kavkasiis eTnologiuri krebuli XVIIinstitutehist.ucoz.net/_ld/1/185_KEK_XVII.pdf · lis es mosazreba qarTuli xalxuri kulturis Sesa-xeb emTxveoda ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs. giorgi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti

eTnologiis saswavlo-samecniero instituti

ISNN 1987_7374

kavkasiis eTnologiuri krebuli

XVII eZRvneba ivane javaxiSvilis (1876-1940 ww.)

dabadebidan 140-e wlisTavs

gamomcemloba ùniversali~ Tbilisi 2016

2

Papers of Caucasian Etnology XVII Кавказский этнологический сборник XVII `kavkasiis eTnologiis krebuli~ ivane javaxiSvilis is-toriisa da eTnologiis institutis kavkasiis eTnologiis ganyofilebisa da ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakultetis eTnologiis saswavlo-samecniero institutis perioduli organoa. samecniero sazogadoebas da eTnolo-giiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels vTavazobT krebulis XVII gamoSvebas. krebulSi dabeWdili naSromebi exeba saqar-Tvelosa da kavksiis xalxebis eTnikuri kulturis pro-blemebs.

redaqtori: roland TofCiSvili recenzenti: nodar SoSitaSvili

© ivane javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti Tsu eTnologiis saswavlo samecniero instituti

gamomcemloba ùniversali~, 2016 Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E–mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

3

redaqtorisagan

`kavkasiis eTnologiis krebuli~ Tbilisis ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifo universitetis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis kavkasiis eT-nologiis ganyofilebisa da eTnologiis saswavlo-samecniro institutis perioduli organoa. mkiTxve-lis winaSea rigiTi XVII krebuli. krebulSi ibeWdeba rogorc kavkasiis, ise saqarTvelos eTnologiis pro-blemebisadmi miZRvnili naSromebi. wlevandeli weli Tbilisis saxelmwifo univer-sitetis damaarseblis akadenikos ivane javaxiSvilis saiubileo welia. did mecniers dabadebidan 140 weli Seusruldeboda. winamdebare krebuli mis saiubileo TariRs eZRvneba. ivane javaxiSvils ganusazRvreli wvlili miuZRvis qarTvelologiis yvela dargis Ca-moyalibebasa da ganviTarebaSi. didia misi amagi saqa-rTveloSi eTnologiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi. ivane javaxiSvilma ara mxolod eTnologiis sxvadas-xva problemas miaqcia yuradReba, aramed eTnografi-uli masalebis Sekrebisa da eTnologiuri kvlevis meTodebzec sayuradRebo miTiTebebi dagvitova. kre-bulis pirveli statia swored ivane javaxiSvilis sa-qarTvelos eTnologiis mTeli rigi problemisadmi damokidebulebas eZRvneba. krebuli kvlav did yuradRebas uTmobs qarTul-osuri urTierTobis problemebs. ukanasknel or nome-rSi am problemisadmi miZRvnili naTia jalabaZisa da lavrenti janiaSvilis naSromebi daibeWda. maT arc amjerad uRalates tradicias da ukve mesame naSroms uZRvnian aRniSnul uaRresad da rTulsa da aqtua-lur sakiTxs. saqarTveloSi afxazTa eTnologiis erTaderTi specialisti moRvaweobs _ salome baxia-oqruaSvili. mas araerTi naSromi aqvs am problemisadmi miZRvni-li. is tradicias ar Ralatobs da amjerad mkiT-

4

xvelis samjavroze gamoaqvs afxazTa sulieri kul-turisadmi miZRvnili naSromi. irma kvaSilava qarTvelebisa da CrdiloeT kavka-sielebis micvalebulTa tradiciebs ganixilavs. am sakiTxze naSromSi saintereso paralelebia gamovle-nili. rozeta gujejiani gvTavazobs wmida polievqtos

karbelaSvilis (1855-1936 ww.) eTnografiuli memkvidre-obas svaneTis Sesaxeb. aqamde am moRvawis Rvawli qa-rTuli eTnologiisa da svaneTis Sesaxeb faqtobri-vad ucnobi iyo. naSromis gamoqveynebis Semdeg ki qar-Tveli sazogadoeba gaecnoba am moRvawis damsaxure-bas. kavkasiis istoriis specialistma mzia tyavaSvil-ma krebulis wina nomrebSi saintereso naSromebi ga-moaqveyna. amjerad is axal statias gvTavazobs, rome-lic XVI saukuneSi ruseTTan kaxeTis samefos urTi-erTobis politikur aspeqtebs eZRvneba. Tanamedrove guriis mZime socialur-ekonomikuri da demografiuli problemebisadmia miZRvnili cisia papiaSvilis naSromi. statiis aqtualobas ufro is zrdis, rom masSi moxmobili eTnografiuli masalebi avtoris mieraa mopovebuli. tradiciisamebr krebulSi ibeWdeba recenzia. am-jerad is Teimuraz gvimraZis sakandidato diserta-cias exeba, romlis dacvac 2000 wels Sedga. iseve rogorc wina nomrebSi grZeldeba cnobili eTnologis rusudan xaraZis eTnografiuli masale-bis publikacia, romelic 1930-ian wlebSi mas svaneT-Si Seukrebia. masalebi gamosacemad moamzada misma diSvilma, aRmosavleTmcodne maia saxokiam.

5

roland TofCiSvili

ivane javaxiSvili da saqarTvelos eTnologia

pirveli qarTuli universitetis damaarsebels ivane javaxiSvils qarTul sazogadoeba cnobs ro-gorc Tanamedrove qarTuli saistorio mecnierebis fuZemdebels. es faqti, bunebrivia, WeSmaritebas Se-esabameba. magram Tqmuls unda daematos isic, rom sa-xelovanma qarTvelma mecnierma mTel rig sxva huma-nitarul samecniero dargebsac misca dasabami. ivane javaxiSvils didi wvlili miuZRvis qarTuli eTno-logiis winaSec, romelsac kargad esmoda, rom eTno-logia damoukidebeli mecnierebaa, magram mecnierebis am damoukidebeli dargis gamoyenebis gareSe SeuZle-beli iyo saqarTvelos istoriis mTeli rigi fa-qtebis gaazreba, gansakuTrebiT ki im faqtidan gamo-mdinare, rom qarTuli wyaroebi ZiriTadad saqarT-velos mokle politikur istorias gadmoscemen. aka-demikosi giorgi Citaia saubrobda ra sakavSiro me-cnierebaTa akademiis saqarTvelos filialis pirvel samecniero sesiaze ivane javaxiSvilis mier wakiT-xuli moxsenebis Sesaxeb, aRniSnavda: àkademikosi iv-ane javaxiSvili ambobda: qarTveli xalxis ... yofaSi uxvadaa Semonaxuli mravali saukunis gadanacxov-rebi, didi samecniero Rirebulebis mqone naSTebi; xa-lxSi warsuli kulturis mravali margalitia gab-neuli, romelTa SemweobiT mniSvnelovani probleme-bis gadaWra da istoriuli warsulis mravali sa-kiTxis garkveva SeiZlebao~ (Citaia 2000: 67). g. Citaia iqve imis Sesaxebac miuTiTebda, rom ivane javaxiSvi-lis es mosazreba qarTuli xalxuri kulturis Sesa-xeb emTxveoda ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs. giorgi Citaia kidev erTi mniSvnelovani sakiTxis Sesaxebac aRniSnavda: sabWoTa kavSirSi 1929-1932 wle-bSi eTnologiisadmi, rogorc damoukidebeli mecni-

6

erebisadmi, erTgvari nihilisturi damokidebuleba arsebobda. èTnografiisadmi arc nihilistur gamov-linebas da arc samuzeumo nivTebis devnas saqarTve-loSi adgili ar hqonia da amaSi didi Rvawli mi-uZRvis ivane javaxiSvils, romelic Tavidanve did mniSvnelobas aniWebda qarTuli eTnografiuli mecni-erebis ganviTarebas~ (Citaia 2000: 68). aq mxolod imas davamatebT, rom saxelovani mecnieri eTnografiuli faqtebis analizisas istorizmis princips gamoiyeneb-da. erTi sityviT, rom vTqvaT, Tavisi samecniero moR-vaweobidan gamomdinare ivane javaxiSvili saqarTve-los istoriuli eTnologiis fuZemdebelicaa. ivane javaxiSvilis saqarTvelos eTnologiisaad-mi damokidebuleba SeiZleba ramdemime mimarTulebiT ganvixiloT, romelTaganac mxolod zogierT Ziri-Tad aspeqts gamovyofT. esenia: eTnografiuli masa-lis mopovebis meTodologia, qarTveli xalxis war-momavloba, uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebi, qarTveli xalxis materialuri kultura da sameurneo yofa, socialuri urTierTobebi, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Temebs (istoriul-eTnografiul mxareebs) Soris sam-eurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi... pirvel rigSi ivane javaxiSvilis damokidebule-baze eTnografiuli masalebis mopovebis meTodolo-giisa da misi wyaroTmcodneobiTi mniSvnelobis Sesa-xeb unda SevCerdeT. am sakiTxze mecniers Tavisi da-mokidebuleba or naSromSi _ `qarTveli eris isto-riis Sesavali~, `Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelos-nobis masalebis Segrovebis wesi~ _ aqvs Camoyali-bebuli. `qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavlis~ im mo-nakveTSi, romelsac `qarTvelTa uZvelesi msoflmxe-dveloba~ ewodeba, is aRniSnavda: ùZvelesi msofl-mxedvelobisa da rwmenis Sesaswavlad da SeZlebisa-mebr sruli suraTis warmosadgenad xalxSi darCe-nil Tqmulebebs, xatobaTa dResaswaulebis wesebsa da warmosaTqmel xucebis locva-vedrebas, sadideb-lebsa da damwerlobasac didi mniSvneloba aqvs~ (ja-vaxiSvili 1950: 169). am problemis kvleva ki warmou-

7

dgenlad miaCnda eTnografiuli faqtebis gareSe: àseT cnobebsa da teqstebs Cveulebriv eTnografebi hkreben xolme, romelTac, rasakvirvelia, TavianTi mizani aqvT, romelic istorikosis miznisagan gansx-vavdeba, magram Tu eTnografiuli cnobebi da teqste-bi saTanadod aris Segrovebuli da Sesaferisi sis-woriT aris Cawerili, maSin aseTi masalebis gamoye-neba Tavisi amocanebisaTvis istorikossac SeuZlian, ra Tqma unda, jerovani meTodebis moSveliebiT, cno-bebisa da Cawerili teqstebis Rirebuleba imazea da-mokidebuli, rogor aris aseTi masala Segrovebuli da werilobiT aRbeWdili~ (javaxiSvili 1950: 170). akritikebda ra winamorbedi eTnologebis mier eTnografiuli masalebis Sekrebis zereled, TavianTi sityvebiT Caweris wess, ivane javaxiSvili am monace-mebis fiqsaciisaTvis mkacr mecnierul pirobebs aye-nebda: `Caweril cnobas, moTxrobas, Tqmulebas da sxvadasxva daniSnulebis warmosaTqmelebsa da leq-sebs rom sabuTis magvari Rirseba hqondes, amisTvis aucileblad saWiroa, rom momTxrobelisa da mTqme-lisagan Sekrebili cnoba da sxva yovelnairi masala sityva-sityviT iyos aRbeWdili. amasTanave marto am masalis mimwodeblis saxel-gvaris aRniSvna sakmari-si ar aris, aramed unda misi wlovanebac, Cveulebri-vi xelobac (mag. xevisberia, Tu kerZo piri, Tu xuce-sia, romeli xatis, adgilobrivi mkvidria, Tu sxva-Tagan mosuli, misi mama-papac am saqmianobas misdevda Tu ara), iyos aRbeWdili xolme~ (javaxiSvili 1950: 170). amasTanave, is aucileblad iTxovda mopovebuli masalis `sxvadasxva TemSi~ dafiqsirebas. zepir-sityvier masalaSi aucileblad miiCnevda sxvadasxva qronologiuri fenis, danaSrevis gamoyofas da Tav-dapirveli Sedgenilobis garkvevas. bolos ki ask-vnida: àmnairadve Tqmulebebisa da sxva danarCeni si-tyvieri Zeglebis sxvadasxva TemSi da adgilas sxva-dasxva pirisagan warmoTqmul-aRbeWdili da zemoda-saxelebuli meTodebiT Seswavlili teqstebis, sxva-dasxva redaqciebis SedarebiTi analizi maTi Sinaar-

