80 30.74 30.74 10% 5,922.29 12,120.56 6,396.07 83.13 6,312.94 75.85 75.85
Phase II 95% 235.56 482.10 228.97 50.35 178.62 1.00 1.00 75% 470.12 962.15 456.96 50.35 406.61 2.00 2.00 50% 1,016.75 2,080.87 988.28 50.35 937.93 10.97 12.19 25% 2,446.23 5,006.45 2,377.74 50.35 2,327.39 27.23 30.74 10% 5,922.29 12,120.56 5,756.47 50.35 5,706.12 66.77 75.85
0.10
1.00
10.00
100.00
1000.00
10000.00
100000.00
1000000.00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Tota
l Pho
spho
rus
Load
(lbs
/day
)Total Phosphorus TMDL at SC518
Phase I TMDL (0.200mg/L TP) Phase I Wasteload Allocation Phase I MS4 AllocationPhase I Load Allocation Current Load (S/F) Current Load (Spring)Current Load (Winter)
34
Nonpoint Source Load Allocation: The load allocation for nonpoint sources is the remaining load capacity after assimilated wasteloads for NPDES wastewater and MS4 stormwater have been accounted for. The load allocation grows proportionately as normal conditions occur and the load allocation continues to increase with wet weather conditions thereby accounting for increased runoff from contributing areas. Phase I and Phase II nonpoint source reductions in phosphorus loading are expected to be achieved by implementation of best management practices in the Upper Kansas watershed as described in Section 319 9 Element Plans developed by the Clarks Creek, Lower Smoky Hill, and the Milford Lake Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) groups. Nonpoint sources are assumed minimal at SC518, during low flow conditions. During low flow conditions, the flow is dominated by Milford outflows and effluent from the mechanical wastewater treatment plants discharging above the sampling station. Defined Margin of Safety: The Margin of Safety provides some hedge against the uncertainty in phosphorus loading into Upper Kansas River. This TMDL uses an implicit margin of safety, relying on conservative assumptions to be assured that future wasteload allocations will not cause further excursion from the nutrient criteria. Additionally, biological endpoints are used to assess the narrative criteria and have to be maintained for three consecutive years before attainment of water quality standards can be claimed. Finally, because there is often a synergistic effect of phosphorus and nitrogen on in-stream biological activity, concurrent efforts to reduce nitrogen content of wastewater should complement the offset of phosphorus load reduction in improving the biological condition of the Upper Kansas River watershed. State Water Plan Implementation Priority: Implementation priority is focused on wastewater treatment in the watershed, and riparian management along the main stem reaches to effectively reduce the phosphorus loading to the Kansas River. Priorities will expand nonpoint source abatement along the Kansas River. Additionally further reduction in wastewater phosphorus loads at SC518 will occur along with implementation of stormwater abatement practices. Due to the need to reduce the high nutrient loads in the Kansas River, this TMDL will be High Priority for implementation. Nutrient Reduction Framework Priority Ranking: This watershed lies within Upper Kansas (HUC8: 10270101 and HUC8: 10250017) Subbasin which are among the top sixteen HUC8s targeted for state action to reduce nutrients. Priority HUC12s: Although this TMDL is initially driven by implementation of point source treatment improvements, priority HUC12s within the watershed can be identified based on the cropland areas adjacent to the streams within the watershed. Priority HUC12s for the total phosphorus TMDL are located in the SC518 watershed (Table 20). Since the watershed is comprised of only two HUC12s, both can be considered high priority for non-point source reduction. Both HUC12s have a high percentage of pasture and grazing land, and are located adjacent to the streams within the watershed.
35
Table 20. HUC 12 land use and estimated total phosphorus load based on land use at SC518 (STEPL).
