Karnatik Music

7/23/2019 Karnatik Music

1/42

=

PCK@UR[MCKOCH GMUCM[OG BIMRROBMI DPROB

E_

QUMEOU KM[[M


2/42

5

[nos Bjdpoimtojc Kjbud`ct

OsK`kobmt`k

[jRnmguctmim, Mcockotm, [ocm, Menosn`g, Qrmkoptm

&Dy Jtn`r Lmdoiy D`de`rs,

U`imtov`s,Lro`cks,

Mqumoctmcb`sMck

Mii Bimssobmi Dusob Ijv`rsJl

Ockom&

Merjmk&

IM[@ CJE@I IMPUM[@ UMEOCKUMCM[N [MHJU@ M[ NOR=01[NEOU[N MCCO\@URMU_ _@MU


3/42

2

QU@LMB@

@mrio`r O pueiosn`k 5(twj) bjdp`ckouds-PCK@UR[MCKOCH OCKOMC BIMRROBMI DPROB mck DPROB

[N@UMQ_oc tn` wè.[njs` twj kjbud`cts hmv` d` ocspormtojc mck kmroch bjurmh` tj bjdpoi`

tnos vjiud` jc Gmrcmtog Bimssobmi Dusob.[nos kjbud`ct kj`s cjt c``k mcy octrjkubtojc.[nos os otsìl m

sìl `xpimcmtjry mck m bjdpoimtojc kjbud`ct jc Gmrcmtog Bimssobmi Dusob & [mim.Dmcy jl dy

lro`cks mck rìmtov`s msg`k d` wny O md bjdpoioch tnos kjbud`ct wotn sj dubn jl strmoc mck pmoc

mt tnos mh`.O md ruccoch


4/42

;

misj,wnj nmk e`mutolui HJK holt`k vjob`s mck gcjwi`kh`s jl bimssobmi dusob eut kok cjt bmr`

dubn mejut tnòr h`cous.Rj,ljr us,tn` goks oc tn` lmdoiy,dusob wms cjt tn` bup jl t`m mck w` nmk

bnjs`c koll`r`ct prjl`ssojcs ljr er`mk `mrcoch.Eut,w`,lrjd jur v`ry bnoiknjjk,w`r` ei`ss`k tj h`t

tn` rmr` jppjrtucoty tj n`mr e`mutolui sjchs jl mii typ`s,lrjd djrcoch tj cohnt,mt jur njd`.@v`c jur

kjd`stob nìp,sjd`tod`s oc tn` djrcoch, kuroch bi`mcoch tn` ut`csois,bjuik soch m ioc` jr twj

jlHuru Eocm Gmos` Hucm Hme`jrQnuim Umno Eìmrom`tb.Mt tod`s,w` us`k tj mbbjdpmcy jur

s`cojrs tj mtt`ck dusobmi sjor``s,sp`bomiiy bimssobmi.[nos sb`cmroj nms hov`c us m k``p

ocsohnt,ocbiocmtojc&oct`r`st oc Ockomc Bimssobmi.[njuhn O md cjt m sj bmii`k p`rljrd`r,y`t O bmcok`ctoly hjjk p`rljrdmcb`s mck ijv` tj n`mr hr`mt dm`strjs ms wìi ms pr`s`ct Pstmks&Qmckots jl

tn` bimss jl dusob. Ot os dy pmssojc mck m cj. jl hjjk bjii`btojc g``p d` eusy oc iost`coch tj tn`d.

O tro`k tj bjdpoi` m gock jl wrotùp,wnobn woii e` `msoiy uck`rstmckmei` mejut

NJX,XN_,XN@C,XNM[jl Ockomc bimssobmi dusob ljr tn` bjddjc`rs,tn` tn`jry mck tn` sbo`cb`

e`nock ot.Kìoe`rmtìy,tn` bnmpt`rosmtojc nms cjt e``c dmk` sj tnmt tnos kjbud`ct r`dmocs m

s`mdi`ss r`mkoch dmt`romi ljr jc` mck mii.

Xnoi` dmgoch tnos bjdpoimtojc,O tnjuhnt tnmt wn`c O md bjdpoioch sjd`tnoch,i`t d` `xpijr` octj

sjd` djr` mr`ms mck O r`miiy krjwc`k octj tn` k``p s`m jl ucgcjwc k`ptn.[n`r`ljr`,tj but snjrt,O

stjpp`k sjd`wn`r` oc e`tw``c, wn`r` O kjct gcjw.O bjuik e` mei` tj hmtn`r jciy 8111(s`v c

tnjusmck) cjs Umhms. Ku` tj pmuboty jl tod` & r`kuboch `c`rhy i`vì,Ot bjuik cjt e` pjssoei` tj

ocbjrpjrmt` mii tnjs` 8111 rmhms.Eut,mii tn` 8111 ot`ds mr` oc dy kmtmemcg&r`bjrk.Xn`c O snmii h`tsullobo`ct tod`,O oct`ck tj put mii jl tn`d oc tnos sochi` bjii`btojc.Mcy ejky oct`r`st`k dmy bjctmbt

d`,ol c``k sj mros`s.

O `cfjy`k luii suppjrt lrjd dy lmdoiy d`de`rs mii tnrjuhn oc bjdpi`toch tnos bjdpoimtojc

kjbud`ct,mkfustoch wotn tn` nohn mck ijws jl dy t`dp`rmd`ct.

Ol tnos kjbud`ct s`rv`s tn` purpjs` jl `msy uck`rstmckoch jl tn` suef`bt ljr bjddjc`rs mck

ocbr`ms` tn` pjpuimtojc jl Ockomc Bimssobmi Dusob ijv`rs mck muko`cb`,tn`c O snmii l`ì hr`mtiy

mbbjdpiosn`k.[nos kjbud`ct woii e` bjctocumiiy r`vos`k wotn tn` nìp jl bjrr`btov` suhh`stojcs

lrjd jc` mck mii.Mcy kosbr`pmcby ljuck oc tnos kjbud`ct dmy pi`ms` e` octodmt`k ljr wnobn O

snmii r`dmoc `v`r hrmt`lui tj tn` brotobs mck dusob ijv`rs.

O md r`miiy ljrtucmt` tj bjdpi`t` tn` kjbud`ct oc tn` =01tneortn mccov`rsmry y`mr jl tn` hr`mtpj`t UMEOCKUM CM[N [MHJU@,wotnjut wnjd X` bmct iov` mck djv`.

[nos kjbud`ct os prodmroiy k`kobmt`k tj nos d`djry.

Nyk`rmemk/Emchmijr`/Gjigmtm

QUMEOU KM[[M

15/10/51=1

Djeoi` Cj.-- 1??12>>// @ dmoi6kmttm.pg5112Ahdmoi.bjd


5/42

0


6/42

11 y`mrs jl Osimdob rui` jv`rcjrtn`rc Ockom.

Pcljrtucmtìy, `vok`cb` suhh`sts tnmt tnos mcsw`r os m hrjss jv`r-

sodpiolobmtojc. Ljr ocstmcb`, G`rmim nms mc `xtr`dìy imrh` Dusiod

pjpuimtojc, eut vortumiiy cj ok`ctolobmtojc wotn cjrtn Ockomc dusob. Ey

tn` smd` tjg`c, tn` Osimdob ocliu`cb` jv`r Jrossm wms c`hiohoei`, y`t

tn` mrtostob ljrds mr` bi`mriy ok`ctolomei` ms Nockustmco. Mitnjuhn tn`r`

os m pjjr bjrrìmtojc e`tw``c tn` h`jhrmpnobmi kostroeutojc jl Nockus

/ Dusiods mck tn` twj dusobmi syst`ds7 tn`r` os mc midjst `xmbt

bjrrìmtojc e`tw``c tn` Ockj-@urjp`mc/Krmvokomc buitur`s mck tn`twj dusobmi syst`ds.

[n`r`ljr`, w` bjd` tj tn` pjiotobmiiy ucbjdljrtmei`, y`t

oc`sbmpmei` bjcbiusojc tnmt tn` koll`r`cb`s e`tw``c Cjrtn mck

Rjutn Ockomc dusob kj`s cjt r`pr`s`ct m koll`r`ctomtojc bmus`k ey

Osimdob ocliu`cb`, eut ocst`mk r`pr`s`cts m bjctocumtojc jl

luckmd`ctmi buiturmi koll`r`cb`s.

NOR[JU_ JL GMUCM[OB RMCH@@[

X` bmc e`hoc jur kosbussojc jl tn` nostjry jl Gmrcmtob Rmch``twotn Qurmckmrkms (=;>1-=0tnb`ctury. Ot wms kuroch tnos p`rojk tnmt tn` "trocoty" jl Gmrcmtob dusob,

[nymhmrmfm, Rnmdmsnmstro, mck Dutnuswmdo Kogsnotmr bjdpjs`k tnòr

lmdjus bjdpjsotojcs. Oc mkkotojc tj jur "trocoty". Cud`rjus jtn`r

dusobomcs mck bjdpjs`rs crobn`k tnos trmkotojc. Rjd` cjtmei`

p`rsjcmioto`s w`r`7 Qmpmcmsmd Rnovmc, Hjpmim Grosncm Enmrmto, Rwmto

[orucmi, Dysjr` \msuk`vmbnmr, Cmrmymc [ortnm, Pttugmku

\`cgmtmsueemor, Mrucmhoro Cmtnmr, mck Mccmdmbnmrym.


8/42

>

GMUCM[OB DPROB [N@JU_

Gmrcmtobdusob nms m v`ry nohniy k`vìjp`k tn`jr`tobmi syst`d. Ot

os ems`k upjc m bjdpi`x syst`d jlrmhmd(rmh)mck tnmimd(tmi).

[n`s` k`sbroe` tn` octrobmbo`s jl tn` dìjkob mck rnytndob ljrds

r`sp`btovìy.

[n` dìjkob ljuckmtojc os tn`rmhmd (rmh). Umhmd (rmh)os

emsobmiiy tn` sbmi`. [n` s`v`c cjt`s jl tn` sbmi` mr` Rm Uo Hm Dm Qm

Knmmck Co. Njw`v`r, uciog` m sodpi` sbmi` tn`r` mr` b`rtmoc dìjkob

r`strobtojcs mck jeiohmtojcs. @mbnrmhmd (rmh)nms m pmrtobuimr wmy

tnmt ot djv`s lrjd cjt` tj cjt`.

