Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance ... · DPR Detailed Project Report DUDC District Urban Development Cell EA Environmental Assessment EC Empowered Committee EIA

Working towards better Urban living

Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance Corporation

Karnataka Municipal Reforms Project

Social & Environmental Assessment of the Solid Waste Management in Chitradurga Town

ABBREVIATIONS & SYMBOLS

ASI Archaeological Survey of IndiaAE Assistant EngineerAEE Assistant Executive EngineerBDL Below detectable limitsBOD Biological Oxygen DemandCa CalciumCAA Constitutional Amendment ActCaCo3 Calcium CarbonateCOD Chemical Oxygen DemandCFE Consent for EstablishmentCFO Consent for OperationCIP Capital Investment PlanCl ChlorineCMC City Municipal CouncilCPCB Central Pollution Control BoardCPHEEO Central Public Health & Environmental Engineering OrganisationCRZ Coastal Regulation ZonedB DecibelDCR Development Control RegulationsDLIC District Level Implementation CommitteeDMA Directorate of Municipal AdministrationDoEF Department of Ecology, Environment and ForestDP Development PlansDPR Detailed Project ReportDUDC District Urban Development CellEA Environmental AssessmentEC Empowered CommitteeEIA Environmental Impact AssessmentEMP Environmental Management PlanEP Environment ProtectionF FluorideFe IronGLSR Ground Level Storage ReservoirGoK Government of KarnatakaHTL High tide lineHU Hazen UnitsIBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and DevelopmentIIT Indian Institute of TechnologyILO International Labor OrganizationIS Indian StandardsJE Junior EngineerKm KilometerKMRP Karnataka Municipal Reforms ProjectKSPCB Karnataka State Pollution control BoardKUIDFC Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation

EA - Chitradurga

KUWSDB Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage BoardLPA Local Planning AuthorityLPCD Litres per capita per dayLTL Low tide lineMD Managing DirectorMg Magnesiummg/l Milligrams per literMoEF Ministry of Environment & ForestsMLA Member of Legislative AssemblyMLC Member of Legislative CouncilMLD Million Litres per DayMP Member of ParliamentNH National HighwayNO3 NitrateNTU Nephelometric Turbidity UnitsOD Operational DirectivesOHT Over Head TankO&M Operation & ManagementOP Operational PolicyPC Project ConsultantsPIU Project Implementation UnitsSEA Social and Environmental AssessmentSEMF Social and Environmental Management FrameworkSH State HighwaySO4 SulphateSoI Survey of IndiaSSEA Sectoral Social and Environmental AssessmentSTP Sewerage Treatment PlantTDS Total Dissolved SolidsTMC Town Municipal CouncilTP Town PanchayatUDD Urban Development DepartmentUGD Underground drainageULB Urban Local BodyWB World Bank

Contents

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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................1

1.1 BACKGROUND........................................................................................................1

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................1

1.3 OBJECTIVES ..........................................................................................................2

1.4 METHODOLOGY .....................................................................................................2

1.5 REVIEW OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ........3

1.6 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ..........................................................................................4

1.7 BASE LINE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE...................................................4

1.8 PUBLIC CONSULTATION..........................................................................................4

1.9 IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS....................................5

1.10 FRAMEWORK FOR MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS..........................................................................................................................5

1.11 MONITORING AND PERFORMANCE TRACKING ..........................................................6

1.12 STRUCTURE OF REPORT .........................................................................................7

CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS 9

2.1 INTRODUCTION .....................................................................................................9

2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS .......................................................9

2.2.1 Operational Policies and Directives of the World Bank ..........................................9

2.2.1.1 OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment ...............................................................9

2.2.1.2 OP 4.04 Natural Habitats ............................................................................ 10

2.2.1.3 OP 4.10 Indigenous People ......................................................................... 10

2.2.1.4 OP 4.11 Cultural Property ........................................................................... 11

2.2.1.5 OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement................................................................ 11

2.2.1.6 OP 4.36 Forests ......................................................................................... 11

2.2.2 Policy and Regulatory framework of Government of India .................................. 11

2.2.2.1 Constitutional Provisions ............................................................................. 12

2.2.2.2 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 ....................................................... 13

2.2.2.3 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.................................... 13

2.2.2.4 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981......................................... 14

2.2.2.5 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (as Amended in 1988) .................................. 14

2.2.2.5.1 The Indian Forest Act, 1927 .................................................................. 14

2.2.2.5.2 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980....................................................... 15

2.2.2.5.3 The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981 ................................................... 15

2.2.2.6 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972........................................................................ 15

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2.2.2.7 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991 .............................................. 15

2.2.2.8 Municipal Solid Waste Management (Management & Handling) Rules 2000 ...... 16

2.2.2.9 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989............. 16

2.2.2.10 Bio-Medical waste Management & Handling rules 1998............................... 17

2.2.2.11 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894................................................................ 17

2.2.2.12 The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 2007............................................ 18

2.2.2.13 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation, 2007 ........................... 18

2.2.3 Environmental Policy / Regulations in Karnataka ............................................... 18

2.2.3.1 Urban Drinking Water and Sanitation Policy .................................................. 18

2.2.3.2 Karnataka State Policy on MSW................................................................... 18

2.2.4 Regulatory framework: Urban planning and management.................................. 19

2.2.4.1 Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 .......................................... 19

2.2.4.2 Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964............................................................... 20

2.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK.............................................................................. 20

2.3.1 Ministry of Environment and Forests................................................................ 20

2.3.2 Central Pollution Control Board ....................................................................... 21

2.3.3 Department of Ecology, Environment & Forests, GoK ........................................ 21

2.3.4 Karnataka State Pollution Control Board........................................................... 21

2.3.5 Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board.......................................... 22

2.3.6 Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation ..................... 23

2.3.7 Directorate of Municipal Administration............................................................ 24

2.3.8 District Level Implementation Committee ......................................................... 24

2.3.9 City Municipal Councils/ Town Municipal Councils/ Town Panchayats................... 24

2.3.10 Project Implementation Unit (PIU) .................................................................. 25

2.4 CONCLUSIONS..................................................................................................... 25

CHAPTER 3 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION OF CHITRADURGA............................................27

3.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 27

3.2 PROFILE OF CHITRADURGA CMC........................................................................... 27

3.3 LAND USE ........................................................................................................... 28

3.4 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY .................................................................................... 29

3.5 EXISTING UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM....................................................... 29

3.6 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT................................................................. 29

3.6.1 Primary waste collection ................................................................................ 30

3.6.2 Secondary Storage & Transportation ............................................................... 30

3.6.3 Processing of waste....................................................................................... 31

3.6.4 Disposal of Waste ......................................................................................... 31

3.7 PROPOSED DESIGN.............................................................................................. 31

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3.8 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT................................................................................... 35

3.8.1 Planned species for green belt ........................................................................ 36

3.8.2 Cost ............................................................................................................. 36

CHAPTER 4 - SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE AND BASELINE SITUATION .......39

4.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT......................................................................... 39

4.1.1 Health Profile ................................................................................................ 39

4.1.2 Cultural and Historical Monuments................................................................... 39

4.1.3 Other Features of the town............................................................................. 39

4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE.................................................................................... 39

4.2.1 Physical Environment ..................................................................................... 39

4.2.2 History ......................................................................................................... 40

4.2.3 Demographics ............................................................................................... 40

4.2.4 Climate and Rainfall ....................................................................................... 40

4.2.5 Soil and Geology ........................................................................................... 41

4.2.6 Economic Base .............................................................................................. 41

4.2.7 Topography .................................................................................................. 41

4.2.8 Surface Water Sources ................................................................................... 41

4.2.9 Ground Water ............................................................................................... 42

4.2.10 Ecological Environment .................................................................................. 42

4.3 BASELINE SAMPLE SURVEY ................................................................................... 42

4.3.1.1 Analysis of Air Characteristics ...................................................................... 42

4.3.1.2 Analysis of Water Characteristics ................................................................. 43

4.3.1.2.1 Contamination of Ground water by leachate ............................................ 45

4.3.1.3 Analysis of Soil Characteristics ..................................................................... 46

4.4 SUMMARY OF BASE LINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE ............................................... 47

CHAPTER 5 - IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS................49

5.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 49

5.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES............................................................................................ 49

5.2.1 The proposed SWM system............................................................................. 49

5.2.2 Construction and Operation Phase ................................................................... 50

5.2.2.1 Impacts on Physical Resources .................................................................... 50

5.2.2.1.1 Impacts on Topography and Land .......................................................... 50

5.2.2.1.2 Impacts on Climate............................................................................... 50

5.2.2.2 Impact on Environmental Resources............................................................. 50

5.2.2.2.1 Impact on surface water quality ............................................................. 50

5.2.2.2.2 Impact on Ground water quality............................................................. 51

5.2.2.2.3 Impacts on Air Quality .......................................................................... 51

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5.2.2.2.4 Impact on noise levels .......................................................................... 52

5.2.2.3 Impact on Ecological resources ................................................................... 52

5.2.3 Impact on Human use values ......................................................................... 53

5.2.3.1 Soil .......................................................................................................... 53

5.2.3.2 Archaeological / Cultural Properties ............................................................. 53

5.2.3.3 Social Impacts........................................................................................... 53

CHAPTER 6 - SOCIAL / RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN................................................55

CHAPTER 7 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ..................................................57

7.1 INTRODUCTION................................................................................................... 57

7.2 RECOMMENDED MITIGATIVE MEASURES ............................................................... 57

7.2.1 Impact during Construction phase................................................................... 57

7.2.1.1 Impacts on Topography ............................................................................. 57

7.2.1.1.1 Mitigation Measures ............................................................................. 57

7.2.1.2 Impact on Water quality............................................................................. 58


7.2.1.3 Impact on Air Quality ................................................................................. 58


7.2.1.4 Impact on Noise level................................................................................. 59


7.2.2 Impact during Operation phase ...................................................................... 59

7.3 BENEFITS FROM THE PROJECT ............................................................................. 60

7.4 SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND CONCLUSIONS ..................... 60

Tables and Figures

Table 3.1: Salient Features ............................................................................................................... 27Table 3.2: Land Use Characteristics.................................................................................................. 28Table 3.3: Composition of Waste generated in Chitradurga CMC ................................................... 30Table 3.4: Physical characteristics of Municipal Waste ................................................................... 33Table 3.5: Norms for solid waste generated from various sources ................................................. 33Table 3.6: Chemical characteristics of Municipal Waste.................................................................. 33Table 3.7: Details of proposed Landfill project ................................................................................ 34Table 3.8: Cost of SWD Disposal....................................................................................................... 37Table 4.1: Temperature and Rainfall Details in Project Area ........................................................... 40Table 4.2: Ambient Air Quality Standards (National) ....................................................................... 42Table 4.3: Water Quality Results...................................................................................................... 43Table 4.4: Ground water test results from nearby borewell at Landfill site .................................... 43Table 4.5: Standards for ground water quality in vicinity of landfill site ......................................... 44Table 4.6: Standards for disposal of treated leachate ..................................................................... 45Table 4.7: Typical Constituents of Leachate from MSW Landfills .................................................... 46Table 4.8: Soil Characteristics along the Road Network .................................................................. 46

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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan................................................................................... 62

Figure 3.1: Location of Chitradurga Town in Chitradurga District ................................................... 28Figure 3.2: Details of the proposed landfill development ............................................................... 34Figure 3.3: Location SWM site at Chitradurga ................................................................................. 35

Introduction

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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND

The Karnataka Municipal Reforms Project (KMRP) is a US$ 310 million (Rs.1364 crore) IBRD financed project that is fully consistent with the World Bank’s Country Assistance Strategy and focuses on working on governance issues and sectoral projects. The KMRP comprises of four major components, which include (i) Institutional Development; (ii) Bangalore Development; (iii) Municipal Investment Support; and (iv) Project Management. Broadly, KMRP would assist institutional development activities statewide and infrastructure development in 32 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) as per GO No. UDD 56 PRJ 2005 dtd 13.09.2005.

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1. Enhancing the capacity of Urban Local Bodies to discharge their functions in accordance with 74th Constitutional Amendment with a greater sustainability and accountability.

2. Strengthen institutional and financial frame work in urban service delivery at ULBs level and State level.

3. Improve the quality of urban infrastructure in 32 (ULBs) and

4. Improve the road system in Bangalore and the sanitary conditions in the 8 erstwhile ULBs surrounding Bangalore city, while ensuring financial viability and sustainability.

Municipal Investment Support Component (US$ 90 million) provides performance based investment support, to the ULBs who meet the access criteria (except the city of Bangalore) for upgrading urban service. This component will provide support for investments in core urban service in ULBs such as water supply, urban roads, street lighting, low income community markets, slum upgradation and other obligatory municipal functions, with priority given to rehabilitation as opposed to green-field investments, municipal solid waste disposal, sewerage and storm water drains. Under this component, the financial assistance to the ULBs will be in the form of 90% grant and 10% ULB contribution for all the sub projects except water supply where 40% of the assistance will be in the form of loan. The Municipal Investment Support Component is to be managed by KUIDFC, working in close coordination with DMA’s office, the DUDCs and the ULBs. 32 ULBs are divided into 4 packages. Package-1 with 9 ULBs, 2 with 5, 3 with 10 and 4 with 8 ULBs respectively.

While the project is expected to improve the environmental conditions in selected urban areas of Karnataka by improving the quality of service, development ofinfrastructure including water & sanitation and substantial health benefits. Adverse

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social and environmental impacts are anticipated if the investments are not properly planned, sited, designed, constructed, operated and maintained.

Considering these aspects, GoK plans to integrate social and environmental issuesin the project at policy and sectoral levels. This will be achieved through

Integration of social and environmental concerns into state Urban WaterSupply and Sanitation Policy;

Preparation of Social and Environmental Assessment and ManagementFramework comprising Sectoral Social and Environmental Assessment (SSEA) and Social and Environmental Management Framework (SEMF); and

Preparation of Social Assessment and Resettlement Action Plan and Environmental Assessment (EA), Environmental Management Plan (EMP) at project level as required and appropriate.