HUC 12 Urban Acres
Cropland Acres
Pasture and Grazing Land
Acres
Forest Acres
Total Acres
TP Load (lbs/year)
TP lbs/year per Acre SC Site
102701010201 3,250 1,100 13,073 7,062 24,495 2160.8 0.09 SC518 102500170609 2,522 1,582 9,049 3,376 16,529 2057.6 0.12 SC518
5. IMPLEMENTATION Point Source Implementation Supporting Information: Qual2K is a steady-state model that was utilized to evaluate nutrient responses under the hydrologic flow conditions representing the 75th and 95th percent flow exceedance conditions in the Kansas River. The model run during the 95th percent flow exceedance value represents a critical low flow condition where NPDES point source contributions could be assessed for their load contributions into the Kansas River system. Under the 75th percent flow exceedance model runs, the additional flow established a condition that introduces additional contributions from nonpoint source loads while maintaining a noticeable influence from the point sources. The primary purpose of the model was to assess the contribution from discharging point sources to the Kansas River during the more critical lower flow conditions. Model runs with additional flow were evaluated, however the additional flow in the river overwhelms any point source signal nullifying the primary utility of the Qual2K model in assessing point source contribution for this TMDL. The modeling assessment concluded that the established wasteloads will likely approach a TP median concentration target of 0.200 mg/L within the Kansas River when flow conditions in the river are below the 75th percent flow exceedance value. Under the modeling scenario that achieves optimal load reductions from the discharging point sources, the watersheds contributing flow to the Kansas River watershed that have a nutrient TMDL in place were modeled with inflows reflecting TP concentrations associated with their respective TMDL endpoints. The Qual2K model was not utilized to develop the TMDL, rather it was utilized to support and validate that the respective wasteload allocations set in the TMDL are appropriate to accommodate achievement of the Kansas River TP TMDL and represent optimal conditions under low flow conditions. Several scenarios were incorporated into the model runs for the two flow conditions, as detailed in Figures 30 and 31. The variability of the TP concentrations are highly dependent upon the discharge of the lakes and point source facilities, particularly during the 95th percent flow exceedance run. The modeling scenarios representing the wasteload allocations associated with this TMDL, are noted by the scenarios with the gray line with gray markers, the green dotted line, and black line with gold markers in both figures. Scenario descriptions reference the WLA calculations for the municipal discharging wastewater facilities in the watershed and industrial permitted facilities were assigned site specific wasteload allocations relative to their nutrient loading potential and discharge history. During the 95th percentile flow exceedance model run (Figure 30), upper Kansas River TP concentrations seen at the model headwater were increased by point source dischargers, including Junction City and Fort Riley and then diluted by Milford Lake releases. Similarly, in the middle Kansas River, discharge from the City of Manhattan increased river TP concentration and was diluted
36
by Tuttle Creek Lake releases. Releases from Perry Lake, however, did little to dilute the increasing concentrations resulting from the City of Topeka discharge. Such was the case downstream of the Cities of Lawrence and Eudora and Clinton Lake releases, as well. The relative support of releases from Perry and Clinton lakes on the Kansas River is small compared to the augmentation provided by Milford and Tuttle Creek. The pattern of increased river TP concentrations with subsequent dilution from Milford and Tuttle Creek lakes in the upper and middle segments of the river followed by increasing concentrations beginning at the City of Topeka occurred under all scenarios, even when point sources were set to discharge at their respective WLA’s. Under the respective scenario for the 75th percentile flow exceedance model run (Figure 31), the TP concentrations are significantly less but the relative pattern of the concentration flux throughout the river remain similar, although muted. The increase in flow adds dilution to the system and the TP concentrations in the Upper Kansas River will reach 0.200 mg/L under the scenario that provides effective implementation of the Milford Lake TMDL to achieve their TP milestones. Though the modeled concentrations are steady state, if the point sources within the watershed comply with the assigned wasteload allocations and the existing nutrient TMDL associated with Milford Lake are achieved, the resulting modeled concentrations within the Upper Kansas River should be achieved. When this comes to fruition, the TP loading during critical flow conditions will be optimally reduced and the numeric median target concentration of 0.200 mg/L will likely be achieved for data under all flow conditions. If the TMDL endpoints are not achieved at this point, the focus will shift to nonpoint source load contributions associated with higher flow conditions.
