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29-1
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Indian Minerals Yearbook 2014 (Part- III : Mineral Reviews)
53rd
Edition
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
(ADVANCE RELEASE)
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES
Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,
NAGPUR – 440 001
PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648
E-MAIL : [email protected] Website: www.ibm.gov.in
December, 2015
29-2
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
29 Kaolin, Ball Clay, Other Clays and Shale
1. Kaolin (China Clay)
Kaolin, also known as china clay, is a natural clay
formed by chemical weathering of aluminium
silicate minerals like felspars through a complex
sequence of events. It is relatively pure clay
predominantly consisting of kaolinite (Al2Si
2O
5(OH)
4),
associated with other clay minerals like dickite,
halloysite, nacrite and anauxite. Kaolin is commercially
valued for its whiteness and fine particle size which
distinguish it from other clays, such as, ball clay and
fireclay. Other physical characteristics that influence
commercial utility include brightness, glossiness,
abrasiveness and viscosity. It often contains small
amounts of impurities in the form of rock fragments,
hydrous oxides and colloidal materials. Kaolin is
produced and consumed in the country in crude &
processed forms. The major use of crude china clay in
is in Cement Industry and of processed china clay is in
Ceramic Industry. The insitu clay deposits in India is
often soft and easily extracted with no blasting required.
RESOURCESChina clay resources in the country as per
UNFC system as on 1.4.2010 have been placed at
2,705.21 million tonnes. The reserves constitute only
about 7% of the resources at 177.16 million tonnes. Out
of the total reserves, 70% (about 124 million tonnes)
reserves are under proved category whereas 30% (about
53 million tonnes) reserves fall under probable category.
The resources are spread over in a number of
states of which Kerala holds about 25%, followed
by West Bengal and Rajasthan (16% each) and
Odisha and Karnataka (10% each).
Out of total resources, about 22% or
608 million tonnes fall under ceramic/pottery grade,
4% are classified under chemical, paper filler and
cement grades and about 73% or 1,980 million tonnes
resources fall under mixed grade, others, unclassified
& not-known categories. The details of reserves/
resources are given in Table - 1.
EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENTDMG, Kerala carried out exploration for kaolin
in the districts of Kannur and Kollam,Kerala state.
The details of exploration carried out during
2013-14 are furnished in Table-2.
PRODUCTION, STOCKS &PRICES
The production of kaolin at 4,753 thousand tonnes
in 2013-14 increased by 12% as compared to previous
year.
There were 158 reporting mines during 2013-14 as
against 145 mines in the previous year. Besides, the
production of kaolin was also reported as an associ-
ated mineral by seven mines in the year 2013-14 and
ten mines in the previous year. Nine principal
producers accounted for about 66% of the total output
of kaolin in 2013-14. The private sector mines reported
almost the entire production of kaolin, nominal pro-
duction was reported by 5 public sector mines. The
contribution of natural and processed kaolin in 2013-
14 was 99% and 1%, respectively.
During 2013-14, thirty eight kaolin mines and
three associated mines each producing more than 25,000
tonnes annually accounted for 89% of the total pro-
duction of kaolin (natural) while 18 kaolin mines and
one associated mines each in the annual production
range of 10,000 to 25,000 tonnes accounted for
6 % and the remaining production of kaolin (natural)
was shared by ninety three kaolin mines and three
associated mines producing up to ten thousand tonnes
annually.
Contribution of four kaolin mines along with one
associated mines producing more than 5,000 tonnes of
kaolin (processed) was about 65% and remaining 35%
production of kaolin (processed) was shared by twelve
kaolin mines.
Gujarat was the leading producing state of kaolin
accounting for 65% of the total production in 2013-14
followed by Rajasthan (17%), Kerala (15%) and West
Bengal (2%). The remaining 1% was shared by Andhra
Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh.
Mine-head stocks of kaolin at the end of 2013-14
were 1,067 thousand tonnes as against 900 thousand
tonnes in the beginning of the year.
The average daily employment of labour during
2013-14 was 2,431 as against 2,818 in the preceding
year.
Domestic prices of kaolin are furnished in the
General Review on Prices.
29-3
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Ta
ble
–1
: R
ese
rv
es/
Reso
urces
of
Ch
ina
Cla
y a
s o
n 1
.4.2
01
0
(By
Gra
des/
Sta
tes)
(In
'0
00
to
nn
es)
Res
erv
esR
emai
nin
g
reso
urc
es
To
tal
Pro
ved
Pro
bab
leT
ota
lF
easi
bil
ity
Pre
-feasi
bil
ity
Mea
sure
dIn
dic
ated
Infe
rred
Rec
on
nai
ssan
ceT
ota
lre
sou
rces
ST
D1
11
(A)
ST
D2
11
ST
D3
31
ST
D3
32
ST
D3
33
ST
D3
34
(B)
(A+
B)
ST
D1
21
ST
D1
22
ST
D2
21
ST
D2
22
All
In
dia
: T
ota
l1
24
11
81
10
34
42
00
61
77
15
82
45
43
22
98
07
12
70
28
47
81
41
28
52
16
51
28
66
03
38
25
28
05
02
70
52
08
By
Gra
des
Ch
emic
al-
--
--
60
0-
--
33
94
5-
34
54
53
45
45
Cera
mic
/Po
ttery
48
02
82
94
81
95
64
70
54
05
95
71
08
37
34
69
51
00
84
62
12
83
33
78
34
25
78
85
37
24
06
07
78
0
Mix
ed G
rad
e7
92
65
25
13
30
97
81
25
61
78
42
72
58
84
60
71
99
35
51
83
73
22
39
84
23
37
65
Fil
ler
57
93
18
12
89
28
86
62
69
99
92
36
71
11
66
53
00
35
28
04
40
87
74
97
43
Cem
en
t1
42
75
43
24
29
81
21
58
01
21
13
21
46
37
73
01
28
62
56
54
09
11
15
93
27
39
Oth
ers
17
79
61
56
31
02
34
29
59
39
46
46
60
61
36
51
18
01
95
27
58
41
70
96
76
25
50
59
28
46
52
Un
clas
sifi
ed2
29
24
50
61
80
12
52
31
38
88
11
61
38
20
85
06
83
38
30
64
41
28
91
09
99
01
35
22
1
No
t-k
no
wn
73
76
98
73
20
51
15
68
10
68
67
78
07
11
26
43
17
91
59
75
19
91
10
00
13
15
19
41
32
67
62
By
Sta
tes
An
dh
ra P
rad
esh
25
24
33
92
20
55
06
86
83
14
90
11
47
12
66
91
61
88
33
08
86
91
08
74
17
6
Ass
am-
--
--
13
1-
39
2-
35
20
-4
04
34
04
3
Bih
ar
--
--
--
-1
04
39
12
96
-1
43
91
43
9C
hh
att
isg
arh
83
4-
34
41
17
84
80
76
51
07
6-
-1
15
12
-1
38
33
15
01
1
Delh
i-
--
--
--
85
76
30
38
02
-5
28
95
28
9G
oa
--
--
--
16
--
--
16
16
Gu
jara
t3
42
90
24
06
23
24
07
62
46
54
85
62
41
35
-8
78
40
90
4-
71
42
71
12
18
9H
ary
an
a-
--
-2
36
77
89
33
77
13
34
54
85
-1
20
65
12
06
5
Jam
mu
& K
ash
mir
--
--
--
--
-2
81
22
-2
81
22
28
12
2
Jhark
han
d8
55
43
25
87
31
17
61
02
09
20
31
15
65
19
36
73
63
14
99
57
18
01
91
81
08
01
98
69
0K
arn
ata
ka
94
38
35
28
02
05
88
19
73
83
39
02
20
36
04
43
24
68
56
03
02
56
46
52
58
52
3
Kera
la3
35
27
92
-4
14
42
44
74
63
29
85
43
93
02
04
39
56
92
26
20
20
06
59
69
06
63
83
4M
adh
ya
Pra
des
h-
--
-9
42
-6
1-
41
51
17
41
-1
31
59
13
15
9
Mah
ara
shtr
a-
--
-4
18
25
68
56
11
18
45
52
3-
72
48
72
48
Man
ipu
r-
--
--
--
25
20
--
-2
52
02
52
0M
eg
hala
ya
--
--
--
-1
41
06
26
67
60
32
51
67
88
87
58
88
75
Od
ish
a2
37
67
15
81
13
90
2-
12
52
24
76
22
33
53
93
23
64
21
12
59
27
70
24
28
09
26
Pu
du
cher
y-
--
--
--
--
29
40
-2
94
02
94
0
Raja
sth
an
70
01
27
60
32
24
97
10
01
12
11
52
41
40
08
29
48
31
26
04
06
72
71
31
47
49
33
24
05
43
25
17
Tam
il N
adu
--
--
--
--
32
75
65
70
-5
68
97
56
89
7
Utt
ar
Pra
desh
--
--
--
-1
16
00
34
47
10
01
8-
25
06
52
50
65
Wes
t B
eng
al1
23
21
85
90
62
32
3-
20
27
03
38
33
22
36
80
33
55
82
64
19
34
04
21
66
3
Fig
ure
s ro
un
de
d o
ff.