[n`rmhmdsmr` bmt`hjros`k octj vmrojus djk`s. [n`s` mr`

r`l`rr`k tj ms dìm, mck tn`r` mr` 85 oc cude`r. [n` dìmmr`

bjcb`ptumiiy sodoimr tj tn` tnmtsjl Cjrtn Ockomc dusob. [n`r` os

njw`v`r, m dmfjr koll`r`cb`. Rjutn Ockomc sbmi`s miijw bnrjdmtob

ljrds tnmt mr` cjt miijw`k oc Nockustmco smch``t. Ljr ocstmcb` ot os

p`rl`btiy mbb`ptmei` ljr tn` lorst tnr`` cjt`s (o.`., Rm U` Hmtj mii e`

rjuhniy jc` s`dotjc` mpmrt. Ot os tn`s` p`rdossoei` ljrds wnobn miijw

tn`r` tj e` sj dmcy dìm.

[n` tmi (tnmimd)os tn` rnytndob ljuckmtojc tj tn` syst`d. [n`

sjutn Ockomc tmismr` k`loc`k ey m syst`d jl bimppoch mck wmvoch,

wnoi` tnos os dubn i`ss odpjrtmct oc tn` cjrtn. Cjrtn Ockomc dusobomcs

k`loc` tnòr tmisey tnòr tn`gm.

Cjd`cbimtur` os jc` jl tn` eohh`st koll`r`cb`s e`tw``c Cjrtn

mck Rjutn Ockomc dusob. Ot os cjrdmi ljr m pmrtobuimrrmhjr tmitj e`

bmii`k jc` tnoch oc tn` Cjrtn mck sjd`tnoch tjtmiiy koll`r`ct oc tn`

Rjutn. Ot os misj bjddjc ljr tn` smd` cmd` tj e` mppio`k tj v ry

koll`r`ctrmhsmck tmis. Ot os tn`s`s koll`r`cb`s oc cjd`cbimtur` tnmt

nmv` dmk` mcy tn`jr`tobmi r`bjcboiomtojc kollobuit.

Q@ULJUDMCB@

\jbmi dusob ljrds tn` emsos jl Rjutn Ockomc dusob. Mitnjuhn tn`ròs m robn ocstrud`ctmi trmkotojc tnmt us`s vocm, v`cumck vojioc, tn`y

r`vjiv` mrjuck ocstrud`ctmi r`ckotojcs jl vjbmi ljrds.

[n`r` mr` m cude`r jl s`btojcs tj tn` Gmrcmtob p`rljrdmcb`.

\mrmcmdos m ljrd us`k tj e`hoc dmcy sjutn Ockomc p`rljrdmcb`s.

[n` wjrk vmrmcmdiot`rmi d`mcs m k`sbroptojc mck tnos s`btojc os us`k

tj ucljik tn` vmrojus odpjrtmct l`mtur`s jl tn`rmhmd. [n` grotosmr` m


9/42

?

lox`k bjdpjsotojcs oc tn`rmh. [n`y nmv` wìi ok`ctolo`k bjdpjs`rs

mck kj cjt miijw dubn sbjp` ljr vmromtojc. Njw`v`r subn

bjdpjsotojcs mr` jlt`c pr`b`k`k ey mimpmcm. [n` mimpmcmjll`rs m

wmy tj ucljik tn`rmhmdtj tn` muko`cb`, mck mt tn` smd` tod`,

miijw tn` mrtost bjcsok`rmei` sbjp` ljr odprjvosmtojc. [n` coruvmimck

tn` gmipmcmswmrmmisj prjvok` jppjrtucoto s tj odprjvos`. Mcjtn`rbjddjc strubtur` os tn`rmhmd, tnmcmd, mck, pmiimvo

Rjutn Ockomc p`rljrdmcb`s mr` ems`k upjc tnr`` dmfjr s`btojcs.

[n`s` mr` tn` pmiimvomcupmiimvomck bnmrmcmd. [n`s` rjuhniy

bjrr`spjck tj tn`stnmo, mctmrmmck tn` menjhoc Nockustmco smch``t.

Gmrcmtob dusob os bjcsok`r`k ey dmcy tj e` jc` jl tn` djst

sjpnostobmt`k syst`ds jl dusob, njw ot's djr` bjdpi`x tnmc mcy jtn`r

dusob oc tn` wjrik. Rj, wnmt os tnos dusob:

Gmrcmtob dusob os tn` bimssobmi ljrd jl dusob oc tn` Rjutn`rc pmrt jl

tn` bjuctry Ockom. Ockomc dusob oc h`c`rmi os r`miiy k`vjtojcmi mck

stmrt`k jut ljigosn sj ot's mii mejut tn` [PC@ jl tn` sjch. [n` imchumh`

os nmrk tj uck`rstmck e`bmus` ot's oc jc` jl tn` imchumh`s jl Ockom jr

Rjutn`rc Ockom, usumiiy Rmcsgrot, [ìuhu, [mdoi, Gmccmkm, jr

Dmimymmimd. Rocb` tn` imchumh`s mr` pr`tty koll`r`ct.

Ms ljr tn` tuc`, jc` bmc stmrt i`mrcoch tj iog` ot ey iost`coch. Jc`

bmc n`mr m l`w sjchs mck sijwiy stmrt tj r`bjhcoz` tn`d, e`bmus`

dmye` jc` bmc nud tn`d, jr dmye` n`/sn` n`mrk sjd`tnoch sodoimr

e`ljr`. Ot dmy e` cjtob`k tnmt `mbn sjch nms m pmrtobuimr gock jltuc` tj ot - ot t`cks tj stobg tj tn` smd` sjrts jl cjt`s. [nmt's wnmt os

d`mct ey tn` t`rd rmmhm. Gmrcmtob us`s jciy pmrtobuimr cjt`s oc m

pmrtobuimr sjch jr s`btojc jl m sjch.

[n` jtn`r bjdpjc`ct jl m sjch os rnytnd. Q`jpi` jc stmh` mck oc

tn` muko`cb` g``p e`mtoch tnòr tnohns jr bimppoch tnòr nmcks tj tn`

rnytnd - cj, tnos os cjt sjd` strmch` dmsjbnostob rotumi jr m wòrk wmy

jl snjwoch mppr`bomtojc7 tn`s` p`jpi` mr` g``poch tod`. [nos rnytnd

jr syst`d jl g``poch tod` os bmii`k tmmim.

Njw bmc jc` g``p tod`: Xmtbn sjd`jc` wnj s``ds tj e`

pr`tty hjjk. Cjw bjpy tnòr djv`d`cts. _ju bmc kj tnos sjltiy jc

yjur tnohn jr nmck wotnjut ocliobtoch njrr`ckjus pmoc wnobn woii dmg`

yju sbr`md mck dmg` `v`ryjc` ìs` ijs` tnòr e`mt! Rijwiy yju'ii stmrt

tj s`` m pmtt`rc mrosoch - usumiiy jl > e`mts jr 2 e`mts jc yjur tnohn.

@mbn bybi` jl tn` pmtt`rc k`t`rdoc`s wnmt tmmim ot os. Ol ot's > e`mts (jr

=


10/42

=1

trobg os g``poch trmbg jl tn` e`mt `v`c kuroch bjdpiobmt`k pmrts jl

tn` dusob.

[n`r` mr` m cude`r jl ocstrud`cts oc Gmrcmtob. [n` dmoc jc`s tj

wjrry mejut mr` tn` v``cm, tn` vojioc, tn` drokmchmd, mck tn`

tmdeurm. [n` v``cm os tn` jc` tnmt sjucks iog` mc ocstrud`ct eòchtuc`k. [n`r` mr` miwmys sjd` sjucks mlt`r tn` strochs mr` puii`k - mck

jlt`c ot fust "sjucks Ockomc." \``cms mr` ijch mck nmv` m rjuck `ck

mck m euie tnmt stobgs kjwc lrjd tn` jtn`r `ck. Ot's tn` lmvjrot`

ocstrud`ct jl tn` hjkk`ss jl dusob, Rmrmswmto. Ot's pimy`k wotn ot

pimb`k mbrjss tn` imp, iog` m emey.

M vojioc os m vojioc. Ot ijjgs iog` m sdmii emss vojioc, jr m sdmii bìij, jr

m lokki`. Emsobmiiy ot's erjwc wotn ; strochs mck pimy`k wotn m ijch stobg

bmii`k m ejw. Ockomc dusobomcs pimy tn` vojioc ey sottoch jc tn` hrjuck

brjss-i`hh`k wotn tn` vojioc uck`r tnòr bnoc mck lmboch kjwc. [nòri`lt-nmck loch`rs djv` jc tn` vojioc mck tn` rohnt nmck dmcopuimt`s

tn` ejw. [n` vojioc pimy`r usumiiy sots tj tn` rohnt jl tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r

ol tn` dmoc p`rsjc os m soch`r. [n` vojiocost usumiiy pimys mijch wotn tn`

dmoc mrtost mck ljiijws e`nock tn`d, tjj.

M drokmchmd os m krud. Ot's hjt krud n`mks jc ejtn `cks mck os

pimy`k lrjd tn` sok`, jc` nmck pimyoch `mbn sok`. [n` p`rljrd`r sots

tj tn` i`lt jl tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r ol yju'r` ijjgoch lmboch tn` stmh`. [nos

krudd`r pimys ljr tn` dmoc pmrts jl tn` sjchs mck jlt`c h`ts m

s`pmrmt` tod` tj pimy jc nos jr n`r jwc.

[n` tmdeurm os cjt oc mii bjcb`rts. Ot's m ijch ocstrud`ct wotn m

rjuck euie mt tn` ejttjd mck m ijch stmig mck ; strochs jc ot. [n`

strochs mr` tuc`k tj 5 koll`r`ct cjt`s, mck tn` jtn`r twj mr` tn`

jbtmv` jl tnjs` cjt`s (tn` smd` cjt` eut nohn`r). [n` p`rsjc wnj

pimys ot fust g``ps piubgoch tnjs` strochs jc` ey jc` tj g``p tn` potbn

(bmii`k tn` snruto) st`mky. [n`s` kmys tn` tmdeurm (mck tn` tmdeurm

pimy`r) os jlt`c r`pimb`k ey m pmrtobuimr ocstrud`ct bmii`k m snruto ejx.

Kuroch tn` bjcb`rt, jc` bmc s`` tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r soch jut fust

rmckjd cjt`s wotnjut wjrks eut cjt`s iog` "mmm" jr "cmm" jr "r```" -tnos os misj bmii`k rmmhm, eut ot's r`miiy tn`d `xpimococh tn` rmmhm.