1.3 OBJECTIVES

The objective of the present assignment is to prepare Social/Resettlement and Environmental Management Plans for the works proposed under KMRP andintegrate the concerns in the design. The scope includes the following:

providing social and environmental inputs into action plan

planning for social and environmental activities to be carried out duringproject preparation and implementation

providing guidance / quality assurance for integration of environmental and social aspects in the work

preparing RAP and EMP as required as per SEMF

integrating finalised EMP into the contract for implementation and operation

1.4 METHODOLOGY

Identification and review of all the relevant policies and regulations that influencethe project environment is very important to assess the impacts on projectplanning and implementation. In view of this, review of all applicable operationalpolicies / directives of The World Bank and environmental laws / regulations inIndia, is carried out in the Social and Environmental Management Framework. This included review of the following operational policies of The World Bank.

OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment

OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats

OP 4.10 - Indigenous people

OP 4.11 - Cultural Properties

OP 4.12 - Involuntary resettlement

OP 4.36 - Forestry

Introduction

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In addition to the above, the following key environmental regulations / policies in India that may affect /influence the project environment both during preparationand implementation stage are also reviewed.

Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Water (Prevention & Control) Act, 1974

Air (Prevention & Control) Act, 1981

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemicals Rules, 1989

Karnataka (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules, 1983

Environmental Standards for Ambient Air, Automobiles, Fuels, Industries and Noise-approved and Notified by GoI

Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989

Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1999

Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000

Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution in the State, G.O. No. FEE 465 ENV 2000, Bangalore, dated 13-8-2002

Policy guidelines for siting, air pollution control measures and standards for stone crushing units in Karnataka state, Office Memorandum No. FEE 13 EAA 99(P), Bangalore, dated 19th November, 2001, Karnataka Gazette, dated 7-2-2002.

National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Land Acquisition Act, 1894

1.5 REVIEW OF INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

A detailed analysis of various stake holder agencies who will be involved inplanning, designing, operating and maintaining the infrastructure that are beingdeveloped by the project and other improvement measures are important to assess the capacity, willingness and resource requirement of the institutions for effective integration of environmental concerns. More specifically, the environmental impacts will be influenced by the manner in which the project components are designed.

In view of this, a review of institutional and organisational set up of the following institutions and beneficiary agencies are carried out.

Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development Finance Corporation (KUIDFC)

Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB)

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Project City Municipal Councils/ Town Municipal Councils/ Town Panchayats

Karnataka State Pollution control Board (KSPCB)

Department of Ecology, Environment and Forest, etc.

The review primarily focuses on the role of each of the above agencies in various stages of project development. An assessment of technical and managerialcapabilities of these agencies with specific reference to the environmentalmanagement of various project activities is also carried out.

1.6 PROJECT DESCRIPTION

With the policy, regulatory and institutional mechanism, a detailed review of the project and the proposed sub-projects in the ULBs was carried out. This involved discussions with the project ULBs to understand the present basic infrastructure status.

The project profile primarily focused on identifying the various activities that are envisaged for providing the basic infrastructure and the details of priority investments that are planned for each of the project ULB.

1.7 BASE LINE SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

This task essentially comprised collecting and analysing the following secondary information regarding physical, biological and socio-economic conditions of thestudy area and field inventories for assessing the baseline environmental and social conditions.

Basic Information of each project city in terms of area, population,growth rate, occupational pattern, industry, economy, socio-economicconditions, etc.

Status of infrastructure such as water supply, under ground drainagefacilities, storm water drainage arrangements, roads and other basic infrastructure.

Physical Environmental Profile in terms of surface and sub-surfacewater quality, soil characteristics, geology, hydrology, topography,meteorology, ambient air quality, noise levels, etc.

Ecological Profile in terms of flora, fauna and ecologically sensitivelocations (if any), and

Other Socio-Economic Characteristics in terms of industry and economy, health profile, cultural properties of the project area, etc.

1.8 PUBLIC CONSULTATION

The willingness of the public and their expectations on the service levels is very critical in accomplishing the objective of improving the level of service in theproject towns. For this purpose, Public Consultations were conducted.

Introduction

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The objective of these public consultations was to elicit public view on the presentstatus of infrastructure, problems and issues associated with the same and theirexpectation on the proposed project. The economic, social and environmentalissues associated with the same were also identified during these publicconsultations. The results of the public consultations provide an input to identify the impacts of the project proposals and subsequent formulation of EMPs.

1.9 IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The objective of this task is to identify the likely future impacts through changes inthe physical, biological or socio-economic environment based on the analysis of the base line environmental data collected. The assessment also included the negative and positive impacts likely to result from the proposed project improvements.

The direct impacts resulting from construction, operation and maintenance ofvarious improvement works and the indirect impacts resulting from socio-economic and cultural changes including improvement of public health and other aspects are also identified. Key data gaps and uncertainties associated with the predictions are identified. The key attributes like water quality, ecology, air, noiseand socio-cultural issues are assessed for their impacts and compared with theprescribed standards that are applicable for urban areas.

All the predicted impacts are then summarised in a matrix form for each of theproject activity and its impact on the environmental attribute is identified.

1.10 FRAMEWORK FOR MITIGATION AND MANAGEMENT OF SOCIALAND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

The major components of the Social and Environmental Management Plancomprises preparation of mitigation plan for all the impacts identified and the monitoring plan for the measures suggested in the management plan.

This involved screening, design measures for mitigating (i.e., avoidance,reduction, or elimination) potential negative impacts, and proposing the ways of enhancing (i.e., improvement) positive effects of the proposed projects. Mitigativemeasures for anticipated negative effects (e.g., vegetative clearance duringconstruction) comprises best management practices wherever possible with theinvolvement of local resources and are unique to the Indian experience.

The mitigation plan is prepared for each of the significant negative impact, so as to include:

Measures to avoid, mitigate or when unavoidable, to compensate for the impact

Listing of private as well as government agencies responsible to implementthe mitigation measures along with requirements for institutionalstrengthening required; and

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Appropriate contract clauses to be incorporated in the contract agreementso as to make it mandatory for the concerned agency to implement the mitigation measures.

Land and structures to be lost for the sub projects

Socio economic profile of the people affected

Impact mitigation measures include both structural and non-structural methods.Structural approaches comprise recommending appropriate changes / protectionsin the physical entities for minimising the impacts on environment. Non-structuralapproaches vary from construction schedules designed to minimise conflicts andtraining officials in principle and methods of environmental protection. An integration of both types of approaches is essential for comprehensive, effectiveenvironmental protection of the proposed sub projects.

The mitigative measures are summarised in the form of Action Sheets indicatingthe monitoring mechanisms and the implementation agency.

Enhancement of positive impacts is also possible, mainly through developmentactivities facilitated by the sub project. These and other enhancement measurescan greatly increase long- term project benefits, by taking advantage ofeconomies of scale, skilled manpower, equipment mobilisations, and multiple usesof resources during the construction phase.

A plan for implementing mitigative and enhancement measures during the projectis also recommended. This plan involves selection of measures with theirassessment criteria, determining the conditions for their application, and exploringtheir requirements for monitoring, installation, co-ordination with various construction works, supervision, training, and maintenance.

1.11 MONITORING AND PERFORMANCE TRACKING

While the EMP proposes to mitigate the anticipated impacts of the proposedproject interventions, a monitoring plan is prepared to ensure that the impacts of the project are mitigable and manageable. In order to achieve this, a monitoring plan for each of the major environmental attribute is prepared. The plan indicates the following,

type of monitoring needs for potential environmental impacts duringconstruction and operation

attributes to be monitored and the method and frequency of the same

infrastructure requirements including equipments needed for post-projectmonitoring

agency responsible to review the reports and to take corrective action, if any.

Introduction

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The criteria and indicators are both biophysical and socio-economic. The work program and schedule created outlines the anticipated tasks, the requirements for monitoring (e.g., staff and institutional arrangements, schedule, monitoringmeasures). Recommended training inputs are likely to follow the assessment of institutional capacities.

1.12 STRUCTURE OF REPORT

The present report is the report on Environmental Assessment Study carried out for the project and is organised in the following sections.

Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 2 Review of Social and Environmental Policies and Institutions

Chapter 3 Project Description

Chapter 4 Base Line Social and Environmental Profile

Chapter 5 Identification of Social and Environmental Impacts

Chapter 6 Social/Resettlement Action Plan

Chapter 7 Environmental Management Plan

Review of Environmental and Social Policies and Institutions

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CHAPTER 2 - REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICIES AND INSTITUTIONS

2.1 INTRODUCTION

This section reviews the policies, regulations and administrative framework withinwhich KMRP is to be implemented. The review includes the operational policies / directives of the World Bank, and sector-specific Environmental Policies andRegulations of the Government of India, Government of Karnataka and theinstitutional profile of various agencies such as KUIDFC, KUWSDB, Project Urban Local Bodies, KSPCB and other institutions associated with the project.

2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND REGULATIONS

The environmental policies and regulations reviewed are broadly categorised into the following four categories.

Applicable Operational Policies and Directives of the World Bank

Environmental Policy and Regulatory Framework in India

Regulatory Framework in the State of Karnataka and

Municipal Laws and Acts applicable for the local bodies in Karnataka

2.2.1 OPERATIONAL POLICIES AND DIRECTIVES OF THE WORLD BANK

The operational policies and directives (OPs or ODs) of the World Bank outlines the framework under which the projects funded by the Bank are evaluated. The following OPs are applicable for KMRP.

OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment

OP 4.04 - Natural Habitats

OP 4.10 - Indigenous People

OP 4.11 - Cultural Properties

OP 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement

OP 4.36 - Forestry

2.2.1.1 OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment

The Operational Policy 4.01 stipulates carrying out Environmental Assessment for projects proposed for Bank’s financial assistance. As set out in BP 4.01, the project in the earlier stage of development is assigned any one of the following three categories after examining the project type, location, sensitivity, scale and potentialenvironmental risks associated with the project.

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Category A projects are those projects that have significant environmental impactson broader areas than the sites or facilities subjected to physical works and projectsof such nature should have an detailed Environmental Assessment (EA) report.

Category B projects are those projects that have impacts on environmentallysensitive areas such as forests, natural habitats, wetlands, etc but less adverse thanCategory A projects and are generally site specific. Projects of this category will have a narrow EA than Category A projects.

Category C projects are those projects which have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts and do not need any EA beyond screening. The sub projects under KMRP are categorized accordingly.

Considering all these aspects, as per the screening criteria outlined in the SEMF, the proposed solid waste disposal project falls under Category Sb (Social) and Ec (Environmental).

2.2.1.2 OP 4.04 Natural Habitats

OP 4.04 sets out the World Bank's policy on supporting and emphasizing the precautionary approach to natural resource management and ensuring opportunities for environmentally sustainable development. As per this policy, the Bank does not support projects that involve significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats.

Projects involving natural habitats are categorised as A or B and are financed only when the mitigation measures are adequate to minimise the habitat loss andestablishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area to the full satisfaction of the Bank. The sub projects under KMRP do not affect any natural habitats.

2.2.1.3 OP 4.10 Indigenous People

The WB’s policy of poverty reduction and sustainable development is ensured that it fully respects the dignity, human rights, economies, and cultures of Indigenous People in the development process. The Indigenous People are a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group. Indigenous People are closely tied to land, forests, water, wildlife, and other natural resources, and therefore special considerations apply if the project affects such ties.

If the proposed projects affect Indigenous People, a process of free, prior, and informed consultation need to be engaged. As per Bank’s policy, if the adverse effect on the Indigenous People/ community is unavoidable, it is ensured that they receive social and economic benefits. The sub projects under KMRP do not affect any Indigenous People.


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2.2.1.4 OP 4.11 Cultural Property

This OP sets out the Bank's policy to assist in preservation and avoiding theelimination of cultural properties having archaeological (prehistoric), paleontological,historical, religious and unique natural values. Projects that could significantlydamage non-replicable cultural properties are declined for funding and the Bank will in turn assist protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in the project rather than leaving that protection to chance.

The sub projects under KMRP are less likely to cause any damage to cultural properties, excepting in situations where they are located in towns / regions of such importance.

2.2.1.5 OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement

Involuntary resettlement may cause severe long-term hardship, impoverishment, and environmental damage unless appropriate measures are carefully planned and carried out. Involuntary resettlement is generally avoided exploring viable alternative project designs.

When it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, such activities shall be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the personnel displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced personnel are to be consulted and give them opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

Displaced personnel are assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihood and standard of living or at least to restore them to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation. The sub projects under KMRP do not involve any Involuntary resettlement.

2.2.1.6 OP 4.36 Forests

This policy of the Bank aims to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty ina sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economicdevelopment, protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests. According to this policy, projects involving significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or critical natural habitats are not financed by theBank. The potential impacts on forest resources are addressed as per OP/BP 4.01 and projects are financed only after incorporating appropriate mitigation measures.

Impacts on forest resources due to the sub projects under KMRP are expected only when any of the related activities are through forest areas or located in forest areas.

2.2.2 POLICY AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

The following are the key regulations in India that are applicable for variousdevelopment -projects.

Constitutional Provisions

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The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 - as amended in 1978 & 1988

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 - as amended in 1988

Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991

Municipal Solid Waste Management (Management & Handling) Rules 2000

Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989

Bio-Medical waste Management & Handling rules 1998

The Land Acquisition Act, 1894

The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 2007

National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation, 2007

2.2.2.1 Constitutional Provisions

One of the vital guarantees in our Constitution is the protection of the Right to Life enshrined in Article 21. The Supreme Court had expanded the concept of the right to live with human dignity to encompass within its ambit, the protection and preservation of environment, ecological balance free from pollution of air and water.

The Constitution of India in its Article 48-A of the Directive Principle provides for the protection and preservation of the environment and states that "the state shallendeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forests and wild life of the country".

Further the Article 51-A(g) on fundamental duties emphasises that, "It shall be theduty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environmentincluding forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compassion for living creatures".

The court has introduced ‘Polluter Pays Principle’ to mean that the absolute liability for harm to the environment extends not only to compensate the victims of pollution but also the cost of restoring the environmental degradation. Remediation of the damaged environment is part of the process of sustainable development and as such the polluter is liable to pay the cost to the individual sufferers as well as the cost of reversing the damaged ecology.

These provisions of the constitution are the guiding principles for various environmental legislations in the country and safeguarding environment.