Gra
de
/ S
tate
29-4
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Agency/ Location Mapping Drilling
State/ Area/ Sampling Remarks
District Block Scale Area No. of Meterage (No.) Reserves/Resources estimated
(sq km) boreholes
Table – 2 : Details of Exploration Activities for Kaolin and other Clays, 2013-14
DMG
China Clay
Kerala
Kannur Ulloor - - 16 376 -
Taluk: Taliparamba
Objective of exploration was investigation
for china clay by core drilling. The
average thickness of variegated clay was
found out to be about 11 m. The clay
thickness varies from 6.5 m to 15 m.
Tentative resources were estimated at 13
millon tonnes.
Vaipiriyam - - 02 45 -
Taluk: TaliparambaChina clay occurs as sedimentary as well
as residual deposits. The average thickness
of overburden was 0.5 m followed by
lateritic clay, greyish yellowish, yellowish
white variegated clay. The estimation of
resources will be made after completion
of drilling & chemical analysis.
Koram - - 05 167.5 -
Taluk: TaliparambaChina clay occurs as a sedimentary as well
as residual deposits. Resources will be
computed after completion of the
investigtion and receipt of chemical
analysis report. The average thickness of
clay is about 12 m.
Eramom - - 11 223.5 -
Taluk: Taliparamba
Objective of exploration was to assess
the china clay potential for the
development of mineral-based
industries.The average thickness of china
clay/variegated clay is about 7 m.
Estimation of resources will be computed
after receipt of chemical analysis report.
Kollam Kanjoracode area - - 11 223.5 -
Taluk: Kollam
Objective of exploration was to assess
the china clay potential of the area for
the expansion of mines. Area is partly
covered with laterite which are underlain
by sedimentary formation of cross bedded
ferruginous sandstone variegated clay to
sandy clay, pinkish clayey sand, pale white
clay, dull white clay, yellowish white sandy
clay, black carbonaceous clay. The residual
clay varies in colour from dull white to
yellow and occasionally with pink garnet
specks of parent crystalline charnockite/
leptynite. A tentative resource of 0.73
million tonnes of dull white to slightly
greyish sandy clay were estimted.
29-5
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 3 : Principal Producers of Kaolin, 2013-14
Location of mineName & address of producer
State District
Vinod P. Solanki, Gujarat KachchhMain Bazar, Junavas,P.O. Madhapar,Taluka Bhuj-370 427,Distt. KachchhGujarat.
EICL Limited, Kerala Thiruvanantha-TC -79/4, Veli, puramThiruvananthapuram-695 021,Kerala.
Satish Valji Chhanga,& Gujarat KachchhHarilal Hira Jatiya,Village-Mamuara,Taluka Bhuj - 370 020Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
H.D. Enterprises Pvt. Ltd, Gujarat Kachchh101, Pooja Complex 'A',Above ICICI Bank Ltd.,P.O. Bhuj - 370 001,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.
Gopal Savabhai Dangar, Gujarat KachchhNear Ramdevpir Temple,Nadapa,Distt. Kachchh- 370 020Gujarat
(Table - 3 Concld.)
Location of mine
Name & address of producer
State District
Manoj P. Solanki, Gujarat KachchhNear Thakar Mandir, Junavas,Madhapar -370 020,Distt. Kachchh, Gujarat.
Shree Ram Minechem International, Gujarat Kachchh
G.I.D.C Area, Madhapar,
Bhuj- 370 020,
Distt. Kachchh,
Gujarat.
Mohd. Sher Khan, Rajasthan Chittorgarh
Khwaja Bagh,
P.O - Sawa,
Distt. Chittorgarh-312 613,
Rajasthan.
Laherchand Gangaram Thakkar, Gujarat Kachchh
D.B.Z.S.-157
Zanda Chowk,
Gandhidham-370 201,
Distt. Kachchh,
Gujarat.
(Contd.)
Table – 4 : Production of Kaolin (Total) 2011-12 to 2013-14
(By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in ` '000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)
State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 3076795 652368 4258697 1157392 4752643 1159135
Andhra Pradesh 75115 11775 53057 8945 51957 9381
Gujarat 1517504 278365 2656099 496079 3080729 578880
Jharkhand 122412 61210 66235 31363 600 119
Karnataka 3214 8678 2836 7657 2540 7112
Kerala 747307 149883 708257 187628 712291 161427
Madhya Pradesh 6950 621 11790 1114 8200 492
Rajasthan 512145 104587 662362 355559 806189 344070
West Bengal 92148 37249 98061 69047 90137 57654
29-6
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Ta
ble
– 5
: P
ro
du
cti
on
of
Ka
oli
n,
20
12
-13
an
d 2
01
3-1
4 (
P)
(By
Secto
rs/
Sta
tes/
Dis
tric
ts/G
ra
des)
(Qty
. in
to
nn
es;
Val
ue
in `
’00
0)
20
12
-13
20
13
-14
(P)
Sta
te/D
istr
ict
No
. o
fN
atu
ral
Pro
cess
ed
To
tal
No
. o
fN
atu
ral
Pro
cess
ed
To
tal
min
es
min
es
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Ind
ia1
45
(10
)4
15
73
43
85
78
71
10
13
54
29
95
21
42
58
69
71
15
73
92
15
8(7
)4
68
60
45
96
75
71
66
59
81
91
56
44
75
26
43
11
59
13
5
Pu
bli
c se
cto
r5
45
94
68
98
53
93
80
37
13
13
33
87
26
54
99
75
73
33
33
41
57
83
23
34
90
Pri
vate
secto
r1
40
(10
)4
15
27
49
85
71
82
92
81
52
61
48
44
24
55
64
11
18
66
61
53
(7)
46
85
54
69
67
49
65
92
65
15
81
49
47
44
81
11
12
56
45
An
dh
ra
Pra
desh
11
53
05
78
94
5-
-5
30
57
89
45
95
19
57
93
81
--
51
95
79
38
1
Adil
abad
--
--
--
-1
--
--
--
Cu
dd
apah
24
43
80
72
94
--
44
38
07
29
42
42
83
07
29
6-
-4
28
30
72
96
Eas
t G
od
avar
i8
86
77
16
51
--
86
77
16
51
59
12
72
08
5-
-9
12
72
08
5
Wes
t G
od
avar
i1
--
--
--
1-
--
--
-
Gu
jar
at
54
(3)
26
20
89
84
43
85
73
52
01
52
22
22
65
60
99
49
60
79
57
(3)
30
51
60
35
40
31
22
91
26
38
56
83
08
07
29
57
88
80
Kach
ch
h4
0(3
)2
54
02
30
42
54
28
--
25
40
23
04
25
42
84
3(3
)2
94
83
19
51
65
97
--
29
48
31
95
16
59
7
Mah
esa
na
43
14
88
72
42
16
62
92
40
97
48
11
73
13
39
41
42
07
34
57
12
10
81
72
32
26
31
52
06
89
Pa
tan
53
01
90
68
19
--
30
19
06
81
95
79
29
01
79
93
--
79
29
01
79
93
Sab
ark
an
tha
51
89
90
43
68
18
57
22
81
25
37
56
23
24
93
59
78
72
26
51
70
18
21
33
62
68
05
23
60
1
Jh
ar
kh
an
d6
(1)
53
12
15
14
81
311
42
62
15
66
23
53
13
63
26
00
11
9-
-6
00
11
9
Sah
ebg
anj
3(1
)5
26
21
45
98
12
87
92
56
48
65
50
03
02
46
26
00
11
9-
-6
00
11
9
Sin
ghbhum
(W
est)
3
50
05
50
23
55
67
73
51
11
7-
--
--
--
(Co
ntd
.)