[n`c tn`r` mr` tod`s wn`c tn`y fust soch strochs jl cjt`s iog` sm, ro,

hm, dm, pm, km, co. [n`s` mr` iog` kj, r`, do `tb. Ol cjt, fust tnocg jl

tn`d ms rmckjd cjt`s s`t tj m sp`bolob potbn. [nos os tj snjw tn`y gcjw

tn` rmmhm mijch wotn tn` e`mt wìi mck tj snjw tn`y bmc h`t tn`

cmd`s jl tn` syiimei`s rohnt mt tn` smd` tod`.


11/42

==

Dmcy tnochs woii t ii ot's c`mroch tn` `ck jl tn` bjcb`rt6 tn` lmbt

tnmt tn`r` mr` jciy lov` p`jpi` oc tn` muko`cb`, tn` ymwcs lrjd snruto

ejx, tn` vojiocost tryoch tj pimy mck ijjg mt tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r's wmtbn

mt tn` smd` tod`, mcktn` gocks jl sjchs tnmt mr` p`rljrd`k. [n`

sjchs mr` usumiiy iohnt stull. _ju dohnt `v`c s`` p`jpi` hj up tj tn`

mrtosts wotn siops jl pmp`r tj tìi tn`d tnmt tn`y snjuik soch subn-mck-subn sjch jr ìs`. Psumiiy tn` mrtosts pobg jut jc` jr twj sjchs lrjd tn`

muko`cb` tj soch. Xn`c ot's mii jv`r,tn`y soch m dmchmimd, wnobn os tj

tnmcg Hjk ljr tn` hr`mt bjcb`rt (sjd` dohnt e` tnmcgoch Hjk ot's

jv`r, tjj) mck locosnoch ot mii up.

@quovmi`ct (mck C`mr-@quovmi`ct) Umhms oc Nockustmco mck Gmrcmtob Dusob

[n` nockustmmco `quovmi`ct jl m dìmm os bmii`k m tnmmt. Mii nockustmmcormhms mr` bimssolo`k uck`r =1 tnmmts. Cmd`s oc ermbg`ts mr` dìmm cmd`s.

[n` tnmmts mr` ms ljiijws6

=. Gmiymmc (D`bmgmiymmco)

5. Eoimmvmi (kn``rm snmcgmrmmenmrmCmd)

2. gnmdmmf (nmrogmmdenjfo)

;. enmormv (dmmymdmmImvm hjwIm)

0. enmormvo (tjko)

. pjjrvo (pmctuvmrmmio)?. dmmrvmm (hmdmcmmsnrmdm)

=1. gmmlo (gnmrmnmrmproymm)

Xnmt ljiijws os m tmei` jl rmmhmms, wnobn mr` tn` sbmi`s oc Ockomc dusob, jr

tn` s`t jl cjt`s us`k oc mcy hov`c po`b`. Lorst os tn` nockustmco (cjrtn

Ockomc) rmmhmm, ljiijw`k ey ots `quovmi`ct/c`mr `quovmi`ct rmmhmm oc

bmrcmmtob dusob. Ljr `mbn rmhm, tn` tnmmt mck tn` dìmgmrtmm jr dìmm

sbmi`s, cjtmtojcs jl tn` dmoc jr rmhm lrjd wnobn tn` k`rovmtov` jr fmcym

rmmhmm os ljrd`k, mr` misj hov`c.

Xn`r` gmrcmtob rmmhmms mr` s`pmrmt`k ey m simsn , tn` lorst rmhm os mmrjnm

(msb`ckoch sbmi`) mck tn` s`bjck rmhm os tn` mvmrjnm (k`sb`ckoch

sbmi`).

[nmt Nockustmco Umhm Dìm Gmrcmtob Umhm


12/42

=5

=1 menjho gmcmkm 55 mmenjho

= mkenut gmiymc 5? corjstm

5 mimnoym eoimvmi 5? eoimnmro

? mdeogm 0? knmrdmvmto

=

Mcmcko,

Mcmckgmiymc,

cmck

socknuenmormvo

5 enmtoymro 5>bnmymtmrmchoco,

smdm

5 enodpmimso 51 enodpmims,gmrcmtmgmk`vmhmcknmro

=enupmio,

enup5> djnmcm

= enupgmiymc emimnmdsm

=,2 bnmdpmgmio


13/42

=2

2 k`s 5> k`s

2 k`shmuk 5> k`symhmuim

2 k`snmgso 5> eoimnmro

5 k`sngmr 5> djnmcm

; k`vmrmcfmco =0 k`vmrmcfo

=1 knmcmsnro (enodpmimso mchm) 55 gmrcmtmgmk`vmhmcknmro

0 knmcmsnro (tjko mchm) > knmcymso

< kmremrogmcmkm 55 kmremrogmcmkm

5 kurhm 5?snukknmsmvmro,

dmknurmknwmco

2 hmrm 55 knmcmgmpo

; hmuro =0 hmuro

; horofm =8 \msmctm

=1 hjpogmdenjko 51 hjpogmvmsmctm

=1 hmuckhoro 55puspmimtogm,

sukknmknmcymso

= nmdorgmiymc focfuto

;fjhoym,

hucmgro=0 smv`ro

2 gmimvmto =< vmimfo


14/42

=;

=gmiymc,

ymdmc nmrogmdenjfo

; gmdmimdmcjnmro 58 gmdmimdmcjnmro

=1 gmlo 55 gnmrmnmrmproym

< gjgoimpmcbnmd > prmenuproym

5 g`kmrm 5? coimdemro

2 gnmdmfo 5> gnmdmfo

2 gnmdemvmto 5> emimnmdsm

> gusudmrmcfmco =0 hmuiopmctu

5 imfvmcto 5? snukknmsmvmro

? imiot =8/02 surymimiot

; imiotpmcbnmd =0 imiotmpmcbnmdm

=1dmkndmksmrmch,

dmknymdmkosmrmch55 dmknymdmvmto

=1 dmknurmcfmco2 cmtmgurmcfo

=1 pmimso 55puspmimtogm

rukrmproym

0 pmcbnmd dmigmucs 51 fmymctmsnro


15/42

=0

? pmrmf =0pmrmfu,

pmrms

=1 pmtmkop 55 pmtmkop

=1 pmtmdmcfmro 55 pnmimdmcfmro

=1 poiu 55 poiu

? purom 02 nmdsmcmcko

? puromknmcsnro 0= gmdmvmrknoco

> purvo 0= gmdmvmrknoco

? purvmgmiymc 02 purvogmiymco

2 prmtmpmvmrmio 5> prmtmpmvmrmio

2 puckmiogm 5> cmhmvmiio

2 rmh`snro 5> rmvobnmckrogm

5 smimch 5? sgmckmdmcjrmdm

= smrmsvmto


16/42

=

vmsmctmm

snrochmmrm ijv`

msmmvmro

enmormvo

nus`co

gmmcmkmmgmiymmco

gmdmms

smnmmcmm

snurutto

v``rm bjurmh`

mtnmmcmm

eoimnmro

e`hmkm

k`vmhmmcknmmro

nmdsmkwmco

E`sok` tn`s` rmsms, tn`r` os "enmgtno rmsm," tn` l` ioch jl k`vjtojc.

Dmcy rmhms ocvjg` tnos, djst cjtmeiy tn` rmhms us`k oc tn` \`kms mck

sijgms, iog` gnmrmnmrmproymm mck r`vmto.

Rjd` typ`s jl sjchs misj hj wotn b`rtmoc rmhms. Iuiimeo`s typobmiiy

us` rmhms iog` c`ìmmdemro jr cmvrjf, mdjch jtn`rs. Dmchmimds mck

locosnoch sjchs us` dmkymdmmvmto.

Locmiiy, koll`r`ct bjdpjs`rs dmy us` vmrojus rmhms tj `vjg`

`djtojcs jtn`r tnmc wnmt os mssohc`k tj tnmt rmhm. Rj, jc` dmy lock m

immio oc dmkymdmmvmto, m smk sjch oc nmdsmkwmco. [n` bjdpjs`rs

k`loc` tn` dusob, sj tn` rmhm otsìl dmy e` mkmpt`k tj tn` l`ìoch

tnmt s``ds tj suot tn` sjch!

@mbn rmmhm mbtumiiy nms mc mpprjpromt` tod` tj e` p`rljrd`k!

N`r` os m ero`l bjdpoimtojc jl tn` tod`s mck sjd` rmmhms

bjrr`spjckoch tj tn`d.

[od` jl kmy [od` Umhms

@mriy Djrcoche`ljr` sucros`

;-


19/42

=?

g`kmmrmd

Ljr`cjjce`ljr` cjjc

?md-cjjc

msmmvmro

k`vm dmcjnmro

smmv`ro

Dokkmy cjjc-=pddmkymdmmvmtodmcormchu

snr``

Mlt`rcjjc =-;pde`hmkm

dugnmmro

@v`coch`ck jl kmy

;-8pd

hnmcmgmmim rmmhms

mmcmckm enmormvo

cmmttmo gurocfo

pjjrvo gmiymmco

snmcduhmproymm

vmsmctmm

Cohnt 8-=1pdg`kmmrm hjwim

c``immdemro

Rmrvmgmmiogm mcy tod` jl kmy

enmormvo

gmmdenjfo

gmiymmco

snmcgmrmmenmrmcmd

[n` imst s`t, tn` smrvmgmmiogm rmmhms, mr` bjddjc rmmhms mck bmc

e` p`rljrd`k mt mcy tod`.

Dmcy iuiimeo`s mr` such mt cohnt mck mr` tn`r`ljr` bjdpjs`k oc

c``immdemro. Jtn`r sjchs mr` djrcoch sjchs mck bjdpjs`k oc

enjjpmmimd.

Q`rljrd`rs miwmys bjcbiuk` m bjcb`rt wotn dmkymdmmvmto.

[njuhn ot os oct`ck`k tj e` m dokkmy rmmhm, ot os smok tj mpp`ms` tn`

hjks mck cuiioly mcy ocbjcsost`cbo`s oc sochoch rmmhms mt tn` wrjch

tod`.

Unytnd, jr tmmimdoc Gmrcmtob dusob bjcsosts jl r`huimr e`mts tj wnobn m

bjdpjsotojc os s`t. Psumiiy, `mbn sjch nms ots jwc tmmimd, wnobn os bmrro`k

lrjd tn` lorst wjrk jl tn` sjch tj tn` imst.

@mbn tmmimd bybi`s tnrjuhn m cude`r jl e`mts, `mbn bybi`

bmii`k mc mmvmrtmcmd. Ljr `xmdpi`, jc` jl tn` djst bjddjc


20/42

51

tmmimd os bmii`k mmko. Oc mmko tmmimd, > e`mts (bjddjciy ; swmrms tj

`mbn e`mt) dmg` jc` bybi`. [nus, up tj 25 swmrms dmy bjdpros` jc`

bybi`, i`chtn`c`k mck snjrt`c`k tj mbbjdjkmt` tn` tmmimd.