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2.2.2.2 The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The Environment (Protection) Act, popularly known as EP Act, is an umbrellalegislation that supplements the existing environmental regulations. Empowered byEP Act, the Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF), Government of India has issued notifications regulating siting of industry and operations, procuring clearancefor establishing industries and development projects with appropriate EIA Studies, coastal zone regulations and other aspects of environment.

empowers the Government of India (section 6) to make rules to regulate environmental pollution by stipulating standards and maximum allowablelimits to prevent air, water, noise, soil and other aspects of environmentalpollution

prohibits carrying out any operations that emits pollutants in excess ofstandards (section 7)

regulates handling of hazardous substances and identifies the personsresponsible for discharges and pollution prevention (section 9)

section 17 deals with the offences committed by Government departments

Formulated Environmental (Protection) Rules, 1986 , Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and Manufacture, Storage andImport of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989 in accordance with the sections 6, 8 and 25 of EP Act.

None of the sub projects under KMRP are notified as the projects do not require ministry's clearance as per the EIA notification.

2.2.2.3 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974

Water Act is the first environmental regulation that was brought in the state and central pollution control boards to control / regulate environmental pollution in India.Amended twice in 1978 and 88, the Act vests regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and empowers them to establish and enforce effluentstandards for industries and local authorities discharging effluents.

Vests the regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards andempowers them to enforce the discharge of effluents as per standards toprevent water pollution (both for industries and local authorities)

Section 24 of the act prohibits the use of stream or well or on land disposal of polluting substances violating the disposal standards laid down by the board

Section 25 of the act requires an application to be made to the state board to establish any treatment and disposal system that is likely to discharge sewageor trade effluent into a stream or well or on land

Sections 41 and 44 provides for penalties for not complying the various provisions or directives of the board

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Section 48 deals with the offences committed by Government departments

Section 55 asserts that all local authorities shall render help and assistanceand furnish information to the board as it may require for discharge of itsfunctions, and shall make available to the board for inspection andexamination such records, maps, plans and other documents as may be necessary

The act empowers the board to levy and collect cess on water consumed by the industry or local authority and to utilise and augment resources for the PollutionControl Boards. In line with this provision, The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Rules, 1975 were formulated.

This act will be of significant importance for the sub projects under KMRP, as any of the activities if not planned carefully, are expected to attract various sections of theact.

2.2.2.4 Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981

Similar to Water Act, the Air Act vests the regulatory authority on the State Pollution Control Boards and empowers them to enforce for air quality standards to preventair pollution in the country. Section 21 of the act requires an application to be madeto the state board to establish or operate any industrial operation. This act however, is not of major significance for the sub projects under KMRP as no major air pollutingactivities are anticipated.

2.2.2.5 Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 (as Amended in 1988)

As per Section 26 of Indian Forest Act, 1927, number of activities are prohibited inforest areas and demands prior approval of the Central Government to use forestland for non-forest purposes.

The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 prohibits large-scale diversion of forestland for non-forest use. As amended in 1988, no State Government or any authority shallmake such diversions except with the prior approval of the Central Government.Salient features of the act are summarized below.

2.2.2.5.1 The Indian Forest Act, 1927

Section 5 states that after declaring the particular land as reserved forest, no fresh clearings for any purpose shall be made except in accordance with such rules madeby State Government.

Section 26 states the acts prohibited in such forest in addition to section 5.

Sections 30 & 32 entrusts power to the State Government to regulate certain acts(clearing for cultivation, building or any other purpose) in such forests as specified in the section.


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Section 35 entrusts power to State Government to prohibit certain acts (clearing of vegetation etc) in lands not being the property of Government.

2.2.2.5.2 The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980

Section 2 of the Act restricts the State Government on the de-reservation of forests or use of forestland for non-forest purposes.

2.2.2.5.3 The Forest (Conservation) Rules, 1981

Rule 4 states the procedure to make proposal by State Government seeking prior approval to de-reserve the forest for non-forest purposes (section 2 of Forest Act,1980), provided that all proposals involving clearance of naturally grown trees inforest land or portion or thereof for the purpose of using it for afforestation, shall be sent in the form of working plan / management plan.

The provisions of this are attracted for the sub projects under KMRP, when any of its related activities are passing through forest areas or located in forest areas.

2.2.2.6 Wildlife Protection Act, 1972

This act promulgated to provide for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants and for matters connected therewith. The provisions under this act are as below.

Section 9 of the Act mentions that no person shall hunt any wild animalspecified in Schedule I

The act prohibits picking, uprooting, damaging, destroying, acquiring anyspecified plant from any forestland

It bans the use of injurious substances, chemicals, explosives that may cause injury or endanger any wildlife in a sanctuary

No alteration of the boundaries of National Parks shall be made except on a resolution passed by the Legislature of State and

Destruction or damaging of any wildlife property in National Parks are prohibited

2.2.2.7 Notification on Coastal Regulation Zone, 1991

All coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters whichare influenced by tidal action up to 500 m from the High tide line (HTL) and the landbetween the Low tide line (LTL) and the High tide line are declared as the areawithin Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ). However, the distance from the HTL to which the proposed regulations will apply in case of rivers, creeks and backwaters may bemodified on a case to case basis for reasons to be recorded while preparing CoastalZone Management plans by the competent authority. However, in this latter case, the distance from the HTL will not be less than 100m or width of the creek, river or backwater, whichever is less.

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These rules classify CRZ into three distinct zones of CRZ I, II and III. While no development activities are permitted in CRZ I, specific activities that will not interferewith the coastal eco-system are allowed in CRZ II and III.

The sub projects, especially those in coastal areas or those projects which aredeveloped in CRZ areas will attract the provisions of these rules.

2.2.2.8 Municipal Solid Waste Management (Management & Handling) Rules 2000

In view of serious environmental degradation resulting from unscientific disposal of MSW, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India, has notified Municipal Solid Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 2000, (MSW Rules), stipulating all municipal authorities to scientifically manage MSW.

Compliance criteria for each & every stage of waste management - collection, segregation at source, transportation, processing and final disposal - are set out in the MSW Rules, which include:

Dumping of MSW in oceans, rivers, open areas & compaction or bailing are not acceptable.

Biodegradable waste has to be processed by means of composting, vermincomposting, anaerobic digestion or any other appropriate biological processing for stabilization of wastes.

Mixed waste containing recoverable resources should be recycled.

Other technologies for treatment such as Pelletisation, Gasification, Incineration etc. require clearance from Pollution Control Board before planning and implementation.

Landfilling should be the waste disposal method for non-biodegradable, inert waste & other waste that is not suitable either for recycling or for biological processing.

2.2.2.9 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, 1989

These rules aim at providing control for the generation, storage and import of hazardous chemicals. According to these rules, the user of hazardous chemicals hasto perform the following and dispose the hazardous waste as mentioned in the rules

Identify the potential hazards of the chemicals and to take adequate steps forthe prevention and control of such hazards

Develop or provide information about the chemical in the form of safety data sheet and

Label the specified information on container of hazardous chemical

Chlorine used for disinfection of water is categorised as hazardous chemical, since usage of above 10 tons of chemicals per year attracts the provisions of these rules.


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2.2.2.10 Bio-Medical waste Management & Handling rules 1998

It shall be the duty of every occupier of an institution generating bio-medical waste which includes a hospital, nursing home, clinic, dispensary, veterinary institution, animal house, pathological laboratory, blood bank by whatever name called to take all steps to ensure that such waste is handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment.

a) Treatment & Disposal

Bio-medical waste shall be treated and disposed of in accordance with Schedule I, and in compliance with the standards prescribed in Schedule V.

Every occupier, where required, shall set up in accordance with the time schedule in Schedule VI, requisite bio-medical waste treatment facilities like incinerator, autoclave, microwave system for the treatment of waste, or, ensure requisite treatment of waste at a common waste treatment facility or any other waste treatment facility.

b) Segregation, Packaging, Transportation & Storage

Bio-medical waste shall not be mixed with other wastes.

Bio-medical waste shall be segregated into containers/bags at the point of generation in accordance with Schedule II prior to its storage, transportation, treatment and disposal. The containers shall be labeled according to Schedule III.

If a container is transported from the premises where bio-medical waste is generated to any waste treatment facility outside the premises, the container shall, apart from the label prescribed in Schedule III, also carry information prescribed in Schedule IV.

Notwithstanding anything contained in the Motor Vehicles Act, 1988, or rules there under, untreated biomedical waste shall be transported only in such vehicle as may be authorised for the purpose by the competent authority as specified by the government.

No untreated bio-medical waste shall be kept stored beyond a period of 48 hours Provided that if for any reason it becomes necessary to store waste beyond such period, the authorised person must take permission of the prescribed authority and take measures to ensure that the waste does not adversely affect human health and the environment.

2.2.2.11 The Land Acquisition Act, 1894

This addresses the process of land acquisition in India and was last amended by the Land Acquisition Amendment Act, 1984. The Act takes a broad definition of 'public purpose' permitting a diverse range of projects

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2.2.2.12 The Land Acquisition (Amendment) Bill, 2007

This expands the rights of those displaced by land acquisition, and limits the ability to acquire land for public purpose. The Bill also establishes the Land Acquisition Compensation Disputes Settlement Authority at the state and national levels to arbitrate all disputes resulting from land acquisition proceedings.

2.2.2.13 National Policy on Resettlement and Rehabilitation, 2007

This policy strikes a balance between the need for land for developmental activities and protecting the interests of land owners and others. The benefits under the new policy are available to all Project Affected Persons (PAP) and families whose land, property or livelihood is adversely affected by land acquisition and involuntary displacement. The GoI is in the process of making the NPRR as an Act and the Bill was introduced in the Parliament in 2009.

2.2.3 ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY / REGULATIONS IN KARNATAKA

Environmental regulations and policies in Karnataka are enforced by the Department of Environment and Forests and Karnataka State Pollution Control Board. They enforce environmental regulations and policies in Karnataka. The board follows the standards and regulations prescribed by Central Pollution Control Board and variousacts promulgated by the Ministry of Environment and Forests. The State Government has formulated an exclusive policy on MSW.

2.2.3.1 Urban Drinking Water and Sanitation Policy

Further to deal with the issues of urban water supply and sanitation, theGovernment of Karnataka through its G.O.No.UDD 236 UMS 2001 dated 3.5.2003has formulated Urban Drinking Water and Sanitation Policy statement. The objectiveof this policy is to provide piped water supply and sanitation facilities to all theresidents of the urban areas and to ensure universal coverage of water andsanitation services in a manner that preserves the sustainability of water resourcesand minimum level of service to all citizens.

The policy exclusively states the role of various institutions and outlines the need for commercial viability of water supply operations and cost recovery from the users.The policy also states the need for continuous upgradation of technology and active encouragement of private sector participation.

It is however significant to note that the policy does not exclusively comment on environmental sustainability and also the role of KSPCB, Department of Environment, GoK.

2.2.3.2 Karnataka State Policy on MSW

The goal of effective MSWM services is to protect public health, environment and natural resources (water, land, air). An effective MSWM service can be achieved only by improving the efficiency of MSWM activities, thereby leading to the reduction of


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waste generation, separation of MSW and recyclable material, and recovery of compost and energy. In view of this GoK has developed the Karnataka State Policy on MSW with the following objectives:

Providing directions for carrying out the waste management activities (collection, transportation, treatment and disposal) in a manner, which is not just environmentally, socially and financially sustainable but is also economically viable.

Establishing an integrated and self-contained operating framework for MWSM which would include development of appropriate means & technologies to handle various waste management activities.

Enhancing ability of ULBs to provide effective waste management services to their citizens.

2.2.4 REGULATORY FRAMEWORK: URBAN PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

The regulatory framework for Urban planning and management in Karnataka are governed by the following two acts.

Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961 and

Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964

A brief description of both the acts is presented in the following sections.

2.2.4.1 Karnataka Town and Country Planning Act, 1961

For the purpose of securing planned development of the state, the act has been brought in force. The Act enables local authorities and empowers them to plan for an urban area and or/designated area. Under the Act, development area is declaredby notification and authority is constituted or designates any local authority or Government company as the area development authority for any development area.If the complexity of planning is more, an urban development authority may be constituted.

Main functions of a development authority are to prepare and implementDevelopment Plans (DP) or Master Plans for the respective planning areas. The implementation of the proposals under DP carried through a set of Development Control Regulations (DCR).

The DCR includes the definitions of all terms and expressions used in development of area including constructions. These regulations are important implementationtools of DP for any urban area. DCR also describes the way of developing a land, amalgamation, sub division, provisions of common plot, margins required and uses permissible in a particular zone or on particular width of road with built up and floor space index allowed in a given urban area. Due to complex nature of regulations and their implementation process, violations are common.

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As per the Act, adequate provisions are to be made in the development plan toprotect, conserve, preserve and enhance the quality of environment as well as structures or places of historical, natural, architectural or scientific interest and of educational value. As part of DP, provisions for infrastructure facilities and amenitiesare to be made. In practice, limited attention is given to these aspects.

2.2.4.2 Karnataka Municipalities Act, 1964

The Act mainly concerns with the constitution, organization, staffing, finance,management and working of the Municipalities. The law delineates duties andpowers of urban local bodies in Chapter V of the Act. Accordingly, the obligatoryduties of the Municipalities limits its role to construction and maintenance of such facilities as lighting, roads, water supply, sewerage, solid waste management, firefighting, schools and public places, markets etc. The law also specifies certaindiscretionary duties of urban local bodies. The discretionary duties enable it to undertake promotional activities such as welfare programme for citizen, housing, public health, child welfare, forestry, places for trade, survey, public parks, gardens, provision of services like transport, promoting cottage industries, dairy farms, grazing grounds, libraries, acquisition of land and its development and management of facilities.

Further, the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (CAA) has provided a framework for the assignment of appropriate functions to the urban local bodies. In addition to the traditional core civic functions, the ULBs are now assigned the key role in the preparation of plans for economic development and social justice. Under Article 243(W) of the Constitutional Amendment (74th) Act, 1992 the Central Government has empowered the urban local bodies with additional powers and responsibilities as envisaged in the Twelfth Schedule of the Constitution. Section 8 of the article states, ‘Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion of ecological aspects’.

2.3 INSTITUTIONAL FRAME WORK

A brief analysis of institutional frame work for environmental management in Indiaand Karnataka is presented in this section. The objective of this analysis to understand the role of various agencies in environmental management.

