Karst Without Boundaries - hydrokarst-project.eu · Karst Without Boundaries PROCEEDINGS Edited by N. Kukurić, Z. Stevanović, N. Krešić 11-15 June 2014 Trebinje (Bosnia & Herzegovina)

International Conference and Field Seminar

Karst Without Boundaries

P R O C E E D I N G S

Edited by N. Kukurić, Z. Stevanović, N. Krešić

11-15 June 2014

Trebinje (Bosnia & Herzegovina) Dubrovnik (Croatia)

Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System

Publishers: GRAFOKOMERC AD Trebinje DIKTAS Project (Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System)

For the publishers: Zdravko Kašiković, GRAFOKOMERC AD Trebinje Neno Kukurić, DIKTAS Project Manager Editors: Neno Kukurić, Zoran Stevanović, Neven Krešić

Technical preparation: Vedran Furtula

English proofreading: Natalija Miličević

Circulation: 300 copies

Front page: Zalomka River (photo Ž. Zubac) Printed by: PRINT PLAST S.P. Trebinje

The authors of contributions in this proceedings are responsible for the content and copyrights of their respective contributions. Neither the DIKTAS nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the possible use of information contained in the this publication.

CIP - ц ј ц ј

Н

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556.3(082)

INTERNATIONAL Conference and Field Seminar "Karst Without

Boundaries" (2014 ; Trebinje, Dubrovnik)

Proceedings / International Conference and Field Seminar "Karst

Without Boundaries", 11-15 J une 2014, Trebinje (Bosnia &

Herzegovinaдз Dubrovnik гCroatiaд ; edited by N. Kukurićз Z. Stevanovićз N. Krešić. - Trebinje : Grafokomerc, 2014 (Trebinje : Print plast). - 431

str. : ilustr. ; 30 cm

Tiraž 300 . - Abstracts. - Registar.

ISBN 978-99938-52-58-2

1. DIKTAS (Trebinje)

COBISS.RS-ID 4308248

International Conference and Field Seminar

Karst Without Boundaries

In partnership of In collaboration with

Other supporting partners and organizations

PP RR OO CC EE EE DD II NN GG SS

Edited by N. Kukurić, Z. Stevanović, N. Krešić

11-15 June 2014 Trebinje (Bosnia & Herzegovina)

Dubrovnik (Croatia)

Protection and Sustainable Use of the Dinaric Karst Transboundary Aquifer System

Karst Without Boundaries Proceedings

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................... 9

KREŠIĆ, N. AND KUKURIĆ, N.: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 11

PAPERS AND ABSTRACTS .................................................................................. 13

KEY NOTE CONTRIBUTIONS ............................................................................... 15

MILANOVIC, P.: OPTIMAL WATER MANAGEMENT - PREREQUISITE FOR REGIONAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC

DEVELOPMENT IN KARST .................................................................................................................................. 15

STEVANOVIĆ, Z., PEKAŠ, Ž., JOLOVIĆ, B., PAMBUKU, A., AND RADOJEVIĆ, D.: CLASSICAL DINARIC KARST AQUIFER – AN OVERVIEW OF ITS PAST AND FUTURE ..................................................................................... 23

MAURICE, L.: THE IMPORTANCE OF KARST IN WEAKLY KARSTIC AQUIFERS ................................................. 29

AQUIFER CHARACTERIZATION AND MONITORING ............................................ 31

MIKSZEWSKI A. AND KREŠIĆ N.: NUMERIC MODELING OF WELL CAPTURE ZONES IN KARST AQUIFERS ........ 31

FIORILLO, F.: THE RECESSION OF SPRING HYDROGRAPHS, FOCUSED ON KARST AQUIFERS ................... 39

GUNN, J., AND WORTHINGTON, S.R.H.: WHAT CAN WE LEARN FROM ‘FAILED’ GROUNDWATER TRACING

EXPERIMENTS IN KARST? ................................................................................................................................. 44

GOEPPERT, N., TEICH, U., AND GOLDSCHEIDER, N.: SOLUTE TRANSPORT VARIABILITY IN ALPINE KARST

AQUIFERS UNDER DIFFERENT FLOW CONDITIONS ....................................................................................... 50

FIORILLO, F. AND PAGNOZZI, M.: RECHARGE PROCESSES OF KARST MASSIFS IN MEDITERRANEAN AREAS, CHARACTERISED BY WIDE ENDORHEIC AREAS ............................................................................................. 51

KAVOUSI, A. AND RAEISI, E.: DIRECT DETERMINATION OF GROUNDWATER MEAN RESIDENCE TIME IN

KARSTIC AQUIFERS ........................................................................................................................................... 56

KOVÁCS, A., PERROCHET, P., SZŰCS, P., LÉNÁRT, L. AND DARABOS, E.: CHARACTERISATION OF KARST

AQUIFERS BASED ON HYDROGRAPH ANALYSIS ............................................................................................ 57

STADLER, H., RESZLER, C., FARNLEITNER, A., KOMMA, J. AND BLÖSCHL, G.: INTEGRATED TOOL FOR KARST

WATER PROTECTION: EVENT BASED SAMPLING AND HYDROLOGICAL MODELLING BASED ON

HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAPPING ........................................................................................................................ 65

MILANOVIĆ, S.: SPATIAL MODELING OF KARST CHANNELS USING MULTIPARAMETRIC APROACH – EXAMPLE OF BELJANICA KARST MASSIF ........................................................................................................ 73

MÁDL-SZŐNYI, J.:DEEP CARBONATE SYSTEMS IN REGIONAL GROUNDWATER FLOW CONTEXT, THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL CONSEQUENCES ......................................................................................... 79

STEVANOVIĆ, Z.: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT INDICATORS IN SYSTEMATIC MONITORING OF KARST

AQUIFER – DINARIC KARST CASE EXAMPLE .................................................................................................... 80

WANG, X., DAUSSE, A., COSGROVE, J., JOURDE, H., GOSSELIN, O., LONERGAN, L., LÉONARDI, V. AND MASSONNAT, G.: INTEGRATING OUTCROP FRACTURE DATA AND PRESSURE TRANSIENT DATA FOR CONSTRUCTING

LOCAL SCALE FLOW MODELS IN A KARST AQUIFER ...................................................................................... 86

MINVIELLE, S., LASTENNET, R., DENIS, A. AND PEYRAUBE, N.: SPATIALIZATION OF DRAINAGE AREAS TO

ESTIMATE TRANSFER FUNCTION IN AN EPIKARSTIC SPRING USING A RESERVOIR MODEL .................... 96

MAGNI, S.: STUDY OF KARST AQUIFERS - ANOTHER POINT OF VIEW .......................................................... 104

CUCCHI, F., ZINI, L., CALLIGARIS, C., TURPAUD, P., SLEJKO, F.F., TREU, F., FURLANI, S., ZAVAGNO, E., BIOLCHI, S., MICHELINI, M., BOCCALI, C., CLEVA, S., URBANC, J., STANIČ, T.F., KOGOVSEK, J., PETRIC, M., GABROVSEK, F., RAVBAR,