8

sis Seumcdarad gagebasac gagviadvilebs~ (javaxiSvi-li 1950: 171). eTnografiuli masalebis Sekrebis Sesaxeb ivane javaxiSvils Tavisi meTodologiuri principebi Camo-yalibebuli aqvs statiaSi `Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis Segrovebis wesi~, romelic 1935 wlis 10 aprilis gazeT `saqarTvelos SinamrewvelSi~ gamoaqveyna (masalebi... 1976: 22-29). Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis eTnografiul masalebs qve-moT dawvrilebiT SevexebiT, aq ki misi Sekrebis ivane javaxiSviliseuli `wesidan~ zogierT amonarids SemogTavazebT: `TviTeulma Semgrovebelma Tavis samoqmedo aspa-rezSi mcodne pirebisagan unda gaigos, sad aris amJa-mad Zveli Sinamrewveloba daculi, an sad arian mo-xucebulni, romelTac winandeli Sinamrewveloba ician da, an axlac muSaoben, an winaT ukeTebiaT, da axsovT, da egebis nivTebi da iaraRebic moepovebo-deT. aseT soflebSi misvlis Semdgom unda gamoarkvi-on, romel ojaxSia ufro ukeTesad daculi cnobebi da nivTebi. rodesac Semkrebeli am ojaxebsa da mco-dne pirebs gaicnobs, unda jer maTi cnobebis Seda-rebiTi Rirseba zepiri saubriT gamoarkvios da mxo-lod amis mere Seudges TviT cnobebis Cawerasac. Se-mkrebelma mosaubre unda daarwmunos, rom am cnobe-bis Segroveba mxolod imisTvis gvinda, rom vi-co-deT, Tu winaT rogor muSaobdnen da rasa da ras ake-Tebdnen, unda auxsnas, rom saubari daibeWdeba da TviTeuli moambis gvari da saxelic aRniSnuli iqne-ba. rodesac Semgrovebeli Caweras Seudgeba, unda qve-momoyvanili programis mixedviT mosaubres gamohkiT-xos. raki momTxrobeli moTxrobas daiwyebs, sanam laparaks ar daamTavrebs, Semgrovebelma araviTari SekiTxviT moTxroba ar unda Seawyvetinos, rom moTxrobis mimdinareoba ar dairRvas, ar daibnes da ar daaviwydes is, rasac ityoda, saubris bunebrivi mimdinareoba rom ar Sewyvetiliyo. mxolod mas Sem-deg, rodesac garkveul saganze monaTxrobi damTavr-

9

deba, Semgrovebelma unda Canaweri gadaikiTxos da Tu raime gaugebari aRmoCnda, an iseTi sityva Tu te-rmini iyo naxmari, romlis mniSvneloba gamosarkvevia, maSin Semgrovebelma am gaugebari, an ganumartavi si-tyvebisa da terminebis mniSvneloba unda hkiTxos da es ganmarteba-moTxrobac unda Casweros~ (masalebi... 1976: 22). `zepiri moTxrobis mosmena-Caweris Semdgom Semg-rovebelma unda sTxovos TviT nivTebisa da iaraRis Cveneba (Tu SemTxveviT Senaxuli aqvs) da monaTxro-bis nivTebze Semowmeba. nivTebis fotografiuli su-raTis gadaReba, anda maincdamainc sqematuri Canaxati saWiroa da sasurveli. Semgrovebelma unda Casweros, sad da visTan aris Zveli tanisamos-Tavsaburav-fexsacmeli, an qsovilebi, xaliCa-fardagebi da sa-fenebi, anda aveji, metadre xisa, daWrelebuli, iara-Ri, adamianisa da cxenis javSani, WurWleuli da sxva daculi nivTebi; unda hkiTxos, moisurveben Tu ara mis gayidvas muzeumisaTvis da ra fasad~ (masalebi... 1976: 23). `masalebis Segrovebis wesSi~ farTo CamonaTva-lia qarTveli xalxis materialuri kulturisa da meurneobis formebisa, riTac savele muSaks absolu-turad am sferoSi yvela eTnografiuli movlenis da faqtis dafiqsirebis SesaZlebloba eZleoda. gancvi-frebas iwvevs is CamonaTvali, terminebi, romelic am `wesSia~ mocemuli. rodesac mas ecnobiT, cxadi xdeba, rom didma mecnierma dawvrilebiT icoda qarTveli xalxis eTnologiis yvela niuansic ki, Ti-Toeuli istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris (romlebsac is Temebs uwodebda) Taviseburebani. mxolod Ca-moTvliT davkmayofildebiT: aRmSenebloba, sameurneo daniSnulebis nagebobani; cixe da koSki, godoli, qavi; aveji, xis WurWeli, meWurWleoba, Tixis Wur-Weli; sasmisebi da siTxis WurWeli; dawnuli Wur-Weli, Saraguli; qsova da xelsaqme, Rebva; Zafisa da qsovilebis SeRebva; firfitebis qsova; qargva da mo-qargva; oqromkedi, oqronensuli da oqroqsovili; ta-

10

nisamosi; Tavsaxuravi; fexsamosi da fexsacmeli; pu-ris cxoba; diasaxlisoba, bostneulisa da xilis Se-naxva; SaSxis, loris, apoxtis ... muJuJis gakeTeba-ga-moyvana; saWmelebis momzadeba; mesaqonleoba; nabdisa da RarTis, kilikisa da qeCis SeTelva; wvela da rZis nawarmi; saqonlis dakvla; cxenis, virisa da joris momSenebloba; Sinauri sxvadasxva cxoveli; me-futkreoba; meabreSumeoba; sasoflo-sameurneo iara-Ris keTeba; mebostneoba da mebaReoba; mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba; merwyveloba da mewisqvileoba; meTevze-oba; monadireba; kirisa da gajis gamowva; kramitis, aguris da wylis milebis keTeba; mWedloba; oq-romWedloba; metiveoba; meSeSeoba da menaxSireoba; sakravebi. qarTveli xalxis zemoT CamoTvlili TiToeuli eTnografiuli problema, Tavis mxriv, mraval sakiT-xs moicavda; isini ki dawvrilebiTaa CamoTvlili, romelTaTvis masalis Semkrebs saTanado yuradReba unda mieqcia. sanimuSod mxolod erTi maTganis mox-mobiT davkmayofildebiT: `tanisamosi: qsovdnen Tu ara Zvelad tanisamoss mTlianad da, Tu qsovdnen, romel tanisamoss? sxvadasxva tanisamosis saxelebi (kvarTi, perangi, palekarti, nifxavi, sawvive, sabarku-li, ropangi, muqasari, sabeWuri, samkerde, kaba, arda-gi, sagule, faragi, festemali, yabaCa, kurtaki, Coxa, sawvimari, samzeuri, mazara, juba, jubaCa, qulaja, qaTibi, nabadi, RarTi, tyavi, tyapuWi, tyav-kaba, qurqi, ququnaki, lafaCa, toloma, xirRa da sxv.), maTi gamoWriloba da nawilebi, masala, daniSnuleba, Se-kerva da Semkuloba. yvela amis nimuSebi, terminebi da Canaxati, vis da sada aqvs Zveli tanisamosi, mo-isurvebs muzeumisaTvis gayidvas Tu ara, da ra fa-sad?~ (masalebi... 1976: 25). qarTveli xalxis materialuri kulturisa da sa-meurneo yofis Sesaxeb ivane javaxiSvilis mowafeebma (stefane menTeSaSvili, luba boWoriSvili, giorgi boWoriZe, aleqsi oCiauri, naTela oCiauri, vaxtang jafariZe, konstantine kaxiani, konstantine gvaramaZe,

11

babo wereTeli, abel kikviZe, niko rexviaSvili, fafala gardafxaZe, konstantine grigolia, qeTevan lomTaTiZe, ioseb griSaSvili, ioseb mWedliSvili, ilarion papiaSvili, vasil CoxelaSvili, irakli qasaSvili, ana xubutia, solomon andRulaZe, Tamar andRulaZe, qeTevan gogiCaiSvili) didZali eT-nografiuli masala moagroves, romelsac gverds ver auvlida da auvlis aRniSnul problemebze momuSave verc erTi mkvlevari. rogorc cnobilia, ivane java-xiSvili intensiurad da dauRalavad muSaobda misi mowafeebis mier mTel saqarTveloSi Sekrebili eT-nografiuli masalebis gamosacemad, rac kargad Cans varlam donduasadmi miwerili baraTiT: `dRedaRame am Camotanili masalebis gamosacemad damzadebisTvis vmuSaob. isedac sakuTari kvleva-ZiebiT moqanculma didi zedmeti da damRleli tvirTi avikide, magram iseTi mSvenieri cnobebia, rom daqanculobasac yura-dRebas ar vaqcev da gatacebiT vmuSaob. rom dai-beWdeba, maSin yvela darwmundeba, ramdenad didi da saSviliSvilo saqme gakeTda~ (javaxiSvilis 1968: 137). samwuxarod, mecnierma `mSvenieri cnobebis~ dabeWdva veRar moaswro. Sekrebili eTnografiuli masalebis dastambva mxolod gvian moxerxda, pirveli tomi 1976 wels daibeWda, bolo _ 1992 wels. dagegmili xuTi tomis nacvlad cxra wigni daibeWda (II da III tomebi or wignad, IV tomi _ sam wignad). saredaqcio kolegiis Tavmjdomare akademikosi giorgi Citaia gaxldaT. ivane javaxiSvilis mier organizebuli eTnografiuli masalebis didi mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb erTi faqtis aRniSvna migvaCnia saWirod. Sinamrewve-lobisa da wvrili xelosnobis masalebis pirveli tomi dabeWdvis Semdeg, rodesac misi xilvis saSu-aleba miecaT mezobeli qveynis eTnologebs, isini mxolod imas aRniSnavdnen, rom ratom Cveni wina Ta-obis mecnierebs ar mouvidaT TavSi aseTi masalebis Sekrebis aucileblobao. qarTvelTa nivTieri kul-turis aRwera mecnierma im dros moaxdina, rodesac mTeli rigi eTnografiuli movlenebi da xalxuri

12

wesebi kvdomis procesSi iyo. am monacemebis SekrebiT bevri qarTuli leqsikuri erTeuli, termini gadau-r-Ca gaqrobas. aRniSnuli masalebis SekrebiT ivane ja-vaxiSvils lingvisturi aspeqtic rom hqonda gaTva-liswinebuli, es misi mowafis, eTnografiuli masale-bis erT-erTi Semqmnelis, eTnolog kote kaxianis mo-gonebidanac Cans: `didma mecnierma eqspediciis wevre-bisaTvis wakiTxul moxsenebaSi gulistkiviliT aRni-Sna: dasamali ar aris, rom Cveni umaRlesi saswav-leblebi ganicdian terminologiur siRaribes, xSi-rad teqnikuri dargis specialistebma ar ician mrava-li ucxo terminis qarTuli Sesatyvisi, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTveloSi mSeneblobis mdidari tra-dicia arsebobs. Cveni specialistebi maincdamainc araqarTul terminebs aswavlian studentebs. Cveni mi-zania qarTul metyvelebaSi ucxo sityvebis TviTne-burad xmareba Tavidan aviciloT, SeviswavloT xalx-Si arsebuli yvela dargobrivi termini da Semdeg sa-mecniero literaturaSi gavavrceloT~ (kaxiani 1976: 105). Sinamrewvelobis masalebze saubari akademikos giorgi Citaias sityvebiT unda davamTavroT: àm masa-lis Segrovebis ZiriTadi mizani iyo xalxuri empi-riuli codnis mdidari SromiTi Cvevebisa da sawar-moo gamocdilebis gamovlineba da fiqsacia Sinam-rewvelobis tradiciuli dargebis mixedviT, e. i. ise-Ti monacemebis dadgena, romlebic gamoavlenda qar-Tuli xalxuri kulturis tradiciul formebs maT eTnikur specifikaSi~ (Citaia 2000: 71). ivane javaxiSvils ekuTvnis saqarTvelos ekonomi-uri istoriis ortomeuli, romelSic qveynis nivTi-eri kultura ekonomikur istoriasTan mWidro kavSi-rSia Seswavlili. materialuri kulturisa da meu-rneobis formebs, marTalia, is ZiriTadad werilobiT Zeglebis saSualebiT Seiswavlida, magram SeZlebis-dagvarad farTod iyenebda eTnografiul monace-mebsac. ar darCa am sferos arcerTi sakiTxi, rome-lsac misi kalami ar Sexeboda. Tumca ekonomiuri is-