@xmdpi`6 Mmko [mmimd

Ljr mmko tmmimd, lorst e`mt tn` pmid jl tn` nmck (=), tn`c tmp tn`loch`rs pocgy (5), roch loch`r (2), dokki` loch`r(;). [n`c e`mt pmid (0),

turc tn` nmck jv`r mck tmp jr wmv` tn` embg jl tn` nmck (). [nos os jc` bybi`. [nos bybi` woii r`p`mt tnrjuhnjut tn`

sjch. Mitnjuhn jlt`c tn` cude`r jl swmrms p`r e`mt woii bnmch`

kuroch m Gmrcmtob sjch, tn` mbtumi e`mt bnmch`s wotnoc m sjch \@U_

rmrìy, mck `v`c tn`c, ot os m lox`k bnmch`, cjt m sijwoch kjwc jr

sp``koch up jl tn` e`mt otsìl. [n` k@snmmko tmmimd stmrts mmko

tmmimd mlt`r =/5 e`mt, mck tn` dmknymmko tmmimd stmrts mlt`r 2/; jl

m e`mt, `v`c tnjuhn tn`s` jrohocmiiy w`r` wrott`c tj e` 2 e`mts mck m

wmv`.

Mchms

[n`r` mr` s`v`rmi emsob djv`d`cts, bmii`k mchms (iodes), oc Gmrcmtob

dusob. 2 jl tn`s` mr` djst bjddjc6 krutmd, wnobn os m e`mt wotn tn`

pmid mck tn`c wotn tn` embg jl tn` nmck (ms oc st`ps 0 & < jr 8 & > jl

mmko tmmimd), mcukrutmd, wnobn os sodpiy m e`mt jl tn` nmck, imhnu,

wnobn bjcsosts jl m e`mt pius tn` djv`d`cts jl tn` loch`rs jl tn`

nmck (st`ps =-; jl mmko tmmimd). @mbn jl tn`s` djv`d`cts jl tn` 2

mchms os bmii`k m groymmmck usumiiy sohcmis tn` e`hoccoch jl tn` e`mt.

Jtn`r djv`d`cts (ljr ; jr djr` e`mts `mbn) jl tn` nmck mr` us`k

rmrìy.

Ruimko Rmptm [mmimd Ryst`d

[n` bjdeocmtojc jl tn`s` 2 typ`s jl djv`d`cts br`mt`s koll`r`ct

typ`s jl tmmimd. Ol w` cmd` krutmd 1, mcukrutmd P, mck imhnu =, w`

h`t tn` ljiijwoch dmfjr tmmimd bjdeocmtojcs, wnobn mr` tn`suimko

smptmtmmimds6

tmmimd bjdpjc`cts

@gm =

rjjpmgm 1=

troputm =11

dmtym =1=

fnmdpm =P1

mtm ==11


21/42

5=

knruvm =1==

Imhnu, Fmmto, mck tn` 20 [mmimds

[n` cude`r jl e`mts us`k oc tn` imhnu os mkk`k tj tn`s` tmmimds tj

hov` tn`fmmto. 8 fmmtos jl e`mts 2 (tosnrm), ; (bnmtusnrm), 0 (gnmckm), 8

(dosnrm), ? (smcg``rcm), br`mt` djr` vmromtojcs jl tn`s` sj tnmt tn`r`

mr` 8 typ`s `mbn jl tn` s`v`c tmmimds, hovoch 20 tmmimds. [nus mmko

tmmimdos mbtumiiy bmtusrm fmmto tropu[m tmmimd. Jtn`r bjddjc

tmmimds mr`rjjpmgmd(bnmtusrm fmmto rjjpmgm tmmimd) mck dosnrm

bmmpu(tosnrm fmmto troputm tmmimd).

Jtn`r tmmimds

[n` bmmpu os m e`mt mck m wmv`. [nus dosnrm bmmpu os 2+; e`mts

(voijdm os ;+2). tosnrm bmmpu os =+5, gnmckm bmmpu os 5+2, mck

smcg``rcm bmmpu os ;+0.

Oc mkkotojc tj tn` krutmd, mcukrutmd mck imhnu, tn`r` mr` misj

huru (sydeji >) wnobn os > e`mts mck ljrd`k ey m e`mt jl ; mck m

wmv` jl tn` nmck, piutmd (sydeji S>, =5 e`mts) m e`mt mck 5 wmv`s,

mck gmmgmpmmkmd (sydeji +, =< e`mts) m e`mt mck wmv` up tn`c tj

tn` i`lt tn`c tj tn` rohnt (ljrdoch m + sohc). [n`s` miijw ljr `v`c djr`

tmmimds - jc` tmmimd, bmii`k sodnmcmcmmcmd tmmimd `v`c nms =11>

e`mts!

[`dpj

[n` t`dpj jl tn` rnytnd os misj odpjrtmct oc m sjch. [nos os bmii`k tn`gmmimd. [n` smd` e`mt bmc e` p`rljrd`k mt nmil tn` sp``k sodpiy

ey bjuctoch 5 e`mts tj `v`ry jc`, mck ot bmc e` sp``k`k up ey

bjuctoch lmst`r. Oc tn`s` bms`s, tn` cude`r jl swmrms tj `v`ry e`mt

bnmch`s. Mt tn` emsob sp``k, ol ; swmrms ljrd jc` e`mt (=st gmmimd,

dmknymdm), tn`c mt tn` sijw`r sp``k tn`r` woii e` > swmrms jl tn`

smd` i`chtn p`r e`mt (=/5 gmmimd, voimdeotm), mt tn` lmst`r sp``k 5

swmrms p`r e`mt (5ck gmmimd, kurotm), mck mt mc `v`c lmst`r sp``k =

swmrm p`r e`mt (2rk gmmimd). [nus tn` p`rljrd`r dust p`rljrd lmst`r

tj g``p tn` smd` cude`r jl swmrms p`r e`mt oc tn` sjch ms tn`

gmmimd kjuei`s jr tropi`s. @xp`rt p`rljrd`rs bmc misj wjrg oc jtn`r

bjdeocmtojcs wn`r` tn`r` mr` 0, 2 jr = =/5 swmrms p`r e`mt. [n`cude`r jl swmrms jr suekovosojcs p`r e`mt os bmii`k tn` hmtojr cmkmo.

[nos os `quovmi`ct tj hmot (wmitz wjuik e` m hmot jl 2). [nus jur emsob

mmko tmmimd mt dmknymdm gmmimd os oc bnmtusnrm hmto jr bnmtusnrm

cmkmo.


22/42

55

Gmimo

Mcjtn`r t`rd os gmimo, wnobn r`l`rs tj usoch duitopi` e`mts oc jc` e`mt.

[nus 5ck gmimo jl mmko tmmimd woii us` 5 e`mts ljr `v`ry jc` e`mt jl

tn` tmmimd. [nos os cjtob`mei` oc tn` sp``k jl tn` sjch mck tn` i`chtn

jl tn` mmvmrtmcmd (bybi` jl tn` tmmimd).

@kuppu

Oc sjd` bms`s, tn` tmmimd kj`sc't "e`hoc" jc tn` e`hoccoch jl tn` lorst

e`mt (bmii`k tn`smdmd). Ot dmy e`hoc fust =/5 e`mt e`ljr` jr mlt`r, jr

= =/5 e`mt mlt`r, ljr `xmdpi`. [n` pimb` wn`r` m pmrtobuimr s`btojc jl

m sjch (mcupmiimvo, pmiimvo, jr bnmrmcmd) e`hocs oc tn` tmmimd os

bmii`k tn` hrmnmdjr `kuppu. Xn`c `kuppus e`hoc, ljr `xmdpi`,

2/; e`mt mlt`r jr e`ljr` tn` smdmd, jc` bmc h`t mc `ll`bt v`ry

dubn iog` X`st`rc sycbjpmtojc.

Q`rbussojc, Unytnd, mck [mmimd[n` drokmchmd mrtost os mc `xp`rt mt g``poch tn` tmmimd bjrr`btiy

mck woii jlt`c ockobmt` tn` smdmd jl tn` tmmimd jr tn` e`hoccoch jl

m dusobmi pnrms` ey djv`d`ct oc mkkotojc tj snjwoch tn` s`qu`cb`

jl e`mts. Gmrcmtob rnytnd dmy e` bjdpiobmt`k eut ey prmbtob` oc

g``poch tmmimd tj dusob bjrr`btiy mck uck`rstmckoch tn` uck`riyoch

procbopi`s, ot bmc e` v`ry smtoslyoch tj mppr`bomt` tn` d`ijky ms w`iims tn` rnytnd jl tn` dusob.

N`r` os m tmei` jl tn` dmfjr tmmims us`k oc Gmrcmtob dusob. .

mchm cmd` sydeji mgsnmrmgmmims djv`d`ct

mcukrutmd P = e`mt wotn pmid

Krutmd 1 5 e`mt wotn pmid + turc (wmv`)

krutm vormdmdP

12 (= + 5) mcukrutmd + krutmd

imhnu |(#) ; (jr 2,0,8,?) e`mt + loch`r bjucts

imhnu vormdmdP

|0 (=+;) mcukrutmd + imhnu

imhnu krutmd 1| < (;+5) imhnu + krutmd

imhnukrutmvormdmd

P1|

8 (=+5+;) mcukrutmd + krutmd + imhnu

huru > >wmv` tj i`lt mck rohnt jr borbi`

wotn tnude-up

huru vormdmdP

>> (=+>) mcukrutmd + huru


25/42

50

mmrjnm- tnos os tn` msb`ckoch sbmi`. Djvoch lrjd jc` cjt` msb`ckoch

tj tn` c`xt os m hmdmgm. [n`s` bmc misj e` kjc` rmpokiy mck oc

subb`ssojc, hovoch ijch rucs jl hr`mt e`muty wn`c `x`but`k wotn sgoii.

`x6 s r h d p k c R U H D

mvmrjnm- sodoimriy, djvoch kjwc lrjd m nohn`r cjt` tj tn` c`xt ijw`r

cjt` os misj m hmdmgm. `x6 D H U R c k p d h r skmmtu- usoch jc` cjt` ms m ems` mck fudpoch tj jtn`rs oc subb`ssojc.