3


N., ALTRAN, E., PISELLI, S., SCIOLIS, D., SOSSI, P., LEBAN, M., CASAGRANDE, G., BRANCELJ, A. AND MORI, N.: HYDROKARST’S ROLE IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE CLASSICAL KARST AQUIFER’S HYDRODYNAMIC (NE

ITALY, SW SLOVENIA) ....................................................................................................................................... 111

MEAŠKI, H, BIONDIĆ, B. AND BIONDIĆ, R.: DELINEATION OF KARST CATCHMENT AREA USING SEVERAL

METHODS – AN EXAMPLE OF PLITVICE LAKES CATCHMENT ....................................................................... 118

RADULOVIĆ, M., SEKULIĆ, G., VAKO, E. AND BLAGOJEVIĆ M.: AN ASSESSMENT OF TERRITORY PARTICIPATION IN

RECHARGE OF TRANSBOUNDARY KARST AQUIFER: A CASE STUDY FROM THE SKADAR LAKE

CATCHMENT AREA ........................................................................................................................................... 124

BENDEREV, A., STEVANOVIĆ, Z., MIHAYLOVA, B., ŽIVANOVIĆ, V., KOSTOV, K., MILANOVIĆ, S., SHANOV, S., AND JEMCOV, I.: TRANSBOUNDARY KARST AND KARST AQUIFERS IN WEST STARA PLANINA MTS – CHARACTERISTICS

AND PROBLEMS ................................................................................................................................................ 125

PAVLIČ, U. AND TRIŠIĆ, N. CHARACTERIZATION OF HYDROLOGIC CONDITIONS OF TRANSBOUNDARY

GROUNDWATER BODY KARAVANKE IN SLOVENIA ....................................................................................... 131

HARYONO, E., PUTRO, S.T., YULIANTO, B., AND NUCHIFERA, F.: KARST MORPHOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF

KARANGBOLONG AREA, INDONESIA .............................................................................................................. 137

JIANG, G. AND GUO, F.: WATER BALANCE ANALYSIS BY A CAVE STREAM IN BARE EPIKARST IN SOUTH

CHINA ................................................................................................................................................................. 144

GOLDSCHEIDER, N., LAUBER, U. AND UFRECHT, W.: DETAILED INSIGHTS IN FLOW PROCESSES IN KARST

CONDUIT NETWORKS FROM TRACER STUDIES IN THE ACTIVE CAVE SYSTEM DRAINING TO BLAUTOPF

SPRING, SWABIAN ALB, GERMANY ................................................................................................................. 145

PETITTA, M., BARBIERI, M., CASCHETTO, M.C., FROLLINI, E., LACCHINI, A., MARINELLI, V., PACIONI, E. AND SBARBATI. C.: GROUNDWATER FLOW INTERACTION AT THE PIEDMONT OF KARST AQUIFERS ALONG ACTIVE

TECTONIC SYSTEMS: SPRINGS AND SINKHOLES OF S.VITTORINO PLAIN (CENTRAL ITALY) .................. 146

KOVAČIČ, G. AND RAVBAR, N.: HYDROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF KARST AQUIFERS AND SPRINGS

USING TIME SERIES ANALYSIS, THE CASE OF CLASSICAL KARST (SLOVENIA) ........................................ 147

SAPPA, G. AND FERRANTI, F.: HYDROGEOLOGICAL MONITORING AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE KARST

AQUIFER FEEDING THE PERTUSO SPRING, SOUTH EAST OF LATIUM REGION (CENTRAL ITALY) .......... 148

SÁNCHEZ, D., ANDREO, B., LÓPEZ, M., MUDARRA, M. AND GONZÁLEZ, M.J.: CHARACTERIZATION OF GRAZALEMA

KARST AQUIFERS (SOUTHERN SPAIN) BY MEANS OF GEOLOGICAL, HYDROCHEMICAL AND

HYDRODYNAMIC DATA .................................................................................................................................... 155

MALARD, A., JEANNIN, P-Y., TURK, J. AND BALLESTEROS, D.: APPLICABILITY OF THE KARSYS APPROACH: EXAMPLES FROM SWITZERLAND, SLOVENIA AND SPAIN ............................................................................ 156

ARTUGYAN, L. AND URDEA, P.: GROUNDWATER DRAINAGE MONITORING AND KARST TERRAIN ANALYSIS

USING SPONTANEOUS POTENTIAL (SP) IN ANINA MINING AREA (BANAT MOUNTAINS, ROMANIA). PRELIMINARY STUDY ....................................................................................................................................... 157

KOVÁCS A. AND SZŐCS T.: PREDICTION OF KARST WATER RECOVERY FOLLOWING REGIONAL MINE

DEPRESSURISATION IN THE TATA AREA, HUNGARY ................................................................................... 165

JEANNIN, P-J., PHILIPP, H., ERIC, W. AND MEURY, P-X.: CO2 CONCETRATION IN UNDERGROUND AIR VS. WATER

HARDNESS IN THE MILANDRE UNDERGROUND LABORATORY (JU, SWITZERLAND) ............................... 171

GACIN, M., DOBNIKAR - TEHOVNIK, M. AND MIHORKO, P.: GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF THE KRKA SPRING IN

GROUNDWATER BODY DOLENJSKI KRAS ..................................................................................................... 172

STADLER, P., STADLER, H., AND HÄUSLER, H.: THE ZELENI VIR CASE STUDY: IMPLEMENTING

ISOTOPEHYDROLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY IN THE KARST OF GORSKI KOTAR (OUTER DINARIDES; WESTERN CROATIA) ........................................................................................................................................ 180

ERŐSS, A., SURBECK, H., MÁDL-SZŐNYI ,J., CSONDOR, K., HORVÁTH, A. AND LÉNÁRT, L.: CHARACTERIZATION OF

KARST WATERS BY RADIONUCLIDES IN THE BÜKK KARST REGION, HUNGARY ....................................... 188

TRČEK, B. AND ŠAJN, R.: INVESTIGATION OF A LJUBLJANICA KARST RIVER BASIN BASED ON TRACE

ELEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 190

PEKAŠ, Ž. AND RUBINIĆ, J.: MONITORING OF FLUCTUATION DYNAMICS OF GROUNDWATER LEVELS IN THE

SAVUDRIJA AREA IN ISTRIA, CROATIA – DIFFERENT REACTIONS IN A LIMITED KARST COASTAL AREA ................................................................................................................................................................. 198

4


VERBOVŠEK, T, KOCELI, A. AND KANDUČ, T.: THE CARBON CYCLE IN DOLOMITE ROCKS AND GROUNDWATER

IN SLOVENIA ...................................................................................................................................................... 200