13

toriis pirvel toms mecnieri demografiuli Zegle-bis _ xalxis aRweris davTrebis daxasiaTeba-Seswa-vliT iwyebs. mis mier gamosacemad momzadebuli xa-lxis aRweris davTrebi dResac samagido wignebia eT-nologTaTvis, pirvel rigSi imitom, rom aRweris da-vTrebSi komlis ufrosebi gvarsaxeliT, mamis sa-xeliT da pirovnuli saxeliT arian Cawerili, rac qarTuli anTroponimiuli modelis Seswavlis saSua-lebas gvaZlevs. es davTrebi saukeTeso wyaroa agre-Tve mosaxleobis migraciis Sesaswavlad, miTumetes eTnografiul masalasTan Sedarebis Semdeg, agreTve gvian Sua saukuneebis saqarTvelos eTnikuri suraTis warmosaCenad. amave dros mecnierma am davTrebis Seswavlis Sedegad ojaxis Semadgenlobis sakiTxebic gaarkvia: àRweraSi TviTeul komlTan `Tavi~-s ricx-via xolme aRniSnuli, magram saxeli mxolod erTisa aris xolme dasaxelebuli, Tundac sakomloSi 2, 3, an meti Tavic iyos. safiqrebelia, rom is erTi, rom-lis saxelic ixsenieba, sakomlos ufrosi mamakaci unda iyos~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 20). marTlac, aseT aR-weris davTrebs Tu am TvalsazrisiT gulisyuriT SeviswavliT, gavarkvevT, rom saqarTveloSi did ojaxad cxovrebis tradicia iyo da eTnografiul monacemebsac Tu moviSveliebT gairkveva, rom didi ojaxi saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri siZlieris safuZve-li iyo da ara pirvelyofilobis `gadmonaSTi~, ris gamoc mas `saojaxo Temic~ ki uwodes. eTnologiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani sfero saqo-rwino urTierTobebi da masTan dakavSirebuli tra-diciebia. aseTTa Soris mziTvis instituticaa. `saqa-rTvelos ekonomiur istoriaSi~ ivane javaxiSvils mziTvis wignebic ar gamorCa mxedvelobis aredan. ase rom, eTnologebi vinc ki mziTvis sakiTxs Seexo, am sferoSi ivane javaxiSvilis naRvaws gverds ver uv-lida. mecnieris daskvna, rom `ziTvad gatanebuli qo-neba qalis pirad sakuTrebas Seadgenda~, Semde-gdroindelma eTnologiurma kvlevebmac daadastura. mziTvis wignebis ganxilvis Sedegad ivane javaxiSvi-

14

lma gamoarkvia Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ras atandnen mziTvSi. zedafenisaTvis pirvel rigSi es iyo `saydris iaraRi~ (xatebi da jvrebi), Semdeg _ `saRmTo wignebi~, `saTamaSoebi~ (Wadraki, nardi, gam-jafa...), `samkaulni da saunjeni~, `beWdebi da sabeWdavebi~, `sapirfareSos iaraRebi~, àbanos iara-Ri~, `tanisamosi~, `sawolis mofeniloba~, `sufris ia-raRi~, `samzareulos iaraRi~, `saTavno~ (romelmac bolo dromde moaRwia da romelic ZiriTadad saqon-lis anda cxvrisagan Sedgeboda da qalis pirad saku-Trebas warmoadgenda. rogorc mecnierma gaarkvia saTavnod zogjer fulsac atandnen). SeuZlebelia ar gaviziaroT mecnieris daskvna, rom `ziTvis wignis cnobaTa dalagebis wesrigi maSindeli meurneobis da-nawilebisa da wesrigis ganWvretis saSualebasac gva-Zlevs: iqiTgan saojaxo, kerZo meurneobis dargebis gamorkveva da am meurneobis organizaciis, nawilob-riv mainc, gaTvaliswinebac SeiZleba~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 109). ivane javaxiSvilis interesis sferoSi Sedioda qarTvelTa materialuri kulturis iseTi elementi rogoricaa samosi. yuradReba miaqcia saqarTvelos sxvadasxva `Temis~ xalxuri Cacmulobis regionalur Taviseburebebs. TuSeTSi SemorCenili qalis Tavsabu-ravis analogia IX saukunis saqarTvelos kedlis mxa-tvrobaSi SeamCnia. Sors mimavali daskvnebi gamoh-qonda xevsuruli talavaris Sesaxeb da mas qarTul-kavkasiur eTnokulturul wreSi warmoSobilad miiC-nevda (javaxiSvili 1930: 109). ganusazRvrelia ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli qarT-veli xalxis sameurneo yofis, gansakuTrebiT samiwa-Tmoqmedo kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. gamoavlina is mdidari terminologia, rac am sferoSi qarTvel xalxs hqonda Seqmnili: ìmisda mixedviTac, Tu me-urneobis romeli dargisaTvis iyo miwa bunebiTa, Tu mdebareobiT, an da niadagis TvisebiT Sesaferisi da gankuTvnili, TviTeuls Tavisi aRmniSvneli termini hqonda~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 137). es terminebi ki gax-

15

ldaT: saxnavi, uxnavi, sayanuri, saTesveli, yana, sa-mtile, saZovari, saTibeli/saTibi, sarwyavi, urwyavi... sruliad samarTlianad diferencirebulad udgeboda aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos samiwaT-moqmedo yofas: `saqarTvelos miwa-wyali uaRresad mravalferovani da meurneobis sxvadasxva dargi-saTvis gamosadegi iyo. notiobis siWarbis gamo sar-wyavi miwebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ar iyo, an cota moipoveboda. piriqiT, aRm. saqarTvelos niada-gisa da havis SedarebiTi simSralis gamoisobiT bevrgan miwis morwyva aucilebeli iyo da sasoflo meu-rneobaSic sarwyav-urwyav miwebsa da sarwyav ruebs aq gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda miniWebuli~ (ja-vaxiSvili 1930: 148). gansakuTrebuli damsaxureba miuZRvis ivane java-xiSvils samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRebis da inventaris mec-nierul SeswavlaSi, pirvel rigSi es saxvnelis/guT-nis Sesaxeb unda iTqvas. saxvnelis SeswavlaSi far-Tod iyenebda eTnografiul masalas, konkretulad giorgi Citaias gamokvlevas. mis informatorTagan ki SeiZleba davasaxeloT irodion sonRulaSvili, niko kecxoveli da konstantine gamsaxurdia. am sferoSi giorgi Citaias mier Seqmnil naSroms ivane javaxiSvi-li sakmaod maRal Sefasebas aZlevda. saxvnelebis Se-saxeb mecnieris zogierT mosazreba aseTia: `sabedni-erod am sakiTxis gamorkvevis saSualebas Tanamedro-ve eTnografiuli masalebisa da aRwerilobis isto-riul wyaroTa cnobebis erTad Seswavla gvaZlevs. amitom saxvneli iaraRis saqarTveloSi Tanda-Tani gaumjobesebis sakiTxis gasarkvevad, Tanamedrove eTnografiuli faqtebis codna da gaTvaliswinebacaa aucilebeli~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 176). `saqarTvelos niadagis zemoaRniSnulma mravalg-varobama da bunebis mravalferovnebam sxvadasxva si-rTulisa da simZimis saxnavi iaraRi mas Semdgomac, rac axali, gaumjobesebuli saxeoba gaCnda, aramcTu zedmetad ar aqcia, aramed saTanado pirobebSi mainc aucilebeli gaxada. amis wyalobiT erTsa-da-imave Te-

16

mSi, zogjer erTisa-da-imave meurnisaTvis ori da ra-mdenime gansxvavebuli saxeobis saxvneli iyo xolme saWiro. amitom cxovrebis sinamdvilem qarTvel xalxs saxvnelis ganviTarebisa da gaumjobesebis sxvadasxva safexuris gamomxatveli da sxvadasxva sirTulis mqonebeli saxeoba dRevandlamdec ki Se-unarCuna. am garemoebam saqarTvelo saxnavi iaraRis Tavisebur saistorio muzeumadad aqcia da sasoflo meurneobis kulturis mkvlevars dakvirvebisa da Seswavlis saucxovo asparezi Seuqmna~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 174). rodesac qarTuli saxvneli iaraRebis Se-saxeb mecnieri aseT daskvnas akeTebda, mas evropis da kavkasielebis sxva xalxebis saxvneli iaraRebis ka-rgi codnac aZlevda amis safuZvels. osuri saxvne-lis Sesaxeb ki aRniSnavda: `guTnis nawilebis saxe-lebi osurSi mometebulad qarTuliTgan aris nases-xebi: mag. xmala, kbila, manWi, saxeluri, frTa, kakabi, RerZi, RirRiti (hniSnavs famfalaks), Soltyava (imave Soltas qarTuli paral. formaa) da sxva~ (java-xiSvili 1930: 235). manve isic gaarkvia, rom `javaxel somxebs aronaÁ qarTuliTgan aqvT me-XIX s-Si Se-Tvisebuli~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 246). agreTve, dareTel somxebs qarTuli `kakabi~-c SeuTvisebiaT `kakav~-is saxiT. didia ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli saxvneli iara-Rebis, misi sxvadasxva nawilebis saxelwodebebis ga-movlinebaSi. aq mxolod maTi CamoTvliT Semovifar-glebiT: erqvani, guTani, oqoqa, aCaCa, arona, jil-Ra/ajilRa, agafa/ogafa, CuTi, kavi, saxnisi, sakveTe-li, xmali, frTa, famfalaki, gogorebi (vels gogora, kvalis gogora), RirRita (=mcire gogora), kakabi, manWi, xelkavi, xelna, Soltai... `friad sayuradRebo da sagulisxmoa am mesxeTis saxvnelis (saubaria jilRaze _ r. T.), am arunas sazidavi. igi Soltians RerZ-gogorebs warmoadgens, saxeldobr, RerZis Sua nawilze damagrebuli aqvs `SoltaÁ~. am Soltas win uReli aqvs damagrebuli saqonlis Sesabmelad da RerZ-gogorebisa da maTze gadabmuli saxvnelis war-

17

sazidavad~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 187). am citatis moyvana imitom CavTvale saWirod, rom samxreT-dasavleT sa-qarTveloSi gavrcelebuli saxvnelis erT-erTi nawilis saxelwodeba iyo `SoltaÁ~, rac imerxevis erTi soflis _ Soltisxevis _ etimologizirebis saSualebas iZleva. Soltisxevi, rogorc Cans, so-fels imitom Seerqva, rom misi mkvidrni Soltebis ke-TebaSi iyvnen daxelovnebulni (sxvaTa Soris, Sol-tebi erqva agreTve tyavis grZel naWrebs, risganac qalamnebs asxamdnen). aq sferoSi ivane javaxiSvilis naRvawi yvelaze saukeTesod akademikosma giorgi Citaiam Seafasa. is aRniSnavda: `kulturis elementebis aseTi Tvalsazri-siT Sefaseba erT-erTi SesaniSnavi monapovaria iv. javaxiSvilis eTnografiul StudiebSi saerTod~ (Ci-taia 2000: 84). ivane javaxiSvils yuradRebis aredan ar darCenia qarTveli xalxis soflis meurneobis sxva dargebic, magram gansakuTrebulad vrclad gamoikvlia me-venaxeoba-meRvineoba. mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba baris ku-ltura iyo da rodesac is am sakiTxs ganixilavs, pi-rvel rigSi, vaxuSti bagrationis koncefcias mimar-Tavs, romelic mTisa da baris gammijvnelad vazis kulturis gavrceleba-argavrceleba miaCnda: `vaxuS-tis TxzulebiTgan Cans, rom uZvelesi droiTgan saqa-rTveloSi miRebuli qveynis orad danawileba, barad da mTad, geografiul TvisebebTan erTad, imave dros or botanikur da sasoflo-sameurneo zolad ga-yofasac gulisxmobda. mTis zolis Tvisebas am mxriv uvenaxoba, uxiloba da marcvleulis mosavlis si-mcire warmoadgenda, baris zolisas-ki swored vena-xianoba, xilianoba da `mosavlianoba~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 294). sxvaTa Soris, ivane javaxiSvilma vaxuStis koncefcia ara mxolod gamoiyena saqarTvelos is-toriisa da qarTuli xalxuri kulturis mTeli rigi sakiTxebis asaxsnelad, aramed ganaviTara kidevac, rac saTanadod aris kidevac dafiqsirebuli Cvens samecniero literaturaSi: `vaxuSti bagrationis