29-7
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALET
ab
le -
5 :
(C
on
cld
.)
20
12
-13
20
13
-14
(P)
Sta
te/D
istr
ict
No
. o
fN
atu
ral
Pro
cess
ed
To
tal
No
. o
fN
atu
ral
Pro
cess
ed
To
tal
min
es
min
es
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Qty
Val
ue
Ka
rn
ata
ka
1-
-2
83
67
65
72
83
67
65
71
--
25
40
71
12
25
40
71
12
Has
san
1-
-2
83
67
65
72
83
67
65
71
--
25
40
71
12
25
40
71
12
Ke
ra
la2
1(1
)7
02
55
41
57
24
95
70
33
03
79
70
82
57
18
76
28
20
(1)
70
74
98
13
51
24
47
93
26
30
37
12
29
11
61
42
7
Kan
nu
r2
--
42
00
23
80
14
20
02
38
01
2-
-3
50
02
06
69
35
00
20
66
9
Kas
arag
od
1-
-1
50
36
57
81
50
36
57
81
--
12
93
56
34
12
93
56
34
Ko
llam
14
59
46
89
--
45
94
68
91
49
97
5-
-4
99
75
Th
iru
van
an
tha-
pu
ram
17
(1)
69
79
60
15
65
60
--
69
79
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70
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11
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04
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--
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37
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62
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89
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06
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46
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52
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Bundi
13
51
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92
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auli
12
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87
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Pali
28
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86
43
76
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11
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13
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85
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ku
ra3
81
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10
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10
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ure
s i
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ese
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te t
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es.
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ro
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# M
ine
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ep
orti
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rod
uc
tio
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sso
cia
ted
m
ine
ra
ls o
r la
bo
urs o
nly
.
29-8
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 6: Production of Kaolin (Natural), 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)
(By Frequency Groups)
(Qty in tonnes)
No. of Production for Percentage in total Cumulative
Production Group mines the Group production percentage
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)
All Groups 143(9) 149(7) 4157343 4686045 100.00 100.00 - -
Up to 500 48(3) 42 1980 2645 0.05 0.06 0.05 0.06
501-1000 5(2) 7(1) 5712 6047 0.14 0.13 0.19 0.19
1001-2000 14(1) 6(1) 24650 12260 0.59 0.26 0.78 0.45
2001-3000 7 14 17724 34572 0.43 0.74 1.21 1.19
3001-4000 6 5(1) 19633 20313 0.47 0.43 1.68 1.62
4001-5000 5 4 22589 16665 0.54 0.36 2.22 1.98
5001-10000 8 15 56879 109983 1.37 2.35 3.59 4.33
10001-25000 15 18(1) 233607 302889 5.62 6.46 9.21 10.78
25001 & Above 35(3) 38(3) 3774569 4180671 90.79 89.22 100.00 100.00
Figures in parentheses indicate the number of associated mines.
Table – 7: Production of Kaolin (Processed), 2012-13 and 2013-14(P)
(By Frequency Groups)
(Qty in tonnes)
No. of Production for Percentage in total Cumulative
Production Group mines the Group production percentage
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P) 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)
All Groups 19(1) 16 101354 66598 100.00 100.00 - -
Up to 500 4 1 647 220 0.64 0.33 0.64 0.33
501-1000 - 1 - 960 - 1.44 0.64 1.77
1001-2000 4 5 6125 7564 6.04 11.36 6.68 13.13
2001-3000 5 4 13068 10209 12.89 15.33 19.57 28.46
3001-4000 1 - 3805 - 3.75 - 23.32 28.46
4001-5000 1 1 4504 4099 4.45 6.16 27.77 34.62
5001-10000 3 3 24054 19848 23.73 29.80 51.50 64.42
10001 & Above 1(1) 1 49151 23698 48.50 35.58 100.00 100.00
( ) : Figures in parentheses indicates no. of associated mines
29-9
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
MINING, PROCESSING &
MARKETINGChina clay deposits worked in India are mostly of
pocket-type. Opencast manual mining is followed in
most kaolin mines. The most common practice is to dig
trial pits for locating clay pockets or beds which are
gradually enlarged into pits of various dimensions.
China clay is often soft and easily extracted with no
blasting required. Clay and overburden are quarried in
benches. In few mines, bulldozers and excavators are
used to remove the overburden which is then
transported through trucks/tractors/trailers.
Crude china clay is normally processed. Almost,
all the china clay user industries except cement,
insecticide and refractory units consume processed
china clay. The natural china clay is processed in the
country mostly by conventional method of levigation/
washing. In addition, hi-tech processes, such as,
Mozeley hydrocyclone separator, high-intensity
magnetic separator, bleaching (chemical
decolourisation), spray drying and calcination are in
practice. There is a need to use more sophisticated
processing techniques like ultra froth-flotation, cryo-
filter, etc.