[nos os hr`mt ljr `dpnmsozoch jc` cjt` mck misj hovoch midjst m

rnytndob tjc` tj tn` sochoch. `x6 sr sh sd sp sk sc sR

spurotmd- tn`s` mr` r`p`mt`k cjt`s, oc twjs. Oc subn bms`s, tn`

s`bjck cjt` os usumiiy str`ss`k. `x6 ss rr hh dd pp kk cc RR

gmdpotmd- tnos d`mcs sochoch m cjt` e`tw``c twj cjt`s. Ljr

`xmdpi`, dm bmc e` such ocst`mk ms hphphp... hovoch m snmg` tj tn`

cjt`

mmnmtmd- usoch cjt`s oc subb`ssojc (msb`ckoch) eut pmor`k wotn tn`

c`xt cjt`. `x6 sr rh hd dp pk kc cs Ot bmc misj e` us`k ms hdh rhr srsprmtymmvmtmd- tn` smd` ms mmnmtmd eut oc tn` k`sb`ckoch sbmi`.

`x6 Rc ck kp pd dh hr rs Ot bmc misj e` us`k ms scs ckc kpk ...

tropubbmd- r`p`mt`k cjt`s oc tnr``s. `x6 sss rrr hhh ddd ppp kkk

ccc sss

mmckjimd- misj bmii`k kJimgmd, tnos os, ljr `xmdpi`, srsh srsd srsp

srsk srsc srsR

djjrbmcmo- tnos os usoch tn` prjp`r hmdmgmd jl tn` rmmhm. Ol m rmhm

r`quor`s tn` us` jl m pmrtobuimr hmdmgm ljr m b`rtmoc cjt`, tnos dust

e` p`rljrd`k wn`c sochoch tn` sbmi` jr wn`c`v`r tn` cjt` os such jr

p`rljrd`k

kmmtu- tnos os fudpoch jl cjt`s wotnoc m sbmi`, sgoppoch cjt`s. `x6 sh rdhp dk pc kR

fmmru- m hiok` jr siok` lrjd jc` cjt` tj mcjtn`r (wn`tn`r subb`ssov`

jr lrjd m kostmct cjt`) `x6 s .... R

nmdpotmd- m rmrìy us`k hmdmgm oc r`b`ct y`mrs, tnos os tn` us` jl tn`

syiimei` "njjd" (iog` ejjd)

cmmenotmd- swìioch m cjt` oc vjiud` (iog` m br`sb`ckj)

dukrotmd- nuddoch, sochoch wotn tn` djutn bijs`k `x6 ddddd...

troenoccmd- p`rljrdoch duitopi` (usumiiy 2) cjt`s mt jcb`, ms oc m

bnjrk. [nos os ljr ocstrud`ctmi p`rljrd`rs jciy

dosnrotmd- usoch m doxtur` jl mcy hmdmgms iost`k mejv`

Rydejis & [rmcsiot`rmtojc - B`rtmoc sydejis mr` us`k oc Gmrcmtob dusobmi

cjtmtojc. Mc `xpimcmtojc ljr sjd` jl tn`s` os hov`c eìjw. Eìjw tnmt, os tn`

trmcsiot`rmtojc sbn`d` ljr dmcy iyrobs mck t`rds.

trmkotojcmi jc tn`s` d`mcoch `xmdpi` (ems`k jc tn`s`


26/42

5

kjuei` ioc`

jv`r swmrms

(ockobmt`k eytmmim

cjtmtojc)

; tod`s sp``k jl

cjrdmi

twj ioc`s jv`r pkpdhrsc woiidmg` ot imst jciy 5

mgsnmrmgmims

ijw`r bms`

swmrm

ijw`r bms`

swmrm

dmknym stmmyo

swmrmRrhdpkc

upp`r bms`

swmrm

bjddm mlt`r

swmrm

`xt`ck cjt` tj

mc `xtrm

mgsnmrmgmim

s,rh

kjt jv`r

swmrm

upp`r bms`

swmrm

tmmrm stmmyo

swmrm

srhdpkcR

kjt e`ijw

swmrm

kjt tj rohnt jl

swmrm

dmckrm stmmyo

swmrmckpdhrsc.k.c.s

twj kjts

jv`r swmrm

mpjstrjpn`

c`xt tj

upp`rbms`

swmrm

mto tmmrm stmmyo

swmrmRUHDQKCR'CKQDHURc

twj kjts

e`ijw

swmrm

twj kjts tj

rohnt jl swmrm

mcu dmckrm

stmmyo swmrmsc.k.p.d.h.r.s.c..k..c..s.

stroch jl

kjtsstroch jl kjts mmgmmrmd gmm...dmm...gsn``....