18

Semdeg iv. javaxiSvili erT-erTi pirvelTagani gax-ldaT, romelmac saTanado geoklimaturi da ekolo-giuri monacemebis mimoxilviTa da analiziT Tana-mimdevrulad gamoikvlia meurneobis umTavaresi dar-gebis, kerZod mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis zonaluri xa-siaTi da misi eTnografiuli Taviseburebebi barisa da mTis vertikalur-zonalur WrilSi warmoaCina~ (SamilaZe, miminoSvili 2009: 434). manam, sanam mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis istoriis Sesa-xeb ivane javaxiSvilis nakvlevs SevexebiT, mokled unda aRvniSnoT is, rom misi samarTliani dakvirve-biT, qarTvelebis meurneobis ZiriTad dargs warmoad-genda ra miwaTmoqmedeba, eTnosis ZiriTadi sakvebic samiwaTmoqmedo kulturebi iyo, oRond aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi xorbali da dasavleT saqarTveloSi _ Romi (ìqaurni `gamoizamTrebian RomiT~), romelsac gvian simindi Caenacvla. is werda: ìmis gasaTvalis-wineblad, Tu romeli marcvleuli hqonda Cven ers Tavis umTavares sazrdod miCneuli, SesaZlebelia Wa-misa da puris aRsaniSnavad gankuTvnili terminebis analizic iyos gamoyenebuli. yovel qarTvels exlac kargad moexseneba, rom Wama Cven xalxs puris Wamad aqvs miCneuli. ukve iakob xucesve am cnebis gamosaxa-tavad terminad `puris-WamaÁ~ da `Jami purisaÁ~ aqvs naxmari. SemdegSic, TviT me-XII s-Sic-ki amisTvis `puroba~-sa hxmarobdnen~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 417). axla isev mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis Sesaxeb, romlis Sesaswavladac, werilobiT monacemebTan erTad, fa-rTod gamoiyena eTnografiuli monacemebi, gamoavli-na manmade ucnobi vazis jiSebi, vazis movla-moSene-bis tradiculi wesebi, dargTan dakavSirebuli iara-Ri da inventari, Rvinis dayenebis, movlisa da mox-marebis procesebi, Rvinis adgili da roli qarTveli kacis cxovrebaSi. ivane javaxiSvilma daadastura, rom meurneobis aRniSnuli dargi qarTveli xalxis ara mxolod ekonomikis, aramed socialur urTier-TobaTa ganmsazRvrelic iyo. Rvino iyo mosalxeni da ZiriTadi saritualo saSualeba, masze iyo damoki-

19

debuli mosaxleobis didi nawilis ekonomika, rom Sua saukuneebSi iyo mTavari saeqsporto sagani. me-cnierma qarTuli mevenaxeoba da meRvineoba terito-riuli principiT Seiswavla, cal-calke gamoavlina TiToeuli TemisaTvis (istoriul-eTnografiuli mxa-risaTvis) damaxasiaTebeli jiSebi, maTi raodenoba da qarTveli kacis didi SemoqmedebiTi unari meurneobis am dargSi. `mevenaxeobis intensivobis erT-erT gamommJRavnebel garemoebaTagan, cxadia, yurZnis ji-Sebis simravlec unda iqmnes miCneuli, rasakvirve-lia, ramdenadac amiT axali, winandelze umjobesi, an da romelime manmade ucnobi Tvisebis mqonebeli ji-Sebis Ziebisa da Seqmnis faqti uciloblad mtkicde-ba~ (javaxiSvili 1934: 305). gamoavlina 420-ze meti va-zis jiSi, romelTa raodenoba Semdegdroindeli ga-mokvlevebiT 500-mde gaizarda. magram es raodenoba dRes ramdenime aTeuliT kidev izrdeba, radgan bo-lo dromde tao-klarjeTSi gavrcelebuli vazis ji-Sebis Sesaxeb mkvlevarebs srulyofili informacia ar hqondaT. rogorc yovelTvis, mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis Seswa-vlis drosac, ivane javaxiSvili SedarebiT meTods iyenebda. amjerad qarTuli mevenaxeoba-meRvineoba somxurs Seudara. is werda: `Tanamedrove saqarTve-loSi vazi, an dablarad aris dayenebuli da asaru-li, an maRlarad, xezea gaSvebuli. aseve yofila Zve-ladac, raTgan, Cveni samSoblos havis pirobebis ga-mo, mevenaxeobis mxolod aseTi wesia SesaZlebeli. sul sxvanairi mevenaxeobaa somxeTSi, mag. erevnis sa-naxebSi: iq arc maRlari moipoveba, arc asaruli va-zi, anu dablari, aramed vazebi usar-usayrdenebo da-bal buCqad aqvT gaSvebuli, ris gamo vazis mtevniani totebi miwazea daxrili da ganrTxmuli~ (javaxi-Svili 1934: 311). Tanamedrove eTnologiuri mecniere-bis terminebi rom gamoviyenoT, ivane javaxiSvilma me-venaxeobis SeswavliT daasabuTa, rom qarTveli kaci, romelic saukuneebibis ganmavlobaSi ayalibebda da xvewda tradiciebs, srul simbiozSi iyo im land-

20

SaftTan, romelic mas ekuTvnoda da romelSic mas uxdeboda moRvaweoba. mevenaxeobasTan dakavSirebiT SeuZlebelia kidev erT sakiTxze ar SevCerdeT. cnobilia, rom mecnier-Tagan meurneobis oTxi formaa gamoyofili: primitiu-li, eqstensiuri, gardamavali da intensiuri. Sua sa-ukuneebis qarTuli meurneobis forma eqstensiuradaa miCneuli. magram ivane javaxiSvili dablar mevena-xeobas intensiur meurneobad miiCnevs: `TviT qarTve-li miwismoqmedisave SefasebiT dablari mevenaxeobis intensiuri kulturaa, maRlari ki eqstensiuri~ (java-xiSvili 1934: 334). ivane javaxiSvils mevenaxeobis skrupulozurma kvlevam imis saSualebac misca, rom saqarTveloSi SemoqmedebiTi mevenaxeobis centric gamoevlinebina: `kaxeTsa da egress danarCen Temebze meti jiSebi miekuTvneba, ukanaskneli ricxobrivadac pirvels didad ar Camouvardeba, qarTls odnav naklebi Seuqmnia, magram im dros, rodesac kaxeTis jiSTa umetesoba saqarTveloSi farTod aris ga-vrcelebuli da zogad jiSadac iqca, qarTlis jiSe-bis umetesoba qarTls ara scildeba, imereTisa da egrisis jiSebis arec mxolod erTi-ori Temis far-TobiT ganisazRvreba. Tu mkvlevari am friad mniSvne-lovan garemoebas gaiTvaliswinebs, maSin ucilobeli Seiqmneba, rom sruliad saqarTvelos SemoqmedebiTi mevenaxeobis centri kaxeTi yofila, das. saqarTve-loSi-ki pirveli adgili egress, meore argveTs da mesame WaneTs ekuTvnis~ (javaxiSvili 1934: 596). da ki-dev erTi: mecnierma daadastura, rom qarTuli meena-xeobis gavlena aSkara iyo mezobel kavkasiis qvey-nebze da ufro Sorsac. ivane javaxiSvilma isic daadgina, rom saqarTve-loSi meRvineobas iqac ki misdevdnen, sadac vazi ar xarobda da mevenaxeoba SeuZlebeli iyo. amis Sesaxeb vaxuSti bagrationic miuTiTebda. miuTiTebs ra ba-toniSvils is wers: ìmisda miuxedavad, rom Tri-aleTi uvenaxo Temi iyo, meRvineoba iqac yofila. va-xuStis sityviT, TrialeTis mcxovrebni `tkbils mo-

21

itanen baridam, Caasxamen aqa~ qvevrebSi da `dadgebis Rvino kargi da `keTilgemoiani~-o~ (javaxiSvili 1986: 671). meurneobis es forma Semdegdroindelma eTnog-rafiulma monacemebmac daadastura, magaliTad, fSa-vlebs mefeTagan boZebuli venaxebi hqondaT ZiriTa-dad kaxeTSi, mTiulebs _ qarTlSi, svanebs _ raWasa da leCxumSi. es ki faqtobrivad mTisa da baris ur-TierTobis, saqarTvelos sxvadasxva Temebs/istori-ul-eTnografiul mxareebs Soris sameurneo-kultu-ruli urTierTobis damadasturebeli faqtia. aq ki uSualod mivadeqiT kidev erT mniSvnelovan sakiTxs, romelzedac aseve yuradReba didma mecni-erma gaamaxvila da am problemas gamokvleva uZRvna eTnologma mixeil gegeSiZem, romelsac aseTi saxe-lwodeba aqvs: àkad. iv. javaxiSvili saqarTvelos Si-nagani sameurneo-kulturuli kavSirurTierTobis Se-saxeb~ (gegeSiZe: 1973: 32-55). mixeil gegeSiZe aRniSna-vda, rom `Cveni qveynis buneba da xalxis istoria iva-ne javaxiSvils mWidro, ganuyrel kavSirSi warmo-edgina~ (gegeSiZe 1973: 34). jer kidev 1919 wels saqarTvelos sazRvrebis Se-saxeb daweril wignSi Semdegi debuleba wamoayena: `saqarTvelos miwa-wyali mTlian erTeuls warmoad-gens, romelic bunebrivi zRudeebiTac (mTebiTa da mdinareebiT) aris Semofargluli da Tanac, viTarca mtkvrisa, rionisa da Woroxis auzebis Semcveli, geo-grafiulad da ekonomiurad urTierTTan mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli~ (javaxiSvili 1919: 49). es debu-leba SemdgomSi saqarTvelos ekonomikuri istoriis kvlevis sayrdenadac aqcia da rac, m. gegeSiZis samar-Tliani aRniSvniT, Cveni qveynis istoriis erT-erT sa-fuZvladac aRiara. Cvenis mxriT davsZenT, rom sinam-dvileSi arsebuli es realoba qarTuli eTnosis aR-niSnul teritoriul erTeulze (mtkvris, rionis da Woroxis auzebi) mkvidrobis da am eTnosis erTobisa da simtkicis safuZvelic iyo. amonaridi ivane javaxiSvilis naSromidan: `gansxvavebuli sasoflo-sameurneo da botanikuri

22

areebis wyalobiT yovel Tems yvelaferi, rac mis mcxovreblebs sWirdebodaT, arc hqondaT da arc SeiZleba hqonoda. mTa adgilebis mkvidrT TavianTi arc Rvino da arc xili ar SeiZleba hqonodaT, barelebs Tavis mxriT, rasakvirvelia, xorbleulisa da qrTileulis is siuxve unda SehSurebodaT, romelic saqarTvelos maRlob Temebs gaaCndaT. amas garda, wvrilfexa saqonels maRlobi adgi-lebis susxiani zamTrisa da Tovliani, ubalaxo pi-robebis atana ar SeeZlo. amitom mesaqnleobis mimde-vari mTis mcxovrebi cxvris faras zamTrobiT Tavis TemSi ver dastovebda. mas Tavisi saqonlisaTvis ba-ris Tbili da zamTris saZovriani adgilebi aucile-blad sWirdeboda. Tavis mxriT baris mcxovrebsac sakuTari wvrilfexa saqonlis zafxulobiT barad datoveba ar SeeZlo, raTgan cxvars arc iqauri si-cxis atana SeeZlo da arc sakmao saZovari eqneboda. amis gamo barels zafxulSi Tavisi cxvris fara un-da maRlob, grilosa da karg-saZovrian TemSi waesxa, rom iq gamoekveba. amgvarad, barels mTa sWirdeboda da mTiels ki-dev bari. uerTmaneToT maT arseboba ar SeeZloT. am bunebrivi pirobebis wyalobiT saqarTvelos Sua nawi-li, bari, ekonomiurad CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis na-wilebis TemebTan iseve, rogorc winaukmoc mTa bar-Tan umWidroesad iyo dakavSirebuli. geografiuli pirobebis gamo saqarTvelos mTa adgilebis maRlobi Temebis yvela, mimosvlisa da aReb-micemobis, gzebic SuaSi mdebare barisaken miimarTeboda. amitomac gasakvirvelic araferia, Tu am geo-bo-tanikuri da ekonomikuri faqtorebis zegavleniT, qarTvelTa tomobrivi naTesaobis niadagze, upirate-sad swored mesxeTi da qarTli, viTarca mtkvris au-zis asparezi da barisa da mTis urTierT nakluleva-nebis harmoniulad Semavsebeli areebi, CamoinakvTnen erT saxelmwifoebriv sxeulad da erT samefod iq-cnen da mxolod SemdegSi dasavleT-aRmosavleTi sa-qarTveloc gaerTianda~ (javaxiSvili 1930: 316-317).