VUKIĆ LUŠIĆ, D., RUBINIĆ, J., RADIŠIĆ, M., CENOV, A., LUŠIĆ, D., KRSTELJ, J. AND MIĆOVIĆ, V.: ISSUES RELATED TO

SANITARY SEAWATER QUALITY MONITORING IN THE IMPACT ZONE OF COASTAL KARST SPRINGS – EXAMPLE FROM RIJEKA BAY ........................................................................................................................... 201

RISTIĆ VAKANJAC, V., STEVANOVIĆ, Z. AND ČOKORILO ILIĆ, M.: UNDERGROUND PIRACY OF RAŠKA SPRING

(SOUTHWESTERN SERBIA) AND CONCEPT FOR THE DELINEATION OF CATCHMENT AREA AND

ESTIMATION OF KARST GROUNDWATER BUDGET ELEMENTS ................................................................... 207

LIU, W., PU, J., YU, S., ZHANG, C., AU, Y., YUAN, D., YANG, H. AND TANG, W.: PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE

THERMAL STRATIFICATION OF A SUBTROPICAL KARST RESERVOIR AND ITS INFLUENCE ON DIC

ACTIVITY IN SUMMER ....................................................................................................................................... 213

TÓTH, Á., MÁDL SZŐNYI, J., KOVÁCS, J. AND HORNYÁK, G.: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPRINGS, STRUCTURES

AND HYDROSTRATIGRAPHY IN DIFFERENT SCALES ON THE EXAMPLE OF TRANSDANUBIAN RANGE, HUNGARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 214

MOHAMMADI, Z. AND MALI, S.: CHARACTERIZATION OF KARST SYSTEM USING MODELING OF RAINFALL-DISCHARGE RELATIONSHIP; PIREGHAR AND DIME SPRINGS, ZAGROS REGION, IRAN ........................... 215

SCHMIDT, S, GEYER, T., GUTTMAN, J., MAREI, J., RIES, F. AND SAUTER, M.: CHARACTERISATION OF CONDUIT

RESTRICTED KARST AQUIFERS - A METHODOLOGY DEMONSTRATED AT THE EXAMPLE OF THE AUJA

SPRING,LOWER JORDAN VALLEY................................................................................................................... 221

ŽIVANOVIĆ, V., DRAGIŠIĆ, V., JEMCOV, I., RABRENOVIĆ, M. AND ATANACKOVIĆ, N.: QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF

KARST SPRING REGIME - CASE EXAMPLE OF BLEDERIJA SUBTHERMAL KARST SPRING IN EASTERN

SERBIA ............................................................................................................................................................... 222

ALMÁSI, I., WALKER, J., CRANSHAW, J., POTMA, K. AND STOAKES, F.: HYPOGENIC KARST BENEATH THE

ATHABASCA OIL SANDS – CONTROLS ON AQUIFERS AND AQUITARDS ..................................................... 228

MARTINECZ, A., MÁDL-SZŐNYI, J., HAVRIL, T., MOLSON, J. AND SIMON, S.: NUMERICAL INTERPRETATION OF

GROUNDWATER FLOW IN THE BUDA THERMAL KARST, HUNGARY ........................................................... 229

PETROVIĆ, B.: PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION OF THE KARST GROUNDWATER FLOW OF SUVA

PLANINA MOUNTAIN (EASTERN SERBIA) ....................................................................................................... 230

ARCHONTELIS, A. AND GANOULIS, J.: MODEL SIMULATION OF THE HYDRODYNAMIC FUNCTIONING OF A

KARST COASTAL AQUIFER: THE CASE OF ALMYROS SPRING, THE ISLAND OF CRETE, GREECE .......... 236

ATANACKOVIĆ, N., MAGAZINOVIĆ, S., DRAGIŠIĆ, V., ŽIVANOVIĆ, V., NINKOVIĆ, N. AND BAJIĆ, A.: KARST SPRING

REGIME MONITORING AND ANALYSIS - A CASE STUDY OF TUPIZNICA KARST SPRING IN EASTERN

SERBIA ............................................................................................................................................................... 237

GABROVŠEK, F.: MONITORING AND MODELLING OF GROUNDWATER DYNAMICS IN LJUBLJANICA AND

REKA SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................ 238

PETRVALSKÁ, A., KOLTAI, G., PALCSU, L. AND STRAKOVÁ, V.: FIRST RESULTS OF THE HYDROCHEMICAL

MONITORING OF 6 SPRINGS ON JASOVSKÁ PLATEAU, SLOVAKIA ............................................................. 239

EL-KASHOUTY, M., EL-KAMMAR, A., MOKHTAR YEHIA, M. AND MIRO, M.: HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF DAMASCUS CITY ANDS ITS SURROUNDINGS, SYRIA .............................................................................. 240

D. GEORGE, L. AND PONTA, G.: RISK-BASED ASSESSMENT FOR HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS IN

LIMESTONE TERRAIN AT A FORMER MANUFACTURING FACILITY .............................................................. 241

MENICHETTI, M.: HEAT AS A TRACER FOR HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF FRACTURED KARST: MONTE CUCCO IN ITALY’S NORTHERN APENNINES ..................................................................................... 242

ZHAO, K. AND WANG, Y.: A 1,200-YEAR-LONG ANNUALLY RESOLVED RECORD OF THE ASIAN SUMMER

MONSOON FORM DONGGE CAVE, CHINA ...................................................................................................... 243

SULISTIJO, S., ISKANDAR, I., CHAMID, C., POERNANTO AND HARYONO, E.: THE IMPACT OF THE LIMESTONE MINING

ACTIVITIES ON THE GROUNDWATER CONDITION: CAN MINING ACTIVITIES IMPROVE THE GROUND

WATER AND WATER QUALITY CONDITION?...................................................................................................... 244

M. SCHINDEL, G. AND M. SCHINDEL, G.: DATA COLLECTION AND RESEARCH PROGRAMS IN SUPPORT OF

MANAGEMENT OF KARST AQUIFERS ............................................................................................................. 246

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AQUIFER MANAGEMENT AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK ........................................ 251

PEKAŠ, Ž.: HARMONIZATION OF CRITERIA FOR DELINEATION OF SANITARY PROTECTION ZONES IN

TRANSBOUNDARY AQUIFERS OF THE DINARIC KARST ............................................................................... 251

PURI, S.: AQUIFER SYSTEM TDA AND LEGAL FRAMEWORKS - WHAT LESSON FOR DIKTAS? ................... 256

ZWAHLEN, F., BAKALOWICZ, M., GONZALEZ, R., HAJ ASAAD, A., SAADÉ-SBEIH, M. AND JAUBERT, R.: GROUNDWATER

FLOWS IN THE ORONTES RIVER BASIN AND GROUNDWATER IN THE SYRIA-LEBANON WATER SHARING

AGREEMENT ..................................................................................................................................................... 264