Figure 30. Total phosphorus concentrations along the Kansas River at 95% flow exceedance –Qual2K.
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
TP in
µg/
L
Kansas River Model Scenarios Total Phosphorus ConcentrationsFrom Headwater to KC for Select Model Reaches at 95% Flow Exceedance
Dischargers set to Design Flow & Current TP Concentration
Calibrated Model 95% Flow Exceedance
Dischargers set to Design Flow & WLA TP Concentration
Dischargers set to Current Flow & WLA TP Concentration
Dischargers set to Design Flow & WLA TP Concentration + Headwater & Reservoirs Reduced to TMDL Concentrations
200 ppb
Upper Middle Lower
37
Figure 31. Total phosphorus concentrations along the Kansas River at 75% flow exceedance – Qual2K. Desired Implementation Activities:
1. Implement and maintain conservation farming, including conservation tilling, contour farming, and no-till farming to reduce runoff and cropland erosion.
2. Improve riparian conditions along stream systems by installing grass and/or forest buffer strips along the stream and drainage channels in the watershed.
3. Perform extensive soil testing to ensure excess phosphorus is not applied. 4. Ensure land applied manure is being properly managed and is not susceptible to runoff by
implementing nutrient management plans. 5. Install pasture management practices, including proper stock density to reduce soil erosion
and storm runoff. 6. Ensure proper on-site waste system operations in proximity to the main stream segments. 7. Ensure that labeled application rates of chemical fertilizers are being followed and
implement runoff control measures. 8. Make operational changes in municipal wastewater treatment plants and implement
alternative disposal such as irrigation and, if necessary, install enhanced nutrient reduction technology to reduce wasteloads.
9. Renew state and federal permits and inspect permitted facilities for permit compliance. 10. Facilitate urban and construction stormwater management in the TMDL watershed,
including the City of Junction City to abate pollutant loads using best management practices to the maximum extent practicable.
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750TP
in µ
g/L
Kansas River Model Scenarios Total Phosphorus ConcentrationsFrom Headwater to KC for Select Model Reaches at 75% Flow Exceedance
Dischargers set to Design Flow & Current TP Concentration
Calibrated Model 75% Flow Exceedance
Dischargers set to Design Flow & WLA TP Concentration
Dischargers set to Current Flow & WLA TP Concentration
Dischargers set to Design Flow & WLA TP Concentration + Headwater & Reservoirs Reduced to TMDL Concentrations
200 ppb
Upper Middle Lower
38
11. The stakeholder leadership team for Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy (WRAPS) groups within the watershed will coordinate BMPs to address:
a. Livestock: vegetative filter strips, relocate feeding sites, relocate pasture feeding sites off-stream and alternate watering system.
b. Cropland: waterways, terraces, conservation crop rotations and water retention structures.
NPDES and State Permits – KDHE
a. Monitor influent into and effluent from the discharging permitted wastewater treatment facilities, continue to encourage wastewater reuse and irrigation disposal and ensure compliance and proper operation to control phosphorus levels in wastewater discharges.
b. Establish applicable permit limits and conditions after 2022, with the initial implementation of goals and appropriate schedules of compliance for permits issued prior.
c. Establish TP concentration goal of 1.0 mg/L for all mechanical municipal wastewater treatment facilities in accordance with the WLA.
d. Manage the sum of WLA for the watershed to accommodate population growth as needed. e. Inspect permitted livestock facilities to ensure compliance. f. New livestock permitted facilities will be inspected for integrity of applied pollution
prevention technologies. g. New registered livestock facilities with less than 300 animal units will apply pollution
prevention technologies. h. Manure management plans will be implemented, to include proper land application rates
and practices that will prevent runoff of applied manure. i. Reduce runoff in MS4 permitted areas through stormwater management programs. j. Establish nutrient reduction practices among urban homeowners to manage application on
lawns and gardens, through respective stormwater management programs. Nonpoint Source Pollution Technical Assistance – KDHE
a. Support Section 319 implementation projects for reduction of phosphorus runoff from agricultural activities as well as nutrient management.