23

ivane javaxiSvilis es koncefcia gviandeli eT-nografiuli masalebiTac dasturdeba. yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, baxtrionis epopiac da kaxeTis eTnikurad gadarCenac swored aRniSnulma faqtorma ganapiroba, radgan qarTveli mTielebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi maT sakuTrebaSi arsebul saZovrebs ka-rgavdnen. amave faqtoriT iyo ganpirobebuli qarT-lis centroba, romlis garSemo saqarTvelos sxvada-sxva Temebis warmomadgenlebi mis garSemo erTiande-bodnen da saqarTvelos ganapira istoriul-eTnogra-fiuli mxareebi qarTlisaken moiwevdnen da saqarT-velos gaerTianebis iniciatorad gamodiodnen cent-riT qarTlSi. istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis mWidro sameurneo-ekonomikuri kavSirebi TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi Semaval qarTul TemebSi mopovebuli axali eTnografiuli masalebiTac dasturdeba, ma-galiTad, SavSeT-imerxevelebi saTibad kola-artaanSi daiarebodnen, Tan gasayidad xili mihqondaT. ukan dabrunebulebs ki _ matyli (SavSeT-imerxevis la-ndSafti mecxvareobis ganviTarebis saSualebas ar iZleoda) mohqondaT, risganac samoss qsovdnen. `rogorc saerTod dRes aRiarebulia, sameurneo kavSirebi da sameurneo cxovrebis erToba yvelaze saimedo dasayrdenia myari teritoriuli erTobisa. saqarTvelos rTul istoriaSi es migneba iv. javaxiS-vils ekuTvnis, ise rogorc is, rom qarTveli xalxi _ misi gagebiT erTi sameurneo erTeulia~ (gegeSiZe 1973: 46). zemoT Tqmulidan gamomdinare m. gegeSiZe logikurad askvnida: àm fonze Cven erTgvarad ga-ugebrad da gaumarTlebladac gveCveneba erTi axla-ndeli debuleba, romlis Tanaxmad TiTqos XI-XIII ss. moxda qarTvelTa èTnikuri konsolidacia~. aq bu-nebrivia ismis kiTxva _ erT teritoriaze mcxovreb saerTo warmoSobis, erTi enis, istoriulad Sinagani sameurneo-kulturuli da ekonomiuri kavSir-urTie-rTobis mqone xalxs, e. i. erT eTnoss raRa eTnikuri konsolidacia sWirdeboda. amrigad, aq ara marto qronologiuri uzustobaa, uxeiroa TviT gamoTqma

24

èTnikuri konsolidaciac, rac SeiZleba Secdomis wyarodac iqces~ (gegeSiZe 1973: 48). qarTveli eris istoriul integraciasa da konsolidaciaSi ivane ja-vaxiSvilis dasaxelebuli faqtorebi did mignebad SeiZleba miviCnioT. oRond aq kidev erTi faqtoris _ religiuris (marTlmadideblobis) _ gaTvaliswinebac aucilebelia. kidev erTi garemoebis Sesaxeb: ivane javaxiSvilis koncefcia saqarTvelos mTliani sameu-rneo erTeulis da Sinagani istoriuli kavSir-urTi-erTobebis Sesaxeb ewinaaRmdegeba Sexedulebas saqar-Tvelos calke kuTxeTa istoriuli karCaketilobis sakiTxze, romelsac konkretuli dasayrdeni masala ar gaaCnia da mcdaria (gegeSiZe 1973: 55). ivane javaxiSvilma did adgili dauTmo qarTvel-Ta uZvelesi msoflmxedvelobis, rwmena-warmodgene-bis kvlevas. am mxrivac is werilobiT ZeglebTan er-Tad farTod iyenebda eTnografiul monacemebs. mas ekuTvnis koncefcia qarTuli warmarTobisa da Zveli qarTuli RvTaebebis panTeonis Sesaxeb. giorgi Cita-ias sityvebiT, `Tavisi utyuari alRoTi da gamW-riaxobiT man SesaniSnavad aRadgina qarTuli war-marTuli panTeoni~ (Citaia 2000: 72). irkveva, rom qar-TvelTa warmarTuli panTeoniTa da uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebiT mecnieris daintereseba ZiriTadad imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom imdroindeli mecniere-bi (m. kovalevski, k. inostrancevi, n. mari) qarTvelTa sulieri kulturis am sferos iranizmebisa da ara-bizmebis safuZvelze xsnidnen. `saWiro iyo erovnuli niadagis daZebna da masze dayrdnobiT warmarTuli panTeonis aRdgena~ (Citaia 2000: 72). ivane javaxiSvil-ma miznad daisaxa qarTvelTa uzenaesi RvTaebis gar-kveva. saamisod bevr sxva masalasTan erTad gamoiyena javaxeTis sofel baraleTSi Cawerili Tqmuleba ìe-so qriste, elia winaswarmetyveli da wmida giorgi~. saxalxo Tqmulebebis SeswavliT, dReobebsa da xatobebze dakvirvebiT ivane javaxiSvilma cxadhyo, rom `qarTveli xalxis azrovnebaSi wmida giorgis Zveli warmarTobisdroindeli, qarTvelebis mTavari

25

RvTaebis, mTvaris adgili ukavia~ (javaxiSvili 1960: 50), riTac iyo gansazRvruli wmida giorgis adgili qarTul qristianobaSi. misive daskvniT, sarwmuno-ebriv warmodgenaSi ufrosobiTa da ZlierebiT meore iyo RmerT-Semoqmedi, mesame _ elia. `qarTuli samec-niero sazogadoebisaTvis kargad aris cnobili, Tu rogori ostatobiT gamoiyena iv. javaxiSvilma xal-xSi Semonaxuli TeTri giorgis kulti qarTvelTa Zveli religiuri msoflmxedvelobis, mnaTobTa Tay-vaniscemisa dasadgenad~ (Citaia 2000: 72). aqve SeuZle-belia ar iTqvas imis Sesaxebac, rom vera bardave-liZis azriT, ivane javaxiSvilis mier dadgenili Zve-li qarTuli warmarTuli panTeoni Seesatyviseba qar-Tuli warmarTuli panTeonis ara uZveles, aramed yvelaze gvian safexurs, ganviTarebuli klasobrivi sazogadoebis religias (Citaia 2000: 72-73; Бардавелидзе 1957: 113). sayuradReboa mecnieris dakvirveba RvTaeba kvirias Sesaxebac, romelic ganayofierebisa da Svi-lerebis mfarvel RvTaebad miiCnia (javaxiSvili 1960: 62-76). davsZenT, rom aRniSnul problemaze msjelobi-sas ivane javaxiSvili farTod iyenebda informator-Tagan mowodebul eTnografiul masalebs, xolo eT-nologTagan vera bardaveliZis, sergi makalaTias sa-mecniero naSromebs. gansakuTrebiT sargeblobda sa-qarTvelos mTianeTis (fSavi, xevsureTi, svaneTi) eT-nografiuli masalebiT. qarTvelTa winareqristianuli rwmena-warmodgene-bis Sesaxeb roca msjelobda, iv. javaxiSvilis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizani iyo gamoerkvia ra iyo uZve-lesi _ qarTuli da Semdeg droindeli sxvaTagan Se-Tvisebuli. mis mizans isic warmoadgenda ganesazRvra saerToqarTuli da sxvadasxva TemebisaTvis dama-xasiaTebeli movlenebi. am mxriv ki mas aseTi daskvna aqvs miRebuli: `yvela zemodasaxelebuli garemoebis gamomJRavnebis Semdgom cxadi Seiqmna, rom odesRac qarTvel tomebs saTaviso saTemo RvTaebaTa garda yvelasaTvis saerTo rwmenac hqondaT, saerTo qarTu-li warmarTobac yofila~ (javaxiSvili 1960: 115). mec-

26

nieri vrclad SeCerda `mnaTob-RvTaebaTa Svideulze~ (romlebsac qarTuli warmarTuli panTeonis ufros RvTaebebad miCnevda). dasasruls unda iTqvas, rom am sferoSi ivane javaxiSvils Tavisi naRvawi sabolood gadawyvetilad ar miaCnda: `rodesac saqarTveloSi dReTa Svideulis sistema iqmneboda da Camoyalibda, rasakvirvelia qarTuli warmarTuli saxelebisaTvis berZnul SesatyvisobaTa moZebnis dros SesaZlebelia zogi ram Seicvala, Sesatyvisobac aqa-iq ufro xelo-vnurad vidre bunebrivad iqmna mopovebuli, magram yvela aseTi sakiTxebis ganxilva-gamorkveva mxolod momavalSia SesaZlebeli, rodesac qarTuli warmar-Tobis Sesaxeb axali cnobebi aRmoCndeba~ (javaxiSvi-li 1960: 147). diax, didi mecnieri momaval Taobas as-parezisaken mouwodebda. marTlac, mas Semdeg winare-qristianuli rwmena-warmodgenebis Sesaxeb bevri eT-nografiuli masala gamomJRavnda, samecniero naSro-mebis Seiqmna da es problema udavod xelaxla gaaz-rebas saWiroebs. ivane javaxiSvilis kalami qarTvelTa socialuri urTierTobis problemebsac Seexo, konkretulad iseT sakiTxebs, rogoricaa gvari, ojaxi, qorwineba. sruliad samarTlianad SeniSna rom erTi winapridan momdinare naTesavebis aRmniSvneli termini Tavda-pirvelad iyo ara gvari, aramed saxli, rom Tavdapir-velad qarTuli soflebi erTi saxliT/gvariT iyo dasaxlebuli, romlebic sxvadasva TemSi/istoriul-eTnografiul mxareSi gvianobamde SemorCa, rom amas adasturebs saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela mxareSi SemorCenili soflis saxelebi, romlebic gvaris saxelis aRmiSvnelni arian (javaxiSvili 1982: 136-140). saistorio sabuTebze dayrdnobiT isic gaarkvia, rom gvian Sua saukuneebSi xSiri iyo sxvadaxva ojaxebis erT, did ojaxebad Seyra da rom patara ojaxebis did ojaxebad gaerTianeba xdeboda ara mxolod naTesavebisa (Zmebi, biZaSvilebi, erTi gvarisani), ara-med aranaTesavebisac (javaxiSvili 1982: 140-144). mize-zi erT ojaxad Seyrisa ki cxovrebis pirobebiT iyo

