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Respiratory Tract Infections Across the continuum
Karen Hoover, RN, IPC CoordinatorMSIPC Fundamentals, 2015
Abuse alcohol Have had chest surgery or other major surgery Have a weak immune system from cancer
treatment, certain medicines, or severe wounds Have long-term (chronic) lung disease (i.e. COPD) Breathe saliva or food into their lungs as a result
of not being fully alert or having swallowing problems (for example, after a stroke)
Have been in the hospital for a long time. Are taking many antibiotics Are older
Hospital Pneumonia Risk if:
Hospitalization in an acute care hospital for two or more days in the last 90 days;
Residence in a nursing home or long-term care facility in the last 30 days
Receiving outpatient intravenous therapy (like antibiotics or chemotherapy) within the past 30 days
Receiving home wound care within the past 30 days Attending a hospital clinic or dialysis center in the last 30 days
Having a family member with known multi-drug resistant pathogens (MRDO)
Risk increases when:
Estimates of Healthcare-Associated Infections Occurring in Acute Care Hospitals in the United States, 2011
Major Site of Infection Estimated No.
Pneumonia 157,500Gastrointestinal Illness 123,100Urinary Tract Infections 93,300Primary Bloodstream Infections 71,900Surgical site infections from any inpatient surgery 157,500
Other types of infections 118,500Estimated total number of infections in hospitals 721,800
Mental changes or confusion (often 1st sign in elderly) Fever and chills A cough with greenish or pus-like phlegm (sputum) General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling
(malaise) Loss of appetite Nausea and vomiting Sharp chest pain that gets worse with deep
breathing or coughing Shortness of breath Decreased blood pressure and fast heart rate
Signs and symptoms:
Pulse oximetry, to measure oxygen levels in the blood
Arterial blood gases, to measure oxygen levels in the blood
Blood cultures, to see if the infection has spread to the blood
Chest x-ray or CT scan, New or progressive infiltrate
Complete blood count (CBC) Leukocytosis> 10.000 cells/μl
Sputum culture or sputum gram stain, to check what germs are causing the pneumonia. Purulent sputum or
“change in sputum”
Exams and tests:
Bacterial pneumonia: The majority of cases related to various gram negative bacilli (52%) and S. aureus (19%), usually of the MRSA type. Others are Haemophilus spp. (5%). In the ICU results were S. aureus(17.4%), P. aeruginosa(17.4%), Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterobacter spp. (18.1%), and Haemophilus influenzae(4.9%).
Viral pneumonia: influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and, in the immunocompromised host, cytomegalovirus (CMV)- cause 10-20% of infections.
Mycoplasma Pneumonia: not viruses or bacteria, but they have traits common to both.
Other: affect immune-compromised individuals. PCP pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.
Types:
Legionnaires disease (L. pneumophila) Pertussis (Bordetella pertussis) Aspergillosis (Aspergilllus spp. Viral infections:
◦Common cold viruses◦Influenza◦Respiratory syncytial virus
Other Types of Respiratory Tract Infections
Pharyngitis:◦inflammation of the pharynx. It
frequently results in a sore throat. Pharyngitis may be caused by a variety of microorganisms.
◦Group A Streptococcus or S. pyogenes – “strep throat”
Sinusitis: inflammation or infection of the sinuses
Other Infections of the Respiratory tract
Bronchitis: inflammation of the main air passages (bronchi). ◦Symptoms - cough, shortness of breath
and chest tightness.
◦Two main types: acute and chronic. Acute: caused by cold viruses Chronic: type of COPD; long-term
condition
Other Infections of the Respiratory tract
Pathogenesis of Healthcare Associated Pneumonia:Oral Cavity + Airway = Predominant Source of Microbes
Endotracheal tube bypasses upper respiratory tract defenses, allows for pooling of oropharyngeal secretions, prevents effective cough.
