Karaganda State Medical UniversityKaraganda State Medical University

Epidemiology as a science. Epidemiology as a science. Subject, tasks and methods of Subject, tasks and methods of

epidemiologyepidemiology

Lecture: Kamarova A.M.Lecture: Kamarova A.M.

Karaganda State Medical UniversityKaraganda State Medical University

Department: Epidemiology and communal Department: Epidemiology and communal

hygienehygieneLECTURELECTURE

Topic : “Topic : “Epidemiology as a science. Subject, Epidemiology as a science. Subject, tasks and methods of epidemiologytasks and methods of epidemiology..””

Discipline _ Discipline _ БДО 26 EpidБДО 26 Epid Epidemiology_Epidemiology_Specialty Specialty “General Medicine 051301”“General Medicine 051301”Course III Course III Duration I hoursDuration I hours

Karaganda 2009Karaganda 2009

Topic:Topic: Epidemiology as a science. Epidemiology as a science. Subject, tasks and methods of Subject, tasks and methods of epidemiologyepidemiology

PurposePurpose::

Brief contents.Brief contents.

Thesis of lectureThesis of lecture Visual materialVisual material

References.References.

The epidemiologyThe epidemiology is a science is a science about numerous diseases of the person about numerous diseases of the person which deals in studying the reasons, which deals in studying the reasons, conditions, mechanisms of formation of conditions, mechanisms of formation of disease and development of actions of its disease and development of actions of its prevention. prevention.

Clinical sections of medicine are connected with Clinical sections of medicine are connected with studying of illness and health of individuals with studying of illness and health of individuals with the purpose of developmental methods which the purpose of developmental methods which reveals the diseases and treatment of patients. reveals the diseases and treatment of patients. Feature of epidemiology is studying health and Feature of epidemiology is studying health and disease of the population for development of the disease of the population for development of the prevention of diseases. And though the disease prevention of diseases. And though the disease of population develops with infected peoples, its of population develops with infected peoples, its study is based on the background of the uniform study is based on the background of the uniform phenomenon covering sets of cases of diseases phenomenon covering sets of cases of diseases and their acts.and their acts.

Epidemiology is the science of discovering Epidemiology is the science of discovering causes of illness and injury in populations. causes of illness and injury in populations.

Epidemiology studies are used to Epidemiology studies are used to control and prevent health problems.control and prevent health problems.

Specificity of epidemiological study of illnesses is Specificity of epidemiological study of illnesses is reflected in the branch of science. «literally reflected in the branch of science. «literally epidemiology is – science about epidemics». epidemiology is – science about epidemics». The term «epidemic» is translated as «on The term «epidemic» is translated as «on people» (from Greek epi – on/in; demos – area, people» (from Greek epi – on/in; demos – area, the country, peoples). It means, that the the country, peoples). It means, that the question is that illness not a separate individual, question is that illness not a separate individual, or the cumulative population or its groups. That or the cumulative population or its groups. That is, the term «epidemic» can be translated as is, the term «epidemic» can be translated as «disease of the population», and «disease of the population», and «epidemiology» – as «science of studying «epidemiology» – as «science of studying diseases of the population».diseases of the population».

Epidemiology as general medical scienceEpidemiology as general medical science – the science of studying the reasons, – the science of studying the reasons, conditions and mechanisms of formation conditions and mechanisms of formation of disease of the population by the of disease of the population by the analysis of features of its distribution on analysis of features of its distribution on territory, among various groups of the territory, among various groups of the population and in time and using these population and in time and using these data for development of ways of data for development of ways of preventive measure of diseases.preventive measure of diseases.

Modern problems of an epidemiology:Modern problems of an epidemiology: The infectious pathology stands on the first place among The infectious pathology stands on the first place among

the reasons of disease of the population.the reasons of disease of the population. Infectious diseases cause the big problem of health of Infectious diseases cause the big problem of health of

people and of national economy too.people and of national economy too. There is a change of structure of a modern infectious There is a change of structure of a modern infectious

pathology.pathology. There are new as well as earlier known forms of There are new as well as earlier known forms of

infectious diseases.infectious diseases. Concerning many illnesses considering earlier not Concerning many illnesses considering earlier not

infectious, quite often the infectious ecological agent, infectious, quite often the infectious ecological agent, more often the viral nature of organism comes to light.more often the viral nature of organism comes to light.

Change of a clinical picture of infectious diseases is Change of a clinical picture of infectious diseases is marked.marked.

3 3 parts of epidemical processparts of epidemical process

SOURCE OF INFECTION

MECHANISM OFTRANSMISSION

SUSCAPTIBLE HOST

The characteristic of source of infection

Ill patient and animals

patient Bacteria transmission

The forms of diseases

Acute

The forms of bacteria transmission

Chronic

Reconvalesent

Transite

Immune

SOURCE OF INFECTIONSOURCE OF INFECTION

HUMANS

RATSANIMALS

FACTORS OF INVIRONMENT

MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSIONMECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION

AEROSOL- Transmessed by air AEROSOL- Transmessed by air FECAL-ORAL- Transmissed by foodstuffs FECAL-ORAL- Transmissed by foodstuffs TRANSMISSIVE-Transmissed by bloodTRANSMISSIVE-Transmissed by blood CONTACT – Transmissed by direct CONTACT – Transmissed by direct

contactcontact VERTICAL- Tranmissed from mother to VERTICAL- Tranmissed from mother to

the foetusthe foetus

MECHANISM OF TRANSMISSIONMECHANISM OF TRANSMISSION

AEROSOLAEROSOL FECAL-ORALFECAL-ORAL

TRANSMISSIVETRANSMISSIVE CONTACTCONTACT

The epidemiological methodThe epidemiological method is the set of is the set of methodical receptions based on the methodical receptions based on the analysis of features of distribution of analysis of features of distribution of diseases in place and time, intended for diseases in place and time, intended for revealing the reasons, conditions and revealing the reasons, conditions and mechanisms of formation of disease with mechanisms of formation of disease with the purpose on their preventive measure.the purpose on their preventive measure.

Epidemiological inspection

Epidemiological analysis

Sanitary epidemiological investigation

1. IndividualCase of infectious

2. Plural case of infectious

Retrospective analysis

Operative analysis

Investigationthe collectives with high risk of infection

Investigation residentisl

area

Investigation of new area

THE STRUCTURE OF EPIDEMIOLOGYCAL DIAGNOSTIC

Control questions (feedback)Control questions (feedback)

- Epidemical process is.Epidemical process is.- 3 parts of epidemical process.3 parts of epidemical process.- Source of infection.Source of infection.- Mechanism of transmission.Mechanism of transmission.- Susceptible host.Susceptible host.

The END.The END.Thank you!Thank you!