b. Provide technical assistance on practices geared to the establishment of vegetative buffer strips.
c. Provide technical assistance on nutrient management for livestock facilities in the watershed and practices geared towards small livestock operations, which minimize impacts to stream resources.
d. Support the implementation efforts of the Milford, Lower Smoky Hill, Clarks Creek, and Upper Kansas WRAPS and incorporate long-term objectives of this TMDL into their 9-element watershed plan.
e. Engage the municipalities in the watershed to discuss stormwater load trading opportunities.
Water Resource Cost Share and Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program- KDA-DOC
a. Apply conservation farming practices and/or erosion control structures, including no-till, terraces, and contours, sediment control basins, and constructed wetlands.
b. Provide sediment control practices to minimize erosion and sediment transport from cropland and grassland in the watershed.
39
c. Install livestock waste management systems for manure storage. d. Implement manure management plans.
Riparian Protection Program – KDA-DOC
a. Establish or reestablish natural riparian systems, including vegetative filter strips and streambank vegetation.
b. Develop riparian restoration projects along targeted stream segments, especially those areas with baseflow.
c. Promote wetland construction to reduce runoff and assimilate sediment loadings. d. Coordinate riparian management within the watershed and develop riparian restoration
projects. Buffer Initiative Program – KDA-DOC
a. Install grass buffer strips near streams. b. Leverage Conservation Reserve Enhancement Program to hold riparian land out of
production. Extension Outreach and Technical Assistance – Kansas State University
a. Educate agricultural producers on sediment, nutrient, and pasture management. b. Educate livestock producers on livestock waste management, land applied manure
applications, and nutrient management planning. c. Provide technical assistance on livestock waste management systems and nutrient
management planning. d. Provide technical assistance on buffer strip design and minimizing cropland runoff. e. Encourage annual soil testing to determine capacity of field to hold phosphorus. f. Educate residents, landowners, and watershed stakeholders about nonpoint source
pollution. g. Promote and utilize the WRAPS efforts for pollution prevention, runoff control and
resource management. The WRAPS coordinator is also an extension watershed specialist that will provide technical assistance and outreach to producers for BMP implementation. Other entities for this task include NRCS and local conservation districts.
Timeframe for Implementation: Reduction strategies for the wastewater treatment facilities should be evaluated by 2019 with subsequent planning, design, and construction of any necessary enhanced treatment initiated by the next permit starting in 2022. Urban stormwater and rural runoff management should be expanded by 2019 to ensure nutrients are addressed. Pollutant reduction practices should be installed within the priority subwatersheds before 2022 with follow-up implementation over 2022-2027. Phase I of this TMDL will occur from 2019 to 2039. If biology in the Kansas River has not responded to Phase I reductions by 2039 then Phase II will commence in 2040. Targeted Participants: The primary participants for implementation will be municipal wastewater and stormwater programs, and agricultural and livestock producers operating immediately adjacent to the Upper Kansas River and its tributaries. Watershed coordinators and technical staff of the WRAPS, along with Conservation District personnel and county extension agents should assess possible sources adjacent to streams. Implementation activities to address nonpoint sources should focus on those areas with the greatest potential to impact nutrient concentrations adjacent to the river.