MALÍK, P., ČERNÁK, R. AND TÓTH, G.: KARSTIC GROUNDWATER IN HUNGARIAN-SLOVAKIAN

TRANSBOUNDARY GROUNDWATER BODIES UNDER THE SCOPE OF “ENWAT” AND “TRANSENERGY” EU

PROJECTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 272

HARYONO, E.: SUB-C: A HIDRO-MORPHOLOGICAL APPROACH FOR MINING SPATIAL PLANNING ............. 278

STEWART, S. AND MUSTAFA, S.: GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT OF KARST AQUIFERS IN SOUTH

AUSTRALIA: 2 CASE STUDIES .......................................................................................................................... 279

TRENC, N., VELIĆ, J. AND DUPLIĆ, A.: EU HABITATS AND BIRDS DIRECTIVES AS A COMPLEMENTARY

MECHANISM TO WATER LEGISLATION FOR CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE USE OF WATER

RESOURCES IN DINARIC KARST ..................................................................................................................... 288

PREBIL, T. AND ČENČUR CURK, B.: VULNERABILITY MAPPING OF THE KARST AQUIFER OF THE KANIN

MOUNTAIN AREA .............................................................................................................................................. 294

GÜNDOĞAN, R., GEYIKLI, B., YAKUPOĞLU, T., DINDAROĞLU, T., H. ERDOĞAN, E., E. AKAY, A.: THE EFFECT OF

CONVERSION OF NATIVE SHRUB LAND TO PISTACIO ORCHARD ON SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STOCK IN

KARST AREAS IN SOUTHEAST TURKEY ......................................................................................................... 295

WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING ................................................................ 301

MILANOVIĆ, S. AND VASIĆ, LJ.: 3D MODELING OF KARST CONDUIT; CASE EXAMPLE LEAKAGE BELOW

VIŠEGRAD DAM ................................................................................................................................................. 301

JEMCOV, I., MLADENOVIĆ, A., PAVLOVIĆ, R., TRIVIĆ, B., PETROVIĆ, D. AND PETROVIĆ, R.: DETERMINATION OF

WATER LOSS FROM RESERVOIRS IN LESS PERMEABLE KARST AQUIFER – CASE EXAMPLE OF THE LEFT

BANK OF LAZICI DAM –WESTERN SERBIA....................................................................................................... 307

JEANNIN, P-J., PHILIPP, H. AND ERIC, W.: A PRAGMATIC SIMULATION TOOL FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN AN

ALPINE KARST REGION: THE FLIMS CASE STUDY, GR SWITZERLAND ...................................................... 313

PROHASKA, S., MAJKIĆ-DURSUN, B., VUJOVIĆ, D. AND TRIPKOVIĆ, V.: THE EVALUATON OF THE INFLUENCE OF

WATER TRANSFER FROM THE FATNICKO AND DABARSKO POLJE INTO THE BILECA RESERVOIR ON THE

WATER REGIME CARACTERISTICS OF HE RIVER BREGAVA ....................................................................... 314

TUFEKČIĆ, D.: APPLICATION OF ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RESONANCE METHOD IN HYDRO-GEOPHYSICAL

EXPLORATION OF KARST SYSTEM ................................................................................................................. 315

ROUAI, M. AND QARQORI, K.: GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING OF KARSTIC GROUNDWATER IN TABULAR

MIDDLE ATLAS (MOROCCO): A CASE STUDY ................................................................................................. 316

NEŠKOVIĆ, D., KRMPOTIĆ, M., TADIĆ, D. AND MITROVIĆ, V.: THE POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS FOR

GROUNDWATER UTILIZATION OF "OMARSKO VRELO" SPRING LOCATED IN TARA NATIONAL PARK

(WESTERN SERBIA) .......................................................................................................................................... 320

BAKOČ, S., VUČINIĆ, L., VLAHOVIĆ, M. AND DJAKOVIĆ, M.: POSSIBILITY OF USING AQUIFER FROM LOCALITY

DOLOVI FOR WATER SUPPLY OF OSTROG MONASTERY ............................................................................ 321

BAKŠIĆ, N., HARAMINA, T. AND PILAŠ, I.: STATE AND PRESSURES ON THE AQUIFER IN THE AREA OF THE CITY

OF ZAGREB ........................................................................................................................................................ 324

JIANHUA, C. AND YUCHI, J.: HYDROGEOLOGICAL SETTING - BASED DAMS TO ACCESS THE GROUNDWATER

TO SURFACE WATER - FOUR CASES FROM SOUTHWEST KARST AREA, CHINA ....................................... 325

GROUNDWATER SUSTAINABLE USE, PROTECTION AND REMEDIATION ........ 333

CUCCHI, F., ZINI, L., CALLIGARIS, C., TURPAUD, P., SLEJKO, F.F., TREU, F., FURLANI, S., ZAVAGNO, E., BIOLCHI, S., MICHELINI, M., BOCCALI, C., CLEVA, S., URBANC, J., STANIČ, T.F., KOGOVSEK, J., PETRIC, M., GABROVSEK, F., RAVBAR,

6


N., ALTRAN, E., PISELLI, SCIOLIS, D., SOSSI, P., LEBAN, M., CASAGRANDE, G., BRANCELJ, A. AND MORI, N.: WATER

MANAGEMENT OF THE CLASSICAL KARST AQUIFER (NE ITALY, SW SLOVENIA) ...................................... 333

BONACCI, O.: MAN’S INFLUENCE ON THE DINARIC KARST WATER AND ECOLOGICAL REGIMES .............. 334

PETRIČ, M., JANEŽ, J., RAVBAR, N., HOČEVAR, J., KOGOVŠEK, J., SLABE, T. AND TURK, J.: EMERGENCY

PROTECTION OF KARST WATER SOURCES - HYDROGEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN THE FRAME OF THE

GEP PROJECT ................................................................................................................................................... 342

GARAŠIĆ, M.: SPELEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AID IN THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE HYDROGEOLOGY OF

THE DINARIC KARST IN CROATIA .................................................................................................................... 343

NAKIĆ Z., FUNDUK, M., ČARLDAROVIĆ, O. AND PEKAŠ, Ž.: PROTECTION AND SUSTAINABLE UTILIZATION OF

GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA ................................................................... 349

BIONDIĆ, R., MEAŠKI, H., AND BIONDIĆ, B.: VULNERABILITY MAPPING OF NOVLJANSKA ŽRNOVNICA KARSTIC

SPRING CATCHMENT AREA (CROATIA) .......................................................................................................... 357

GRIMMEISEN, F., SAWARIEH, A., ZEMANN, M., KLINGER, J., GÖPPERT, N. AND GOLDSCHEIDER, N.: WATER QUALITY

MONITORING FOR GROUNDWATER PROTECTION IN URBAN KARST AQUIFERS IN A SEMI-ARID CLIMATE ............................................................................................................................................................ 364

JOLOVIĆ, B.: POLLUTION PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSBOUNDARY KARST AQUIFER UNA AND POSSIBLE

PROGRAMS OF MEASURES ............................................................................................................................. 365

RUGGIERI, R.:THE HYDROGEOLOGICAL SYSTEM OF THE CENTRAL-SOUTHERN HYBLEAN PLATEAU

(SOUTH-EASTERN SICILY): ASPECTS OF VULNERABILITY AND PROTECTION OF THE KARST AQUIFERS .......................................................................................................................................................... 371