v`rtobmi ioc` v`rtobmi ioc`

`ck jl m s`btojc

jl m tmmim jr

pnrms`

srhd pkcs | sckp dhrs

kjuei`

v`rtobmi ioc`

kjuei`

v`rtobmi ioc`

`ck jl m tmmim

bybi`,

mmvmrtmcmd

srhd pkcs sckp dhrs ||

bjddm bjddm=/; `kuppu, jc`

mgsnmrmgmmim,srh dpkc s,,, ,,,,

s`dobjijcs`dobjijc jr 5

bjddms

=/5 `kuppu, 5

mgsnmrmgmmims7rh d,,p

s`dobjijc

pius

bjddm

s`dobjijc pius

bjddm jr 2

bjddms

2/; `kuppu, 2

mgsnmrmgmmims7,r h,,, dpkc s,,,


27/42

58

Xmvy ioc`

jv`r swmrms

wmv` eìjw

swmrms

gmdpotm

hmdmgm

Rrhdpkcs

~~~~~~~~

mst`rosg mst`rosg mcym swmrm s r5 h2 d= p d5* k5 c2 R

Kmsn kmsn

spiottoch jl

pnrms`s eypmtt`rc

srh - rhd hdp

[n` trmcsiot`rmtojc sbn`d` os eìjw. [n` i`tt`r us`k os hov`c lorst (ijw`rbms`

jr upp`rbms` os odpjrtmct oc djst bms`s), tn`c tn` sjuck ot dmg`s, mc

`xmdpi` @chiosn wjrk ljr tn` sjuck, mc `xmdpi` iyrob wjrk (oc Nocko, [mdoi,

Rmcsgrot) jr t`rd, mck locmiiy (ol mcy) mc `xpimcmtojc.

I`tt`r sjuck @chiosn iyrob @xpimcmtojc

M un eus dmckrm snjrt m

M, mm mmm lmr dmmtmm `xt`ck`k m

O on poc coc snjrt oO, `` ``` li`` snr`` ijch `

P jjhn put duko snjrt u

P, jj jjjn djjc bjjkm ijch u

@ `n p`t c``v`, tìoso snjrt `

@ my cmy, nmy sut` ijch m

my, `y my`` wòhn s`y ijch m + y

mo, y moo got` vmoro ijch o

J jn rjbg, ljr drjggm oc e`tw``c snjrt j

J jnn rjmk, njd` djko ijch j

jw, ju jww ljuck, sjutn sjwgoymd jw sjuck

G gm gobg vogrmdm nmrk g, b

Gn g-nm ejjg-njp gnmckm mspormt`k g

H hm hjjk, `hh surmhmcm nmrk h sjuck

Hn h-nm kjh-njus` hnmcm mspormt`k h

B bnm bnmrd bmimdìm bn sjuck

Bn bn-nm e`mbn-njus` bnmmym mspormt`k bn

F fm fmy, r`h fmhmc, vmfrm nmrk f sjuck

Fn f-nm n`kh`njh fnmmim mspormt`k f

[ tm tjp v`cgmtm t sjuck

[n t-nm mctnoii vottnmim mspormt`k t

K km kjh voku k sjuck


28/42

5>

Kn k-nm dmk-njp voknmim mspormt`k k

[ tn tnoch toru nmrk tn sjuck

[n tn-n emtn-njus` dmtnurmm mspormt`k tn

K kn tn`r` dmkmcm sjlt tn

Kn kn-nm emtn`-n`` knmrdm mspormt`k sjlt tn

C c cjw dmcmd c sjuck

C ic kmrcot (cj `quovmi`ct) vmccm C, tjchu` embg

Ch chm strochy dmchmim ch, embg jl tnrjmt

cy, hc cym emcymc hcmmcm cy, embg jl tnrjmt

Q p pjt poc p sjuck

Qn p-nm upnoii pnmi mspormt`k p

E e eoc emmim e sjuck

En e-nm biuenjus` enjjtm mspormt`k e

D d djd dmcmd d sjuck

_ ym y`s ymmr snjrt y sjuck

U r rrop pmrm nmrk r

U trrr rrrulli`s pmtrm nmrk`r r

Vnm riym lurry (cj `quovmi`ct) pmznmd ry, embg jl tnrjmt

I i ijiiopjp imcgmm i (`i) sjuck

I rim (cj `quovmi`ct) dmchmim i, embg jl tnrjmt

\ v `v`ry, v`ry v``rm v sjuck

X w, wj wosn, swoch swmmhmtmd w sjuck

R s noss, s`` smrms``runm s sjuck

Rn sn nusn snoimcho sjlt sn, lrjct jl djutn

snn, R snn snut snnmcduhm nmrk sn, embg jl djutn

N n nmrk nmd``r n sjuck

[bm, tbm tbnm dmtbn, otbn dmtbm tbnm sjuck

Gsnm gsnm rogsnmw vrmgsnm gsnm sjuck

L l l``i, ol l`rjz l sjuck

V z zjj, lozz zockmho z sjuck


29/42

5?

Djr` jc Umhm

[n` cjt`s jl Gmrcmtob dusob mr` cjt usumiiy lox`k. Oc tnos s`cs` tn`y

mr` dubn iog` tn` kj r` do lm sj im tojl w`st`rc dusob. M p`rljrd`r tuc`s

mc ocstrud`ct tj tn` k`sor`k potbn (mbbjdpmcosts jl bjurs` tuc` tj tn`

dmoc p`rljrd`r's potbn) jr sochs mt wnmt`v`r potbn os djst bjdljrtmei`.[nos os bmii`k tn` gmttmo. [rmkotojcmiiy, tn` H mejv` dokki` B os gm[[mo 0, L

os ;, M os e`mts (bjddjciy ;


30/42

21

swmrms tj `mbn e`mt) dmg` jc` bybi`. [nus, up tj 25 swmrms dmy

bjdpros` jc` bybi`, i`chtn`c`k mck snjrt`c`k tj mbbjdjkmt` tn`

tmmimd. [mmimd os g`pt ey e`mtoch tn` rohnt nmck h`ctiy mhmocst tn`

rohnt tnohn wnoi` s`mt`k wotn yjur i`hs brjss`k ("Ockomc styi`"). Ljr mmko

tmmimd, lorst e`mt tn` pmid jl tn` nmck (=), tn`c tmp tn` loch`rs pocgy

(5), roch loch`r (2), dokki` loch`r(;). [n`c e`mt pmid (0), turc tn` nmckjv`r mck e`mt tn` embg jl tn` nmck (). [nos os jc`

bybi`. [nos bybi` woii r`p`mt tnrjuhnjut tn` sjch. Mitnjuhn jlt`c tn`

cude`r jl swmrms p`r e`mt woii bnmch` kuroch m Gmrcmtob sjch, tn`

mbtumi e`mt bnmch`s wotnoc m sjch \@U_ rmrìy, mck `v`c tn`c, ot os m

lox`k bnmch`, cjt m sijwoch kjwc jr sp``koch up jl tn` e`mt otsìl.

[n` bjcb`rt mck bjdpjsotojcs

Bjdpjsotojcs mr` bjdpjs`k oc m lox`k rmhm. [nos d`mcs tnmt tn`y

kj cjt k`vomt` lrjd tn` cjt`s oc tn` rmhm. Oc Gmrcmtob, tn`r` mr` cj"mbbok`ctmis" jr vmromtojcs oc rnytnd (tn`r` mr` `xb`ptojcs eut rmrìy).

@mbn bjdpjsotojc os s`t wotn sp`bolob cjt`s mck e`mts, eut p`rljrd`rs

vmry wokìy oc tnòr pr`s`ctmtojc. Odprjvosmtojc jbburs oc tn` D@IJK_ jl

tn` bjdpjsotojc ms wìi ms oc usoch tn` cjt`s tj `xpjuck tn` e`muty jl

tn` rmhm.

Ms yju `ct`r tn` nmii, yju woii cjtob` tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r(s) sottoch oc

tn` dokki`. [n` dusobmi sjuck yju n`mr lorst os tn` krjc` (tmdeurm)

pimyoch sm, pm, Rm. Mbbjdpmcosts iog` vojioc mck v``cm sot tj tn` dmoc

p`rljrd`r's i`lt (yjur rohnt), mck p`rbussojc ocstrud`cts mr` usumiiy tj

yjur i`lt. Mii p`rljrd`rs sot jc tn` stmh` wotnjut bnmors jr stjjis.

M bjcb`rt (bmii`k m gu[b@ro) woii usumiiy e`hoc wotn m po`b` bmii`k m

vmrcmd. [nos po`b` os bjdpjs`k wotn mc `dpnmsos jc swmrms jl tn`

rmhm. Ot os iovìy mck lmst tj h`t tn` muko`cb`'s mtt`ctojc. \mrcmds misj

nmv` wjrks, tn`smmnotymd.

Mlt`r tn` vmrcmd, bjdpjsotojcs mr` p`rljrd`k bmii`k grotosjr

g``rtmcmds. Djst jlt`c, tn`s` bjdpjsotojcs mr` rìohojus oc cmtur`.

[n`s` stobg tj jc` rmhm, mitnjuhn m l`w nmv` s`btojcs bjdpjs`k jl

koll`r`ct rmhms (mrmmhmdmmiogm).

Dmcy p`rljrd`rs lorst e`hoc dmoc bjdpjsotojcs wotn m s`btojc bmii`k

rmmhmd. Oc tnos, tn`y us` mmgmmrmd(`ss`ctomiiy, usoch tn` vjwìs mm, ro,

cm, tm, `tb. ocst`mk jl swmrms jr wjrks) tj sijwiy ìmejrmt` tn` cjt`s

mck lijw jl tn` rmhm. [nos e`hocs sijwiy mck tn`c e`bjd`s djr` oct`cs`

mck locmiiy `stmeiosn`s m bjdpiobmt`k `xpjsotojc jl tn` rmhm tnmt snjws

tn` p`rljrd`r's sgoii. Mii jl tnos os kjc` wotnjut mcy rnytndob


31/42

2=

mbbjdpmcod`ct. [n`c tn` dìjkob mbbjdpmcod`ct (vojioc jr v``cm),

`xpjucks tn` rmhm. @xp`ro`cb`k iost`c`rs bmc ok`ctoly dmcy rmhms mlt`r

tn`y n`mr fust m l`w cjt`s.

Xotn tn` rmhm `stmeiosn`k, tn` sjch e`hocs, such usumiiy jciy wotn

tn` smmnotymd. Oc tnos, tn` mbbjdpmcod`ct (usumiiy vojioc, sjd`tod`sv``cm) p`rljrds mijch wotn tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r mck tn` p`rbussojc

(drokmchmd, mck sjd`tod`s hnm[md mck hmcf``rm). M sjch usumiiy

bjctmocs 2 pmrts6 pmiimvo, mcupmiimvo, mck bmrmCmd. [n` pmiimvo os

mcmijhjus tj m bnjrus. Mlt`r tn` mcupmiimvo, tn` pmiimvo os mhmoc such,

mck mhmoc mlt`r tn` bmrmCmd ms wìi. @mbn pnrms` os r`p`mt`k wotn

vmromtojcs.

C`xt tn` p`rljrd`r e`hocsswmrmd. Oc tnos s`btojc, swmrms mr` such

s`pmrmtìy (ms sm ro hm, `tb.) tj tn` e`mt. [n` p`rljrd`r dust odprjvos` m

stroch jl swmrms oc mcy jbtmv` mbbjrkoch tj tn` rui`s jl tn` rmhm mckr`turc tj e`hoccoch jl tn` bybi` jl e`mts sdjjtniy, fjococh tn` swmrms

wotn m pnrms` sì`bt`k lrjd tn` smmnotymd. [n` vojioc p`rljrds tn`s`

mit`rcmtìy wotn tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r. Oc v`ry ijch strochs jl swmrm, tn`

p`rljrd`rs dust bmibuimt` tnòr cjt`s mbburmtìy tj `csur` tnmt tn`y

stobg tj tn` rmhm, nmv` cj mwgwmrk pmus`s mck imps`s oc tn` e`mt jl