40
Targeted Activities to focus attention toward include: 1. Overused grazing land adjacent to the streams. 2. Sites where drainage runs through or adjacent to livestock areas. 3. Sites where livestock have full access to the stream as a primary water supply. 4. Poor riparian area and denuded riparian vegetation along the stream. 5. Unbufferred cropland adjacent to the stream. 6. Conservation compliance on highly erodible areas. 7. Total row crop acreage and gully locations. 8. High-density urban and residential development in proximity to streams and tributary
areas. 9. Urban residents should be informed on fertilizer and waste management through their
respective municipal Stormwater Management Programs to reduce urban runoff loads. Milestone for 2023: By 2023, advancement of necessary and appropriate measures to decrease the effluent phosphorus content from the municipal wastewater facilities should be implemented. At that point, in time, phosphorus data from the Kansas River stream chemistry station (SC518) should show indications of declining concentrations relative to the pre-2016 data, particularly during normal flow conditions. Delivery Agents: The primary delivery agents for program participation will be municipalities within the watershed, KDHE, and the conservation projects within and above the TMDL watershed, including Milford Lake. Reasonable Assurances: Authorities: The following authorities may be used to direct activities in the watershed to reduce pollution:
1. K.S.A. 65-164 and 165 empowers the Secretary of KDHE to regulate the discharge of sewage into the waters of the state.
2. K.S.A. 65-171d empowers the Secretary of KDHE to prevent water pollution and to protect
the beneficial uses of the waters of the state through required treatment of sewage and established water quality standards and to require permits by persons having a potential to discharge pollutants into the waters of the state.
3. K.S.A. 2002 Supp. 82a-2001 identifies the classes of recreation use and defines impairment
for streams.
4. K.S.A. 2-1915 empowers the Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of Conservation to develop programs to assist the protection, conservation and management of soil and water resources in the state, including riparian areas.
5. K.S.A. 75-5657 empowers the Kansas Department of Agriculture, Division of
Conservation to provide financial assistance for local project work plans developed to control nonpoint source pollution.
41
6. K.S.A. 82a-901, et. seq. empowers the Kansas Water Office to develop a state water plan directing the protection and maintenance of surface water quality for the waters of the state.
7. K.S.A. 82a-951 creates the State Water Plan Fund to finance the implementation of the
Kansas Water Plan, including selected Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategies.
8. The Kansas Water Plan and the Kansas Regional Planning Area plan provide the guidance to state agencies to coordinate programs intent on protecting water quality and to target those programs to geographic areas of the state for high priority implementation.
Funding: The State Water Plan annually generates $12-13 million and is the primary funding mechanism for implementing water quality protection and pollution reduction activities in the state through the Kansas Water Plan. The state water planning process, overseen by the Kansas Water Office, coordinates and directs programs and funding toward watershed and water resources of highest priority. Typically, the state allocates at least 50% of the fund to programs supporting water quality protection. This watershed and its TMDL are located within a High Priority area and should receive support for pollution abatement practices that lower the loading of sediment and nutrients. Effectiveness: Use of Biological Nutrient Removal technology has been well established to reduce nutrient levels, including phosphorus, in wastewater and Enhanced Nutrient Removal establishes phosphorus levels approaching pragmatic limits of technology. Additionally, nutrient control has been proven effective through conservation tillage, contour farming and use of grass waterways and buffer strips. In addition, the proper implementation of comprehensive livestock waste management plans has proven effective at reducing nutrient runoff associated with livestock facilities. Presuming the biological endpoints are not met, this TMDL will be reevaluated after 2028 to assess the reductions in phosphorus loads and concentrations and the desired endpoints. 6. MONITORING Stream chemistry sampling will continue at sampling station SC518. Stream chemistry monitoring along with chlorophyll a will continue at SC759 in Seven-mile creek, adjacent to the Upper Kansas Watershed. Monitoring of TP should be a condition of the MS4 permits within the TMDL watershed. Macroinvertebrate sampling will be continued at the existing biological monitoring sites on the Kansas River. Once median total phosphorus concentrations approach 0.2 mg/L at SC518, stream biology and sestonic chlorophyll a monitoring at SC518 should commence. If the biological endpoints are achieved over 2023-2027, the conditions described by the narrative nutrient criteria will be viewed as attained and the Upper Kansas River watershed defined by SC518 may be moved to Category 2 on the 2028-303(d) list. Once the water quality standards are attained, the adjusted ambient phosphorus concentrations on the Upper Kansas River will be the basis for establishing numeric phosphorus criteria on the Upper Kansas River through the triennial water quality standards process to protect the restored biological and chemical integrity of the Upper Kansas River.