2.3.1 MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND FORESTS

The Ministry of Environment & Forests (MoEF) is the nodal agency in India forplanning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of environmental and forestry programme. The principal activities undertaken byMinistry of Environment & Forests consist of conservation & survey of flora, fauna,forests and wildlife, prevention & control of pollution, afforestation & regeneration of degraded areas and protection of environment, in the frame work of legislations.


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2.3.2 CENTRAL POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is the statutory organisation constituted in 1974. The board provides field information and technical services to MoEF. The function of the board can be summarised as below.

Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention andcontrol of water and air pollution and improvement of the quality of air

Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program for the prevention,control or abatement of water and air pollution

Co-ordinate the activities of the State Board and resolve disputes among them

Provide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards, carry out andsponsor investigation and research relating to problems of water and airpollution, and for their prevention, control or abatement

Prepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents as well as for stack gas cleaning devices, stacks and ducts

Perform such other function as may be prescribed by the Government of India

2.3.3 DEPARTMENT OF ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT & FORESTS, GOK

Department of Ecology, Environment and Forests (DoEF) is the apex body in thestate of Karnataka with administrative control of environmental management in thestate. The department through KSPCB administers the enforcement of various laws and regulations of Government of India. The department formulates environmentalmanagement and policy guide lines for Karnataka and grants clearances for projectsunder its purview.

The department is headed by a Principle Secretary to Government and Supported by Secretary (Ecology and Environment). The Secretary (Ecology and Environment) issupported by two Under Secretaries and a Director (Technical) in performing variousfunctions of the department.

The Director (Technical) heads a pool of scientific officers who handle variousspecialised areas of environmental management.

2.3.4 KARNATAKA STATE POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD

KSPCB is the regulatory body in the state of Karnataka for enforcing various environmental legislations of the Government of India. While the regulatory powersare delegated to KSPCB from CPCB, the administrative control of the board restswith DoEF. More specifically, the functions of the board are listed below.

Implementing the provisions of EP, Water and Air Acts

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Advise State Government in respect of suitability of particular area for industrial development

Assess the quality of environment in terms of ambient air and water qualitythrough monitoring

Issue and enforce the consent orders issued for industrial pollution control

Oversee, supervise and regulate water, air, solid, bio-medical and hazardous waste management in urban areas

In performing the above duties, the board is headed by a Chairman who is supported by a Member Secretary and a Chief Environmental Officer. The Chief Environmental Officer is supported by Regional Environmental Officers and theDistrict Environmental Officers in each of the district of the state.

The Board has its Central Office at Bangalore. The enforcement of the Acts and Rules are being implemented through thirty three Regional Offices. Eleven Regional offices are operating in Bangalore city namely, Bangalore City-1, Bangalore City-2, Bangalore City-3, Bangalore South-1, Bangalore South-2, Bangalore North-1, Bangalore North-2, Bangalore East-1, Bangalore East-2, Bangalore West and Peenya and one each at Mysore, Mangalore, Hassan, Dharwad, Davangere, Belgaum, Gulbarga, Raichur, Tumkur, Kolar, Mandya, Udupi, Karwar, Shimoga, Chitradurga, Bijapur, Bidar, Bellary, Bagalkote, Chamarajanagar, Koppal and Chickmagalur.

The Central laboratory of the Board is located at Bangalore. Regional laboratories have been set up along with Regional Offices of Mysore, Mangalore, Hassan, Dharwad, Raichur, Davanagere, Gulbarga and Belgaum.

2.3.5 KARNATAKA URBAN WATER SUPPLY AND DRAINAGE BOARD

Constituted under Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board (KUWSDB)Act 1973, KUWSDB is a corporate body formed to regulate and develop drinkingwater and drainage facilities in the urban areas of Karnataka. The functions of the boards is to,

Plan, design and execute water supply and sewerage / sanitation schemes on behalf of the local bodies of the state

Plan, design, execute, operate and collect water charges in respect of board'swater works

Operate water works belonging to the local bodies on an agency basis and

Obtain open market borrowing and other loans from the funding agencies and re-lending the same to the local bodies and servicing the same

In line with above functions, the board generally develops the projects and transferthe function of distribution to the local bodies. The board retains the operations of head works and the transmission of water and collects bulk water charges from therespective local body.


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In terms of organisational structure, the board is headed by a Chairman, who is supported by a Managing Director. In addition to a Secretary, Finance Advisor and Internal Audit Officer, the MD is supported by two Chief Engineers (one each for south and north parts of the state).

While the southern region is divided into six zones, the northern is divided into eightzones and each zone is headed by an Executive Engineer. Each of the Zonal Engineers are supported by appropriate number of Assistant Executive Engineers.

However, KUWSDB is not involved in any of the planning, preparation of estimates & DPRs, scrutiny of estimates, implementation monitoring etc with respect to the sub projects of water supply and UGD system under KMRP. The Chief Engineer of KUIDFC, who is the Chairman of the Technical Committee, located at Dharwad Regional office accords approval for the estimates exceeding Rs.2 cr.

2.3.6 KARNATAKA URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT FINANCE CORPORATION

Established in 1993 under the companies act 1956, the objective of KUIDFC is to assist the urban development agencies of Karnataka in planning, financing andproviding expertise to develop urban infrastructure. More specifically, the functions of KUIDFC are to,

Formulate projects and to appraise urban infrastructure development projects

Provide technical assistance to municipalities and development agencies

Mobilise funds from different national and international funding agencies

Monitor project implementation and provide capacity building / training toenable efficient implementation of urban development projects

In terms of institutional structure, the Managing Director is the functional head of KUIDFC and he is supported by the Joint Managing Director and Executive Directorin performing various functions. In addition to the administrative and finance wing,the technical wing of KUIDFC is headed by a General Manager, who is also the Task Manager for KMRP and is supported by Assistant General Managers and Engineers of different specialisations (urban water supply and sewerage, urban planning, environment, finance, etc.), part of KMRP Cell.

GoK has constituted Empowered Committee (EC), which has the powers to make decisions on all sub-projects and reform measures as per GO No. UDD56 PRJ03 Bangalore dtd. 22.06.2005. The EC will review project progress, resolution of implementation issues, engage consultants, sanction and award of contracts irrespective of the costs. The EC is headed by a Chairman who is of the rank of Additional Chief Secretary to Government with MD, KUIDFC as Member Secretary.

The Procurement Committee has been formed which will be responsible for shortlisting of consultants, determination of terms of reference, approval of contract, review of reports etc vide GO No. UDD111 PRJ2003, Bangalore dtd. 02.07.2003. The

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Procurement Committee is headed by the Principal Secretary to Government, UDD who will be the Chairman.

2.3.7 DIRECTORATE OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION

While all the above institutions are directly responsible for various environmentalaspects of KMRP project, Directorate of Municipal Administration (DMA) through its authority to regulate and monitor the functions of the urban local bodies of the stateis also relevant for developing the project towns. DMA exercises administrativecontrol on the following matters at the state level.

Exercising control over the functioning of the municipal corporations and local bodies

Preparing and sanctioning town planning schemes and development plans

Financing local bodies to enable them to meet civic requirements like watersupply, sewerage, sanitation and transport, and development of new towns

The department is headed by a Director and is supported by Joint Directors, Assistant Directors, Superintendent Engineer, Executive Engineers etc.

2.3.8 DISTRICT LEVEL IMPLEMENTATION COMMITTEE

The District Level Implementation Committee (DLIC) will be responsible for overall Project implementation as per GO No. UDD27 PRJ 2006, Bangalore dtd. 14.08.2006 & UDD17 PRJ 2009 dtd. 02.03.2009. The DLIC comprise of Deputy Commissioner of the concerned District as Chairman, concerned MP, MLA & MLC, Presidents of the Project ULBs, Chief Officer/Commissioner of Project ULBs as Members, Project Director, DUDC as Member Secretary and other technical staff.

The powers and functions of the DLIC includes approval of DPRs within the approved cost of EC, accord technical sanction up to Rs.2 cr, approval of tenders with premium above 8% and below 12%, approval of variations up to 10% of the DPRs. DLIC will also review the progress of the project implementation and will also be responsible to resolve the problems encountered during implementation.

For effective project implementation and achieving the objectives of the Project, all tenders under Municipal Investment Support Component, with a premium up to 8% will require ULB’s approval, with a premium greater than 8% and below 12% will require the concerned DLIC’s approval and with a premium above 12% will require the KUIDFC’s approval for award. However, all works above 2 cr (contract value) would require prior clearance of WB.

2.3.9 CITY MUNICIPAL COUNCILS/ TOWN MUNICIPAL COUNCILS/ TOWN

PANCHAYATS

The administration of the project ULBs are performed through City Municipal Councils/ Town Municipal Councils/ Town Panchayats depending on the criteria set


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by the GoK. Established under Karnataka Municipal Act, 1976 each of the local bodycomprises two wings, political and Executive.

The political wing of the ULB is headed by a President, an elected representative and comprise people's representatives from each ward of the town, known as councillor.The executive wing of the local body is headed by a Commissioner/ Chief Officer,senior officer of Karnataka Administrative Service/ Karnataka Municipal Administrative Service and is supported by functional heads for each function of the local body, such as engineering, planning, health, finance, administration, etc.

The Engineering department of the local body is headed by a Municipal Engineer (Assistant Executive Engineer/ Assistant Engineer/ Junior Engineer and Environmental Engineer) who are responsible for the execution, operation and maintenance of the core civic services such as water supply, sewerage, storm waterdrainage, roads, other engineering activities and solid waste management of the local body.

2.3.10 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT (PIU)

Project Implementation Units (PIU) are created under KMRP vide 11th Empowered Committee mtg. dtd. 05.12.2008, who are exclusively meant for implementation of KMRP works. The regular Municipal Engineers carry out their routine works. The PIU is headed by the Municipal Commissioner/ Chief Officer of the respective ULB. The PIU comprises of AEE, AE, JE, work inspectors, computer operators, office assistants and accounts staff. Environmental Engineer of the respective ULB involve in the environmental aspects of the project.

2.4 CONCLUSIONS

Discussions in the preceding sections conclude that an effective co-ordination of various institutions, committees and understanding of regulations is required for the development and execution of KMRP project. As brought in the above discussion,while KUIDFC will be the project development agency, the execution of the projectneeds to be carried out by the respective urban local bodies.

While developing and executing the projects, KUIDFC / ULBs shall follow the stipulations of various environmental regulations which will be enforced by KSPCBand DoEF. This necessitates the capacity building measures for ULBs in the areas of engineering skill and environmental management.

Project Description of Chitradurga

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CHAPTER 3 - PROJECT DESCRIPTION OF CHITRADURGA

3.1 INTRODUCTION

The profile of the Chitradurga City Municipal Council (CMC) and the proposed sub project under KMRP are discussed in this section. The information was collected from the CMC and other agencies, discussions with the respective officials of the city and the analysis of the information collected from various documents relevant to the study, including the Capital Investment Plan (CIP) report and Detailed Project Report (DPR) prepared by Project consultants.

3.2 PROFILE OF CHITRADURGA CMC

Table 3.1: Salient Features

Item Details

1. Population, 2001 125170

2. Area, km2 21.57 sq km

3. No. of House Holds, 2001 26138

4. No. of Wards 35

5. Population Growth Rate – Decadal 21%

6. Population Density, persons / km2 5800

7. Literacy Rate 64.5%

8. Slum Population 26,446

9. Industry and Economy Oil mills, cotton mills,

10. Administrative Status City Municipal Council

Source: Census of India and CMC

In terms of growth trends, the city has grown rapidly at an average decadal growthrate of 21% and comprises 26 slums with 20% of town population. Of late there is focus on trade and commerce, hence the city is expected to have higher growth rate and floating population. The salient features are presented in Table 3.1. The location of Chitradurga town in Chitradurga District is presented in Figure 3.1.

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Figure 3.1: Location of Chitradurga Town in Chitradurga District

3.3 LAND USE

The Land use pattern of Chitradurga CMC is furnished below,

Table 3.2: Land Use Characteristics

Sl. No. Land Use

Area (ha)

% to total developed area

1 Residential 714.69 53.922 Commercial 66.2 4.993 Industrial 88.45 6.674 Public and Semi Public 116.05 8.765 Parks and Open Spaces 76.80 5.796 Public utilities 27.55 2.08

7Transport and Communication 205.71 15.52

8 Water Bodies 30.06 2.27Total developed area 1325.51 100.00

9 Vacant land 125.7410 Conservation area 213.0011 Cholaguddu hillock 68.10

Total area 1732.35


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Source: CIP, Chitradurga

3.4 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY

Chitradurga has water supply system with surface water as a source which was commissioned in 1973. The source of water is river Vedavathi with pickup weir across it near Hiriyur which is 42 km away from Chitradurga. The capacity of system is 9.08 mld. In addition to these there are 319 bore wells and 60 open wells within the town area to tap ground water.

3.5 EXISTING UNDERGROUND DRAINAGE SYSTEM

In Chitradurga, underground drainage is present only in 18 out of 35 wards. The coverage is to an extent of 80% but overall coverage at the city level is only 50%. Remaining 50 % of the population uses either septic tanks or soak pits as a sanitation facility. The collected sewage is disposed off into open drains or present sewers, which flows through gravity and is connected to an aeration pond with lagoon system in north of the city. Aeration pond is completely filled up with silt & sewage and is presently non functional. Due to non-functioning of aeration pond, sewage discharged into the pond is directly used for sewage farming which is further connected to Mallapur Kere tank along Solapur road.

3.6 EXISTING SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The total quantity of waste generated in Chitradurga CMC is 44.00 tons/day, out of which 30 tons/day of waste is collected. The population in the year 2009 is of the order of 161200 composition of waste generated contains organic (33.00 tons i.e. 75%), inorganic (10.5 tons i.e. 23.86%), and recyclable waste (0.50 tons i.e. 1.14%). The per capita waste generated in the town is about 273 gm/day (for a population of 161200 and solid waste generation as 44 tons/day), which is much higher as compared to the normal standard estimate of 210 gm/day by CPHEEO for similar size cities. Chitradurga town has been divided into 35 sanitary zones as per 35 municipal wards of CMC. Waste is collected manually by the Pourakarmikas (112 numbers) of ULB and labors (100 numbers) of contractors. Waste collected is disposed off in a landfill site at Dyamavanahalli. The area of the dumping site is 35.3 acres. Chitradurga city Municipal Council has adopted only dumping as method of disposal of the waste as of today. Currently, the wastes are not treated in a systematic and scientific manner while disposing and the wastes are just dumped without segregating biodegradable and non-biodegradable wastes.