Bacteria enter lower respiratory tract via aspiration from:◦ Oropharynx (majority)◦ Hematogenous spread (?GI tract – maybe but
unproven) Factoid: 45% of non-hospitalized adults aspirate
during sleep Home CPAP machines Risks in Healthcare settings:
◦ Abnormal swallowing◦ Depressed level of consciousness◦ Mechanical Ventilation◦ Thoracic and abd. surgery
Steps in Pathogenesis of Pneumonia
http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5303a1.htm
Acute care - ◦ Prolonged length of stay
(3-6d)◦Excess cost/case =
up to $40k◦Associated mortality
= 20-33% LTC –
◦ 1st or 2nd most common site of infection
◦ Seasonal variation, more frequent during influenza season
◦ Associated mortality = 6-23%
HAP Morbidity & Mortality
1. CDC. 2. Bartlett JG et al. Clin Infect D. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005
Various Types of Pneumonia
Acute Care:◦Gram negatives:
Acinetobacter Pseudomonas, etc.
◦ Gram Positives, less so but: S. aureus
◦ Early onset can incl.- S. pneumoniae H. influenzae E. coli, Klebsiella
LTC:◦ 79% of cases – no
pathogen isolated◦ S. pneumoniae 0-
39%,◦ S. aureus 0-33%, ◦ H. influenzae in 0-19%◦ aerobic Gram-
negative bacilli in 0-55%
Etiologic Agents: HAP
Ventilator-Associated Event (VAE) For use in adult patients (≥ 18 years)
Patient on mechanical ventilation > 2 days
Baseline period of stability or improvement, followed by sustained period of worsening oxygenation .
Ventilator-Associated Condition (VAC)
General, objective evidence of infection/inflammation
Infection-Related Ventilator-Associated Complication (IVAC) Positive results of laboratory/microbiological testing
Possible or Probable VAP
Ventilator-Associated Events (VAE)
VAEs are identified by using a combination of objective criteria: deterioration in respiratory status after a period of stability or improvement on the ventilator, evidence of infection or inflammation, and laboratory evidence of respiratory infection.
Ventilator-Associated Condition (VAC) Patient has a baseline period of stability
or improvement on the ventilator, defined by ≥ 2 calendar days of stable or decreasing daily minimum FiO2 or PEEP values. The baseline period is defined as the two calendar days immediately preceding the first day of increased daily minimum PEEP or FiO2.
Pt Name MRN/LOC D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31PEEP 5
MV-1/25 6ICU-6 FiO2 1 70
PEEP 15 15 8MV-1/29 6ICU-9B FiO2 3 100 60 50
PEEP 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5MV -1/11 6ICU-10 FiO2 21 MRSA SPUTUM/URINE 80 70 70 60 50 50 50 50 40 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
PEEP 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5MV - 1/21 NICU-1 FiO2 11 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40
PEEP 5 5 5 5 5 5 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8MV-1/12 NICU-2 FiO2 20 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 60 50 50 60 60 60 60 55 55 55 55 55 55
PEEP 5 5 5MV-1/29 NICU-3 FiO2 3 100 50 50
PEEP 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 9 9MV- 1/20 NICU-4 FiO2 12 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 40
PEEP 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5MV - 1/15 NICU-6 FiO2 17 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 45
PEEP 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7MV-1/8 NICU-7 FiO2 24 50 50 50 50 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 50 50 50 50 40 40
VAE WORKSHEET - JANUARY
VAC
Infection-related Ventilator-Associated Complication (IVAC)
Patient meets criteria for VAC
AND … On or after calendar day 3 of mechanical ventilation and
within 2 calendar days before or after the onset of worsening oxygenation, the patient meets both of the following criteria:
1) Temperature > 38 °C or < 36°C, OR white blood cell count ≥ 12,000 cells/mm3 or ≤ 4,000 cells/mm3.
AND 2) A new antimicrobial agent(s) is started, and is continued
for ≥ 4 calendar days.
Develops 48 hours or longer after mechanical ventilation
There is no minimum period of time that the ventilator must be in place in order for the PNEU to be considered ventilator-associated.
