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Kate Brown
Building Research Council
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
National Energy Situation
Efficient Buildings
Net Zero Energy Buildings
Illinois Commercial and
Residential Energy
Conservation Building Codes
Building Research Council
• Energy plays a major role in our nation’s: ▫ Security
▫ Economic prosperity
▫ Environmental quality
• Global issues providing sense of urgency: ▫ Political instability in primary energy producing regions
around the world.
▫ Rapidly rising global demand for energy, especially in developing nations.
▫ Growing awareness of the impact of fossil fuel use on the global climate.
• We must fundamentally transform our energy system in the U.S.
Source: World Energy Outlook EIA 2010
50% Increase
Source: EIA/Annual Energy Outlook 2011
21% increase by 2035
Unfortunately,
business as
usual isn’t possible.
U.S. Primary Energy Flow by Source and Sector, 2009
(Quadrillion Btu)
Source: EIA August 2010
Source: DOE/EIA Jan 2011
Actual Crude Production
2003 – 69.4 Mb/day
2004 – 72.5 Mb/day
2005 – 73.7 Mb/day
2006 – 73.4 Mb/day
2007 – 73.0 Mb/day
2008 – 73.4 Mb/day
2009 – 72.3 Mb/day
2010 – 73.5 Mb/day
Source: USDOE 2010
5 Saudi
Arabias
• Deeper and Deeper. ▫ Deep and Ultra-deep
▫ We’re at the technological
limits for now.
▫ Total recoverable resources
are ~89 GB.
• Off to the wild places. ▫ Polar ~52 GB.
▫ Heavy (incl. tar sands &
shale) ~226 GB.
BP’s Macondo Well
Source:
http://cgvi.uscg.mil/media/main.php?g2
_itemId=836285
Central location & well-developed infrastructure—a key transportation hub for crude oil and natural gas moving throughout North American
Account for 1/10 of nuclear-powered electricity
Top producer of ethanol in the nation.
The rise in fossil energy prices was driven by structural changes in the world economy that produced rapidly increasing demand at the same time rising costs of production.
We have a dip now, but higher prices will return once the world economy recovers.
Electrical restructuring will result in continued price increases (and you haven’t see anything yet.)
• Over 80 percent of the world's primary energy supply is currently derived from fossil fuels.
• Concerns around energy security, climate change, and price volatility and inflation are driving the search for cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives.
• It is only recently that technological advances and reduced production costs have meant renewables can fulfill this need.
Representative thin crystalline-silicon photovoltaic cells – these are from 14 to 20 micrometers thick and 0.25 to 1 millimeter across.
Energy which comes from sources
that are regenerative and virtually
inexhaustible
Several types available, including: ◦ Wind
◦ Solar Photovoltaic and Thermal
◦ Biomass (Plant materials)
◦ Hydrokinetic (Hydroelectric, Run of
River, Wave, Tidal)
◦ Geothermal (Heat from the ground)
US Energy Consumption Growth
Rates 2008-2009:
Solar/PV grew 12.6%
Wind grew 29%, cap grew 40% --
10 GW
Biofuels grew 29%
Coal fell 11%
Natural Gas fell 2.1%
Petroleum fell 4%
Electricity fell 4.2%
The transition to new
renewable energy sources
is unavoidable, but there
are some issues to
consider: o Scale of the shift.
o Energy density (Btu/lb).
o Power density (Watts/ft2).
o Intermittency.
o Geographical Distribution.
Power Density
Fossil: 10 to 100 W/ft2
Biomass: <0.1 W/ft2
PV: 2 W/ft2 Wind/Hydro: <1 W/ft2
Energy Density
Coal: 12-15 kBtu/lb
Oil: 19 kBtu/lb
Biomass: 8-9 kBtu/lb
What the future must look like:
With High Performance Energy Efficient
Buildings/Homes
With Net Zero Energy Buildings/Homes
Reduce operating costs of buildings.
Stabilize atmospheric carbon & reduce
global climate change impacts.
Improve the quality of life in our buildings
and communities.
Enhance economic development.
Meet increasingly stringent codes, qualify
for rebates, and meet LEED criteria.
The cost of saving energy is going down while
the price of has been energy is going up.
Efficiency is the cleanest, cheapest, safest, and
most secure source energy we have.
These savings from energy efficiency to date
have not yet come close to tapping the full
potential for savings.
Incentives are available under Energy Policy
Act of 2005, Energy Independence Security Act
of 2007, and ARRA 2009 and the some State
Incentive Programs. Consult DSIRE.