The recovery percentage of processed china clay
from raw china clay ranges from as low as 14% to as
high as 56%, depending upon the quality of china clay
available in different states. Large number of levigation
plants are installed in the country mostly in Kerala,
Gujarat, Jharkhand, West Bengal and Rajasthan. Kerala
has become a hub for India's processed kaolin
production. The important plants in the country are
English Indian Clays Ltd (EICL) (240,000 tpy capacity),
Veli, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala; Kerala Clays and
Ceramic Products Ltd, (10,000 tpy capacity) Payangadi,
Kannur district, Kerala; 20 Microns Ltd, Mamuara, Bhuj
district Kachchh, Gujarat (80,500 tpy capacity; a new
plant of 33,600 tpy is also installed); Amrapali China
Clay Washing Plant, Nadapa, Bhuj, district Kachchh,
Gujarat; Mokdumnagar China Clay Processing Plant
of West Bengal Projects Ltd, Mohammad Bazar,
Birbhum district, West Bengal and Hindalco's
Beneficiation Plant at Bagru Plateau in Lohardaga
district, Jharkhand. EICL has capacity to produce
240,000 tpy paper coating and filler grades of processed
china clay (hydrous), besides 60,000 tpy of calcined
clays. Popular Minerals are reported to be developing
its mine and plant in Chittorgarh, Rajasthan. Ashapura
is also establishing new production unit in
Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala with a 180,000 tpa kaolin
capacity of various grades - air floated, lumps, hydrous
and hydrous calcined kaolin reserves with 96%
kaolinite content. It also has china clay processing plant
at Bhujodi,taluka & district Bhuj, Gujarat.The new
facility is the company's second facility after the one
operational in Kerala, and make Ashapura one of the
largest producer of kaolin in Asia. Ashapura has
already acquired new mines having reserves of about
2.5 to 3.0 million tonnes in Kerala to meet high demand
for kaolin. Satish Minerals is also leading manufacturer
and processor of china clay with 18,000 tpy capacity
plant at Kachchh,Gujarat.Uma group of kaolinlocated in district, Gujarat engaged in mining,processing & trading of china clay. It possessmin ing a rea in Dagara & Mamuara . Koa tmanufacturing company is engaged in processingof hydrous kaolin, calcined kaolin & metakaolin,having plant of capacity 1000 mtpm at Kachchh,Gujarat. Hydrous Kaolin, Vadodara manufacturersLevigated/Water Washed/Deaminated/spray driedkaolin products available from 75% to 84%(ISO)brightness. Particle size 2 Micron-49% to 93%
Table – 8 : Mine-head Stocks of Kaolin (Total), 2013-14 (P)
(By States) (In tonnes)
State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year
India 900058 1067264
Andhra Pradesh 15242 20105
Gujarat 313762 287871
Jharkhand 18762 23702
Karnataka 13175 13270
Kerala 36573 32137
Madhya Pradesh 5126 3904
Odisha 12915 23792
Rajasthan 460253 641223
West Bengal 24250 21260
29-10
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
(packing options available - 25 kg/50 kg/500 kgjumbo bags). China clay powder manufacturers:Shree Umia Sales Corpn. in GIDC Ahmedabad areexporters, suppliers Indian china clay powder, ballclay.
Processed kaolin is presently marketed
under various trade names mostly in levigated
and spray dried forms. A small quantity of
crude kaolin is also marketed. The various trade names
under which the levigated kaolin is marketed are
Highest brightness calcined clays for coated paper,
excellent partial replacement for TiO2. Zeta-
balanced kaolin, highest brigntness calcined clays
for a rch i tec tura l decora t ive and indus t r ia l
coatings/inks. High brightness finer hydrous claysfor a l l k inds of acqueous paints , excel lentfunctional clays for all paints formulations.Calcined lumps for refractory grade materials non-calcined lumps for refractories. Highly reactivepozzolan, Meta kaolin for RMC and cementapplication; kaolin for Agrochemicals, Rubber &Plastics, soaps & detergents, Fibre glass &ceramics. Improved processing techniques couldincrease further the prospects of Indian kaolin inthe international markets.
USES AND SPECIFICATIONS
China clay (kaolin) is used in a numberof industries in both crude and processed forms.The major use for crude china clay in India isin the Cement Industry, whereas Ceramic Industryaccounts for consumption of a major share ofprocessed form of china clay. Besides ceramics,processed china clay finds use in other industriesin the country, such as sealants, paper coatings,as extender in fibre glass, paint and as a filler forpaper, rubber, plastic, cosmetics, pharmaceuticalsand textiles. Crude china clay also finds use inInsecticide and Refractory Industries. Otheruses of china clay are in ink, ultramarine, syntheticzeolite, catalyst, water filter candles, soaps &dete rgen ts and exp los ives & pyro technicindustries. Some of the areas where use ofchina clay is gaining importance are in themanufacture of plastic film, video and audio tapeswhere clays are used as anti-blocking agents, andin the field of biotechnology, where ceramics arewidely in use for its light weight & high strengthproperties. EICL has been producing Metakaolinfor the concrete industry for over a decade andnow exporting regularly to the UAE, Kuwait andGermany for the durability of concrete by limefixation and arresting of deterioration of concreteby weathering. Himacem has high chemical
resistance which makes the product suitable forconstruction of high span bridges, under-waterstructures and chemical plants.
The Bureau of Ind ian S tandards (BIS)has prescribed specifications for china clay to beused in different industries. They are IS:505-1995(Third Revision, Reaffirmed 2011) for papercoating and f i l ler for paper, rubber, text i leindus t r i es , IS :1463-1983 (Thi rd Revis ion ,Reaffirmed 2000) for cosmetics and IS:7589-1974(Reaffirmed 2011) for Explosive & PyrotechnicIndustry. BIS has revised the specifications forchina clay for Ceramic Industry to IS:2840-2002(Second Revision, Reaffirmed 2008) and forpaint industry to IS:68-2006. The whiteness,particle size, plasticity, contents of alumina, ironand titanium are some important factors whichcontrol the specif icat ions of china clay fordifferent end-uses. China clay for ceramic andrefractory applications is analysed for gri t ,brightness, green and dry strength, fixed colour,iron and alumina contents. For filler and extenderappl ica t ions , i t mus t mee t very r ig idspecifications, such as, particle size, colour,b r igh tness and v i scos i ty (Tab le - 9 ) . Thereplacement of kaolin as a filler with precipitatedcalcium carbonate (PCC) and ground calciumcarbonate (GCC), results in lowering consumptionof kaolin in paper industry.Now they are usingGCC due to a switch over by paper makers froman acid-based processing route to an alkali-basedroute for production.
CONSUMPTION
The main consuming indust ry for rawchina clay is the china clay processing/refiningplants . The china clay processed by theseplants in turn is consumed by various industriesexcep t cement , r e f rac tory and pes t ic ideindus t r i es . The da ta on raw ch ina c layconsumption by various china clay processingplants are not readily available. However, theconsumption of china clay by various industriesis given in Table-10.
Consumption of china clay decreased slightlyto 1,432 thousand tonnes in 2013-14, from1,455 thousand tonnes in 2012-13. CementIndus t ry accounted for 47% consumpt ionfollowed by ceramic (39%), the major consumer ofraw china clay. Pesticide, paint, refractory, paper,cosmetic, rubber, abrasive, asbestos products,chemical, dry cell batteries, textile, electrical,electrode and glass industries together accountedfor the remaining 14%.
29-11
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 9 : Specifications of China Clay Required in Different Industries
Filler inPaper paper,
Sl. Characteristics coating rubber, Cosmetics ExplosivesNo. Grade I textile
Grade II
1. Bureau of Indian Standard Specification No. 505 505 1463 7589(1995) (1995) (1983) (1974)
2. Fineness (by weight % material retained on:)45 microns sieve – – 2.0 –53 microns sieve 0.8 1.0 – –63 microns sieve – – – 1.090 microns sieve – – 0.1 –
3. Larger than 10 microns in diameter (% by mass, max) 5.0 15.0 – –
4. Smaller than 10 microns in diameter (% by mass, min) 75.0 60.0 – –
5. Grit (% by mass, max) – – – 0.001
6. Loss on Drying (% max) 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5
7. Loss on Ignition (% max) 14-15.5 14-15.5 15 14.0
8. Water Plasticity (%) 14.0 – – –
9. Shrinkage lineara) Dry shrinking – – – –b) Fired shrinking – – – –
10. Relative/Bulk density 2.5-2.9 2.5-2.9 * 0.65-0.90(BD)
11. Colour reflectance to blue light (%) 80-85 * – –
12. Chemical (% by mass, max) – – @ –Fe
2O
30.6 0.75 0.5 –
Matter soluble in HCl 0.5-1 1.5-2.5 2.0 1.5CuO – 0.007 – –MnO – 0.013 – –Heavy metals (as Pb) – – 5 ppm –As
2O
3– 10 ppm 2 ppm –
pH value of aqueous extract 4.5-7.5 4.5-7.5 7.5 6.0-7.5
13. Oil absorption (ml/100 g) – 50 (min) – 35-45
14. Water soluble matter (%, max) – 0.5 – 0.5
* As agreed.@ To pass test for iron and carbonate as well.