27

nakarnaxevi (`saerTo keTildReobis gulisaTvis erT ojaxad SeviyareniT~). `qarTuli samarTlis istoriaSi~ calke monakveTi miuZRvna saqarTveloSi qorwinebisa da colqmrobis wesebs, qalisa da mamakacis urTierTobas, daadgina, rom ZvelqarTuli qorwinebis tradicia egzogamiuri iyo, ramac myarad dRemde Semoinaxa Tavi da, rom egzogamiurobis tradicia mxolod zedafenebSi ir-Rveoda (javaxiSvili 182: 144-154). ivane javaxiSvilis mecnieruli memkvidreoba qar-TvelTa warmomavlobis problemebsac exeba. SeuZleb-lad miiCnevda mxolod enaTmecnieruli da eTnog-rafiuli monacemebiT am sakiTxis gadaWra. saamisod aRniSnavda, rom aucilebeli iyo Zveli wyaroebisa da arqeolgiuri monacemebis gamoyeneba. ar iziarebda leonti mroveliseul koncefcias qarTvelTa da ka-vkasiis sxva xalxebis eponimebis Sesaxeb. mecnieris TvalsazrisiT qarTvelebi samxreTidan iyvnen mosu-li. Semdegdroindelma gamokvlevebma, romlebic sxva-dasxva mecnierebaSi axali monacemebis gamovlenas eyrdnoboda, es Sexeduleba uaryo, romlis mixed-viTac qarTvelTa eTnogenezi istoriuli saqarTve-los teritoriaze moxda. sxvaTa Soris, im periodSi, rodesac es Sexeduleba yalibdeboda mecnierebaSi Za-lian popularuli iyo `winaresamSoblos~ Zieba da `migraciuli~ Teoria. mecnierebi cdilobdnen yvela eTnosisaTvis `winaresamSoblo~ moeZebnaT. qarTvele-bisaTvisac gamiZebna `winaresamSoblo~ da isinic sam-xreTidan mosulebad gamocxaddnen. rogorc aRvniS-neT, Semdeg es Sexeduleba gadaisinja. Tumca gamo-ricxuli araa qarTvelTa monaTesave eTnosebis ufro samxreTiT mkvidroba, magram dasadgenia, es qar-Tvelebis migracia iyo, Tu protoqarTvelebisa. faq-tia, rom istoriisaTvis xelSesaxeb periodSi qar-Tvelebi samxreT kavkasiis didi xnis mkvidrni iyvnen (TofCiSvili 2012: 40-41). ase rom, es urTulesi pro-bmlema kvlav gadawyvetis, axali masalebisa da me-cnieruli faqtebis warmoCenis molodinSia. erTi kia,

28

am urTules problemas SeWidebuli mecnieri gverds ver auvlis ivane javaxiSvilis mecnierul memkvidre-obas. ivane javaxiSvilma Tavis naSromebSi aCvena, rom qarTuli eTnosi, Zveli werilobiTi Zeglebis Tanax-mad, erTiani, myari eTnikuri erTeuli iyo. am Zegle-bis mixedviT man isic gaarkvia, rom erovnebis aRmniS-vneli termini Zvel qarTul enaSi iyo `naTesavi~. sa-ilustraciod ki ramdenime citatas gvTavazobs: `gi-orgi mTawmindeli, mag. ambobs: ioane (mTawmindeli) iyo `naTesaviT qarTveli~-o. `naTesavi Cueni (e. i. qar-Tvelni) wrfel iyo da umanko~-o. `rad esreT ugunu-rad Segiracxies naTesavi qarTuelTa wrfeli da uma-nk~-o, ekiTxeboda giorgi mTawmindeli antioqiis pat-riarqs. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikossac uweria, rom gvirgvinosanma ùwyoda kiTilad yivCaRTa naTe-savisa simravle~-o (javaxiSvili 1982: 190). manve gaar-kvia Zvel qarTul enaSi sityva èris~ mniSvnelobac: `SemkreblobiTi, sazogado cnebis gamomxatveli iyo agreTve sityva èri~, romelsac qarTuli mwerlobis uZveles ZeglebSi orgvari mniSvneloba hqonda, xalxsac niSnavda da jarsac~ (javaxiSvili 182: 192). Zveli qarTuli werilobiTi Zeglebidan warmod-genil amonawerebs Sesaxeb SeiZleba mxolod erTi ram davamatoT. erT-erT maTganSi `naTesavi qarTve-li~-s nacvlad gvxvdeba `naTesavi Cueni~. rogorc Cans, saqarTveloSi qarTvelis aRsaniSnavad iSviaTad ar gamoiyeneboda sityvaTa SeTanxmebia `naTesavi Cu-eni~. mas Semdeg, rac samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos qarTvelobam qristianoba dakarga da islami miiRo, isini eTnikur qarTvelad veRar gaiazrebdnen Tavs. realurad ki kvlav qarTvelebad rCebodnen da Se-sabamisad aRniSnuli sityaTa SeTanxmebis (`naTesavi Cueni~) meore komponenti gamoiyenes axali TviT-saxelwodebis (endoeTnonimis) Sesaqmnelad da Tavian-Ti (religiuri niSniT eTnosis ZiriTadi nawilisagan mowyvetilebma) erTobis aRsaniSnavad Tavs `Cvenebu-ri~ uwodes.

29

saqarTvelos eTnologiis sferoSi rodesac ivane javaxiSvilis wvlilze vexebiT, SeuZlebelia gverdi avuaroT mis samuzeumo saqmianobas. zemoT Si-namrewvelobis masalebis SekrebaSi misi Rvawlis Se-saxeb saubrisas, erTi sityviT, isic aRiniSna, rom Ta-vis mowafeebs, romlebic saqarTvelos sxvadasxva re-gionebSi eTnografiuli masalebis Sesagroveblad miemgzavrebodnen, is samuzeumo eTnografiuli kole-qciebis moZiebasa da muzeumisaTvis SeZenasac avaleb-da. cnobilia, rom bevri eTnografiuli koleqcia (ma-terialuri kulturis Zegli) swored am dros Sei-kriba. giorgi Citaia aRniSnavda: `samuzeumo koleqci-ebis SegrovebasTan erTad iv. javaxiSvili gansaku-Trebulad zrunavda maT dacvaze. TiToeul samuze-umo sagans gansakuTrebuli mokrZalebiTa da siy-varuliT epyroboda. misTvis muzeumi iseTi samecnie-ro laboratoria iyo, romelic mowodebulia zusti mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi gamofenis meSveobiT xa-lxSi, farTo masebSi gaavrcelos. magram akad. iv. ja-vaxiSvils muzeumTan akavSirebda ara marto amgvari interesebi. saqarTvelos muzeums is udides rols akisrebda qarTuli kulturis Seswavlis saqmeSi. igi farTod saxavda muzeumis amocanebs da am amocanebis Sesasruleblad iRwvoda~ (Citaia 2000: 86). ivane javaxiSvili iyo ra saistorio da saeTnog-rafio sazogadoebis Tavnjdomare, xSirad awyobda eTnografiuli moxsenebebis mosmenas da dabeWdili naSromebis ganxilvas. 1926 wels erT-erT sxdomaze mousmeniaT Tedo saxokias moxseneba _ `megruli qor-wili~ da ganuxilavT giorgi Citaias `glexis saxli qvablianSi~ (metreveli 1982: 123-126). dabolos, xazgasmiT unda aRvniSnoT, rom ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawlis Sefaseba saqarTvelos eTno-logiis, qarTvelTa materialuri, sulieri kultu-risa da socialur urTierTobaTa kvlevis saqmeSi ga-nuzomlad didia da misi srulyofilad gamomzeureba erT werilSi SeuZlebelia da monografiul Se-swavlas elis. man ùdidesi wvlili Seitana eTnog-

30

rafiis ganviTarebaSi, Rrma kvali gaavlo qarTuli mecnierebis yamirs da saqarTvelosa da mezobeli qveynebis istoriisa da kulturis mravali problema gaarkvia~ (Citaia 2000: 86).

damowmebuli literatura

gegeSiZe 1973 _ gegeSiZe. akad. iv. javaxiSvili saqar-T-velos Sinagani sameurneo-kulturuli kavSirurTierTobis Sesaxeb. _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1973, #2. TofCiSvili 2012 _ r. TofCiSvili. eTnogenezis procesisa da qarTvelTa eTnogenezis Sesaxeb. _ saqarTvelos istoriis institutis Sromebi, VI, Tb., 2012. kaxiani 1976 _ k. kaxiani. ivane javaxiSvilis Rvawli Si-namrewvelobis istoriis masalebis Sekrebis saqmeSi (mogonebebi). _ macne, istoriis... seria, 1976, #2. masalebi 1976 _ masalebi saqarTvelos Sinamrewvelobisa da wvrili xelosnobis istoriisaTvis. akad. i. javaxiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT 5 tomad, tomi I, Tb., 1976. SamilaZe, miminoSvili 2009 _ v. SamilaZe, o. miminoSvili. saqarTvelos eTnologiis istoria, nawili pirveli, Tb., 2009. Citaia 2000 _ g. Citaia. Sromebi xuT tomad, tomi II, Tb., 2000. javaxiSvili 1919 _ iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos saz-Rvrebi istoriuli da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ga-nxiluli, tf., 1919. javaxiSvili 1930 _ iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos eko-nomiuri istoria, wigni pirveli, Tb., 1930. javaxiSvili 1934 _ iv. javaxiSvili. saqarTvelos eko-nomiuri istoria, wigni meore, Tb., 1934. javaxiSvili 1950 _ iv. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris is-toriis Sesavali, wigni pirveli _ saqarTvelos, kav-kasiisaDda maxlobeli aRmosavleTis istoriul-eT-nologiuri problemebi. Tb., 1950. javaxiSvili 1960 _ i. javaxiSvili. qarTveli eris istoria, w. I, 1960. javaxiSvili 1978 _ iv. javaxiSvili. masalebi qarTveli eris materialuri kulturis istoriisaTvis, III, ta-nisamosi, qsovilebi da xelsaqme, Tb., 1978.

31

javaxiSvili 1985 _ iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi V, Tb., 1986. javaxiSvili 1982 _ iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad, tomi VI, Tb., 1982. javaxiSvilis 1968 _ iv. javaxiSvilis 34 kerZo werili. _ mnaTobi, 1968, #9. Бардавелидзе 1975 _ В. В. Бардавелидзе. Древнейшие религиозные верования и обрядовое графическое искусство грузинских племен, Тб., 1957.

Roland Topchishvili

Ivane Javakhishvili and Ethnology of Georgia

Ivane Javakhishvili, founder of the Georgian University, along with the historical science, gave rise to other humanitarian sciences. He largely contributed to the Georgian ethnology as well. He was well aware that ethnology is an independent science, but without using this branch of science it was impossible to comprehend a whole number of facts in the history of Georgia. Thus, Ivane Javakhishvili also is the founder of historical ethnology of Georgia. Ivane Javakhishvili studied the following directions of ethnology: methodology of obtaining ethnographic material, genesis of the Georgian people, material culture and agricultural life, social relations. Studying the problems of historical ethnology, Ivane Javakhishvili along with the written monuments widely used ethnographic data. In 1935 to gather the materials on home industry he elaborated the rules for gathering the ethnographic materials, which even today is the perfect methodological program. Not a single ethnologist could avoid the conclusions and work of this renowned scholar in the sphere of ethnology, with which in frequent cases ethnologists had to prove with new ethnographic data the considerations expressed by the scholar . To Ivane Javakhishvili belongs the conception on economic-cultural relations of historical-ethnographic regions of Georgia, which in fact conditioned state unity and ethnic consolidation of Georgia. Evaluation of Ivane Javakhishvili’s scientific work in the research of ethnology of Georgia, material, spiritual culture and social relations is immeasurably large and its perfect revelation is a case of the future. He “put crucial contribution to development of ethnography, left a deep trace in uncultivated branches of the Georgian science and clarified numerous problems of history and culture of Georgia and the neighboring countries” (G. Chitaya).