GORAN, C., VLAICU, M., MUNTEANU, C.M., GIURGINCA, A., TERENTE, M.C., TUDORACHE, A. AND MARIN, C.: VEGETAL

COVER CHANGE - A PLAUSIBLE CAUSE FOR ENHANCED DISSOLUTION PROCESSES WITHIN THE

TOPOLNITA CAVE (MEHEDINTI PLATEAU, ROMANIA) ................................................................................... 377

DEVIĆ, N., AND FILIPOVIĆ, S.: ASSESSMENT OF HYDROCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF GROUNDWATER IN

KARST ................................................................................................................................................................ 378

ANTUNOVIĆ, I., ZOVKO, D., AND PRSKALO, G.: NEW FINDINGS ABOUT HYDROGEOLOGICAL BOUNDARIES OF

RADOBOLJA, STUDENAC AND LISTICA SPRING BASINS .............................................................................. 384

DAOXIAN, Y.: URBAN HYDROGEOLOGY IN KARST REGIONS OF CHINA ........................................................ 385

KOSIČ, N. AND RAVBAR, N.: KARST GROUNDWATER PROTECTION AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION .................................................................................................................................................. 387

MAHMOUDI SIVAND, S.: AN INVESTIGATION OF KARST SINKHOLES IN ABARKOUH PLAIN (YAZD PROVINCE, IRAN) .................................................................................................................................................................. 388

MARGANE, A. AND ISMAIL MAKKI, I.: PLANNING OF WASTEWATER FACILITIES IN KARSTIC TERRAIN – EXPERIENCES FROM LEBANON ..................................................................................................................... 389

TAHERI, K., KEYVANNIA, M. AND TAHERI, M.: SITE SELECTION FOR PUBLIC WATER WELLS IN KARST

AQUIFERS, EMERGENCY RESOURCES FOR URBAN AND RURAL WATER SUPPLY IN KERMANSHAH

PROVINCE, IRAN ............................................................................................................................................... 390

AWARENESS, EDUCATION AND OUTREACH .................................................... 391

GOLDSCHEIDER, N., CHEN, Z. AND THE WOKAM TEAM: THE WORLD KARST AQUIFER MAPPING PROJECT – WOKAM .............................................................................................................................................................. 391

PARISE, M.: NO LIMITS, NO BOUNDARIES: A VIEW OF KARST AS THE TYPICAL TRANS-BOUNDARY

ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................................................................................. 392

BOCCHINO, B., DEL VECCHIO, U., DE NITTO, L., LO MASTRO, F., MARRAFFA, M., MAURANO, F., MINIERI, G., PARISE, M. AND RUOCCO, M.: INCREASING PEOPLE’S AWARENESS ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF KARST

LANDSCAPES AND AQUIFERS: AN EXPERIENCE FROM SOUTHERN ITALY ............................................... 398

BAŠAGIĆ, M. AND ŠUVALIĆ, A.: HISTORY OF KARST STUDIES OF EASTERN HERZEGOVINA .......................... 406

DODEROVIĆ, M., BULIĆ, I., BULIĆ, Z. AND BURIĆ, D.: KARST REGIONS OF MONTENEGRO AND ECOLOGICAL

DEVELOPMENT PROBLEMS ............................................................................................................................ 413

LUČIĆ, I.: WHAT MADE IT POSSIBLE FOR "EUROPE'S LARGEST SINKING RIVER" TO DISAPPEAR? ........... 414

7


BAHRAMMANESH, M. AND RAZAVI, B.S.: WHEAT PRODUCTION DECLINES DUE TO EXTENDED DROUGHT IN

IRAN ................................................................................................................................................................... 422

ČALDAREVIĆ, O.: TRANSBOUNDARY DIMENSIONS OF EVERYDAY PRACTICES OF LIFE IN KARSTIC AREAS – SOCIAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS ..................................................................................................... 426

ZHENQIU, Z.: DECADAL-SCALE CLIMATE VARIABILITY DURING MID-HOLOCENE RECORDED IN A

SHENNONGJIA SPELEOTHEM ......................................................................................................................... 427

LIST OF AUTHORS ............................................................................................. 428

8

DIKTAS Conference “Karst without boundaries”, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Full Paper

HYDROKARST’S ROLE IN THE KNOWLEDGE OF THE CLASSICAL KARST

AQUIFER’S HYDRODYNAMIC (NE ITALY, SW SLOVENIA)

Franco Cucchi1, Luca Zini

1, Chiara Calligaris

1, Philippe Turpaud

1, Francesca Federica

Slejko1, Francesco Treu

1, Stefano Furlani

1, Enrico Zavagno

1, Sara Biolchi

1, Marzia

Michelini1, Chiara Boccali

1, Silvia Cleva

1, Janko Urbanc

2, Tamara Ferjan Stanič2

,

Janja Kogovsek3, Metka Petric

3, Franci Gabrovšek

3, Natasa Ravbar

3, Enrico Altran

4,

Stefano Piselli4, Daniela Sciolis

4, Paolo Sossi

4, Mitja Leban

5, Giacomo Casagrande

6,

Anton Brancelj7 and Natasa Mori

7

1Trieste University – D.M.G., Trieste, Italy; [email protected]

2 Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected]

3 Karst Research Institute - ZRCSAZU, Postojna, Slovenia; [email protected]

4 ACEGAS Aps, Trieste, Italy; [email protected]

5 Kraški Vodovod, Sežana, Slovenia; [email protected]

6 Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy;[email protected]

7National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected]

Abstract: In the framework of the Italian-Slovenian transboundary cooperation program 2007-2013, the HYDROKARST Project that aims at the protection and management of the Classical Karst transboundary aquifer is being carried out. Since the second half of 1800, several studies in this research field have been realized, but Hydrokarst is an opportunity for joint work for a unique goal, enriching the knowledge of a precious resource, water. In this context, in order to better define the groundwater flow dynamics, a joint monitoring network consisting of devices for continuous recording of physical parameters as electrical conductivity, temperature and water level, was realized. For selected water points, several physico-chemical, microbiological and geochemical surveys were performed. Major ions, δ18O and87Sr/86Sr isotopic ratio were analyzed. Fauna samples were collected. Additionally, a water-tracing test with fluorescent dye was carried out. Key Words: Classical Karst, hydrogeology, conduit and fractured, transboundary aquifer, management, groundwater fauna