Table -10: Consumption of Kaolin (China clay)*, 2011-12 to 2013-14(P)(By Industries)
(In tonnes)
Industry 2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2012-13(R) 2013-14(P)
All Industries 1425100 1454800 1432700
Cement 665300(8) 695200(9) 672300(9)
Ceramic 559900(237)(e) 561500(237)(e) 561500(237)(e)
Cosmetic 2300(6) 2300(6) 2300(6)
Glass 700(3) 700(3) 700(3)
Paint 111300(26) 111100(26) 111100(26)
Paper 21700(23) 21700(23) 21700(23)
Pesticide 24800(21) 24800(21) 24800(21)
Refractory 34700(30) 32800(31) 33600(31)
Rubber 2400(31) 2400(31) 2400(31)
Others 2000(40) 2300(42) 2300(43) (abrasives, asbestos-products, chemical, dry cell battery, electrical, electrode and textile).
Figures rounded off.Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in organised sector reporting consumption.* Includes reported consumption and/or estimates wherever required.
29-12
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
TRADE POLICYAs per the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP)
2009-2014, there are no restrictions on exports andimports of china clay (kaolin).
WORLD REVIEWThe world production of kaolin remain steady at
26.4 million tonnes in 2013 as compared to the previous
year. Seven countries, namely, USA, Germany, China,Brazil, Iran,Turkey and UK accounted for about 74%
world production. The share of USA in total worldproduction was about 23%, followed by Germany
(16%), China (12%), Brazil (8%), Iran (6%), Turkey (5%)and UK (4%) (Table-11).
Table – 12 : Exports of Kaolin(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14Country
Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 191953 736848 276165 1053487
UAE 135125 172294 205898 313147
Bangladesh 24254 107418 29010 134187
Germany 4549 63901 4753 78775
Iran 4817 48818 6349 68271
Egypt 1265 30252 1938 51468
Sri Lanka 1315 18687 1896 31877
Indonesia 810 17065 1244 27220
Malaysia 1311 24342 1356 26409
Sweden 228 3846 1506 23694
UK 498 11885 1446 23426
Other countries 17781 238340 20769 275013
Table – 11 : World Production of Kaolin(By Principal Countries)
(In '000 tonnes)
Country 2011 2012 2013
World : Total 27500 26400 26400
Belgium(e)
300 300 300
Brazil 2200 1800 2100
China 3200 3200 e 3200 (e)
Czech Republic 660 624 609
Egypt 304 300 (e) 300(e)
France 310 308 300 (e)
Germany 4899 4399 4349
Iran 1500 (e) 1503 1500 (e)
Korea, Rep. of 1052 797 847
Malaysia 443 439 293
Mexico 373 515 670
Portugal 322 322 246
Spain 384 402 393
Turkey 1229 1300(e)
1300(e)
UK(e)
1290(e)
1150(e)
1110
USA 5950 5980 5950
Vietnam(e)
650 650 650
Other countries 2434 2411 2283
Source : World Mineral Production, 2009-2013.
FOREIGN TRADEExports
Exports of kaolin increased substantially to 276,165
tonnes in 2013-14 from 191,953 tonnes in 2012-13. UAE
(75%) and Bangladesh (11%) were the major importing
countries in 2013-14 (Table - 12).
Imports
Imports of kaolin decreased marginally to 80,204
tonnes in 2013-14 from 87,867 tonnes in 2012-13. Major
suppliers were USA (55%), China (14%), Ukraine (11%)
and France (6%) (Table - 13).
United Kingdom
Imerys, the world’s leading kaolin producer, completed
the purchase of the kaolin operations of Goonvean Ltd.
in Cornwall. Goonvean sold kaolin primarily for ceramics
and performance minerals markets. The sale was
approved by British authorities contingent upon price
controls for certain kaolin products sold in the United
Kingdom.
BulgariaQuarzwerke GmbH, with kaolin operations in
Germany, Poland, and Ukraine, acquired Kaolin AD,
with kaolin operations in Bulgaria.
USA
Imerys, a leading U.S. kaolin producer,
purchased PyraMax Ceramics, LLC, which completed
construction of a 225,000-metric tonne per year ceramic
proppants plant in Wrens, GA. The $235 million
purchase included kaolin reserves needed to produce
the proppants. Ceramic proppants are used to enhance
nonconventional gas and oil extraction.
29-13
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
FUTURE OUTLOOKIndia has abundant resources of kaolin which
can easily meet both the internal and the external
demands. The processing of kaolin in the country
is done mostly by conventional methods like
levigation and washing. New capacities for High-
tech processing have to be establ ished and
existing capacities in the country have to be
augmented to meet the demand of processed
kaolin in the future.
In the Indian kaolin market, good growth is
expected both for hydrous and calcined clay
particularly in paint, cables, plastics, rubber and
ceramics. The apparent demand of china clay is
estimated at 4.61 million tonnes by 2016-17 and
that of ball clay at 1.82 million tonnes by 2016-17
at 9% growth rate by the Planning Commission of
India.
2. Ball ClayBall clay commonly consists of 20-80%
kaolinite, 10-25% mica & 6-65% quartz. Ball clay
and china clay differ only in the degree of
plasticity. China clay is less plastic than ball clay.
Ball clay is a highly plastic variety of kaolin having
high b ind ing power, t ens i l e s t reng th and
Table – 13 : Imports of Kaolin(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14Country
Qty Value Qty Value(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 87867 1095336 80204 1420872
USA 37248 653735 44271 878669
China 12391 128700 10955 158652
France 4611 80307 4740 91538
Ukraine 1969 18162 8863 91287
Bulgaria 2594 41546 3123 64582
UK 1373 20720 2093 38112
Germany 977 14093 1058 18785
New Zealand 630 20707 399 15289
Iran 1873 10304 1918 12142
Brazil 130 892 1040 9870
Other countries 24071 106170 1744 41946
shrinkage. It is utilised generally after mixing
with non-plast ic clay to impart the desired
plasticity in pottery, porcelain and refractory
materials. It also helps in the preparation of glaze,
enamels and for imparting a dense vitrified body.
RESOURCESDeposits of ball clays are relatively scarce
due to the combination of geological factors
needed for their formation.The total resources of
ball clay as on 1.4.2010 in the country are placed
at 83.39 million tonnes. Out of these resources,
the reserves are about 16.78 million tonnes and
the remaining resources are 66.61 million tonnes.
More than 62% resources are in Andhra Pradesh,
followed by Rajasthan with 38%. Resources in
Gujarat are nominal. Out of the total resources,
ceramic/pottery grade constitutes 89%. All India
reserves/resources of ball clay are given in
Table-14.
PRODUCTION, STOCKS &PRICES
The production of ball clay at 1,874 thousand
tonnes in 2013-14 increased by 7% as compared to that
in the previous year.
During the year under review, there were 49
reporting mines as against 48 in 2012-13. Besides,
production of ball clay was reported as an associated
mineral by eleven mines during 2013-14. Eight principal
producers accounted for about 71% of total produc-
tion. The share of public sector mines in the total
production was nominal as compared to about 1% in
the preceding year.
Rajasthan continued to be the leading state in
ball clay production accounting for 92% of the total
production followed by Andhra Pradesh with 7%. The
remaining one percent production was from Gujarat and
Tamil Nadu.
Mine-head stocks of ball clay at the end of the
year 2013-14 was 1,111 thousand tonnes as against
1,046 thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year.
The average daily employment of labour in
2013-14 was 594 as against 527 in the previous year.
Domestic prices of ballclay are furnished in the
General Review on 'Prices'.