32

salome baxia-oqruaSvili

afxazTa sulieri kulturis sakiTxebi saqarTvelosa da kerZod afxazeTis teritoria-

ze afxazTa religiuri mrwamsis Seswavla, migraci-ul procesebTan, maT warmoSobasa da Semdgomi ganvi-Tarebis sakiTxebTanaa dakavSirebuli. cnobilia, rom Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiidan sxvadasxva epoqaSi ori ZiriTadi migraciuli talRa dafiqsirda. wyaroTa Tanaxmad, pirveli talRa II s-Si, meore _ XV s. 70-iani wlebidan ramdenime nakadad XVI-XVII da XVIII saukuneebSi ganxorcielda. am talRobrivma mig-raciulma moZraobebma Tavidanve am kuTxis eTnikuri suraTi da Semadgenlobac Secvales. pirvelsa da gviandel talRebs Soris gansxvaveba sakmaod didi iyo. adreuli talRa gvarovnuli, diskretuli jgu-febisagan, meore ki ukve Camoyalibebuli eTnikuri jgufebis Semadgenlobas warmoadgenda. adreuli ta-lRisa da mkvidri, adgilze daxvedrili qarTveluri mosaxleobis Serwymis da transformaciuli eTnoku-lturuli procesebis Sedegad, am teritoriaze axali eTnikuri erTeuli warmoiSva, romelsac qar-Tvelebma àfxazebi~ Searqves.

adreuli talRis religiuri mrwamsi Tavidanve warmarToba iyo. wyaroebis Tanaxmad, isini `Tayvans scemdnen Walebsa da tyeebs. xeebi... raRac gulubryvi-lobis gamo `RmerTebad miaCndaT (yauxCiSvili, 1965: 160). magram mogvianebiT, sazogadoebrivi, ekonomikuri da politikuri ganviTarebis Sedegad, mosuli mosaxleobis TandaTanobiTma asimilaciam transfor-maciis procesi gamoiwvia, romelic religiur mrwa-mssac unda Sexeboda. e.i. socialurad, ekonomikurad da politikurad SedarebiT maRal safexurze mdgomi, mkvidri mosaxleobis gavleniT afxazebis (abazgebis) eTnikuri erTobis yofiTi da religiuri xasiaTi unda Secvliliyo. IV-VI saukuneebisaTvis Ta-

33

namedrove afxazebis winaparTa nawili ukve dasav-lur-qarTul tomebs Seerwya, gaiTqvifa da adreve ga-qristianda (Меликишвили, 1983, 382-383; inaZe, 1992, 52-53; Мусхелишвили Д., 1983, 984; lorTqifaniZe, 1990, 89 da sxv.). VI s-Si ki, bizantiis mefe iustinianem `mTaSi abazgebs, romlebic `RvTis WeSmariti rwmeniT~ ar gamoirCeodnen, `wminda kacebi~ gaugzavna da àbazgiis saRvTo WalaSi RvTis taZari~ augo. aq `dadgenil iqnen mRvdelmsaxurni da amgvarad, uaRresad bar-barosuli tomi qristian tomad~ (yauxCiSvili, 1966, 229-230) iqca. rogorc Cans, adreuli talRis Crdilo-kavkasielebs qarTvelur xalxTan kulturuli urTierTobis Semdeg qristianuli sarwmunoeba unda mieRoT. isini, vinc qristiandebodnen `qarTvelde-bodnen~ (berZeniSvili 1990: 600-603) kidec. es gasa-kviri ar unda yofiliyo, radgan qristianoba am kuT-xeSi saxelmwifos mier oficialurad iyo aRiare-buli. rasac afxazur enaSi arsebuli qarTuli qris-tianuli leqsikac mowmobs. T. gvancelaZem, romelmac sagangebod Seiswavla afxazur enaSi Tavmoyrili qristianuli sakulto leqsika, daadgina, rom `berZnuli warmoSobis qristianuli terminebi afxa-zur enas, ara uSualod berZnuli enidan, aramed mTlianad qarTulis, an kolxuri enis megruli dia-leqtisagan aqvs SeTvisebuli~ (gvencelaZe 1996: 76). Camosaxlebisa da adaptaciis procesis gavlisas Tav-dapirvelad urTierToba maT swored mkvidr qarTve-lur mosaxleobasTan hqondaT. am urTierTobis Sede-gi ki cnobilia, VII s-Si (àbazgis~) afxazis Sinaarsi viwro eTnikur CarCoebs gascda da politikuri te-rmini gaxda. am terminSi ukve, rogorc afxazeTis te-ritoriaze mcxovrebi qarTveluri, ise araqarTvelu-ri (sakuTriv afxazi) warmoSobis mosaxleobac igu-lisxmeboda (inaZe 1992: 58-61).

VIII s-Si, marTalia, dasavleT saqarTvelos ara-bTa winaaRmdegobis daZleva da bizantiisaTvis po-ziciebis aRdgenac dasWirda, magram bizantiisaTvis poziciebis aRdgena àxali stimuli iyo qristianuli

34

rwmenis ganmtkicebisaTvis~ (gamaxaria 2005: 88). VIII s-Si Camoyalibebulma àfxazeTis samefom~, rogorc saxelmwifoebrivma warmonaqmnma, mTeli dasavleT saqarTvelo gaaerTiana, romelsac amisTvis yvela at-ributi gaaCnda damwerlobasTan erTad, rac sakuTriv afxazebs ar hqoniaT. mkvidri da Camosaxlebuli mosa-xleobis Serwymisa da `gaqarTebis~ process, afxaze-TSi qristianuli religiis saboloo gamarjveba un-da moyoloda, romelmac imdroindel TxzulebaSi _ `habos wameba~ _ iCina Tavi. habom ixila qveyana `savse qristes sarwmuneobiTa da aravin urwmunoTagani~ mo-ipoveboda sazRvris SigniT~ (ioane sabanisZe 1981: 128). bizantiis gavlenisagan gasaTavisufleblad da dasav-leT saqarTvelos gasaerTianeblad qveyanas politi-kurad xelsaxyreli dro IX s-Si daudga. amasTan er-Tad, egris-afxazeTis qarTulma saxelmwifom bizan-tiisagan saeklesio damoukideblobasac miaRwia. swo-red, am droidan afxazeTsa da danarCen saqarTvelo-Si saeklesio mSeneblobebi ukve aqtiurad mimdinare-obda, romlis Sesaxeb cnobebi istoriuli wyaroebisa da epigrafikuli (lipidaruli da Weduri) Zeglebis monacemebiT dasturdeba. Zeglebze, romlebzedac warwerebi àfxazTa~ mefeebis dakveTiT sruldeboda, qarTuli asomTavruliT iyo Sesrulebuli (axalaZe 2007: 97-99, 108-109).

s. saqanias (Сакания, 2007, 259-270) mosazrebis Ta-naxmad, afxazeTis taZrebi da sakulto adreuli nage-bobebi bizantiuri da romauli warmoSobis, xolo Suasaukuneebis _ sakuTriv afxazebis yofila. igi wa-rwerebs saerTod ar axsenebs, rasac logikuri axsna da mizezebi moepoveba _ igi qarTulia. qarTveli me-cnierebis Tanaxmad, marTalia, afxazeTis sakulto xuroTmoZRvruli formebi bizantiidan Semodioda, magram bizantiurisa da adgilobrivi saziaro mxatv-ruli dinebebis Serwyma-SeerTebis tendenciac mimdi-nareobda (axalaZe 2007: 112-116). amdenad, àfxazTa sa-mefo~ misi yvela naratiuli TxzulebebiT, saeklesio

35

sabuTebiT, epigrafikuli ZeglebiT rom qarTuli iyo, argumentirebulad aris dasabuTebuli.

X saukuneSi afxazeTSi, qarTuli damoukidebe-li kaTedris daarsebis dros, mTel dasavleT saqar-Tvelos teritoriaze, qarTveluri da araqarTveluri mosaxleobis gaqristianeba damTavrebulad iTvlebo-da. sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom qarTveli xalxis kultura, msoflmxedveloba, xelovneba da litera-tura qristianuli religiis gavleniT iqmneboda. bibliis qarTuli Targmanebis fragmentebi _ xanmeti palimfsestebi V saukuniT aris daTariRebuli. amde-nad, daujerebelia tendenciuri Tanamedrove afxazi avtorebis e. ajinjalis, g. smiris, d. dbarisa da sxvaTa varaudi, TiTqos àfxazeTis eklesiebSi V-IX saukuneebSi, qarTuli enis danergvamde wirva-locva afxazurad mimdinareobda, Tumca, sarwmunoebis oficialuri ena berZnuli iyo da am eklesiebSi qri-stianobas konstantinepolSi ganaTleba miRebuli elinizebuli afxazebi qadagebdnen~ (Крылов, 2001). àf-xazur enaze wirva-locvis~ faqti sakmaod gazviade-bulia, radgan afxazuri ena axlo warsulamde umwe-rlobo ena iyo. misma anbanma XIX saukunidan ram-denjerme ganicada cvlileba da mxolod 1954 w. slavuri grafikuli niSnebis saSualebiT sabolood dadginda. amdenad, qristianoba afxazebSi, iseve ro-gorc qarTvelur mosaxleobaSi berZnul da qarTul enebze SeiZleboda gavrcelebuliyo. zemoT aRniSnul avtorTa es varaudi j. gamaxarias wignSi (gamaxaria 2005: 72-74) saTanadod aris Sefasebuli. amitom, masze sityvas aRar gavagrZelebT. sabWoTa wyobilebis pirobebSi afxazeTTan da afxazebTan dakavSirebiT obieqturi azris gamoTqma siZneleebTan iyo dakavSirebuli. cxadia, afxazebis aramkvidrobis da miT umetes, meore nakadis, XVI saukunidan maTi tal-Robrivi Camosaxlebis Sesaxeb azris gamoTqmas mZime Sedegebi mohyveboda. amitom, bunebrivia, afxazeTis istoriisa da eTnologiis sakiTxebis WeSmariti

36

mecnieruli Seswavla mxolod sabWoTa wyobilebis rRvevis Semdeg daiwyo.

Tanamedrove afxazeTis teritoriaze Crdilo kavkasiidan sxvadasxva epoqaSi mosaxleobis migraci-is faqts, rogorc zogierTi afxazi, ise erT-erTi rusi avtoric a. krilovi uaryofs da mas `radika-lursa da politikur-Sovinisturs uwodebs. a. kri-lovs ar ainteresebs, ris safuZvelzea es varaudi wamoyenebuli, vfiqrobT an wyaroebs ver flobs, an ar unda misi aRiareba. azri qarTveluri mosaxleo-bis `mkvidrobis Sesaxeb, qristian qarTvelTa civili-zaciaze~ da `barbaros-warmarTebTan~ upiratesobaze saubari misi varaudiT, sxva araferia, Tu ara `rasis-tuli Teoria~. igi afxazTa rwmena-warmodgenebis aRsaniSnavad termin `tradiciul religias~ àvto-qtonurs~ iyenebs, radgan es religia `msoflio re-ligiebis zegavlenis gareSe Camoyalibebula afxaze-bsa da kavkasiis sxva xalxebSi~. misTvis isic dauje-rebelia, rom afxazebi odesme qristianebi iyvnen, xo-lo afxazeTSi gabneuli qristianuli Zeglebi, yvela berZnuli epoqidan yofila SemorCenili (Крылов 2001). rogorc krilovi, ise l. regelsoni, i. xvarckia, d. dbari da g. smiri TavianT naSromebSi dabneulobas ver malaven, ver gaugiaT Zveli qristiani afxazebis kvlav tradiciul rwmena-warmodgenebTan `dabruneba~ ratom moxda. cxadia, sakiTxs mxolod im SemTxvevaSi moefineba naTeli, Tu saqarTveloSi afxazebis migra-ciuli wesiT dafuZneba, pirveli talRis qarTvelur mosaxleobasTan Serwyma, qarTuli istoriuli wyaro-ebis gaTvaliswineba, XV saukunis 70-iani wlebidan, XVI-XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, Crdilo kavkasiuri mcire eTnikuri jgufebis talRobrivi Camosaxlebis proce-si iqneba maT mier aRiarebuli. samwuxarod umetesi afxazi Tu rusi avtorebis naSromebi, romelic am bolo xanebSi daibeWda, mxolod da mxolod politi-kur miznebs emsaxureba da maT mecnierebasTan cota ram akavSirebT. amitom, maTi ufro Rrma ganxilvi-sagan Tavs vikavebT.