Existing SWM system comprising sweeping, collection and transportation of waste to landfill site at Dyamavanahalli. Present mode of litter collection from road side is done through street sweeping and for collection of household, commercial and market waste, community storage bin system is adopted. Few roads are sweep 3 times a week and the others once in a week. Except in one or two wards, CMC has no practice of house-to-house collection, segregation of waste at source. The mixed waste comprising biodegradable waste, recyclable waste, inorganic waste such as

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construction waste and silt from drain are dumped in community storage bins and are transported to disposal site. The waste is neither levelled and compacted daily nor cover material is placed on the waste. The present system is unhygienic and unacceptable. The disposal site bears an unhygienic environment, giving foul smell inviting public criticism and complaints.

Table 3.3: Composition of Waste generated in Chitradurga CMC

Organic waste(% of total waste)

Combustible waste(% of total waste)

Recyclable(% of total

waste)

Others(% of total

waste)52 3 5 40

Source: CMC records

Currently segregation of waste is not been followed in Chitradurga CMC.

3.6.1 PRIMARY WASTE COLLECTION

Present mode of litter Collection from roadsides is done through street sweeping and for collection of household, commercial and market waste, community storage bin system is adopted. Few roads are swept 3 times a week and few are not swept even once a week. The waste will be overflowing from the bins in highly populated wards like ward no.7, 8, 12, 19, 20, 21 and 22. Only in ward no. partly official area 23 and 26, door-to-door waste collection is taking place, initiated by the Residential Welfare Associations (RWAs) of that area. A Push Cart and with 4 buckets are used for collection of waste, of which one is taken by RWA. The collection procedure covers almost 2500 households. Each household pays the service charge of Rs. 20 per month.

3.6.2 SECONDARY STORAGE & TRANSPORTATION

The primary collection of waste is through community bin system, closed metal containers of 3m3 & 4.5m3 is located as per the action plan for waste collection prepared by CMC Chitradurga. However, in some places, containers are placed randomly according to the convenience of residents. Containers that are located in highly populated areas with high commercial and Market areas are cleaned daily ward no. 7, 8, 9, 12,19, 20, 21, 22 and 23. In other areas, containers are cleared as they are filled. Gang works is also taken on every weekend on main roads & commercial areas.

As per MSW Rules 2000, the waste is proposed to transport using twin container Dumper Placer, to the processing units or to the final disposal, depending upon the type of waste. A twin dumper placer can transport 2 numbers of 3 m3 or 4.5 m3 containers or in combination. It can handle a live load of over 4000 kg and 6000 kg. This vehicle will start with two empty containers of both 3 m3 or 4.5 m3 container or in combination and shall place the empty containers properly in the primary storage points with shutters open for use and lift the filled containers.


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Wet waste should be carried to the compost yard proposed by CMC to be built with in the landfill site. Dry waste should be taken off for landfill. Dry waste collected by the auto tippers should be transferred to the tractors, which will further carry it to the landfill site. These tractors should cover its top with the tarpaulin to avoid littering. Recyclables should be segregated by the workers itself and to be sold in the market. The amount gained can be distributed among the workers as an incentive.

A dumper placer can clear two containers of wet waste from two locations per trip. One driver and helper is required per vehicle. Dumper placer will also transport the waste to Landfill site

3.6.3 PROCESSING OF WASTE

The best way of processing organic waste is by composting. Composting is a biological process of decomposition carried out under controlled conditions of ventilation, temperature, moisture and organisms in the waste themselves that convert waste into humus-like material by acting on the organic portion of the solid waste. Vermi compost is another type of composting produced using Earthworms.

Biodegradable waste will be partially decomposed for a period of 3 weeks and the material is then shifted to vermi pits for consumption by Earthworms. The casting of Earthworm is the final product i.e. vermin-compost, rich in micronutrients, enzymes etc. The wet and dry waste should be transported to this site. Currently CMC Chitradurga is not processing waste but in future has plans to set up a compost yard at the landfill site.

3.6.4 DISPOSAL OF WASTE

At present the waste is dumped at the landfill site but as per MSW Rules 2000, guidelines and specifications for development and operation of landfill site is clearly mentioned. Only inerts are proposed for disposal in the landfill site. The waste is disposed off in to the scientific landfill site proposed at Dyamavanhalli.

3.7 PROPOSED DESIGN

The total quantity of waste generated in Chitradurga CMC is 44.00 tons/day, out of which 30 tons/day of waste is collected. The per capita waste generated in the town is about 273 gm/day. A landfill site (35.3 acres) at Sy. No. 456 at Dyamavvanahalli has been procured for waste disposal. The landfill site is provided with compound wall and a bore well has been drilled. At present waste is being dumped in the landfill haphazardly.

Due to paucity of funds under KMRP, it is proposed to develop an engineered land fill cell, which will be adequate to store solid waste generated in next 5 years. The land fill cell will be provided with composite liner system comprising of an impervious soil liner (0.9m thick) and HDPE liner 1.5mm thick. For leachate collection and conveyance HDPE pipe line will be provided, which will carry the leachate to Anaerobic and stabilisation ponds. The above ponds are also proposed to be

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provided with impervious soil liner and PCC liner. There is a provision for re-circulating the treated leachate in dry season which will be achieved by pumping the leachate back to landfill cell. Provision for a pump (5.0 HP) and HDPE pipe line has been made.

The proposed development is based on norms as per MSW rules 2000, Karnataka state policy on MSWM, CPHEEO guidelines and specifications and relevant codes of Bureau of Indian Standards.

As per the guidelines prescribed in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Rules, 2000, municipal solid waste, bio-medical waste and industrial hazardous waste are to be collected separately, treated and disposed off. As per Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, hospitals, nursing homes, clinics generating bio-medical waste are required to segregate infectious waste, store separately, treat the same on site or at common treatment facility and disposed separately or at MSW landfill site. Similarly industrial hazardous waste is required to be stored separately and treated as per the guidelines prescribed in Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, by the industries before treated waste is disposed off separately at MSW landfill site. ULB should issue notices to those BMW (Bio medical waste) generators for not complying with the Rules and inform the State Pollution Control Board to initiate action against the defaulting hospitals, nursing homes and medical practitioners.

Under Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), it is proposed to segregate biodegradable waste, dry recyclable waste like paper, plastic and other waste (domestic hazardous waste) such as batteries, paint and varnish tins, etc. in separate bins at source. Biodegradable waste is proposed to be treated in a compost plant proposed to be constructed in future at the landfill site by CMC Chitradurga. Recyclable waste is proposed to be sorted out by the waste collectors working under NGOs for reuse and recycling and the reject from compost plant, reject of recyclable waste not picked up by waste collectors for reuse and recycling and inorganic waste such as debris, silt from drain etc are proposed to be taken to the landfill to be set up and developed as per MSW Rules, 2000. Wastes such as domestic hazardous wastes are proposed to be stored separately in closed containers kept within the proposed landfill site (area earmarked), which can be lifted by mechanical arrangements and loaded into the vehicle directly. Waste thus collected would be transported to the Centralized hazardous waste treatment and disposal facility.

Since 100% segregation of waste will not be achieved at one stroke, initially the mixed waste will be taken to landfill site. Scientific landfill comprises of 90 cm thick soil liner having permeability not greater than 1x10-7 cm/sec, over laid by 1.5 mm HDPE liner is proposed. During monsoon season the landfill will be saturated and the water mixed with the organic matter will seep through the landfill. This liquid waste generated from solid waste termed as leachate is proposed to be collected through a perforated pipe network provided above the HDPE liner and suitably treated before disposal. The quantity of leachate generated during the fair season will be very small


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and is proposed to be re-circulated. The leachate generated during monsoon will be treated in Anaerobic Pond followed by Stabilization Pond and the treated leachate will be let off.

The physical characteristics of urban solid waste generated in a typical town with population ranging from 5 to 10 lakh is given in Table 3.4 along with source wise waste generation in Table 3.5 are furnished.

Table 3.4: Physical characteristics of Municipal Waste

Component Percentage by weight (%)Paper 2.95Rubber, leather and synthetics 0.73Glass 0.35Metals 0.32Total compostable matter 40.04Inert matter 48.38Others 7.23

For cities where data in respect of quantum of solid waste generated has not been developed or are otherwise not available on the basis of actual observations for that specific town, the suggested norms are given in Table 3.5.

Table 3.5: Norms for solid waste generated from various sources

Type of solid waste Quantity of waste (kg/ capita/ day)

Residential refuse 0.3 to 0.6

Commercial refuse 0.1 to 0.2

Street sweepings 0.05 to 0.2

Institutional refuse 0.05 to 0.2

If industrial solid waste is also included in municipal refuse for collection and/or disposal purposes, then an additional solid waste generation 0.1 to 1.0 kg/cap/day may be added while estimating the quantity of solid waste generated. The generation rates outlined in Table 3.6 are subject to considerable site-specific factors. As per details of 255 sampled towns with population ranging from 0.1 to 0.5 million, the per capita waste generation works out to about 210 gm/day.

The solid waste generation is given as below:

Year 2011 : population : 170210 @ 210 gm/day = 35.74 tons/day

Year 2021 : population : 231912 @ 210 gm/day = 48.70 tons/day

The chemical characteristics of urban solid waste generated in a typical town with population ranging from 5 to 10 lakh is given in Table 3.6.

Table 3.6: Chemical characteristics of Municipal Waste

Component Percentage by weight (%)Moisture 19.52Organic matter 25.14

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Nitrogen (as Total Nitrogen) 0.66Phosphorous (as P2OS) 0.56Potassium (as K2O) 0.69

The C/N ratio and Calorific value of urban solid waste generated in a typical town with population ranging from 5 to 10 lakh are 21.13 and 900.61 kcal/kg.

The phase wise details of proposed landfill with respect to population and corresponding waste generation along with landfill area, volume and height is given below.

Table 3.7: Details of proposed Landfill project

Year Population Waste generation Landfill volume Landfill area Landfill height2001 170210 35.74 MT2015 191572 40.23 MT 71248 m3 6478 m2 11 m2020 222084 55.52 MT 82593 m3 12415 m2 8 m2025 265179 66.30 MT 93748 m3 15313 m2 7 m2030 307416 92.22 MT 110997 m3 16226 m2 7.5 m

Figure 3.2: Details of the proposed landfill development


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Figure 3.3: Location SWM site at Chitradurga

3.8 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT

A comprehensive greenbelt plan will be implemented to avoid the problems of foul smell, polluted air and to improve the ecological condition. The total land allotted for the Landfill site is 35 acres in which vacant land will be used for developing with green belt around its periphery. Around the Landfill site, 2-3 rows of tree will be planted and the distance between the plants will be 1.5m. Also, to protect the green belt and Landfill barbed wire fencing is proposed all round the site.

Distance between rows : 1.5m

Distance between trees : 1.5m

Rows of plant provided : 3 rows around its periphery depending on the extent of availability of land

Total number of plants : 1630

The green belt will serve the important environmental objectives of the dust and fumes capture, noise attenuation and wind barrier while also improving the aesthetics. Green belt development will be taken up along with the execution of civil works by the Urban local body (ULB) so that the plantation will grow to adequate height by the time of plant commissioning. Thus greenbelt will be effective in containing the pollutants due to the plant operations.

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3.8.1 PLANNED SPECIES FOR GREEN BELT

While selecting the plant species for the proposed green belt, the following points have been taken in to consideration:

1. Should be a fast growing type;

2. Should have a thick canopy cover;

3. Should be perennially green;

4. Should be preferably of native origin; and

5. Should have large leaf area index.

The species recommended for plantation vide KUIDFC circular to the ULB is as follows.

Row 1: Polyanthia

Row 2: Flowering Plants – Eg. Spathodia, Gulmohar, Butia etc

Row 3: Pongamia

Row 4: Smell absorbing plant

Row 5: Local/other commercially valuable species – Eg. Neem, Sisso etc

3.8.2 COST

A lump sum provision for plantation has been made in the estimates. It is proposed to execute the same by force account. The saplings are proposed to be collected from Forest dept. by the ULB. The ULB will be responsible for planting and maintaining the saplings for initial 3 months and the cost will also be borne by them. For planting 1630 trees, the total cost will be Rs. 1.63 lakh at the cost of Rs.100 per tree including planting and maintaining the saplings for initial 3 months. Further, the plantations shall be regularly maintained by ULB.

The cost of development of Sanitary Landfill Facility for Chitradurga is Rs. 140 lakhs. This includes clearing the area and excavation, compaction of original ground; construction of embankment and impervious soil liner; inlet an outlet chambers; mechanical & electrical items for leachate recycling; Providing HDPE Liner, graded filter media, Turfing and CC liner, etc. This only will be taken up under the KMRP project and the remaining will be taken up under different sources of funds as given in the following table.


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Table 3.8: Cost of SWD Disposal

Sl. No. Description of components Total Cost Available funds (in

lakhs)

Balance amount required for completion of project

1 Development of Sanitary landfill facility (cell, leachate collection)

140.00 140.00 (KMRP) 0.00

2 Storm Water Drain (2000 rmt) The ULB has already constructed the storm water drain all around the compound wall

3 Internal Roads 10.00 0.00 10.004 Cattle Trap The ULB has already constructed.5 Security / Watchman Room 1.5 0.00 1.56 Officer / Record Room 8.25 0.00 8.257 Weigh Bridge 4.5 0.00 4.58 Common Toilet Facility 4.75 0.00 4.759 Vehicle shed (3 vehicles) 4.00 0.00 4.0010 Tree plantation in 5 rows

6.130.00 6.13

11 Composting Platform (3125 Sqm)

50.00 9.00 (SFC funds) 41.00

12 Vehicles a JBC Already Exists in the ULBb One tractor with trailer Already Exists in the ULB13 Closing Expenses for cell 28.72 0.00 28.72

Total 257.85 140.00 108.85

Social and Environmental Profile and Baseline Situation

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CHAPTER 4 - SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE AND BASELINE SITUATION

4.1 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT

A detailed profile of demographic, economic and land use characteristics are presented in chapter 3 of this report. This section deals with other important parameters of socio-economic environment.