29-14
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Ta
ble
– 1
4 :
Rese
rv
es/
Reso
urces
of
Ba
ll C
lay
as
on
1.4
.20
10
(By
Gra
des/
Sta
tes)
(In
to
nn
es)
Res
erv
esR
emai
nin
g r
eso
urc
es
To
tal
Gra
de/
Sta
teP
rov
ed
Pro
bab
leT
ota
lF
easi
bil
tyP
re-f
easi
bil
ity
Mea
sure
dIn
dic
ated
Infe
rred
To
tal
reso
urc
es
ST
D1
11
(A)
ST
D2
11
ST
D3
31
ST
D3
32
ST
D3
33
(B
)(A
+B
)
ST
D1
21
ST
D1
22
ST
D2
21
ST
D2
22
All
In
dia
: T
ota
l1
22
92
82
03
50
83
24
13
41
90
16
77
78
42
61
22
45
03
90
69
58
12
38
75
75
26
84
86
22
79
33
04
16
50
86
36
66
15
66
28
33
93
50
4
By
Gra
des
Cera
mic
/Po
ttery
12
25
23
80
35
08
32
40
59
39
01
66
62
60
23
22
52
79
38
18
04
01
11
58
60
72
68
48
62
27
93
30
36
98
99
41
57
73
96
83
74
40
22
85
Oth
ers
40
44
0-
74
80
01
15
24
0-
46
13
46
73
20
--
10
78
00
22
12
54
33
64
94
Un
clas
sifi
ed-
--
-2
89
71
71
42
78
41
16
16
48
--
45
53
12
28
65
47
25
86
54
72
5
By
Sta
tes
An
dh
ra P
rad
esh
60
17
41
2-
12
88
72
07
30
61
32
18
21
23
32
80
62
67
95
12
51
3-
22
79
33
02
75
55
82
44
39
75
16
75
12
81
29
9
Gu
jara
t-
--
--
--
24
98
10
-4
96
70
29
94
80
29
94
80
Raja
sth
an
62
75
40
83
50
83
22
84
54
70
94
71
71
04
30
12
17
11
00
69
12
87
50
62
18
67
6-
14
04
53
69
22
34
10
15
31
81
27
25
Fig
ure
s ro
un
de
d o
ff.
29-15
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 15 : Principal Producers of Ball Clay,2013-14
Location of mineName & address of producer
State District
Shanta Sales Corporation, Rajasthan Bikaner
House of Mohanlal Mathur,
Behind Rajasthan Pan Bhandar,Rani Bazar, Bikaner-334 001,
Rajasthan.
Jaichand Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner1st Floor, Labhuji Ka Katla,
Kotegate, Bikaner - 334 001,
Rajasthan.
Harish Clays, Rajasthan BikanerHarasar House, P.B.No. 57,
Near M. N. Hospital,
Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan
Tahlaram & Sons, Rajasthan BikanerRamnath Sadan,
Rathkhana Colony,
Bikaner-334 001, Rajasthan
Location of mine
Name & address of producer
State District
(Table - 15 Concld.)
Sunder Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner
Bagree Mohalla,
Bikaner - 334 001.
Distt. Bikaner, Rajasthan
Narendra Kumar Devra, Rajasthan Bikaner
C/o Harish Clays, Harasar House,
Near M.N. Hospital,
Bikaner - 334 001, Rajasthan
Anirudh Mines & Minerals, Rajasthan Bikaner
Near Ramdeo Park,
Outside Nathusar Gate,
Bikaner – 334 004, Rajasthan
Sampat Lal Daga, Rajasthan Bikaner
Labhu Ji ka Katla 1st Floor,
Bikaner 334 001, Rajasthan
.(Contd.)
Table – 16 : Production of Ball clay, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P)(By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in ` '000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)
State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 1646516 693714 1750559 780732 1874049 902647
Andhra Pradesh 276799 88705 184345 99828 138702 71471
Gujarat 13527 1488 10900 1853 8600 1462
Rajasthan 1351705 598843 1541981 665585 1722103 826463
Tamil Nadu 4485 4678 13333 13466 4644 3251
Table – 17 : Production of Ball clay, 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)(By Sectors/States/Districts)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in `’000)
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)State/Distr ict
No. of Quant i ty Value No. of Quant i ty Valuemines mines
India 48(11) 1750559 780732 49(11) 1874049 902647
Public Sector 2 14293 13529 1 4644 3251
Private Sector 46(11) 1736266 767203 48(11) 1869405 899396Andhra Pradesh 13(1) 184345 99828 13(1) 138702 71471
Chittor 1 715 127 1 360 199
West Godavari 12(1) 183630 99701 12(1) 138342 71272Gujarat 2 10900 1853 2 8600 1462
Kachchh 1 350 60 1 200 34 Patan 1 10550 1793 1 8400 1428
Rajasthan 32(10) 1541981 665585 33(10) 1722103 826463
Bikaner 31(10) 1533935 664217 32(10) 1717778 824478Pali 1 8046 1368 1 4325 1985
Tamil Nadu 1 13333 13466 1 4644 3251
Cuddalore 1 13333 13466 1 4644 3251
Figures in parentheses indicate associated mines of ball clay, clay (others), fireclay & kaolin.
29-16
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 18 : Mine-head Stocks of Ball Clay
2013-14 (P)
(By States)
(In tonnes)
State At the beginning At the end
of the year of the year
India 1 0 4 6 6 4 3 1111405
Andhra Pradesh 1 4 1 5 7 2 1 5 6 8 4 3
Gujarat 3 9 5 1 5 1 2 6 7 7 0 7
Rajasthan 4 9 9 0 8 8 6 7 9 2 5 1
Tamil Nadu 10832 7 6 0 4
SPECIFICATIONSThe specifications for plastic clay and washed
plastic clay for use in Ceramic Industry are
prescribed vide IS:4589-2002 (Third Revision,
reaffirmed 2008 ).
CONSUMPTIONConsumption of ball clay decreased slightly
from 585,000 tonnes in 2012-13 to 582,500 tonnes
in 2013-14 . About 97% consumpt ion was
accounted for by the Ceramic Industry. The
remaining consumption was reported by the
Refractory and Abrasive industries (Table - 19).
FOREIGN TRADEExports
Exports of ball clay increased marginally to
35,694 tonnes in 2013-14 from 29,497 tonnes
in the previous year. Exports were mainly to
Bangladesh (76%) (Table - 20).
Imports
Imports of ball clay decreased considerably
to 130,804 tonnes in 2013-14 as compared to
156,527 tonnes in the previous year. Imports were
mainly from Ukraine (40%), Malaysia (35%), UK
(14%) and China (8%) (Table -21).
Table – 19 : Consumption* of Ball clay
2011-12 to 2013-14(P)
(By Industries)
(In tonnes)
Industry 2011-12 2012-13 (R) 2013-14(P)
All Industries 579600 585000 582500
Abrasive 100(3) 100(3) 100(3)
Ceramic(e)
565000(222) 565200(222) 565200(222)
Refractory 14500(28) 19700(30) 17200(30)
Figures rounded off.
Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in the
organised sector.
* Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates
made wherever required.
Table – 20 : Exports of Ball Clay
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 29497 131329 35694 158847
Bangladesh 26123 108649 27248 125715
Oman - - 6902 23088
Malaysia 702 3533 420 3555
Kenya 151 696 240 1597
Kuwait ++ 4 252 1452
UAE 2322 17196 380 1183
Ethiopia - - 100 880
Mauritious - - 17 386
Nepal 94 432 35 316
Sri Lanka - - 26 222
Other countries 105 819 74 453
29-17
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
3. Clay (others)Clay under this category includes aluminous,
ferruginous and tile & brick making clays.