tn` sjch, mck br`mt` m bjdpi`x pmtt`rc jl cjt`s tnmt mc `xp`ro`cb`k

muko`cb` bmc ljiijw.

[n` dmoc bjdpjsotojc jl mcy bjcb`rt woii nmv` m s`btojc mt tnos tod`

ljr tn` p`rbussojc tj p`rljrd s`pmrmtìy (tn` tmco mmvmrtmcmd). [n`

drokmchmd p`rljrd`r mijc` woii p`rljrd bjdpi`x pmtt`rcs jl rnytndmck kospimy nos jr n`r sgoii, mck ol jtn`r p`rbussojc p`rljrd`rs mr` pr`s`ct

jc stmh`, tn`y tjj woii p`rljrd, mck tn` p`rbussojc ocstrud`cts `chmh`

oc m e`mutolui rnytndob komijh uctoi tn` dmoc p`rljrd`r pobgs up tn`

dìjky jcb` mhmoc.

[n` bjdpjsotojc `cks wotn tn` p`rljrdoch jl tn` dmoc pjrtojc jl tn`

sjch. Ljiijwoch tn` dmoc bjdpjsotojc, tn` p`rljrd`r woii pimy jr soch

jtn`r sjchs wotn jr wotnjut rmhm mck tn`c p`rljrd iohnt`r sjchs tnmt mr`

djr` bmtbny mck pjpuimr. Nockustmco po`b`s mr` jlt`c p`rljrd`k, ms

wìi ms snjrt w`st`rcoz`k sjchs mck jtn`r pjpuimr po`b`s. Rjd`p`rljrd`rs misj tmg` r`qu`sts mt tnos tod`.

@v`ry bjcb`rt tnmt os tn` imst jl tn` kmy `cks wotn m dmchmImd, m

tnmcglui prmy`r mck bjcbiusojc tj tn` dusobmi `v`ct.


32/42

25

Jtn`r msp`bts mck sjchs

Oc sjd` sjchs, p`rljrd`rs soch tn` wjrks mck tn`c prjb``k tj soch

tn` smd` ioc` r`p`mt`kiy oc vmromtojcs. [nos os bmii`k c`rmvmi- ot dmy e`

kjc` oc tn` smd` rmhm ms tn` sjch jr ot dmy `v`c trmvì lrjd tn` dmoc

rmhm tj jtn`r rmhms e`ljr` r`turcoch. Mcjtn`r msp`bt wotn wnobndusobomcs `xpjuck rmhm mck tnòr jwc s`cs` jl rnytnd os wotn tmmcmd,

oc wnobn tn` wjrk mmcmctmos us`k ljr syiimei`s. [nos dmy misj e`

p`rljrd`k oc koll`r`ct rmhms e`ljr` r`turcoch tj tn` rmhm jl tn`

bjdpjsotojc mck nms cj rnytndob mbbjdpmcod`ct.

Mcjtn`r typ` jl sjch tnmt os jlt`c p`rljrd`k (usumiiy c`mr tn` `ck

jl m bjcb`rt) os tn` toiimmcmm. [nos os kjc` tj e`mt sjucks iog` kn``d,

tmgo[m, cmkoru, `tb. mck os d`mct ljr tn` `ck jl bimssobmi kmcb`

p`rljrdmcb`s. Ot os v`ry rnytndob mck iovìy wotn jciy m snjrt smmnotymd

s`btojc. Jtn`r sjchs iog` ijv` sjchs mck iuiimeo`s dmy misj lock tnòr wmyoctj tn` `ck jl m bjcb`rt.

Dusob os smok tj nmv` e`huc lrjd tn` sjucks jl tn` Pcov`rs`, tn` Jd.

Njw`v`r, gmrcmtog otsìl bmc e` trmb`k embg tj m tod` wn`c tn`r` w`r` cj

kostocbtojcs mdjch tn` styi`s jl dusob oc Ockom.

Mdjch tn` lorst dusob ljrds w`r` tn` r`botmtojc jl sbroptur`s, ocbiukoch tn`

\`kms (`sp`bomiiy Rmdm \`km), wnobn w`r` jrohocmiiy p`rljrd`k wotn jciy

tnr`` cjt`s (co, sm, ro), mck imt`r oc 8 cjt`s (;11EB), oc tn` rmhm

gnmrmnmrmproym. [n` \`kms misj k`sbroe`k dusobmi ocstrud`cts.

Lrjd 211-=11EB, tn` Ppmcosnmks d`ctojc tn` cjt`s mck ocstrud`cts,ocbiukoch tn` v``cm. [n` Umdmymcm mck Dmnmenmrmtm (mrjuck ;1EB) misj

d`ctojc dusob.

Oc tn` s`bjck b`ctury, Enmrmtnm's Cmtymsmstrm k`sbroe`k kmcb`, eut misj

dusob, oc hr`mt k`tmoi. N` k`sbroe`k rmhms (fmmtos), swmrms, vmrcmds, tmim,

mck jtn`r msp`bts jl dusob (s`` Hijssmry). Ot wms misj mt tnos tod` tnmt tn`

[mdoi Roimppmkoggmrmd k`sbroe`k ljig sjchs mck rmhms, ocbiukoch tn` [mdoi

pmCCs, tn` jbtmv`, mck tn` snoltoch jl tn` sm tj br`mt` c`w rmhms. [n`

[jigmppomd misj `xpmck`k jc tnos `d`rhoch ljrd jl Gmrcmtob dusob.

Oc tn` soxtn b`ctury, tn` Eronmkk`so lorst us`k tn` wjrk "rmhm," mck d`ctojc`k

sjd` pjpuimr jc`s. Bmv`s mt Qukugjttmo oc [mdoi cmku k`sbroe` djr` rmhms

oc tn` s`v`ctn b`ctury, mck tn` [n`vmmrmds mck Kovym Qrmenmckmds mt tnos

tod` misj k`sbroe`k s`v`rmi pmccs.

Oc tn` =5tn b`ctury, Fmymk`vm's Hotm Hjvockm ocspor`k dusob mck kmcb` oc

nos Msntmpmkos, `mbn oc m koll`r`ct rmhm.

Pctoi tn` =2tn b`ctury, bimssobmi dusob wms sodoimr jr bjddjc mbrjss Ockom.

Xotn tn` mrrovmi jl Djhnui ocliu`cb`s, Nockustmco dusob mck Gmrcmtob dusob

spiot octj tn` twj ljrds, tn` ljrd`r ocbjrpjrmtoch tn` c`w ocliu`cb`s mck tn`


33/42

22

imtt`r r`tmococh tn` jrohocmi ljrd. [n` Rmchotm Umtcmgmrm k`sbroe`k swmrms,

rmhms, tmims, ocstrud`cts, mck hmdmgms, mck tnos wjrg lorst us`k tn` wjrk

"Gmrcmtob," eut ot wmsc't uctoi tn` =211s tnmt Gmrcmtob dusob mck Nockustmco

w`r` bi`mriy kostochuosn`k. Rmch``tm Rmrm wms misj wrott`c oc tn` =211s, mck

lorst bimssolo`k rmhms ms dìms mck fmcym rmhms.

Oc tn` =0tn b`ctury, Mrucmhorocmtnmr wrjt` nos lmdjus [oruppuhmzn oc [mdoi.Mt tnos tod`, Mccmdmbnmrym lorst k`sbroe`k tn` dusobmi ljrd gcjwc ms tn`

groto, wnobn nmk m pmiimvo, mcupmiimvo, mck bmrmCmd, mck Qurmckmrm Kmsm

misj wrjt` tn` vmrosmos ljr dusobmi `x`rbos` mck h``tmds wnobn mr` stoii us`k

tj t`mbn e`hocc`rs. Oc tn` =tn b`ctury. [nos wms tn` b`ctury jl tn`

[rocoty misj6 Rymdm Rmstry, [ymmhmrmmfm, mck Kogsnotmr w`r` ejrc.Ot wmsc't uctoi tn` =?tn b`ctury tnmt syst`dmtob cjtmtojcs w`r` k`vìjp`k,

wrott`c oc Rmch``tm Rmdprmkmym Qrmkmrsoco mck Rmch``tm Bnmckrogmo.

Rjd` w`r` `v`c wrott`c mt tnos tod` oc X`st`rc stmll cjtmtojc. Rwmto [orucmi

bjdpjs`k kuroch tnos tod`, Qmpmcmsmd Rnovmc wms ejrc, mck jtn`rs iog`

Hjpmimgrosncm Enmrmtno, Qmtcmd Ruermdmcym Oy`r misj bjdpjs`k dusob.

Oc tn` 51tn b`ctury, Gmrcmtob dusob bmd` octj ots djk`rc ljrd. Ot wms tn`c

tnmt smenms w`r` ljrd`k, bjcb`rts w`r` p`rljrd`k ljr tn` pueiob (mck cjt

fust gochs mck cjei`s). Mroymguko Umdmcufm Oy`chmr misj br`mt`k m syst`d jl

bjcb`rt ljrdmt wnobn djst dusobomcs us` tjkmy.

Oc tn` 5=st b`ctury, Gmrcmtob dusob bjctocu`s tj k`vìjp, wotn sbnjjis mck

bjcb`rts mck jrhmcozmtojcs mrjuck tn` wjrik.

Rwmrms

[n` swmrms mr` smok tj nmv` mros`c lrjd tn` Pcov`rs`-p`rvmkoch

Rjuck jl Jd, wnobn r`pr`s`cts tn` krjc` cjt`s RM mck QM. [n` jtn`r

swmrms bmd` lrjd tn` 0 lmb`s jl Rnovm. [n` stjry os tjik tnmt UmmvmCm,

wnj wms v`ry k`vjt`k tj Rnovm, ropp`k jut nos huts mck us`k tn`d ms

strochs tj pimy tn` cjt`s ms Rnovm g`pt tod`. UmmvmCm g`pt pimyoch,

njw`v`r, mck tnr`mt`c`k tj snmg` tn` wjriks mck eroch Rnovm kjwc

lrjd tn` n`mv`cs. Oc r`spjcs`, Rnovm pr`ss`k nod kjwc tj @mrtn wotn

nos eoh tj`.

[n` tmei` eìjw iosts sjd` djr` oct`r`stoch ocljrdmtojc mejut tn`

Gmrcmtob swmrms, wnobn mr` cmd`k snmkfmd (sm), rosnmemd (ro),

hmmcknmmrmd (hm), dmknymdmd (dm), pmcbmdmd (pm),

knmovmtmd (km), mck cosnmmkmd (co). @mbn os mssjbomt`k wotn mc


34/42

2;

mcodmi, m bjijr, m Hjk jl Nocku dytnjijhy, mck m pmrtobuimr l`ìoch

(rmsm).

Rwmrm luii cmd` X`st`rc mcodmi bjijr hjk rmsmd`m

cmd`

Rm snmkfmd kj p`mbjbg iohnt pocg Ermndm

v``rm

(bjurmh`),

mkenutm

(wjck`r),

rjwkrm

(mch`r)

hovoc

(tj c

cjt`

Uo rosnmemd rèuii

(cmcko)

pmrrjt

hr``c

Mhco

(Lor`,

wotnR``tm)

v``rm

(bjurmh`),

mkenutm

(wjck`r),rjwkrm

(mch`r)

djrm

Hm hmmcknmmrmd do hjmt hjikUukrm

(Rnovm)

gmruCmm

(bjdpmssojc)

lrmhr

iohnt

Dm dmknymdmd lm brmc` wnot` \osncugmruCmm

(bjdpmssojc)

dokk

oct`rd

`

Qm pmcbmdmd sj bubgjj eimbg Cmmrmkm

nmsym

(imuhnt`r),snrochmmrm

(ijv`)

loltn

Km knmovmtmd im njrs` yìijw HmC@snm

eoenmtsm

(koshust),

enmymcmgm

(l`mr)

jl hj

k`vm

Co cosnmmkmd to ì`pnmct duitobjijrRurym

(Ruc)

gmruCmm

(bjdpmssojc)sot, io`

.

[n` Dìmgmrtm rmmhms

[n` dìmgmrtmm rmhms jl Gmrcmtob dusob bjd` lrjd tn` =5 emsob cjt`s6 sm

(snmkfmdmd), 5 typ`s jl ro (rosnmenmd), 5 typ`s jl hm (hmmcknmmrmd), 5 typ`s jl dm

(dmknymdmd), pm (pmcbnmdmd), 5 typ`s jl km (knmovmtmd), mck 5 typ`s jl co

(cosnmmkmd), mii jl wnobn mr` ljuck jc tn` typobmi pomcj jr g`yejmrk mck bjcsost j


35/42

20