4.1.1 HEALTH PROFILE

Information on health profile of the town is critical to assess the impacts of the proposed SWM under KMRP. There are 21 major hospitals and nursing homes in the town. Apart from these the town is equipped with number of small clinics which cater to the needs of the town. There is one government hospital with 500 beds along with OPD facilities. Apart from these facilities the town has Sir Manjunathaswara Ayurvedic hospital located along B M road with 138 beds capacity is very famous in the surrounding areas. The ayurvedic hospital is a privately run hospital.

4.1.2 CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL MONUMENTS

There are many places of worship in Chitradurga. Significant archeological sites in Chitradurga CMC area are Chitradurga Fort, Obavvana Kindi etc.. The present SWMproject related construction activities do not affect any of the religious structures.

4.1.3 OTHER FEATURES OF THE TOWN

The project area profile of the town depicts a predominant middle income neighbourhood with a mix of developed and extension areas.

4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

A description of the base line environmental conditions of Chitradurga CMC is discussed in this section. The profile is based on the secondary information collectedfrom the various secondary sources such as ULB, KSPCB, Meteorological Departmentand various other government agencies.

4.2.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT

Chitradurga is situated in the heart of Deccan Plateau, northeast of Bangalore. It is located at 140 15’ North latitude and 760 25’ East longitudes, at an altitude of 735 metres above mean sea level. Chitradurga is a district headquarters situated in central Karnataka, at a point where two National Highways–Bangalore-Poona (NH -4) and Chitradurga-Sollapur (NH-13) meet. It is at a distance of about 200 km from Bangalore. Pavagoda–Bhadravathi SH 48 also passes through the town. It is also connected to Davengere, Challakere, Holalkere by major district roads. Chitradurga

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is well connected by railways from Chikkajajur located along Miraj-Bangalore main line. Chitradurga has some important tourist spots like Chitradurga Fort, Obavvana Kindi Vaani Vilas Sagara, Murugha Rajendra Bruhanmatha & Chadravalli Garden.

4.2.2 HISTORY

Chitradurga features bold rock hills and picturesque valleys, huge towering boulders in unimaginable shapes. It is known as the "stone fortress" (Kallina Kote). The landscape looks much like a mischievous giant's playground, with boulders thrown around, forming silhouettes against the sky. According to a story in the Epic Mahabharatha, a man-eating giant named Hidimbasura lived on the Chitradurga hill and was a source of terror to everyone around. When the Pandava came with their mother Kunti in the course of their exile, Bhima had a duel with Hidimba. Hidimba was slain by Bhima and peace returned to the area. Legend has it the boulders were part of the arsenal used during that duel. In fact, the boulders on which major part of the city rests belong to the oldest rock formation in the country. Timmana Nayaka a chieften under the Vijayanagar empire rose to the rank of governor of Chitradurga as a reward for his excellence in military achievements, from the Vijayanagara ruler. This was the beginning of the rule of the Nayakas of Chitradurga.

4.2.3 DEMOGRAPHICS

As per 2001 India census, Chitradurga had a population of 122,594. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Chitradurga has an average literacy rate of 76%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 80% and female literacy of 72%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.

4.2.4 CLIMATE AND RAINFALL

Climate is characterised by moderate summers & winters. Meteorologically, the year can be divided into three distinct seasons. Winter season sets in from the month of October and continues up to February, followed by summer season from March to mid-May. Rainy season commencing from mid-June lasts through July, August, September & October. Humidity is at peak during months of July & August and is minimum during winter months of January & February. Temperature rises after March and April is hottest month of the year with mean daily maximum temperature going up to 35.7oC. With the withdrawal of monsoons, by the end of October, there is a sharp decrease in temperature. December and January are the coolest months of the year, with mean daily minimum temperature at about 17oC. Total annual rainfall is about 642 mm. Maximum rainfall is received in the months from May to October. Month wise details are given in Table 4.1.

Table 4.1: Temperature and Rainfall Details in Project Area

Month Mean Temperature (ºC) Rainfall (mm)

Relative Humidity (%)

Maximum Minimum At 08.30 hrs At 17.30 hrsJanuary 28.2 17.1 0.3 67 34


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Month Mean Temperature (ºC) Rainfall (mm)

Relative Humidity (%)

Maximum Minimum At 08.30 hrs At 17.30 hrsFebruary 31.7 19.3 1.5 58 30March 34.6 21.6 6.6 58 27April 35.7 22.9 48.8 69 33May 34.3 22.4 86.5 76 41June 30.1 21.5 50.4 82 62July 27.7 20.9 79.6 87 72August 27.7 20.7 67.7 87 71September 28.8 20.5 105.7 85 63October 29.1 20.4 138.0 81 57November 28.1 18.6 43.0 75 51December 27.4 16.8 11.3 73 42Average 30.28 20.23 75 49Total 642.0Source: IMD

4.2.5 SOIL AND GEOLOGY

There are two types of soil predominantly present in Chitradurga town area, black cotton soil and red soil. The soil is Red gravelly earth on Western and North Western parts on the eastern and northern part of the town is of black cotton type. Geology of Chitradurga, Black clay on Eastern & Northern part with impervious granite strata at 10 to 15m depths.

4.2.6 ECONOMIC BASE

Chitradurga is a multi functional town. The economic base of the town depends on agriculture, trade and commerce, industries and tourism sector. Sheep rearing activity is predominantly found in the town along with small scale industries like Oil mills, lathes, welding units, cotton mills, etc. Dry agriculture is main occupation in hinterland of the town. Chitradurga is lagging behind industrially but of late trade and commerce is gaining an upper hand. Davanagere and Harihar have retained their industrial characters, which are surrounding towns of Chitradurga.

4.2.7 TOPOGRAPHY

The town slopes from south & west to north and east. It is hilly in the south region of the town. However the landfill slopes from west to east i.e., from the back of the landfill to the front area towards the road.

4.2.8 SURFACE WATER SOURCES

There are no significant surface water sources in Chitradurga except for the Vedanthi river which runs about 40 km from the city and dry for most part of the year.

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4.2.9 GROUND WATER

The ground water is very deep around Chitradurga and depth usually is more than 70m.

4.2.10 ECOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

Being predominantly an urban area, the ecological environment of Chitradurga is not very diverse. Mostly dry mixed deciduous and open scrub are found in this region.

4.3 BASELINE SAMPLE SURVEY

A base line survey will establish the potential of any contamination of water and soil in the town and its impact. The results of the analysis also will guide in predictingthe positive or negative impacts of the environment and subsequent preparation of environmental management plan.

4.3.1.1 Analysis of Air Characteristics

The ambient air quality is one of the most significant indicators of environmental health of a city. In Chitradurga City Ambient air quality monitoring at landfill site has not been carried. The ambient air quality should be carried out and should be within the CPCB standards. As per CPCB norms the standard for Ambient Air quality of any particular area is as follows:

Table 4.2: Ambient Air Quality Standards (National)

PollutantsTime-

Weighted Average

Concentration in Ambient AirMethod of

MeasurementIndustrial Areas

Residential, Rural &

Other Areas

Sensitive Areas

Sulpher Dioxide (SO2)

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 Improved West and Geake Method , UV Fluorescence

24 hours**

120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3

Oxides of Nitrogen as (NO2)

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 15 µg/m3 Jacob & Hochheiser Modified Method

24 hours**

120 µg/m3 80 µg/m3 30 µg/m3 - Gas Phase Chemiluminescence

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

Annual Average*

360 µg/m3 140 µg/m3 70 µg/m3 - High Volume Sampling, (Average flow rate not less than 1.1 m3/minute).

24 hours**

500 µg/m3 200 µg/m3 100 µg/m3

Respirable Particulate Matter (RSPM) (size < 10 microns)

Annual Average*

120 µg/m3 60 µg/m3 50 µg/m3 Respirable particulate matter sampler

24 hours**

150 µg/m3 100 µg/m3 75 µg/m3

Lead (Pb) Annual Average*

1.0 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3 0.50 µg/m3

- ASS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent Filter paper


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24 hours**

1.5 µg/m3 1.00 µg/m3 0.75 µg/m3

.

Ammonia1 Annual Average*

0.1 mg/ m3

0.1 mg/ m3 0.1 mg/m3

.

24 hours**

0.4 mg/ m3

0.4 mg/m3 0.4 mg/m3

.

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

8 hours** 5.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3 1.0 mg/ m3

- Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)

1 hour 10.0 mg/m3

4.0 mg/m3 2.0 mg/m3

Spectroscopy

*Annual Arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.** 24 hourly/8 hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may

exceed but not on two consecutive daysSource: CPCB

4.3.1.2 Analysis of Water Characteristics

Quality of water is very critical in assessing the impacts. In order to establish thewater quality and assess the possible impacts, 2 samples each was collected in the all the directions of the town. The test results are tabulated.

Table 4.3: Water Quality ResultsLocation Turbidity Colour pH TDS TH Cl SO4 F NO3 Ca Mg Fe Alk

NTU HU mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l

Center – A BDL BDL 8.6 508 124 97.0 2.9 0.8 2.3 43.2 3.9 BDL 270Center – B BDL BDL 8.4 521 128 92.0 1.7 0.7 2.3 45.6 3.6 BDL 259South - A BDL BDL 8.6 539 138 98.0 2.9 0.8 3.1 37.6 10.3 BDL 262South - B BDL BDL 8.4 512 135 91.0 2.7 0.7 3.1 39.2 10.9 BDL 258East – A BDL BDL 7.2 1178 534 289.0 3.8 1.3 0.9 156.0 35.0 BDL 378East – B BDL BDL 7.5 1161 526 275.0 3.5 1.2 1.1 145.0 38.6 BDL 389West – A BDL BDL 7.2 917 444 175.0 15.4 1.4 0.9 168.8 5.3 BDL 340West – B BDL BDL 7.6 932 435 179.0 15.1 1.3 1.2 175.5 5.6 BDL 356North – A BDL BDL 8.0 508 242 95.0 2.9 0.7 1.7 52.0 27.2 BDL 284North – B BDL BDL 7.6 499 231 90.0 2.6 0.7 1.7 49.0 27.6 BDL 278Source: SEMF (BDL-Below detectable limits, TH -Total hardness)

The above test results indicate that the significant parameters are well within the permissible limits as per IS: 10500 and do not pose any contamination problems.

Also, ground water samples from nearby borewell at Landfill site were collected and analyzed for establishing a baseline on ground water quality. The test results are indicated in Table 4.4.

Table 4.4: Ground water test results from nearby borewell at Landfill siteSl. No.

Parameters Analyzed Maximum permissible

limits as per IS 10500 -1991

Bore well 2

km from land fill

site

Bore well 1.5 km from land fill

site1 pH 6.5- 8.5 7.48 7.212 Total Dissolved solids mg/l 500 1736.80 1298.03 Total Hardness (as CaCo3, mg/l) 300 752.0 632.04 Chloride (as Cl, mg/l) 250 142.0 292

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Sl. No.

Parameters Analyzed Maximum permissible

limits as per IS 10500 -1991

Bore well 2

km from land fill

site

Bore well 1.5 km from land fill

site5 Sulphate (as SO4, mg/l) 200 30.74 20.636 Fluoride (as F, mg/l) 1.0 0.79 0.847 Nitrates (as NO2, mg/l) 45 8.12 5.638 Calcium (as Ca, mg/l) 75 180.80 83.209 Magnesium (as Mg, mg/l) 30 120.77 102.4110 Iron (as Fe mg/l) 0.1 Nil Nil11 Manganese (as Mn mg/l) 0.3 Nil Nil12 Copper as (Cu, mg/l) 0.05 Nil Nil13 Zinc as Zn, mg/l) 5 Nil Nil14 Phenolic compounds as C6H5OH, mg/l 0.001 Absent Absent15 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l (for 3

days at 27ºC)-- Nil Nil

16 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (as mg/l) -- Nil Nil

The test results indicate that the ground water samples have high TDS & Hardness apart for this the ground water quality is satisfactory.

As per MSW 2000, during O & M stage the ground water quality within 50 metres of the periphery of landfill site shall be periodically monitored to ensure that ground water is not contaminated beyond acceptable limit. Such monitoring shall be carried out to cover different seasons in a year that is, summer, monsoon and post-monsoon period. Usage of groundwater in and around landfill sites for any purpose (including drinking and irrigation) is to be considered after ensuring its quality. The following specifications for drinking water quality shall apply for monitoring purpose.

Table 4.5: Standards for ground water quality in vicinity of landfill site

S.No. Parameters IS 10500: 1991 Desirable limit (mg/l except for pH)

1. Arsenic 0.052. Cadmium 0.013 Chromium 0.054. Copper 0.055. Cyanide 0.056. Lead 0.057. Mercury 0.0018. Nickel -9. Nitrate as NO3 45.010 PH 6.5-8.511. Iron 0.312. Total hardness (as CaCO3) 300.013. Chlorides 25014. Dissolved solids 50015. Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) 0.00116. Zinc 5.017. Sulphate (as SO4) 200


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4.3.1.2.1 Contamination of Ground water by leachate

The proposed landfill facility shall be developed as per the provisions of MSW Rules, 2000. Landfill cells shall be developed impermeable units to arrest the leaching.

Diversion of storm water through drains to minimize leachate generation, prevent pollution of surface water, also avoid flooding & creation of marshy conditions.

Construction of a non-permeable lining system at the base & walls of waste disposal area. For landfill receiving residues of waste processing facilities or mixed waste or waste having contaminated hazardous materials (such as aerosols, bleaches, polishes, batteries, waste oils, paint products and pesticides) minimum liner specifications shall be a composite barrier having 1.5 mm high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembrane, or equivalent, overlying 90 cm of soil (clay or amended soil) having permeability coefficient not greater than 1 x 10-7 cm/sec. The highest level of water table shall be at least two meter below the base of clay or amended soil barrier layer.