PRODUCTION, STOCKS &
PRICES
The production of clay (others) at 2,361 thousand
tonnes in 2013-14 decreased by about 12% as compared
to that in the previous year.
There were 54 reporting mines in 2013-14 as against
51 mines in the previous year. Besides production of
clay (others) was reported by 32 mines as associated
mineral. About, 58% of the total production of clay
(others) was reported as an associated mineral. Entire
production of clay (others ) was contributed by private
sector. About 67% of the total production was contrib-
uted by eight principal producers.
Gujarat, the major producing state, accounted for
about 67% of the total production during the period
under review, followed by Madhya Pradesh (18%),
Andhra Pradesh (6%) and the remaining 9 percent was
reported from Kerala and Rajasthan.
Nineteen mines and thirteen associated mines
having annual production more than 10,000 tonnes con-
tributed about 96% of the total production.
Mine-head stocks of clay (others) was 197thousand tonnes at the end of 2013-14 as against 233thousand tonnes in the beginning of the year.
The average daily employment of labour was 588during 2013-14 as against 461 in the previous year.
Domestic prices of clay are furnished in theGeneral Review on 'Prices'.
Table – 21 : Imports of Ball Clay
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` '000) (t) (` '000)
All Countries 156527 1044148 130804 915231
Ukraine 104835 684369 52554 400319
UK 14422 163496 18267 226682
Malaysia 23867 74482 45363 145379
China 9946 79504 9995 80512
Thailand 134 1337 1960 20440
Portugal 1216 11438 1508 16887
USA 161 1646 518 11548
Germany 605 13859 263 6795
France 204 2579 236 3081
Japan 260 6352 100 2565
Other countries 877 5086 40 1023
Table – 22 : Principal Producers of Clay
(Others), 2013-14
Location of mine
Name and address of producer
State District
Bhupndra Reva Sankar Gor, Gujarat Kachchh66, Devkrupa Limbda Street,Bhuj, Kachchh - 370 001Gujarat
*The ACC Ltd. Madhya- Katni‘Cement House’, Pradesh121, Maharshi Karve Road,Mumbai – 400 020Maharashtra.
*Sampat Lal Daga, Rajasthan BikanerLabhuji ka Katla,1st Floor,Bikaner-334 001Rajashtan.
*Shankarlal Gangaram Thakkar, Gujarat PatanDBZ South-157,Zanda Chowk,Gandhidham-370 201Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.
Ishwarlal Nanjibhai Bhavani, Gujarat Kachchh113-114, Pooja-B,B/h ICICI Bank, Station Road,Bhuj-370 001, Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.
Ratanbhai Dalabhai Gohil, Gujarat KachchhBhimasar,Rapar-370 160,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat
Kissan MInerals, Gujarat KachchhMate Building, Salari Naka,Rapar-370 165,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.
Raju Mahadeva Chaudhary Gujarat KachchhC/o Kissan MineralsMate Building, Salari Naka Road,Rapar-370 165,Distt. Kachchh,Gujarat.
* Producing clay (others) as an associated mineral
29-18
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 23 : Production of Clay (Others), 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P)(By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in `’000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 1417684 128017 2680726 353628 2360871 407713
Andhra Pradesh 99919 8502 158674 18029 136295 14644
Chhattisgarh 720 86 - - - -
Gujarat 877579 85588 1928419 256099 1572439 248640
Karnataka 12900 3019 - - - -
Kerala - - - - 78703 9439
Madhya Pradesh 426256 30776 436329 44447 433136 53817
Rajasthan 50 12 152534 34361 140298 81173
Tamil Nadu 260 34 4770 692 - -
Table – 24: Production of Clay (Others), 2012-13 and 2013-14(P)
(By Sectors/States/Districts)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in `’000)
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P )
State/District No. of Quantity Value No. of Quantity Value mines mines
India 51(32) 2680726 353628 54(32) 2360871 407713Private Sector 51(32) 2680726 353628 54(32) 2360871 407713
Andhra Pradesh 12(7) 158674 18029 12(7) 136295 14644Adilabad 2 82100 8380 2(1) 73245 7597Anantapur (5) 13176 2067 (3) 9843 1121Cuddapah 3 14583 2152 3 4319 786Godavari East - - - 1 673 135Krishna (1) 15200 775 (1) 14100 916Kurnool 5(1) 33615 4655 6(2) 34115 4089
Visakhapatnam *2 - - - - -
Gujarat 27(15) 1928419 256099 29(16) 1572439 248640
Amreli 2 70471 9864 1 34071 5110
*Bhavnagar 1 - - 1 - -
Jamnagar 1 43278 4761 - - -Kachchh 23(12) 1597580 217594 27(13) 1413718 224227Patan (3) 217090 23880 (3) 124650 19303
Kerala *1 - - 2 78703 9439Thiruvananthapuram *1 - - 2 78703 9439
Madhya Pradesh (7) 436329 44447 1(7) 433136 53817
Jabalpur (3) 15350 3328 (2) 13600 3331Katni (2) 417007 40450 (3) 416345 49959
Satna (2) 3972 669 1(2) 3191 527
Rajasthan 8(2) 152534 34361 8(2) 140298 81173
Bikaner 6(1) 148394 32515 6(1) 132911 77849 Jaisalmer - - - *1 - -
Karauli (1) 4050 1823 (1) 7387 3324
Nagaur 2 90 23 *1 - -
Tamil Nadu 3(1) 4770 692 *2 - -
Cuddalore (1) 4770 692 - - -
Perambalur* 1 - - - - -
Tiruchirapalli* 2 - - 2 - -
Figures in parentheses indicate number of Associated mines of Clay (Others) with ball clay, dolomite, kaolin, laterite,laterite,limestone, ochre & steatite.* only labour or production of associated mineral reported.
29-19
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 25 : Production of Clay (Others), 2012-13 and 2013-14 (P)
(By Frequency Groups)
(Qty in tonnes)
No. of mines Production for Percentage in total Cumulative
Production the group production percentage
group
2012-13 2013-14(P) 2012-13 2013-14(P) 2012-13 2013-14(P) 2012-13 2013-14(P)
All Groups 51(32) 54(32) 2680726 2360871 100.00 100.00 - -
Upto 5000 29(17) 29(15) 58465 37112 2.18 1.57 2.18 1.57
5001 to 10000 1(2) 6(4) 27880 68656 1.04 2.91 3.22 4.48
10001 to 20000 6(2) 2(3) 124966 72350 4.66 3.07 7.88 7.55
20001 to 30000 4(1) 4(3) 110832 179950 4.13 7.62 12.01 15.17
30001 & above 11(10) 13(7) 2358583 2002803 87.99 84.83 100.00 100.00
Figures in parentheses indicate number of Associated mines of Clay (Others) with laterite, limestone, steatite &
ochre.
Table – 26: Mine-head Stocks of Clay (Others), 2013-14
(By States)
(In tonnes)
State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year
India 232982 197161
Andhra Pradesh 27196 24473
Gujarat 96449 81016
Karnataka 6001 6001
Madhya Pradesh 69598 38712
Rajasthan 32105 45326
West Bengal 1633 1633
FOREIGN TRADEExports
Exports of clay (others) decreased to
19.60 thousand tonnes in 2013-14 from 22 thousand
tonnes in 2012-13. Exports were mainly to Bangladesh
(22%), Saudi Arabia (20%), Malaysia (19%), Nepal (13%)
and Sri Lanka (6%) (Table- 27).
Imports
Impor t s o f c lay (o thers ) inc reased to
17,016 tonnes in 2013-14 from 14,638 tonnes
in 2012-13. Ukraine (55%), USA (16%) and Belgium
(7%) were the main suppliers (Table - 28).