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) Rate per 1,000 Ventilator Days
Track the measure monthly
nhsn.cdc.gov/nhsndemo/help/Patient_Safety_Component/Site_Definitions/Clinically_Defined_Pneumonia_PNU1.htm
Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED EVENTQ-1 2015
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
VAC IVAC Poss VAP Prob VAP VAC IVAC Poss VAP Prob VAP VAC IVAC Poss VAP Prob VAP
6 ICU 0 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 0 0 0
SICU 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
NICU 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 0 0
TICU 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
CCU 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
TOTAL 3 4 1 0 4 2 0 0 3 1 0 0
VAE's 8 6 4
Summary
VAC 10
IVAC 7
Poss VAP 1
Prob VAP 0
Total VAE's 18
Physician’s diagnosis of pneumonia alone is not an acceptable criterion for nosocomial pneumonia.
Pneumonia due to gross aspiration (for example, in the setting if intubation in the emergency room or operating room) is considered nosocomial if it meets any specific criteria and was not clearly present or incubating at the time of admission to the hospital
Multiple episodes of nosocomial pneumonia may occur in critically ill patients with lengthy hospital stays. When determining whether to report multiple episodes of nosocomial pneumonia in a single patient, look for evidence of resolution of the initial infection. The addition of or change in pathogen alone is not indicative of a new episode of pneumonia. The combination of new signs and symptoms and radiographic evidence or other diagnostic testing is required.
Applicable to All Pneumonia Specific Site Criteria
Hand Hygiene
Pneumonia Vaccine According to the CDC, adults 50-64 are nearly as likely to get pneumococcal disease as people 65 and older.
Enhancing host defense: flu immunization
Sterilization or Disinfection and Maintenance of Equipment and Devices: ventilator, breathing circuits, etc.
Standard Precautions: mask with open artificial airway suctioning
Prevent Aspiration – elevate head of the bed
Prevent post-op pneumonia: early mobility
Good oral hygiene
Pneumonia Prevention Guidelines
Pneumococcal,
Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib),
Pertussis (whooping cough),
Varicella (chickenpox),
Measles, and
Influenza (flu) vaccine.
6 vaccines to help prevent pneumonia:
ORAL CARE INTERVENTIONS IN ACUTE CARE
4 Hour Bundle
Subglottic suctioning performed ◦ No remaining secretions above ET tube cuff◦ Store Yankauer in container with airflow – Do not
place on bed
Oral cavity cleansed with suction swab
Mucosa moisturized with swab◦ To assess dryness use gloved finger and touch
buccal mucosa ◦ Offer moisturizer a la cart if not using a company
package
Tooth brushing Subglottic suctioning performed Ensure proper ETT cuff inflation > two minutes Do not have to use toothpaste Use soft toothbrush making small circular movements Remove all visible plaque and soft debris Clean tongue, gums and palate Clean toothbrush with water removing visible debris Store toothbrush upright in container with airflow
(available for purchase or not)
12 Hour Bundle
ID S A G U I D E L I N E S published August 30, 2011
When Does a Child or Infant With CAP Require Hospitalization?
When Should a Child With CAP Be Admitted to an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) or a Unit With Continuous Cardiorespiratory Monitoring?
What Diagnostic Laboratory and Imaging Tests Should Be Used in a Child With Suspected CAP in an Outpatient or Inpatient Setting?
What Additional Diagnostic Tests Should Be Used in a Child With Severe or Life-Threatening CAP?
www.childrensdayton.org/cms/resource_library/files/e17d60ba472 318ab
Pneumonia in Infants and Children Older Than 3 Months of Age
Patients Requiring Hospitalization
Inpatient Workup: All pt’s should have CXR Blood culture CBC ESR/CRP Urinary antigen for Pneumococcal infection is
not recommended Sputum samples if able (weak; low evidence) Rapid tests for Influenza and viruses should
be used Mycoplasma pneumoniae should be tested
for if suspicious No reliable test for Chlamydophila
pneumoniae
Criteria for admission to an ICU
Criteria for admission to an ICU:
Inpatient Treatment of Pneumonia For the fully immunized child in regions that
do not demonstrate high-level pneumococcal penicillin resistance:◦ Ampicillin or Penicillin G are first-line◦ Azithromycin for suspected atypical pneumonia
(with a beta-lactam if diagnosis is in question)◦ Vancomycin or clindamycin should be added
when S. aureus is suspected by labs, clinical findings or imaging
◦ Ceftriaxone or cefotaxime are alternatives