Potential energy savings ranged from a high of
100% to a low of 3%for existing buildings and
between 96% and 12% for new designs (the high
end incorporates renewables).
Data from 300 existing buildings show: • 29% energy savings.
• 25% energy cost savings.
• Typical savings of $45k per year.
Data from 37 new building designs show: • 50% energy savings.
• 47% energy cost savings.
• Typical savings of $53k per year.
Typical client uses $2.07/sf and can save $0.71/sf.
Energy production and use account for nearly 80% of air pollution, more than 88% of greenhouse gas emissions, and more environmental damage than any other human activity.
Residential & Commercial Buildings in the United States are responsible for: 74.5% of electricity production. 50.1% of total energy flows. 49.1% of CO2 emissions. 50% of the CFC emissions.
Overall energy consumption by the building sector continues to increase.
UIUC 2009 Solar Decathlon House
A net zero energy
building is a building
that produces as
much energy as it
uses when measured
at the site.
Zero fossil energy consumption is gaining interest
Traditional buildings use consumes 40% of the total fossil fuel energy in the U.S. and European Union.
Occurs during the design process
Successful NZEB departs from the conventional construction practices
High-efficiency equipment
Added insulation
High-efficiency windows
Natural ventilation
On-site energy harvesting
Providing tools by 2020 to enable the building community to produce market-viable NZEBs by 2030.
Building certification
Certification of professionals
Measuring actual building performance
Energy conservation
ASHRAE Path to Net Zero Energy Building Based
History
Requirements
IECC 2009
ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2007
P.A. 093-0936: IL Energy Conservation Codes
for Commercial Buildings was signed into law on
August, 2004; become effective on April 8, 2006
October 9, 2007 the law revised to mandate the
latest published edition; as of August 18, 2009,
the code for Commercial Buildings is the 2009
International Energy Conservation Code, IECC.
P.A. 096-0778 required an energy code for residential buildings was signed into law on August 28, 2009, became effective on January 29, 2010.
IECC 2009 is the official energy code for residential buildings in Illinois.
ASHRAE Standard 90.1, 2010/07? Energy Standard for Buildings except Low-Rise Residential Buildings is the official energy code for commercial buildings or IECC 2009. Must choose one and Implement all requirements.
All new commercial and residential construction
for which a building permit application is
received to follow a comprehensive statewide
energy conservation code.
Renovations, alterations, additions, and repairs
to most existing commercial and residential
buildings must follow the ILECC.
Required even if the jurisdiction does not
enforce.
Design to protect the environment and reduce energy consumption
Property owners can reduce air pollution, moderate energy demands and stabilize energy costs, electric, oil, and gas supplies
Regional variability and uncertainty in technology penetrations, estimates from U.S. DOE is the 2009 IECC will at least 18% and possibility even 22% more energy efficient than the 2006 IECC for residential and 5% for commercial buildings.
Officially designated historic buildings
Buildings exempt from a local building code
Buildings that do not use either electricity or
fossil fuels for comfort conditioning.
The Chicago Energy Conservation Code (CECC) requires residential buildings applying for building permits to comply with energy efficient measures which go beyond those required by the Illinois Building Energy Code. The applicability of the CECC to commercial construction was superseded when the state of Illinois adopted the more stringent IECC 2009 model code. Illinois state law in 2009 also mandated the IECC 2009 model code for residential buildings, but allowed for cities of home rule and more than 1,000,000 people (namely, Chicago) to adopt more stringent rules.
If there is any state
money in the project
then, you must meet Std
90.1.
Gives similar results to
IECC 2009 as it was the
reference standard.
Slight variations in
requirements.
Standard 189.1, Standard for the Design of High Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, is being developed ASHRAE in conjunction with the Illuminating Engineering Society (IES) and the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC).
The standard is slated to be the first code-intended commercial green building standard in the United States.
It is expected to be published in early 2010.
The standard provides a total building sustainability package and will set the foundation for green buildings through its adoption into local codes.
Attached to ARRA Funds-State to adopt.
Applies to both residential and commercial buildings.
Results in efficiencies about 17% beyond IECC 2006 in Residential & 5-7% in Commercial Buildings.
New requirements • Building envelope tightness
• Duct testing
• Lighting equipment
• Pool controls and covers
• Snow melt controls
Building Research Council
Mandate Utilization of National Green Building Standard, ICC 700-2008
Broader Green Categories
Energy Performance Rating of existing and new
buildings is coming.
ASHRAE developing a rating system of A-G.
ASTM developing a rating system.
The new climate bill in Congress requires model
rating system development by EPA.
Disclosure of building energy usage is voluntary.