42
7. FEEDBACK Public Notice: An active Internet Web site is established at http://www.kdheks.gov/tmdl/planning_mgmt.htm to convey information to the public on the general establishment of TMDLs and specific TMDLs for the Kansas-Lower Republican River Basin. This TMDL was posted to this site on November 1, 2016 for public review. Public Hearing: A Public Hearing on the Lower Kansas River Basin TMDL was held in Topeka, Kansas on November 17, 2016 to receive comments on this TMDL; there was one attendee. Written comments on this TMDL were received from the City of Junction City. Milestone Evaluation: In 2023, evaluation will be made as to the degree of implementation that occurred within the TMDL watershed. Subsequent decisions will be made through the WRAPS regarding the non-point source implementation approach and follow up of additional implementation in the watershed. Consideration for 303(d) Delisting: The Kansas River at Ogden (SC518) will be evaluated for delisting under Section 303(d), based on the monitoring data over the period 2023-2027. Therefore, the decision for delisting will come about in the preparation of the 2028 303(d) list. Should modifications be made to the applicable water quality criteria during the ten-year implementation period, consideration for delisting, desired endpoints of this TMDL, and implementation activities may be adjusted accordingly. Incorporation into the TMDL Vision Process, Water Quality Management Plan and the Kansas Water Planning Process: Under the current version of the Kansas TMDL Vision Process, the next anticipated revision would come in 2022, which will emphasize implementation of WRAPS activities and reduction of nutrients in wastewater by NPDES facilities. At that time, incorporation of this TMDL will be made into the WRAPS watershed plans. Recommendations of this TMDL will be considered in the Kansas Water Plan implementation decisions under the State Water Planning Process for Fiscal Years 2017-2025. Developed 7/28/2017
43
REFERENCES
Juracek, K.E., 2000, Estimation and Comparison of Potential Runoff-Contributing Areas in Kansas Using Topographic, Soil and Land-Use Information, U.S.G.S. Water-Resources Investigations Report 00-4177, 55pp.
Kansas Department of Health and Environment. 2010. Kansas Reference Streams: Selection of
Suitable Candidates, Impending threats To Reference Stature, And Recommendations For Long-Term Conservation.
Kansas Department of Health and Environment. 2016. Methodology for the Evaluation and
Development of the 2016 Section 303(d) List of Impaired Water Bodies for Kansas. Available online at:http://www.kdheks.gov/tmdl/download/2014_303_d_Methodology.pdf
Kansas Surface Water Quality Standards and Supporting Material found at: http://www.kdheks.gov/water/download/kwqs_plus_supporting.pdf
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Centers for Environmental Information. Accessed 10/6/2016: Custom Global Summary, Precipitation (PRCP), Station GHCND: USC00142652. http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/cdo-web/confirmation
National Land Cover Database, 2011. http://www.mrlc.gov/
Perry, C.A., D.M. Wolock and J.C. Artman, 2004. Estimates of Flow Duration, Mean Flow and
Peak-Discharge Frequency Values for Kansas Stream Locations, USGS Scientific Investigations Report 2004-5033.
STEPL Support and Septic System Failure Rate found at:
http://it.tetratech-ffx.com/steplweb/Faq.htm#Q4
United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2013. Annual Report of Reservoir Regulation Activities. http://www.nwk.usace.army.mil/Portals/29/13AnnualRep.pdf
United States Army Corps of Engineers. 2014. Monthly Charts of Reservoir Data. http://www.swt-
wc.usace.army.mil/ELDRcharts.html
United States Census Bureau. 2010. Available at: http://www.census.gov/
United States Department of Agriculture. State of Kansas Quick Stats. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Kansas/index.php
U.S. EPA. 2000. Nutrient Criteria Technical Guidance Manual: Rivers and Streams. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. EPA-822-B00-002.