Provisions for management of leachates collection and treatment shall be made. The treated leachates shall meet the standards specified in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Standards for disposal of treated leachate

SI. No

Parameter Standards(Mode of Disposal )Inland surface water

Public sewers

Land disposal

1 Suspended solids, mg/l, max 100 600 2002 Dissolved solids (inorganic) mg/l, max. 2100 2100 21003 PH value 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.0 5.5 to 9.04 Ammonical nitrogen (as N), mg/l, max. 50 50 -5 Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (as N), mg/l, max. 100 - -6 Biochemical oxygen demand (3 days at 270 C)

max.(mg/l) 30 350 100

7 Chemical oxygen demand, mg/l, max. 250 - -8 Arsenic (as As), mg/l, max 0.2 0.2 0.29 Mercury (as Hg), mg/l, max 0.01 0.01 -

10 Lead (as Pb), mg/l, max 0.1 1.0 -11 Cadmium (as Cd), mg/l, max 2.0 1.0 -12 Total Chromium (as Cr), mg/l, max. 2.0 2.0 -13 Copper (as Cu), mg/l, max. 3.0 3.0 -14 Zinc (as Zn), mg/l, max. 5.0 15 -15 Nickel (as Ni), mg/l, max 3.0 3.0 -16 Cyanide (as CN), mg/l, max. 0.2 2.0 0.217 Chloride (as Cl), mg/l, max. 1000 1000 60018 Fluoride (as F), mg/l, max 2.0 1.5 -19 Phenolic compounds (as C6H5OH) mg/l, max. 1.0 5.0 -

The typical constituents of leachate form MSW Landfills are given in Table 4.7.

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Table 4.7: Typical Constituents of Leachate from MSW Landfills

Constituent Range (mg/l)Type Parameter Minimum MaximumPhysical pH 3.7 8.9

Turbidity 30 JTU 500 JTUConductivity 480 mho/cm 72500 mho/cm

Inorganic Total Suspended Solids 2 170900Total Dissolved Solids 725 55000Chloride 2 11375Sulphate 0 1850Hardness 300 225000Alkalinity 0 20350Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 2 3320Sodium 2 6010Potassium 0 3200Calcium 3 3000Magnesium 4 1500Lead 0 17.2Copper 0 9.0Arsenic 0 70.2Mercury 0 3.0Cyanide 0 6.0

Organic COD 50 99000TOC 0 45000Acetone 170 11000Benzene 2 410Toluene 2 1600Chloroform 2 1300Delta 0 51,2 dichloroethane 0 11000Methyl ethyl ketone 110 28000Naphthalene 4 19Phenol 10 28800Vinyl Chloride 0 100

Biological BOD 0 195000Total Coliform bacteria 0 100Fecal Coliform bacteria 0 10

4.3.1.3 Analysis of Soil Characteristics

In order to assess the soil characteristics to know it quality and possibility of any contamination of soil, two samples each were collected in the all the directions of the town along the sewage network and analysed for its physiochemical characteristics.

Table 4.8: Soil Characteristics along the Road Network

Location pHExtraction (

1:2)

TDS mg/l (Water Soluble -Inorganic) Extraction

( 1:2)

TOC

%

Porosity

%

Nitrate mg/gm

Centre - A 7.5 1017 0.55 23.58 0.36

Centre - B 7.8 1034 0.58 23.80 0.36

South - A 7.5 5456 0.46 24.83 1.56


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Location pHExtraction (

1:2)

TDS mg/l (Water Soluble -Inorganic) Extraction

( 1:2)

TOC

%

Porosity

%

Nitrate mg/gm

South - B 7.6 5469 0.49 25.10 1.73

East - A 7.4 4278 1.01 28.07 1.24

East - B 7.6 4291 1.25 28.90 1.34

West - A 7.3 3906 0.40 36.32 0.60

West - B 7.4 3921 0.43 36.80 0.61

North - A 7.5 707 0.26 32.51 1.07

North - B 7.5 717 0.28 33.10 1.13Source SEMF (ND - Not Detectable)

Soil is red and black cotton and exhibits poor to medium porosity. The samples were slightly alkaline in nature.

4.4 SUMMARY OF BASE LINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE

It can be summarised from the environmental profile in the preceding sections that the Chitradurga town do not present any sensitive environmental features that could be affected by the implementation of proposed Sanitary Landfill sub project at Dyamavanahalli.

Identification of Social and Environmental Impacts

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CHAPTER 5 - IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

5.1 INTRODUCTION

A description of the base line environmental conditions of the town and possible impacts of proposed SWM system are discussed in this section. The prediction of impacts are primarily based on environmental and socio-economic profile of thetown presented in the preceding sections and base line survey. Health and environmental issues also provide basis for predicting the impacts of the proposed SWM system.

5.2 PROJECT ACTIVITIES

A detailed discussion of the proposed SWM system is presented in chapter 3 of this report. For the purpose of assessing the impacts, a summary of the same andvarious activities involved in execution of the SWM system are presented below.

5.2.1 THE PROPOSED SWM SYSTEM

It is proposed to develop a landfill site in an area of 35.3 Acres at Sy. No. 456 at Dyamavvanahalli for solid waste disposal. The amount of waste generated at present is estimated at 44 tons. The land fill site is proposed to cater for a further period of 20 years. Due to the fund constraints, the site is proposed to be develop in 4 phases. For the present it is proposed to develop a land fill to cater for an estimated generation of solid waste of 44 tons.

The entire land fill site is provided with compound wall and also a storm water drain, inside, all along the compound wall. A bore well has also been drilled and fitted with the power pump.

It is proposed to develop a sanitary land fill cell, which will be adequate to manage the solid waste generated in next 5 years.

In order to comply with the provisions made under rules MSW 2000 The ULB have already initiated steps, under GOK funding, to construct concrete platforms for composting of organic waste before taking it to the land fill. Tenders have already been invited for this purpose. The land fill cell will be provided with composite liner system comprising of an impervious soil liner (0.9m thick) and HDPE liner 1.5mm thick.

For leachate collection and conveyance HDPE pipe line is provided, which will carry the leachate to Anaerobic and stabilisation ponds. The above ponds are also proposed to be provided with impervious soil liner and PCC liner.

There is a provision for recirculating the treated leachate which will be achieved by pumping the leachate back to landfill cell. Provision for a pump (1.0 HP monoblock

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pumpset), which will pump the leachate back to landfill cell through HDPE pipeline provided for above purpose as per CPHEEO manual. (17.6.9 leachate management).

5.2.2 CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION PHASE

The activities during execution of landfill system will involve excavation of trenches, transportation of materials, development of bunds, laying of the pipes, compost platform and treatment plant. The impacts on the environment from these activities can be categorised as below.

5.2.2.1 Impacts on Physical Resources

5.2.2.1.1 Impacts on Topography and Land

These earthwork activities will be localised and will have temporary impact on topography of the area. Since the contour/topography of the proposed site is at a higher level, chance of inundation is low. Hence, degradation the land environment will not be significant. The acquisition of land generally leads to loss of livelihood, encroachments into sensitive areas. However, the site selected for landfill site is a barren land with no development around. Hence, no significant impacts are envisaged.

5.2.2.1.2 Impacts on Climate

No changes in climatic conditions are anticipated due to the developing the landfill site.

5.2.2.2 Impact on Environmental Resources

5.2.2.2.1 Impact on surface water quality

Construction activities for the proposed development can have minor impact on hydrology and water quality of the area as the construction waste will not be leached into ground or any surface water body.

During the operation phase, activities responsible for the impact on the surface waters are, leakage from the leachate treatment pond, runoff from the raised landfill areas, deposition of air pollutants and removal of vegetated areas. During this phase, these activities may cause significant change in the surface water quality.

Approximately 2000 m3/day water from groundwater will be utilized for plant operation. Effluent generated from the process will be treated adequately and disposed off into the near by nala/stream. Spill over from the process would be collected and treated prior disposal.

The small quantities of leachate generated will be collected in the sump and treated in Treatment Plant.


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The proposed landfill, construction of treatment plant does not encroach / polluteany surface water bodies in the area and hence no significant impacts areanticipated on the surface water quality.

The proposed sub-project would increase the effectiveness of the solid wastedisposal in the town by providing safe solid waste disposal. The proposed work will provide better health benefits for the public, preventing diseases arising from the improper solid waste disposal system. Also, the proposed work will prevent the contamination of Agriculatural fields and Nala/Lake, as the present situation of disposal will lead to.

5.2.2.2.2 Impact on Ground water quality

Since the landfill is away from habitations and the area is with generally flat terrain,no activities of project construction or operations are expected to interfere with theground water characteristics of the area and hence the impacts on the ground water quality are not anticipated. Also, the construction of bunds, treatment plan, platform for composting will not have any impact on the ground water quality during construction.

However during operation phase of the project, if the leachate overflows or any nuisance occurs due to leakage, leachate is expected to percolate down and join theground water leading to contamination of the ground water sources. Regulartreatment and maintenance will nullify the impact. Also, usage of appropriate maintenance equipment would substantially reduce the maintenance time. Leaching of Landfill will not be significant as the Landfill site is not in flood prone area and the groundwater table fluctuates around 150 m below ground level in the area.

Contamination of ground water quality is not envisaged as a treated water quality of leachate will comply with standards laid down by KSPCB for disposal. Regular monitoring of leachate quality and ground water quality shall be carried out and ensure compliance with KSPCB standards.

5.2.2.2.3 Impacts on Air Quality

During the construction phase, operation of construction equipments and vehicles will be the main sources of pollution.

Suspended particulate matter and dust are the major sources which impacts air quality during the excavation process. As the project envisages dumping yards, theimpact of air pollution will not be very significant. As there are no habitats around the Landfill Site, the construction do not pose any impact on air. However, whenconsidering the exposure to these impacts by the workmen on site, the impact of air quality due to the project is likely to be higher. Adequate dust suppression measures and protective measures to the work men will significantly reduce the impacts.

The transportation of pipes and other materials, lifting machineries may be required during the construction phase and will require at least temporary roads. The

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movement of these vehicles on these temporary roads will contribute to the deterioration of air quality.

The activities involved will have temporary impacts of increased SPM levels on theresidents in the neighbourhood of the project area. Since these impacts aretemporary, adequate precautions during the construction period will mitigate the impacts.

Increase in odour pollution due to transport of solid waste to the landfill site. No airquality impacts are anticipated during the operation phase of the project. To avoid air pollution or odour nuisance at Landfill, Green belt with 2-3 rows of trees will be planted and buffer zone of around 500m is planned around the Landfill.

5.2.2.2.4 Impact on noise levels

Movement of vehicles transporting the construction material and the noisegenerating activities at the construction site are the major sources of noise pollution during construction. Material movement and associated laying work are primarynoise generating activities in the site and will be distributed over the entireconstruction period. Construction activities are expected to produce noise levels in the range of 80 - 95 dB (A) and can affect the personnel working at the site. Propersafety measures as mentioned in the management plan need to be adhered to mitigate any adverse impact of the noise generated by such equipment.

As the activities involved are close to the proximity of the households, it will have an adverse impact due to noise pollution. This impact is temporary and only during the construction phase. However, use of well functioning construction equipments and appropriate timing of activities will mitigate the impact.

The sources of noise emissions shall be construction equipment and vehicular movement.

Except during the regular maintenance activities, no noise generating activities are envisaged during the operation phase of the project and hence no noise impacts arepredicted during the operation phase of the project.

5.2.2.3 Impact on Ecological resources

The existing land cover and physiognomy support plant species typical of habitats and having a low plant diversity and simple structure. During the construction stage; there will be removal of shrubs and herbs at the site. It will be temporary and the proposed peripheral greenbelt will provide a much better habitat for those species than earlier.

The impact on ecological environment is suitably compensated and mitigated adopting comprehensive EMP.

The Landfill area is located in a location which do not have any vegetation/ trees around it. The project activity does not involve encroachment of sensitive


53

environmental features or cutting of trees / vegetation and hence no impacts are predicted on the ecological resources of the project area.

5.2.3 IMPACT ON HUMAN USE VALUES

5.2.3.1 Soil

The proposed project will be developed on the existing waste disposal site; hence, no change in the land-use of the site due to the proposed project is anticipated. With the site development for the proposed plant, green belt of 2.5 m to 3.0m around the periphery of project site would be developed and other aesthetic changes would be made at the plant site, there by creating overall positive impact on the aesthetics of the site.

During operation phase of the project, the rejects from waste segregation system. Will be disposed at the landfill site, which is about 20-30% of total MSW.

The impact on soil due to the project will be in terms of localized topsoil erosionalong the alignment due to construction activities. The impact of topsoil loss will be minimal. No quarries are envisaged in the project. The excavated earth will be utilized for construction of bunds for dump yards and for green belt depending on the availability.

5.2.3.2 Archaeological / Cultural Properties

No structures of archaeological or historical importance lie near the landfill or around the landfill site location. Hence no impacts are envisaged.

5.2.3.3 Social Impacts

The proposed project will lead to employment generation and will have a positiveimpact on the socio economic environment. Preference to local population shall be given in employment opportunities. Adequate mitigation measures will be put in place or implemented to reduce odor emissions and disease vectors from proposed site.

The health of the personnel deployed for execution of the project may have some impacts. These personnel shall practice safety and precautionary measures at site toprevent any health hazards. First aid shall be made available in the site and immediate response mechanism during emergencies to be followed.

Social / Resettlement Action Plan

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CHAPTER 6 - SOCIAL / RESETTLEMENT ACTION PLAN

The proposed landfill system would increase the effectiveness of the solid wastedisposal in the town by providing dumping yards and treatment of leachate produced. The proposed work will provide better health benefits for the public, preventing diseases arising from the improper solid disposal system. Also, the proposed work will prevent the contamination land and soil from solid waste. The ground water contamination will also be arrested by allowing the leachate to flow in the pipeline to treatment unit. The beneficiaries will comprise households of the town.

The landfill site shall be developed in existing solid disposal yard owned by CMC and no private land will be further required for the project. Hence, issues related to resettlement and rehabilitation are not envisaged in the proposed project

Public Consultations for the proposed project was conducted in Sep 2005.

No major social impacts are anticipated due to the Landfill system. The critical issues will be to ensure adequate safety and precautionary measures to minimise impacts during construction and to discharge the treated effluent to the standards prescribed by KSPCB during operation.

The treated leachate water arising from the treatment plant during the operation phase let of to a nearby nala. It can be used for gardening, lawns, of the landfill area.

The health of the personnel deployed for execution of the project may have some impacts. These personnel shall practice safety and precautionary measures at site to prevent any health hazards. First aid shall be made available in the site and immediate response mechanism during emergencies to be followed.