INTRODUCTION

In a complex hydrogeological setting, a hydrogeological characterization of the karst drainage basins is the key to understanding and estimating water fluxes. This operation requires the data acquisition in order to define the extent and the effects of conduit-dominated flow, multiple discrete inputs and outputs for water, and their spatial and temporal variability in recharge, storage, and flow. Water-tracing tests, realized using fluorescent dyes, are the most effective way of determining subsurface conduit connections between karst drainage features such as sinkholes and springs, directions of ground-water flow, boundaries of karst ground-water basins, and the hydraulic properties of conduits (Mull et al., 1988; White, 1993). Spring discharges and variations in the chemical and isotopic composition allow to characterize recharge and discharges and to provide insights into the hydrostructure at basin-to-regional scales (Ford and Wiliams, 2007; White, 1993). Given that groundwater is inhabited by a wide variety of animals, ranging from larger arthropods, such as amphipods to meiofaunal, few millimeter-sized copepods and ostracods (Marmonier et al., 1993), this fauna can be a very useful indicator of groundwater hydrological connections, groundwater

111

mailto:[email protected]








contamination or can serve as a tool for groundwater characterization (Sket and Bole, 1981; Malard et al., 1996; Pipan and Culver, 2007; Mori and Brancelj, 2013). In hydrogeological studies, a fundamental mapping unit is used to characterize the spatial and temporal properties of the aquifer and to construct its conceptual model (Rosenberry and La Baugh, 2008).The study area corresponds to the Classical Karst, a carbonate plateau homeland to Timavo/Reka aquifer system (Fig. 1). The area is a transboundary site shared between Italy and Slovenia and approximately 750 km2 wide extending, as a rectangular plateau, surrounded by non karstic features as Trieste Flysch bay (Adriatic Sea) on the SW, alluvial Friuli plain at NW, Flysch Vipava valley at NE. The plateau surface is characterized by an abundance of karst landforms, epigean and hypogean, being considered one of the best karst examples in the world (Ford and Williams, 2007) having available at least 500-600m of karstifiable rocks. The drainage basin of the Reka River covers an area of about 407 km2. The hydrostructure is crossed by an impressive underground river that sinks in Slovenia at Škocjan sinkhole, UNESCO Heritage since 1986, and outflows on the Italian side in correspondence of Timavo Springs near Duino village. Given that the Classical Karst aquifer is exploited for drinking purposes by Slovenians and Italians, the aim of the present paper is to better define the different inputs to the groundwaters.

Fig. 11: The study area. 1=Vipacco/Vipava; 2=Doberdò lake; 3=Moschenizze Nord spring; 4=Sardos spring; 5=Timavo spring; 6=Aurisina/Nabrezina spring; 7=Kanjeduče cave; 8=Kačna cave; λ=Škocjan cave; 10=Storje

piezometer; 11= Rasa river; 12= Senožeški river; 13= Sajevški river; 14=Trebiciano abyss.

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION

In 1995, the researchers of the Trieste University – D.M.G.jointly with Slovenian researches, began with the study of the Timavo/Reka hydrodynamics in order to enrich the knowledge of the Classical Karst aquifer. In this framework, a monitoring network made of devices for continuous recording of physical parameters (electrical conductivity, temperature and water level) and sampling surveys was updated.

The main caves reaching groundwaters were analyzed as well as the available piezometers and the recognized lakes and springs. The aquifer recharge is represented by: 1) a concentrated allogenic recharge due to Reka River inputs, 2) a diffuse autogenic recharge due to effective precipitations, and 3) a diffuse allogenic recharge due to the Isonzo River contribution (Zini et al., 2013).

As defined by the data recorded at Timavo/Timava and Sardos/Sardoč springs, contributions from the different sectors of the hydrostructure, differ due to the water flow regime: in high water flow, Reka and effective precipitations represent the main inputs, while during low water flow regime, Isonzo/Soča groundwater input prevails.

δ18O values confirm this hypothesisμ especially during springtime, Isonzo/Soča waters have δ18O values more negative than the rainfall (on the Clasical Karst area) and Reka river (Doctor et al., 2000). In this period in fact, Isonzo/Soča is fed by snow melting waters. During low water regime, more negative values are recorded in the entire spring area, except Aurisina, which is considered to be free from the influence of Isonzo/Soča waters.

The major ion analysis indicates that surface- and ground-waters have similar chemical composition, belonging to the Ca-HCO3 and Ca-Mg-HCO3 hydrofacies. No meaningful differences are observed during low- and high-water flow regime.

On the basis of electrical conductivity (EC) and Mg/Ca molar ratio instead, it is possible to recognize a defined draft trend in the waters (Fig. 2). To better understand this correlation, three sampling surveys realized in three different regimes were analyzed: September 2012 (red –very low water), April 2013 (green –after the peak flood event) and January 2013 (blue –during a flood event). During very low water regime, Isonzo/Soča inputs are prevailing over the others enhancing low EC values and high Mg/Ca molar ratio. Reka influence is recognizable only at Aurisina spring (7) and Trebiciano Abyss (8). The situation changes during flood events: at Aurisina (7) and Timavo (6) the contribution of Reka river, characterized by low Mg/Ca ratios and high EC values prevails. Moschenizze Sud (4) and Sardos (5) are influenced by Isonzo/Soča waters and Reka River in different proportions according to different regimes. The other spring points are characterized by the Isonzo/Soča inputs. A separate discussion is required for Klariči pumping station (10) tapping the water at about -30/-50m a.s.l. During low water regime it is heavily influenced by Isonzo/Soča inputs. During floods, an increased EC is observed, mainly due to the increased Cl value that ranges from 13.5 mg/l up to 60 mg/l.

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Fig. 12: EC vs. Mg/Ca molar ratio during different water regimes. Is=Isonzo River, R=Reka River. 1=Doberdò, 2=Pietrarossa, 3=Moschenizze Nord, 4=Moschenizze Sud, 5=Sardos, 6=Timavo, 7=Aurisina, 8=Trebiciano

Abyss, 9= Škocjan cave, 10= Klariči pumping station (B4). WATER TRACING WITH FLUORESCENT TRACERS

First tracer tests in the Classical Karst area were carried out at the beginning of the 20th century and a considerable number of tracings have been performed since then. Most of them were focused on the underground flow of the Reka River between the sinkhole in the Škocjan caves and the Timavo/Timava and Aurisina/Nabrežina springs (Timeus, 1928; Mosetti, 1965; Peric, 2012). Apparent flow velocities of approximately 47 m/h at low waters, 109 to 164 m/h at mean waters, and more than 300 m/h at high waters were calculated based on the results of the tracer tests. Underground flow from the sinking points of the Vipacco/Vipava River in Vrtoče and from the Isonzo/Soča plain (Bidovec, 1λ67, Cancian, 1λ87) through the karst of Doberdò to the Timavo/Timava spring and some adjacent springs was proved. The connections between the Timavo/Timava springs and the sinking streams of Sajevškipotok, Senožeškipotok and Raša were indicated by some tracer tests (Habič, 1λ8λ), however the results were not published. In April 2005, the tracer was injected at the surface near the Sežana landfill (Kogovšek and Petrič, 2007). It had to pass through approximately 200 m thick vadose zone first, and the dominant apparent flow velocities of 39 m/h towards the Timavo/Timava spring and of 19 m/h towards the Aurisina/Nabrežina spring indicate very high permeability of the vadose zone in this part of Classical Karst. Continuous outflow of tracer in the flood waves following the precipitation events was proved by the measurements of tracer concentrations even 16 months after the injection. The total share of recovered tracer through the Timava spring was 93%.