U.S. EPA. 2000. Ambient Water Quality Criteria Recommendations. Information
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Supporting the Development of State and Tribal Nutrient Criteria for River and Streams in Nutrient Ecoregion IX. Southeastern Temperate Forested Plains and Hills. EPA 822-B-00-019.
Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy 9 Element Plan, Clarks Creek. http://www.kswraps.org/files/attachments/clarkscreek_9e_plansummary.pdf Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy 9 Element Plan, Lower Lower Smoky River.
http://www.kswraps.org/files/attachments/lowerlowersmoky_plansummary.pdf Watershed Restoration and Protection Strategy 9 Element Plan, Milford Reservoir.
http://www.kswraps.org/files/attachments/milford_plansummary_0.pdf Wiki Watershed, Model My Watershed. https://wikiwatershed.org/model/
45
Appendix A. Kansas Ecoregions as defined in the Kanas Reference Stream Report (KDHE, 2010) and tables of stream biology and stream chemistry stations used to generate the total phosphorus/ALUS Index and total phosphorus/chlorophyll a relationships.
Figure A1. Kansas Ecoregions as defined in the Kansas Reference Stream Report (KDHE, 2010). The Kansas River watershed is dimmed. Table A1. KDHE Stream Biology (SB) and Stream Chemistry (SC) sites used to develop the total phosphorus vs. ALUS Index relationship.
SB Site SC Site KS Ecoregion
SB217 SC217 K5
SB289 SC289 K5
SB531 SC531 K4
SB559 SC559 K5
SB357 SC582 K4
SB718 SC718 K5
SB719 SC719 K4
SB206 SC206 K5
SB726 SC726 K4
SB745 SC745 K5
SB315 SC532 K4
SB360 SC554 K5
46
SB Site SC Site KS Ecoregion
SB367 SC538 K4
SB128 SC128 K5
SB212 SC212 K4
SB277 SC277 K5
SB364 SC207 K5
SB251 SC251 K4
SB370 SC648 K4
SB098 SC098 K5
SB105 SC106 K5
SB215 SC215 K5
SB568 SC568 K5
SB378 SC501 K4
SB214 SC214 K5
SB299 SC299 K5
SB543 SC543 K2
SB368 SC556 K5
SB213 SC213 K5
SB218 SC218 K2
SB254 SC254 K4
SB264 SC264 K4
SB266 SC266 K5
SB267 SC267 K5
SB269 SC269 K2
SB503 SC503 K4
SB325 SC208 K5
SB014 SC014 K2
SB106 SC106 K5
SB257 SC257 K4
SB268 SC268 K2
SB273 SC273 K5
SB520 SC520 K5
SB346 SC730 K2
SB205 SC205 K5
SB232 SC232 K2
SB233 SC234 K4
SB234 SC234 K4
SB260 SC260 K2
SB270 SC270 K5
SB274 SC274 K5
SB109 SC109 K5
SB683 SC683 K5
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Table A2. KDHE Stream Chemistry (SC) sites used to develop the total phosphorus vs. chlorophyll a relationship.
SC Site KS Ecoregion
SC011 K4
SC201 K5
SC212 K4
SC214 K5
SC215 K5
SC217 K5
SC218 K2
SC233 K4
SC251 K4
SC252 K4
SC254 K4
SC257 K4
SC260 K2
SC268 K2
SC274 K5
SC509 K4
SC521 K5
SC529 K2
SC531 K4
SC535 K2
SC538 K2
SC553 K2
SC559 K5
SC562 K5
SC564 K5
SC583 K5
SC601 K5
SC617 K5
SC621 K5
SC630 K5
SC654 K2
SC656 K2
SC673 K2
SC680 K2
SC684 K5
SC686 K5
SC687 K5
SC689 K5
SC711 K5
SC714 K5
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SC Site KS Ecoregion
SC718 K5
SC719 K4
SC726 K4
SC731 K4
SC745 K5
SC750 K5
SC752 K5
SC757 K5
SC759 K5
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