jc` jbtmv`. Ol ocbiuk`k lurtn`r, sueti`r cjt`s ljuck oc-e`tw``c tn s` cjt`s, jc`

`mbn ljr ro, hm, km, mck co, yju nmv` =< cjt`s6 sm (snmkfmdmd), 2 typ`s jl ro

(rosnmenmd), 5 typ`s jl dm (dmknymdmd), pm (pmcbnmdmd), 2 typ`s jl hm

(hmmcknmmrmd), 2 typ`s jl km (knmovmtmd), mck 2 typ`s jl co (cosnmmkmd). [n`s`

mr` cude`r`k mck cmd`k ms ljiijws (cmd`s oc pmr`ctn`s`s mr` mit`rcmt`

k`sohcmtojcs sjd`tod`s us`k)6

Rwmrm sm ro hm dm pm km co

[yp`sR 4

snmkfmd

U= 4

snukknm

(rm)

U5 4

bmtsnruto

(ro)

U2 4

smtsnruto

(ru)

H= 4

snukknm (hm)

H5 4

smmknmmrmCm

(ho)

H2 4 mctmrm

(hu)

D= 4

snukknm

(dm)

D5 4

prmto

(do)

Q 4

pmcbmdmd

K= 4

snukknm

(knm)

K5 4

bmtsnruto

(kno)

K2 4

smtsnruto

(knu)

C= 4

snukknm

(cm)

C5 4

gmosogo

(co)

C2 4

gmmgmio

(cu)

mcbo`ct

[mdoi

gurmi

(gu,R)

gurmi

tutmd

(gu-

tu,U=)

cormo

tutmd

(co-tu,U5)

gurmi gmogoimo

(gu-gmo,H5)

cormo gmogoimo

(co-gmo,H2)

gurmi

uznmo

(gu-

u,D=)

cormo

uznmo

(co-u,D5)

oio (yo,Q)

gurmi

voimro (gu-

vo,K=)

cormo

voimro (co-

vo,K5)

gurmi

tmrmd

(gu-

tm,C5)

cormo

tmrmd

(co-

tm,C2)

[n` dìmgmrtmmrmhms mr` ljrd`k lrjd bjdeocmtojcs jl tn`s` =< cjt`s, 8+=

oc tn` msb`ckoch, 8+= k`sb`ckoch, hovoch 85 rmhms. Lrjd tn`s` mr` k`rov`k

fmcymrmhms, wnobn dmy bjdeoc` koll`r`ct dìmgmrtms oc msb`ckoch mck

k`sb`ckoch sbmi`s, mkk jr r`djv` sjd` cjt`s oc òtn`r sbmi`, mck nmv`

vmromtojcs oc tn` cjt`s, djjk, hmdmgm(snmgoch jl tn` cjt`), `djtojcs, jr jtn`r

msp`bts jl rmhm. [n`s` mr` c`mriy occud`rmei`, eut m sì`bt cude`r mr` us`k oc

prmbtob`.

Mii tn` dìmgmrtms oc tn` tmei` eìjw e`hoc wotn sm mck `ck oc nohn sm, wotn

tn` jrk`r sm ro hm dm pm km co sm. [n`s` mr`smdpjjrcmrmhms, bjctmococh mii

tn` cjt`s oc tn` msb`ckoch mck k`sb`ckoch sbmi`s. [n`y misj bjctmoc tn` RMD@cjt`s oc ejtn sbmi`s. [n`y mr` kovok`k octj 5 hrjups, ey tn` typ` jl dmtn`y

pjss`ss. @v`ry hrjup jl sox rmhms (tjtmi =5 hrjups) bjdpros`s jc` bnmgrmm.

Oct`r`stochiy, tn` cmdoch jl tn` rmhms nms misj e``c syst`dmtoz`k. [n` lorst 5

i`tt`rs jl `mbn rmhm hov` tn` cude`r jl tn` rmhm mbbjrkoch tj tnos tmei`, wnobn


36/42

2 ? 1

gm gnm hm hnm chm bm bnm fm fnm cym

[m [nm Km Knm Cm tm tnm km knm cmpm pnm em enm dm

ym rm im vm snm snnm sm nm

[nus, m rmhm (s`` eìjw) iog` rmdmproym e`hocs wotn rm (5) mck dm (0). 50 oc

r`v`rs`hov`s tn` cude`r jl tn` dìmgmrtm, 05!

[n` dìmgmrtm rmmhmms mck tnòr swmrms, kovok`k ey tnòr dmljiijw. [n`y

mr` misj s`pmrmt`k octj =5 hrjups jl sox, bmii`k bnmgrms, mck mii tn` rmhms oc tn`

bmgrm nmv` tn` smd` ro, hm, mck dm.

Rnukkm dmknymdm D= Qrmto dmknymdm D5

= Ocku Bnmgrm 8 Uosno Bnmgrm

= gmcmgmmcho (gmcmgmmdemro)U= H=

K= C=28 smmimhmd (sjwhmckoco)

5 rmtcmmcho (pn`cmknyuto)U= H=

K= C52> fmimmrcmvmd (fmhmcdjnocmd)

2hmmcmdjjrto

(hmmcmsmmdmvmrmmio)

U= H=

K= C22? fnmmimvmrmmIo (knmmiovmrmmio)

; vmcmspmto (enmmcudmto) U= H=K5 C5

;1 cmvmc``tmd (cmenjdmco)

0 dmmcmvmto (dmcjrmcfmco)U= H=

K5 C2;= pmmvmco (gudenoco)

< tmmcmrjjpo (tmcug``rto)U= H=

K2 C2;5 rmhnuproymm (rmvogroymm)

5 c`trm Bnmgrm > \mmsu Bnmgrm

8 s`cmmvmto (s`cmmhrmco)U= H5

K= C=;2 hnmvmmdenjko (h``rvmmco)

> nmcudmtjko (fmcmtjko)U= H5

K= C5;; enmmvmproym (enmvmmco)

? kn`cugmm (knucoenoccmsnmkfmd)U= H5

K= C2;0

snuenmpmctuvmrmmio

(snovmpmctuvmrmmio)

=1 cmmtmgmproymm (cmtmenmrmCmd)U= H5

K5 C5; kovymdmco (f``vmctogmm)

2 Mhco Bnmgrm ? Ermndm Bnmgrm

=2 hmmymgmproymm (h`ym n`ffmffo)U= H2

K= C=;?

knmvmimmdemro

(knmvmimmchmd)

=;vmguimmenmrmcmd (vmm[``

vmsmctmenmormvo)

U= H2

K= C501

cmmdmcmmrmmymco

(cmmdmk@sno)

=0 dmmymdmmimvm hjwimU= H2

K= C20=

gmdmvmrknoco

pmctuvmrmmio

(gmmsnormmdmgroymm)

=< bnmgrmvmmgmd (tjymv`hmvmmnoco)U= H2

K5 C505 rmmdmproymm (rmdmmdmcjnmro

=8 sjjrymgmmctmd (bnmmymmvmto)U= H2

K5 C202

hmdmcmsnrmdmm

(hmdmgmgroymm)

=>nmmtmgmmdemro

(fmymsnukknmdmmimvo)

U= H2

K2 C20; vosnvmmdenmro (vmdsnmvmto)

; \`km Bnmgrm =1 Koso Bnmgrm

=?fnmcgmmrmknwmco

(fnmcgmmrmenrmdmro)

U5 H5

K= C=00 snymmdmimmcho (snymmdmImd)

51 cmtmenmormvo (cmmr``r``tohjwIm)

U5 H5

K= C5 0

n`dmmvmto

(k`snosodnmmrmvmd)

52 hjwro dmcjnmro (hjwrovìmmvmio)U5 H5

K5 C20? knmrdmmvmto (knmmdmvmto)

5; vmrucmproymm (v``rmvmsmctmd)U5 H5

K2 C2


38/42

2>

K= C2

5> nmrogmmdenjfo (nmrog`kmmrmhjwim)U5 H2

K5 C5


39/42

2?

mr` bmii`k mcym swmrms, cjt`s lrjd m koll`r`ct dìmgmrtm. [nus, mmnoro

us`s swmrms lrjd dìmgmrtms >, =;, mck 51. M rmmhm dmy us` up tj 2

swmrms lrjd mc jutsok` dìmgmrtm, eut cj djr`.

\mrfm jr smdpjjrcm- \mrfm d`mcs tnmt tn` rmmhm os dossoch sjd`

swmrms. r`vmto os dossoch m H mck K, sj ot os mc mukmvmvmrfm rmmhm.Rwmrmctmrm r`l`rs tj nmvoch jciy ; swmrms (tnos os rmr`, ljr `xmdpi` R U Q

C), mukmvm r`l`rs tj nmvoch 0 swmrms, snmmkmvm r`l`rs tj < (ljr `xmdpi`,

R U H D Q C), mck rmmhms wotn cj dossoch swmrms, nmvoch mii s`v`c R U H

D Q K C mr` smdpjjrcm rmmhms.

\mgrm jr cjc-vmgrm- \mgrm d`mcs "brjjg`k." [nus tn`s` rmmhms

nmv` brjjg`k sbmi`s, wotn tn` jrk`r eòch bnmch`k. Ummhms iog`

gmmcmkmm mr` jlt`c bjcsok`r`k vmgrm wn`c tn`y nmv` sbmi`s subn ms R

U H D Q D K C R ocst`mk jl sodpiy R U H D Q K C R, wnobn os cjc-vmgrm

(`v`c tnjuhn ot os smdpjjrcm, nmvoch mii tn` swmrms).

Bjdeocmtojcs- Ummhms dmy misj nmv` bjdeocmtojcs jl tn` mejv`,

sj rmmhms subn ms mmnoro mhmoc mr` smdpjjrcm (nmv` mii tn` swmrms) eut

mr` vmgrm (R U R H ...) mck enmmsnmmchm (wotn mcym swmrms). Oc mkkotojc

tj tn`s` cumcb`s, rmmhms bmc misj nmv` bnmch`s oc tn` str`ssoch jl

cjt`s mck tn` k`bjrmtojcs (hmdmgms) tn`y mr` hov`c tj hov` ros` tj mc

`v`c wok`r vmro`ty jl rmmhms. [n`s` bnmch`s bmc hov` ros` tj nuckr`ks

jl tnjusmcks jl rmmhms ems`k sodpiy jc tn` 85 dìmgmrtm rmmhms.

C.E.6Rj,lmr 8111(R@\@C [NJPRMCK) rmhms nmv` e``c ok`ctolo`k oc

tn` Gmrcmtog Dusob ljrd mck wotn utdjst pmoc mck dy jwc `lljrt, O

bjuik e` mei` tj bjii`bt tn` sbmi`s(RMUHMD) jl mii tn` 8111( s`v`c

tnjusmck) rmhms.Mii tnjs` mr` g`pt prjp`riy oc dy kmtmemcg.Ku` tj

pmuboty jl tod` mck `c`rhy,tn` smd` bjuik cjt e` ocbjrpjrmt`k oc

tnos bjdp`ckoud.Njw`v`r,ol mcy p`rsjc os oct`r`st`k oc mcy pmrtobuimr

rmhm,n` dmy iog` tj mpprjmbn d` tnrjuhn dy

`dmoi(kmttm.pg5112Ahdmoi.bjd) mck O snmii e` pi`ms`k tj ocljrd nod

tn` r`quor`k ocljrdmtojc.

M l`w "stmrt`r" rmhms tj ok`ctoly Gmrcmtog ljrd6

=. mmenjho

5. mdrotmvmrsnoco

2. e`nmmh


40/42

;1

;. enmormvo (`msy tj bjclus` wotn tjko)

0. nmdsmkwmco

. gmmcmkmm

?. gmiymmco=1.gmdmms

==.gmtmcmgutunmimd

=5.djnmcmd

=2.cmmttmo

=;.r`vmto

=0.smmv`ro

=?-=??1), pjpuimriy r`l`rr`k tj ms DI\ wms m

vokusno jl jutstmckoch d`rot. Rn` wms hr`mt oc mii msp`bts jl Gmrcmtob

dusob mck wms `ckjw`k wotn m d`ijkojus vjob`.

D.R.Rueeuimgsndo


41/42

;=

Ejrc oc tn` t`dpi` tjwc jl Dmkurmo jc R`pt`de`r =1-=0) os nmoi`k ms tn` Rmchotm Qotmdmnm jl tn` Gmrcmtob

dusob. N` nms e``c sochoch ljr 85 y`mrs mck nms i`lt nos jwc k``p

odpr`ssojc jc tn` Gmrcmtob dusob

Rueemrmdm Kogsnotmr

Rueemrmdm Kogsnotmr (=>2?-=?1


42/42

;5

[nymhmrmfm (=8;8) os nmoi`k ms 'tn` Goch jl Gmrcmtob Dusob'.

\.Kjr`swmdy Oy`chmr

Kjr`swmdy Oy`chmr (e.=?51) wms m snococh stmr oc tn` hmimxy jl lmdjus

vmocogms jl Dysjr`.

Documents

Karnatik Music