Additional information about the characteristics of groundwater flowing through the Classical Karst aquifer was obtained by a new multi-tracer test in the frame of the Hydrokarst project. On April 10, 2013, uranine was injected in a 200 m deep borehole near Štorje, and amidorhodamine G at the surface near Sela na Krasu. The two tracers were washed with 14 m3 and 10 m3 of water respectively. Following intensive precipitation in previous days, the discharges of karst waters were in recession at the time of injection. The water was sampled at 8 springs, 1 cave and in 4 boreholes.

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Uranine was detected at the Timavo/Timava and Aurisina/Nabrežina springs (Fig. 3). Until the end of January, 2014, approximately 63% of injected uranine was recovered at the Timavo/Timava springs. Since no discharge data for the Aurisina/Nabrežina spring are available, for this spring such assessment is not possible. Although we expected the appearance of amidorhodamine G in the Klariči pumping station, no tracer was detected there. As relatively low amount of this tracer was injected, its absence in the Timavo/Timava and Sardos/Sardoč springs was expected.

-20

20

60

100

140

0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

8.4.13 9.5.13 9.6.13 10.7.13 10.8.13 10.9.13 11.10.13 11.11.13 12.12.13 12.1.14 12.2.14

Q-

Tim

avo (

m3/s

)

C o

f U

ranin

e (

mg/m

3)

Cur - Timavo Cur - Aurisina Q(m3/s)

Fig. 13: The tracer breakthrough curves of the Timavo/Timava and Aurisina/Nabrežina springs, and the discharges of the Timavo/Timava Springs (discharges measured by the ACEGAS company).

However, tracer tests can be carried on not only using chemical substances, but also taking advantage of natural tracers such as electrical conductivity (EC), temperature and fauna. EC and temperature values, can be followed using some meaningful points as Škocjan sinkhole, Trebiciano Abyss (with the monitoring station positioned at 330 m of depth inside the cave) and Timavo/Timava Springs. Analysing the graphs obtained from the recorded data, the possibility emerges to follow the changing values also during floods comparing the transit times with the ones calculated by the tracer tests. While flooding at Škocjan sinkhole to a rapid increased discharge is associated to a decrease in EC and temperature values. The wave amplitude assumes a lower value at Trebiciano Abyss measuring point. At Timavo/Timava spring, the signal amplitude is even more decreased also due to the Isonzo/Soča influence. During floods analysing the peak delay among Škocjan, Trebiciano and Timavo Spring water transit times were evaluated to be 200–800 m/h between Škocjan and Trebiciano and 150–500 m/h between Trebiciano and Timavo Spring, highlighting a circulation having a prevailing conduit character. The calculated transit times are in agreement with the ones obtained through the tracer tests, considering also that these last ones are not usually realized during floods, so the calculated times are lower than the one recorded by the data logger devices (Zini et al., 2014).

The first faunistic investigations of the Timavo/Reka system are dating back to early 30s in the last century (Stammer, 1932), where almost 100 species were recorded from the underground waters. The analyses of the data from the literature and of newly obtained data collected during HYDROKARST project with over 600 records together gave the insight into distributional patterns of groundwater species and their ecological preferences. Many species, especially Copepoda (Crustacea) are occurring along all Timavo/Reka system, from Škocjanskejame Cave to Timavo springs and can be found also in the Isonzo/Soča hydrological system, whereas some species were collected only at limited sampling points.

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DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

Data collected allowed to study the hydrogeology of the area and to highlight the contribution to the flow from different parts of the hydrostructure. During floods most part of the circuits are under pressure and only comparative levels and EC analysis permits to evaluate the residence times properly. In fact, if the rising water level in the caves is simultaneous, EC changes from site to site, due to the different karst type allow to intercept the incoming flooding waters and to estimate the propagation water velocity. So in the Classical Karst area, it is possible to identify two different sectors, one mainly influenced by the Reka/Timavo system (south-eastern) and the other more influenced by the Isonzo/Soča circulation (western). The circuit connecting Škocjan cave with Timavo springs is characterized by a series of conduits allowing the flood impulse transfer within 1 to 3 days. In the western sector, the circulation is dispersed and base flows are present: in some cases, flood beginning is often delayed when compared to the spring’s outflow. These data, are also supported by tracer tests results that verified the fast circulation occurring through conduits mainly present in the joining area between Škocjan sinkhole and Timavo and Aurisina springs. But also other systems can be used to better define the underground circulation as the fauna analysis: Copepoda (Crustacea) were found along all Timavo/Reka system. These species can help to understand the origin of the sampled waters–whether the water flows along Timavo/Reka underground system or it flows from the Isonzo/Soča alluvial aquifer (Stoch and Dolce, 1994). For example, sampling of fauna at Brestovica pumping station demonstrated the presence of faunal elements from Timavo/Reka system such as Limnosbaenafinki (Mestrov & Lattinger-Penko, 1λ6λ) as well some elements from the Isonzo/Soča alluvial aquifer such as species Elaphoidellaphreatica (Chappuis 1925). Those results indicate mixing of waters from two aquifers (karst versus alluvial).

The geochemical contribution to the study, underlines also a vertical variation in waters distribution highlighted by the chloride behavior. The increase in chloride concentration observed only at Klariči water point (10), foresee a deep waters contribution being the result of a possible mixing with deep fossil marine waters. We have to remember that not far away from the spring area (less than 1 km), a thermal spring is present where the carbonatic reservoir consists of Miocene marine paleo waters (Petrini et al., 2013).

The emerging hydrogeological conceptual model, as a result of the jointed multidisciplinary study, is a useful background tool that helps define the safeguard area of the tapped water points in order to preserve, for the future generations, the quality of the high vulnerable karst groundwaters. REFERENCES

Bidovec, F., 1967. The hydrosystem of karstic springs in the Timavo basin. Hydrology of fractured Rocks, 1: 263–274.

Cancian, G., 1987. L’idrologia del Carso goriziano-triestino tra l’Isonzo e le risorgive del

Timavo. Studi Trentini di Scienze Naturali 64: 77–98. Doctor, H.D., Lojen, S., Hrovat, M., 2000. A stable isotope investigation of the classical

Karst aquifer: evaluating karst groundwater componentsfor water quality preservation. Acta Carsologica, 29(1): 79-92.

Ford, D., Williams, P.W., 2007. Karst hydrology and geomorphology. (Eds.) Wiley and Sons Ltd., 562 p.

Habič, P., 1λ8λ. Sledenjekraškihvoda v Sloveniji. Geografskivestnik, 61: 3–20.

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Kogovšek, J., M., Petrič, 2007. Directions and dynamics of flow and transport of

contaminants from the landfill near Sežana (SW Slovenia). Acta Carsologica, 36(3): 413–424.