29-20
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
4. ShaleShale is a fine grained, clastic sedimentary rock
comprised of mud that is a mixture of flakes of
clay minerals and tiny fragments of minerals like
quartz and calcite. The ratio of clay to other
minerals is variable.
Shale which occurs with limestones as parting
is rich in alumina content. Hitherto, shale was
considered as implacable substance that reduced
the quality of limestone due to presence of clay
minerals. Now, with advancements and better
knowledge, it is utilised as a source of alumina in
cement making.
RESOURCESThe resources o f sha le were p laced a t
15.9 million tonnes as on 1.4.2010, comprising
15.3 million tonnes reserves and 0.6 million tonnes
remaining resources. All the estimated resources
are located in Andhra Pradesh (Table - 29).
Table – 27 : Exports of Clay (Others)
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) ( `'000) (t) ( ` '000)
All Countries 22019 179317 19604 172389
Saudi Arabia 6611 35104 3990 28624
Bangladesh 3739 29483 4355 25322
Malaysia 648 3951 3799 23341
Nepal 2828 19832 2503 19054
Kenya 2655 31593 719 8581
Sri Lanka 1072 7586 1125 8097
Uganda 21 56 125 6826
Mozambique 182 3064 382 6715
UK 142 2085 115 5395
UAE 1112 8447 689 5139
Other countries 3009 38116 1802 35295
Table – 28 : Imports of Clay (Others)
(By Countries)
2012-13 2013-14
Country
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) ( `'000) (t) ( `'000)
All Countries 14638 194203 17016 256640
USA 2298 80817 2656 89382
Ukraine 7997 55210 9424 67704
Japan 2 1518 306 32132
Spain 580 16815 1003 25481
China 3093 28008 1194 12878
Belgium 1 42 1213 9240
Netherlands - - 151 9110
UK 142 2598 486 6152
France 87 1971 67 1935
Italy ++ 112 22 1524
Other countries 438 7112 494 1102
PRODUCTION & STOCKSProduction of shale, primarily used in manufactur-
ing of cement, at 2,991 thousand tonnes in 2013-14
decreased by 3% over the previous year. There were 10
reporting mines as against 8 in the previous year. About
97% of total production of shale was reported as an
associated mineral by 31 limestone mines in 2013-14.
The share of public sector was only 1% in both the
years.
As regards to State-wise production, Himachal
Pradesh contributed 48% of the total production of shale
followed by Karnataka 22%, Madhya Pradesh 15%,
Maharashtra 9% and Andhra Pradesh 6%.
Mine-head stocks at the end of 2013-14 was
85 thousand tonnes as against 71 thousand tonnes in
the beginning of the year.The average daily employ-
ment of labour in shale mines in 2013-14 was 52 as against
32 in the previous year.
29-21
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Ta
ble
– 2
9 :
R
ese
rv
es/
Reso
urces
of
Sh
ale
as
on
1.4
.20
10
(By
Gra
des/
Sta
tes)
(In
'0
00
to
nn
es)
Res
erv
esR
emai
nin
g
reso
urc
es
To
tal
Gra
de
/ S
tate
Pro
ved
Pro
bab
leT
ota
lF
easi
bil
ity
Pre
-feasi
bil
ity
Mea
sure
dIn
dic
ated
Infe
rred
Rec
on
nai
ssan
ceT
ota
lre
sou
rces
ST
D1
11
(A)
ST
D2
11
ST
D3
31
ST
D3
32
ST
D3
33
ST
D3
34
(B)
(A+
B)
ST
D1
21
ST
D1
22
ST
D2
21
ST
D2
22
All
In
dia
: T
ota
l1
4,9
92
76
26
31
5,3
31
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52
83
58
01
5,9
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By
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14
,99
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,33
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35
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,91
1
Fig
ure
s ro
un
de
d o
ff.
29-22
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 30: Principal Producers of Shale, 2013-14
Location of mine
Name and address of producer
State District
*The ACC Ltd, Karnataka Gulbarga
Cement House Himachal Pradesh Bilaspur
121, Maharshi Karve Road, Maharashtra Yavatmal
Churchgate, Mumbai – 400 020
*Jaiprakash Associates Ltd, Himachal Pradesh Solan
Sector-128, Noida-201 304, Madhya Pradesh Rewa
Uttar Pradesh.
*Ambuja Cements Ltd, Himachal Pradesh Solan
Elegant Business Park,
MIDC Cross Road B Off, Andheri Kurla Road,
Andheri East, Mumbai- 400 059
*Ultratech Cement Ltd, Maharashtra Chandrapur
'B'Wing, 2nd floor, Ahura Centre,
Mahakali Caves road, Andheri(E), Mumbai-400 093
Rain Cements Limited Andhra Pradesh Nalgonda
No.34, Rain Centre, Srinagar colony,
Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh-500 073
T. Ramalingeswaram Andhra Pradesh Kurnnol
H-No.6-181, Bavipalli, Peapully,
Andhra Pradesh-518 221
Cement Corp. of India Ltd, Andhra Pradesh Rangareddy ,
Core-5 Scope Complex,7
Lodhi Road, New Delhi -110 003
* Producing as an associated mineral with limestone.
Table – 31 : Production of Shale, 2011-12 to 2013-14 (P)
( By States)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in `'000)
2 0 1 1 - 1 2 2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14 (P)
State
Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value Quant i ty Value
India 3439775 139066 3067718 165924 2990579 162793
Andhra Pradesh 115998 8833 142617 12628 157373 15916
Himachal Pradesh 1535493 49648 1512161 77717 1430233 82014
Karnataka 825027 42901 546026 37730 670137 31496
Madhya Pradesh 543481 6321 519521 5514 452235 4629
Maharashtra 419776 31363 347393 32335 280601 28738
29-23
KAOLIN, BALL CLAY, OTHER CLAYS AND SHALE
Table – 32 : Production of Shale, 2012-13 & 2013-14
(By Sectors/States/Districts)
(Qty in tonnes; Value in ` '000)
2 0 1 2 - 1 3 2013-14(P)State/Distr ict
No. of mines Quant i ty Value No. of mines Quant i ty Value
India 8(26) 3067718 165924 10(31) 2990579 162793
Public Sector 1 39000 3276 1 24100 2042
Private Sector 7(26) 3028718 162648 9(31) 2966479 160751
Andhra Pradesh 6(15) 142617 12628 7(20) 157373 15916
Anantpur 1(7) 19897 2620 1(10) 24292 3580
Guntur 2 2086 440 1 700 140
Kurnool (8) 31634 3347 2(10) 73281 8337
Nalgonda 2 50000 2945 2 35000 1817
Rangareddy 1 39000 3276 1 24100 2042
Himachal Pradesh (3) 1512161 77717 (3) 1430233 82014
Bilaspur (1) 404100 28287 (1) 493000 28542
Solan (2) 1108061 49430 (2) 937233 53472
Karnataka (1) 546026 37730 (1) 670137 31496
Gulbarga (1) 546026 37730 (1) 670137 31496
Madhya Pradesh 2(5) 519521 5514 3(5) 452235 4629
Mandsaur 2 2145 858 3 1290 570
Rewa (5) 517376 4656 (5) 450945 4059
Maharashtra (2) 347393 32335 (2) 280601 28738
Chandrapur (1) 37450 3820 (1) 33552 3096
Yavatmal (1) 309943 28515 (1) 247049 25642
Figures in parentheses indicate associated mines with Limestone.
Table – 33 : Mine-head Stocks of Shale, 2013-14(P)(By States)
(In tonnes)
State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year
India 70696 85153
Andhra Pradesh 44913 59405
Karnataka 25668 25668
Madhya Pradesh 1 1 5 8 0