Environmental Management Plan

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CHAPTER 7 - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN

7.1 INTRODUCTION

In order to address the impacts predicted in the earlier sections mitigativemeasures are discussed in this section and an Environmental Management Plan(EMP) is recommended. The EMP also identifies the role of various agencies in theimplementation of these measures.

No major environmental impacts are anticipated due to the landfill site. The critical issues will be to ensure adequate safety and precautionary measures to minimise impacts during construction and to discharge the treated effluent to the standards prescribed by KSPCB during operation. Any specific impacts arising during execution has to be analyzed and appropriate mitigation measures taken accordingly.

While the impacts are not very severe and permanent, care has to be taken to ensure that the ambient environmental conditions do not deteriorate. Mitigative measures to the impacts on key environmental parameters are detailed out in thefollowing sections.

7.2 RECOMMENDED MITIGATIVE MEASURES

7.2.1 IMPACT DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

7.2.1.1 Impacts on Topography

The proposed landfill comprising formation of embankment and road involves earthwork activities which are localised and will have temporary impact on topography of the area.

7.2.1.1.1 Mitigation Measures

The excavated material should be secured for embackment purpose in the landfill area only. The excavated material storage should be maintained in such a way that the material will not impact any natural drainage course and hinder the traffic. There should be proper barricading, signage boards etc and also provide prior information to the public about the ongoing activities to prevent any accidents due to open trenches. After backfilling, the left out soil or debris at the storage location or by the side of trenches should be cleared.

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7.2.1.2 Impact on Water quality

The proposed Landfill is expected to improve the overall sanitation and public health of the town. Adequate precautions should be taken while formation of hearting impervious liner and Laying of 1.5mm thick HDPE geomembrane sheet. There is a possibility of more water collection during monsoon period in the area. The treated leachate should be disposed as per standards to avoid contamination of ground water.


To prevent the more water collection during monsoon, proper drainage arrangements should be planned. All such areas should be identified prior to initiation of construction works and the appropriate drainage measures should be planned.

Proper drainage arrangements should be made, to avoid the overflowing of existing drains due to excavation during the laying of drainage mains.

All precautionary measures should be taken to prevent the wastewater generated during construction from entering any water bodies.

Disposal of treated Leachate

The operation of Landfill shall be initiated only after obtaining Consent for operation from KSPCB.

The quality of treated effluent should comply with the discharge standards for disposal as per standards laid down by KSPCB in the CFE.

Regular monitoring of treated leachate quality and ground water quality shall be carried out and ensure compliance with KSPCB standards.

The excavated earth should be used to raise the banks of the river to help in preventing the local floods, if any.

7.2.1.3 Impact on Air Quality

During construction period the impacts on air quality are mainly due to the material movement and the actual construction activities. Due to material movement, air quality over the immediate influence area will be affected, but may not in significant level. There will be increase in the dust levels. During operation there may be odour problem around the Landfill site.


A dust control plan will be implemented and regular maintenance of vehicles and equipment will be carried out

All earth work should be protected in a manner to minimize generation of dust. Area under construction should be water sprinkled.


59

Construction material should be covered or stored in such a manner so as to avoid any dust due to wind.

Unpaved haul roads near / passing areas to be watered.

Trucks carrying construction material should be adequately covered to avoid the dust pollution and to avoid the material spillage.

To avoid the problems of foul smell, polluted air and other problems, buffer zones should be provided around the Landfill site.

Tree plantation should be carried out not less than three rows along the boundary of Landfill.

7.2.1.4 Impact on Noise level

The prime source of noise level during the construction phase are the construction machinery and the vehicular noise due to material movement around the project area. Though the effect of noise would be insignificant during daytime, the residential areas located may experience increase in the night time ambient noise level.


Controlled time of construction, job rotation etc. will be implemented.

Noisy construction operations in residential and sensitive areas should be carried out only between 7.30 am and 6.00 pm.

Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles should meet emission standards and to be kept with low noise level.

Idling of temporary trucks or other equipment should not be permitted during periods of loading / unloading or when they are not in active use.

Stationary construction equipment should be kept at least 500m away from sensitive receptors.

For protection of construction workers, earplugs should be provided tothose working very close to the noise generating machinery.

7.2.2 IMPACT DURING OPERATION PHASE

It is expected that the proposed landfill sub projects have only minor, negative, localized, temporary and less significant environmental impacts. These impacts can be easily mitigated through adequate mitigation measures and regular monitoring during the Design, Construction and Post Construction Phase of the project. It is recommended that ULBs should have monitoring responsibility in environmental issues of all project components and to ensure the environmental sustenance.

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7.3 BENEFITS FROM THE PROJECT

The implementation of the proposed landfill sub projects will create many beneficial impacts on Physical, Biological and Socio-economic environment. The nature of the proposed project component, being community upgrading, will fundamentally improve the overall urban environment. The overall environmental benefits will outweigh any localized impacts.

The proposed landfill system would increase the effectiveness of the SWD disposal in the town by providing dumping yard and composting. The proposed work will provide better health benefits for the public, preventing diseases arising from the improper solid waste disposal system. Also, the proposed work will prevent the contamination land and soil. The ground water contamination will also be arrested by allowing the leachate to flow in the pipeline. The beneficiaries will comprise households of the town.

7.4 SUMMARY ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ANDCONCLUSIONS

Table 7.1, summaries the EMP framed, with an objective to minimise negative environmental impacts of the proposed SWM system. The table includes the environmental issues and necessary mitigative measures for the same. It isenvisaged that mitigative measures for the construction phase impacts will formpart of tender documents inviting proposals for construction. The responsibility for their compliance thus would be binding for the prospective contractor as thecontract condition. The overall responsibility for implementation of mitigativemeasures will, however, rest with the project implementing agency, which will supervise the construction of improvements.

For the effective implementation of the EMP, an Environmental Management System (EMS) will be established at the proposed project. The EMS will include the following:

An Environmental Management cell

Environmental Monitoring Program

Personnel Training

Regular Environmental Audits and Corrective Action

Documentation – Standard operating procedures Environmental Management Plans and other records.

For the effective & safe implementation Municipal Waste Processing project, it is important to identify associated safety hazards and carry out a basic risk assessment; an effective risk assessment & disaster management plan has to be prepared. Risk assessment & disaster management plan includes:

Critical aspects including safety culture, training and awareness, relationships and training of contractor staff and many others.


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Safety measures, possibility of accidents either due to human errors and/ or due to equipment/ system failure.

Disaster management and response plan to minimize the adverse impacts due to an unfortunate incident and disaster Management aspects.

All possible environment aspects have been adequately assessed and necessary control measures have been formulated to meet statutory requirements. Thus implementing the proposed project will not have any appreciable negative impacts. Moreover, the landfill area requirement will reduce significantly as the about 75% to 80% of solid waste will be converted into usable form and only inerts (20-25%) would be sent for disposal at landfill site. This would save upon the future requirements of area for land filling.

The implementation of mitigation measures are the responsibilities of the Contractor/PC/ULB. However, the mitigation measures during construction phase will be the full responsibility of prospective Contractor. The PC/ULB would be responsible only for monitoring/supervision/guidance, etc. Liquidated damages are also recommended on account of non-compliance of EMP provisions.

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Table 7.1: Environmental Management Plan

Sl.No.

Issues / Impacts Mitigation Measures Project Phase Responsibility

1 Site clearance Site clearance will be done only in that part of the area identified for the sub-project.

Pre-construction

Contractor, PC, ULB

2 Debris disposal site identification Site for temporary storage and disposal of debris refuse to be identified. The disposal site shall be finalized such that they are not located within designated forest or other eco-sensitive areas, does not impact natural drainage courses and no endangered / rare flora is impacted by such disposal.

Pre-Construction

Contractor, PC, ULB

3 Loss of trees and vegetation In case any loss of trees and vegetation are inevitable, compensatory planting should be done. Atleast, double the number of trees cut shall be planted. Permission from concerned authorities shall be taken for tree cutting.

Construction Contractor, PC, ULB

4 Mitigating noise during construction Noisy construction operations should be restricted between 7.30 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.

Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and vehicles would be done to meet emission standards and to keep them with low noise.

Sound barriers in inhabited areas shall be installed. Provision of ear plugs to operators of heavy machinery and workers in

near vicinity. During night, material transport should be uniformly distributed to

minimize noise impacts.

Construction Contractor, PC,ULB

5 Dust contamination at construction sites and along the roads

Unpaved haul roads near/passing through residential and commercial areas to be watered at-least once a day.

Trucks carrying construction material to be adequately covered.

Construction Contractor, PC,ULB

6 Earth work excavation Ensure unobstructed natural drainage through proper drainage channels.

Dispose surplus excavated earth at identified site. Avoid damage to permanent structures. Shifting excavated earth immediately to identified site.


7 Disposal of construction debris Daily inspection at haul roads and site for construction debris for safe collection and disposal to identified site.

Collection and disposal of refuse. Minimize construction debris by balancing cut and fill



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Sl.No.


Requirements, if relevant.8 Pollution of the down stream water

sources due to runoff from disposal areaRunoff from uphill areas must not be allowed to enter the facility by providing drainage interceptors. Runoff from active landfill area and leachate shall not be allowed to flow down and be redirected to landfill.

Pre-construction, construction and operation

Contractor, PC, ULB

9 Odor nuisance Adequate buffer around the facilities shall be provided with smell absorbing plants

Operation ULB

10 Nuisance due to location of waste collection containers.

Containers shall be located at appropriate location; place the containers on a slightly elevated platform. Waste shall be regularly collected and no overflowing must be allowed. The collection, storage and transportation of solid waste shall confirm to schedule II of MSWM Rules, 2000.

Operation ULB

11 Contamination of Ground water by leachate.

The landfill facility shall be developed as per the provisions of MSW Rules, 2000: Design of landfill cells as impermeable units to arrest the leaching. In order to avoid the leachate to reach the ground water table. The

base of landfill shall have a HDPE liner of 1.5 mm thickness overlaying a 90 cm layer of Compacted clay liner of permeability 1 * 10 -7

Design of interception drainage network uphill of landfill to divert runoff water from entering the lanfill area.

Drainage system to collect leachate and also runoff of active landfill area will be let into leachate treatment unit and will be re-circulated into landfill cell.

Construction, operation

Contractor, PC, ULB

12 Nuisance to neighboring areas due to foul odour and influx of insects, rodents etc

Adequate buffer around the facilities shall be provided. Operation ULB

13 Ground water contamination due to leaching of leachates.

The landfill facility shall be developed as per the provisions of MSW Rules, 2000. Landfill cells shall be developed impermeable units to arrest the leaching.

The impervious layers shall be at least 2 m above the ground water table.

Construction & Operation

ULB

14 Pollution of agricultural lands and entering of traces into food chain due to

The compost shall meet the following specifications laid out in Schedule IV of MSW Rules, 2000. Concentration not to exceed (mg/kg dry basis,

Operation ULB

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Sl.No.


application of compost with heavy metal concentration.

except pH value and C/N ratio):Arsenic < 10.00Cadmium < 5.00Chromium < 50.00Copper < 300.00Lead < 100.00Mercury < 0.15Nickel < 50.00Zinc < 1000.00C/N ration < 20-40PH < 5.5-8.5Compost (final product) exceeding the above stated concentration limits shall not be used for food crops. However, it may be utilized for purposes other than growing food crops.

15 Impact due to methane gas emissions from landfill.

Ensure compliance of MSW Rules, 2000, which includes: the concentration of methane gas generated at landfill site shall not exceed 25% of lower explosive limit (LEL); and, landfill gas shall be burnt (flared) and shall not be allowed to directly escape to the atmosphere; and the ambient air quality at the site and at the vicinity shall be monitored to meet the following prescribed standards:(i) SO2 - < 120 micro g/ m3 (24 hours)(ii) SPM - < 500 micro g/ m3 (24 hours)(iii) Methane - not to exceed 25% of the LEL (equivalent to 650 mg/ m3)

Operation ULB

16 Health and safety hazards to workers during waste collection, transportation and at compost and disposal site.

Occupational safety plan shall be prepared. This includes:

Provision of appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE) such as gloves, boots, etc.

Manual handling of waste shall be avoided as far as possible. Training of workers on safe handling of waste and potential dangers

such as safety and health hazards.

Operation ULB

17 Water contamination Any construction activity shall ensure that the nearby water bodies will not be contaminated by silt runoff.

Construction & Operation

Contractor, PC, ULB

18 Safety practices during construction The Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions as Construction Contractor, PC,


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required for the safety of the workers as per the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 62 as far as those are applicable to this contract. The contractor will create adequate sanitation and water supply facilities and supply all necessary safety appliances such as safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc., to the workers and staff. The contractor has to comply with all regulation regarding, working platforms, excavations, trenches and safe means of entry and egress.

ULB

19 Aesthetic impairment Aesthetic enhancement through proper house keeping of construction sites.

Disposal of construction wastes at the approved disposal site. Immediate closure of any trenches after completion of work. Complete construction activity by removing all temporary structures, restoring the project and surrounding areas as

early as possible to the pre- construction condition.


20 Construction labour Planning of labour camps, if required, needs to be done to ensure adequate water supply, sanitation and drainage etc., in conformity with the Indian Labour Laws.

Construction Contractor, PC

21 First Aid Arrangement for a readily available first aid unit including an adequate supply of sterilized dressing materials and appliances shall be made available.

Construction Contractor, PC

22 Cultural relics / finds If fossils, coins, articles of value or antiquity, structures, and their remains of geologic or archaeological interest are found, local government shall be immediately informed of such discovery and excavation shall be stopped until identification of cultural relics by the authorized institution and clearance is given for proceeding with work.


23 Clearing of construction camps andrestoring them

To prepare camp restoration plans, if temporary camps were used. On completion of the works, all temporary structures will be cleared away, all rubbish properly disposed, excreta or other disposal pits or trenches filled in and effectively sealed off and the outline site left clean and tidy.


24 Loss of amenity, aesthetics, propertyvalues to neighbors due to location solid

Control of site layout and surrounding development setting could address these problems. As suggested in the MSWM Rules, 2000, the immediate

Operation ULB

EA - Chitradurga

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waste processing and landfill facility surroundings of the site may be declared as no development Zone.A physical barrier and visual screen in the form of greenbelt shall be developed around the site.

Documents

Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development and Finance ... · DPR Detailed Project Report DUDC District Urban Development Cell EA Environmental Assessment EC Empowered Committee EIA