Malard, P., Mathieu, J., Reygrobellet, J.L., Lafont, M., 1996. Biomonitoring groundwater

contamination. Aplication to a karst area in Southern France. Aquatic sciences, 58p. Marmonier, P., Vervier, P., Gibert, J., Dole-Olivier, M.J., 1993. Biodiversity in ground

waters. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 8: 392-395. Mori, N., Brancelj, A., 2013. Differences in aquatic microcrustacean assemblages between

temporary and perennial springs of an alpine karstic aquifer. International Journal of Speleology, 42: 257-266.

Mosetti, F., 1965. Nuova interpretazione di un esperimento di marcatura radioattiva del

Timavo. Bollettino di Geofisica Teorica e Applicata, Trieste, 7(27): 218-243. Mull, D.S., Liebermann, T.D., Smoot, J.L., and Woosley, Jr., L.H., 1988. Application of dye-

tracing techniques for determining solute-transport characteristics of ground water in

karst terranes: Atlanta, Ga., EPA Report, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 904/6–88–001, 103 p.

Peric, B., 2012. Karst water course tracing between ponor and springs: the Reka river

example, Kras/Carso, SW Slovenia-NE Italy. In proceedings of: International Congress on Scientific research in show caves. 32 p.

Petrini, R., Italiano F., Ponton M., Slejko F. F., Aviani U., Zini L., 2013. Geochemistry and

isotope geochemistry of the Monfalcone Thermal waters (Northern Italy): inference on the

deep geothermal reservoir. Hydrogeology Journal 21: 1275-1287. Pipan, T., Culver, D.C., 2007. Copepod distribution as an indicator of epikarst system

connectivity. Hydrogeology Journal 15: 817–822. Rosenberry, D.O., La Baugh, J.W., 2008. Field techniques for estimating water fluxes

between surface water and ground water. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 4–D2, 128 p.

Sket, B., Bole, J., 1981. Organizmikot indikatorji podzemelj skihvodni hpovezav (Organisms

as indicators of subterranean water connections). NašKrš, 10 (1): 243-252. Stoch, F., Dolce, S., 1994. Progetto Timavo: Risultati delle indagini. Sulla fauna delle acque

sotterranee. Atti e Memorie Comm. Grotte "E.Boegan", 31: 59-71. Stammer, H. J., 1932. Die Fauna des Timavo–ein Beitragzur Kenntnis der Höhlengewässer,

des. Süß- und Brackwassersim Karst. Zoologische Jahrbücher. AbteilungfürSystematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tier, 63p.

Timeus, G., 1928. Nei misteri del mondo sotterraneo: risultati delle ricerche idrogeologiche

sul Timavo 1895–1914, 1918–1927. Atti e Mem. Comm. Grotte“E. Boegan”, 22: 117–133. White, W.B., 1993. Analysis of karst aquifers. In: Alley, W.M., ed., Regional ground-water

quality: New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, 471–489. Zini, L., Calligaris, C., Treu, F., Zavagno, E., Iervolino, D., Lippi, F., 2013. Groundwater

sustainability in the Friuli Plain. AQUA mundi - Am07053: 041 – 054. DOI 10.4409/Am-058-13-0051. 125-138.

Zini, L., Calligaris, C., Zavagno, E., 2014. Classical Karst hydrodynamics: a sheared aquifer

within Italy and Slovenia. In Proceedings of: Evolving Water Resources Systems: Understanding, Predicting and Managing Water–Society Interactions Proceedings of ICWRS2014, Bologna, Italy, June 2014 (IAHS Publ. 364, 2014).

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DIKTAS Conference “Karst without boundaries”, Trebinje, June 11th-15th 2014 Proceedings Short Abstract

GROUNDWATER SUSTAINABLE USE, PROTECTION AND

REMEDIATION

WATER MANAGEMENT OF THE CLASSICAL KARST AQUIFER (NE ITALY, SW

SLOVENIA)

Franco Cucchi1, Luca Zini

1, Chiara Calligaris

1, Philippe Turpaud

1, Francesca Federica

Slejko1, Francesco Treu

1, Stefano Furlani

1, Enrico Zavagno

1, Sara Biolchi

1, Marzia

Michelini1, Chiara Boccali

1, Silvia Cleva

1, Janko Urbanc

2, Tamara Ferjan Stanič2,

Janja Kogovsek3, Metka Petric

3, Franci Gabrovšek

3, Natasa Ravbar

3, Enrico Altran

4,

Stefano Piselli4, Daniela Sciolis

4, Paolo Sossi

4, Mitja Leban

5, Giacomo Casagrande

6,

Anton Brancelj7 and Natasa Mori

7

1Trieste University – D.M.G., Trieste, Italy; [email protected]

2 Geological Survey of Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected]

3 Karst Research Institute - ZRCSAZU, Postojna, Slovenia; [email protected]

4 ACEGAS Aps, Trieste, Italy; [email protected]

5 Kraški Vodovod, Sežana, Slovenia; [email protected]

6 Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia, Trieste, Italy;[email protected]

7National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia; [email protected]

Abstract: Classical Karst is a broad area located between the north-eastern Italian sector and

the south-western Slovenian side. The area is about 40 km long and 15 wide (SE-NW

direction) bounded by the Isonzo/Soča and Vipacco/Vipava rivers, by the Pivka River basin, Cicarija structure and the Gulf of Trieste. The plateau, slightly inclined towards NW, consists

of limestone lithotypes deeply karstified. Rainfall and surface waters are immediately

swallowed by the karst bedrock, where a network of caves is developed, transferring

vertically the waters through the epikarst and vadose zone and collecting them in the aquifer

characterized by large horizontal or sub-horizontal conduits quickly transporting the waters to

the spring’s area.

Data analysis obtained from Classical Karst groundwater monitoring networks highlights the

complexity of the hydrostructure. In this framework, the Hydrokarst Project (Italy-Slovenia’s

transboundary cooperation program 2007-2013), is focused on the joint protection and

management of the transboundary aquifer through quantitative and qualitative monitoring.

One of Hydrokarst’s outputs is the shared GeoDatabase collecting all the available and newly

obtained geological, hydrological, hydrodynamic, geochemical and biological data. Unified

maps as the Integrated Vulnerability Map obtained from the collected, validated and analyzed

data are the common base to prepare cooperation agreements able to promote and implement

action focused on the protection areas identification and realization. This common vision

implements strategies able to prevent and/or reduce risks in emergencies. In this framework,

also the support to the water consumption’s reduction as the efficiency of the water network

management and the improvement of drinking water quality, guarantee, to the future

generations, an abundance of good quality waters.

Key Words: Classical Karst, hydrogeology, conduit and fractured, transboundary aquifer,

groundwater sustainable use, protection, management

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Karst Without Boundaries - hydrokarst-project.eu · Karst Without Boundaries PROCEEDINGS Edited by N. Kukurić, Z. Stevanović, N. Krešić 11-15 June 2014 Trebinje (Bosnia & Herzegovina)