The marketability of energy hogs may be
severely reduced over time with tax base
implications for the public sector.
IECC addresses only energy
IRC addresses all codes (structural, plumbing, etc.) • Allows builder to carry only one code book
• Chapter 11 has energy
IECC addresses both residential and commercial; IRC addresses detached one- and two-family dwellings and townhouses
IRC allows compliance with IECC as an alternative to Chapter 11
Energy requirements in IRC and IECC almost identical • IRC requires 0.35 SHGC in Climate Zones 1-3; IECC requires 0.30
Chapter 1 Administrative
Chapter 2 Definitions
Chapter 3 Climate Zones
Chapter 4 Residential Energy Efficiency
Chapter 5 Commercial Energy Efficiency
Chapter 6 Referenced Standards
Focus is on building envelope • Ceilings, walls, windows, floors, foundations • Sets insulation levels, window U-factors and solar
heat gain coefficients • Infiltration control - caulk and seal to prevent air leaks
Ducts – seal and insulate Limited space heating, air conditioning, and
water heating requirements • Federal law sets most equipment efficiency
requirements, not the I-codes
No appliance requirements Lighting equipment – 50% of lamps to be high-
efficacy lamps
Residential Buildings:
IRC only for single-family, duplex, and townhouses
IECC has all low-rise (1-3 stories) houses, condos, and apartments [R-2, R-3, R-4], but not hotels/motels [R-1]
All buildings that are not
“residential” by definition are “commercial”
Includes repairs, alterations, and additions
e.g., window replacements
Very low energy use buildings (<3.4 Btu/h-ft2 or 1 watt/ft2)
Buildings (or portions of) that are neither heated nor cooled
Existing buildings (Section 101.4.1)
◦ Electrical power, lighting, and mechanical systems still apply
Buildings designated as historic (Section 101.4.2)
Conform as relates to new construction
Unaltered portions(s) do not need to comply
Additions can comply alone or in combination with existing building
Any nonconditioned space that is altered to
become conditioned space shall be required to
be brought into full compliance with this code.
Mixed occupancies
◦ Treat the residential occupancy under the applicable residential code
◦ Treat the commercial occupancy under the commercial code
Code Officials Inspection • Successive and final inspections, and reinspections if
necessary
Code Validity • Code deemed to be illegal or void shall not affect the
remainder of the code
Codes and standards considered part of the requirements of the code • Provisions take precedence
Fees • Must be paid before permit is issued • Required in accordance with schedule
DSIRE is a comprehensive source of information on state, local, utility, and federal incentives and policies that promote renewable energy and energy efficiency. Established in 1995 and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, DSIRE is an ongoing project of the N.C. Solar Center and the Interstate Renewable Energy Council. Choose one or both databases: Renewable Energy Energy Efficiency
Federal Incentives: www.dsireusa.org
Provided through a grant from the Illinois
Department of Commerceand Economic
Opportunity
ICC will be providing 33 seminars in the state of
Illinois on the 2009 IECC. These will be provided
through grant funding by the DCEO's Illinois
Energy Office. The seminars will take place
January 2011 – May 2011
Build Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near
Anything
Concerns around energy security, climate
change, price volatility, and inflation are driving
the search for cheaper and more
environmentally friendly alternatives.
The United States has never adopted a comprehensive national energy policy to meet goals for sustainability, economic prosperity, security, and environmental quality. … comprehensive and sustained national policies for energy production and use will be needed to achieve a timely transformation to the more sustainable, secure, and environmentally benign energy system …
America’s Energy Future: Technology and Transformation, National Academy of Sciences, 2010
• The new law sets a target of reducing the average energy consumption of buildings nearly 40 percent by 2020.
• Focus is on advanced energy performance for both old and new buildings. ▫ New buildings built after 2012 are to consume less than 50
kWh per square meter (15 kBtu/sf) per year. ▫ Those built after 2020 must be "energy positive," producing
more energy than they consume. ▫ As of 2013, old buildings must be renovated at a rate of
400,000 buildings per year, with the renovation of public buildings starting before the end of 2012.
▫ Reduce the energy consumption of public buildings by at least 40 percent and cut their greenhouse gas emissions 50 percent by 2020.
• As of 2012, renters of real estate must be informed about the energy performance of their buildings so that they can make energy costs part of their decision to rent a place or not.
We have entered interesting times.
Enhancing energy efficiency in existing buildings
is an imperative.
New building designs have to be profoundly
more efficient.
This is not going to go away. The current dip in
energy prices is temporary and legislation will
require better designs.
NZEB presents a sound approach to deal
holistically with the issues.