37

XV saukunis 70-ian wlebamde `qarTlis cxovre-basa~ da samarTlis ZeglebSi warmarTul Tu tradi-ciul afxazur religiasTan dakavSirebuli monaceme-bi ar arsebobs. afxazeTis mosaxleoba politikurad, eTnokulturulad da religiurad diferencirebuli ar Cans. unda vifiqroT, rom iq mcxovrebi ara-qarTveluri mosaxleoba qarTvelurTan erTad qris-tianul ideologias unda ziareboda. magram XV sa-ukunis meore naxevridan centralizebuli saqarTve-los daSlis procesma da amave dros Crdilo kavka-siis xalxebSi monRolTa, yirimis xanebisa da osma-lebis gamanadgurebelma moZraobebma afxazeTis mo-sazRvre jiqur-abazuri da sxva mTielebis kavkasiis samxreT ferdobze gadmosaxleba ganapiroba. afxa-zeTis teritoriaze maT gadmosaxlebas xels uwyobda TviT erisTavi SarvaSiZe, romlis mizani am mxareSi sakuTari uflebebis TviTneburi gaZliereba iyo (berZeniSvili 1965: 137-138). Camosaxlebis faqts a. kri-lovi `mecnierulad sruliad ususursa da miu-Rebels~ uwodebs. misi azriT, XVII saukuneSi migra-ciuli procesi piriqiT, samxreTidan (afxazeTidan) xorcieldeboda Crdilo kavkasiaSi (Крылов 2001: 10). naSromidan ar Cans ra safuZvels eyrdnoba misi es mosazreba.

qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi (doliZe 1970: 222) 1470-1474 ww. afxazeTSi, sakuTriv afxazebSi `qristes mcnebisagan gandgomasa~ da warmarTobis aRorZinebas adasturebs, rac mosaxleobis nawilis, mosazRvre mTielTa axali nakadis Camosaxlebis, maT mier primi-tiuli yofa-cxovrebis, rwmena-warmodgenebis Secv-laze metyvelebs. SemoWrilma jiq-abazebma sxva mona-Tesave mTielebTan erTad afxazeTis saerisTavos te-ritoriaze myarad moikides fexi. religiurad, socia-lur-ekonomikuri wyobiT, kulturiT gansxvavebulma mkvidrma da SemoWrilma mosaxleobam, amJamad inte-graciis Sedegad, axali eTnikuri procesebis fonze Tanamedrove afxazebis yofa-cxovrebisa da tradi-ciebis Camoyalibebas Cauyares safuZveli. amdenad,

38

afxazebis Tanamedrove religiuri mrwamsis Camoyali-bebaSi migraciis rols didi adgili ukavia. bzifisa da mogvianebiT, abJuis afxazebis rwmena-warmod-genebze, bunebidan da meurneobis dargebidan aRmoce-nebul kultebze qarTul-afxazurma kulturul-is-toriulma urTierTobebma Tavisi kvali daamCnies.

cnobilia, rom xalxuri tradiciuli rwmena-wa-rmodgenebis Seswavlis problema TiTqmis mTlianad eTnografiul masalazea damokidebuli. Tanamedrove afxazTa poliTeisturi dReoba-dResaswaulebis Sesa-xeb fragmentuli masala pirvelad XVII-XVIII ss-Si gamoCnda. XIX s. mas, calkeuli mogzaurebisa da mxareTmcodneebis mier mopovebuli, XX saukuneSi ki, sabWoTa mecnierebis mier velze Sekrebili didZali eTnografiuli masala daemata.

mTeli XIX-XX saukunis ganmavlobaSi Tanamed-rove afxazebis warmarTul panTeonSi wamyvani adgi-li sicocxlis Zalas, nayofierebas, saojaxo, patro-nimiul, sasoflo, saTemo RvTaebebs ekava. es uZvele-si rwmena-warmodgenebi Tanamedrove yofaSi afxazur-ma sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobam, sazogadoebrivi da socialuri ganviTarebis donem ganapiroba. bune-bis movlenebis, miwis, sameurneo saqmianobis _ mesaqo-nleobis, miwaTmoqmedebis, monadireobis, mefutkreo-bis, samWedlos da wminda adgilebis yvela kults sa-kuTari RvTaeba edga TavSi. am RvTaebebis keTilga-nwyobis mosapoveblad Temi, sofeli, ojaxi, patroni-mia koleqtiurad marTavda magiur ritualebs. yove-li salocavis sakulto `centrad~ wminda adgilebi iyo amorCeuli, romelic bunebrivi obieqtebi _ mTa, tyis pirebi, Walebi da calkeuli xeebi _ iyo. ma-terialuri Zeglebi afxazebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ar yofila.

XX s-Si tradiciuli religiis kvlevis sawyis periodSive, afxazTa rwmena-warmodgenebSi mravalR-merTianobis arsebobis Sesaxeb gamoiTqva azri, rome-lic bevrma mecnierma gaiazra. mxolod s. basariam

(Басария, 1923, 57) da Semdeg S. inal-ifam (Инал-ипа,

39

1965, 560-561) uaryves. maTi mosazrebiT, afxazur reli-giaSi mxolod erTi, Zlevamosili, gamCeni, saerTo saxalxo RmerTi arsebobda, romelsac bunebis yvela movlena, maT Soris saojaxo da sagvaro RvTaebebi emorCileboda. am RmerTis aRsaniSnad afxazur enaSi termini àncva~ iTvleboda, romelSiac Tavs yvela RvTaeba da yvela `wili~ iyrida Tavs. igi yvela cal-keul RvTaebas aerTianebda.

àncvasTan~ dakavSirebiT p. uslarisa da p. Wa-raias mier adridanve gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom TviT termini miuTiTebda poliTeizmze, radgan àn~ _ de-das, `cva~ _ mravlobiTi ricxvis niSani erTvoda. mo-gvianebiT, n. janaSiam èrTi RmerTis mravalwiliano-bis~ Sesaxeb gamoTqva varaudi. n. janaSiam, romelsac saqarTveloSi XVII s. 80-iani wlebis Semdeg àbJuaSi~ Camosaxlebul abazebSi hqonda masala Cawerili, daadgina, rom gadmocemaTa Tanaxmad, yvela bunebriv movlenasa Tu adamianebis naTesaur gaerTianebas Tavisi wili RmerTi hyavda, iseve rogorc yvela qri-stians Tavisi mfarveli angelozi... igi afxazur ena-Si àncvas~ gaCenis faqts winaparTa gandidebas uka-vSirebda, romelsac dasawyisisaTvis, marTalia, qa-luri buneba hqonda, magram TandaTan simravlis gamo sqesi Seecvala da mamakacis sawyisis mqone gaxda (Джанашия 1960: 22-23).

S. inal-ifa Tavis adreul naSromebSi, afxazur religiaSi poliTeizmis ideas iziarebda, magram mog-vianebiT, man àncva~ warmogvidgina, rogorc ùkve ara calkeuli sagvaro an satomo RvTaeba, aramed tomobrivi da adgilobrivi RvTaebebis erTianobis simbolo. abstraqtuli azrovnebis grZelvadiani gan-viTarebis Sedegi da masTan erTad tomobrivi dajgu-febebis konsolidaciis garkveuli maCvenebeli, rogorc erTiani eTnikuri mTlianoba. maRal RmerT àncva~-s warmoSoba erTiani afxazi xalxis Camoyali-bebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. RvTaebis saxelSive wa-rmoCnda, rom iyo erTi RmerTi, Tumca, mudam mraval-ricxovani wilebSi (Инал-ипа 1965: 561).

40

S. inal-ifa, z. anCabiZis mier èrTiani afxazi feodaluri xalxis èrovnebis~ warmoSobis Sesaxeb gamoTqmul mosazrebas eyrdnoba, romlis azriTac, àfxazuri feodaluri xalxis Camoyalibebis proce-si, ZiriTadad VIII s-Si damTavrda. mis formirebaSi mTavari roli abazgebma da afsilebma iTamaSa. am mcire xalxebis Serwymas erTiani eTnikuri afxazuri feodaluri xalxis birTvis Camoyalibeba mohyva, ro-melsac SemdgomSi sxva eTnikuri komponentebic Se-eria~... (Анчабадзе 1959: 69).

z. anCabaZis es mosazreba n. berZeniSvilis mier iqna gakritikebuli, romlis Tanaxmadac _ àfxazebs arc kolxuri saxelmwifoebrivi tradicia da arc re-aluri sxva saSualebani gaaCnda. swored amitom... af-xazTa dinastia qarTuli feodaluri kulturis sam-saxurs Caudga saTaveSi. àfxazuri feodaluri ero-vnebis konsolidaciis~ pirobebSi ki, afxazTa di-nastias, afxazTa mefe, afxazuri saxelmwifo unda SeeqmnaT... afxazuri damwerlobiT... da yvela is niSa-ni SeeZinaT, romelic feodalur erovnebas feodalu-ri saxelmwifoTi axasiaTebs~ (berZeniSvili 1990: 592-593). amdenad, afxazuri `feodaluri xalxis~ konso-lidacia rom momxdariyo, bzifisa da abJuas afxaze-bis ùzenaesi RmerTi àncva~ (romelsac TiTqos `Zlieri monoTeisturi xasiaTi hqonda~) moaxerxebda sagvaro, patronimiuli da teritoriuli RvTaebebis centralizacias, Tumca, es ar momxdara.

Camosaxlebis Semdeg, Crdilo kavkasielebis eT-nikurma jgufebma adgilobrivi mosaxleobisa da qri-stianuli religiis didi gavlena ganicades, rasac nawilobriv maTi msoflmxedvelobis cvlac mohyva. Sedegad maT enaSi axali terminebi damkvidrda _ аны-ха (xati), ачгара (marxva), ан�əара (locva) da amasTan

анцəа-m swored amis Semdeg miiRo monoTeisturi xasiaTis mqone RmerTis mdgomareoba (Инал-ипа 1965: 520; Дзидзария 1958: 46; Гулия 1925: 310 da sxv.).

41

afxazuri poliTeisturi rwmena-warmodgenebis Seswavlas sasoflo-sameurneo saqmianobasTan, kerZod mesaqonleobasTan dakavSirebuli RvTaebiT viwyebT. cnobilia, rom gvian Suasaukuneebisa da mogviane-biTac sameurneo saqmianobidan tradiciul da wamyvan dargad mesaqonleoba iTvleboda. mesaqonleobis RvTaeba afxazeTSi àiTaris~ saxeliT iyo cnobili. mas ganaxlebis, nayofierebisa da saqonlis gamravlebaze zrunva evaleboda. mis Svidnawilian sa-

xes afxazebi ase mimarTavdnen _ аиҭар бжиҭр. TiToe-ul wils Tavisi mcire RvTaeba hyavda: џабран _ Txe-bis deda; жвабран _ Zroxebis deda; аҷшашана _ cxene-bis deda; алшкнтр _ ZaRlebis, амза _ mTvaris, амра _ mzis, аннаҧа-нага_ naTesisa da pirutyvis erTad. aiTa-rs àfxazebis warmarTul panTeonSi Tavisi saerTo aRiarebiTa da farTo funqciiT gamorCeuli adgili ekava~, igi Sinauri cxovelebis Semqmnelic iyo (gio-rgiZe 1888, #180; Дубровин 1871: 29-30; Джанашиа 1960: 31; baxia 2010: 387-388). Svidnawiliani aiTaris yvela saxe, maT Soris mTvarisa da mzisac mesaqonleobis kults emsaxureboda. rac Seexeba anafa-nagas, masSi saqonli-sa da naTesebis nayofierebis RvTaeba iyo Serwymuli. cxadia, aiTaris kultis mniSvneloba imaze miu-TiTebda, rom migrantTa poliTeistur panTeonSi swored mesaqonleobis kulti iyo mTavari, Tumca, qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-istoriuli urTierTo-bis Sedegi unda yofiliyo miwaTmoqmedebis RvTaebis _ anafa-nagas mniSvnelobis gazrda.

dasavleT qarTvelebis, kerZod megrelebis uZve-lesi rwmena-warmodgenebSi, samiwaTmoqmedo RvTaebe-bis gverdiT sagangebo adgili `Jini anTars~ (zena an-Tars) _ mesaqonleobis kultis RvTaebas ekava. jer kidev XIX saukuneSi p. Waraias mier gamoTqmul iqna varaudi, rom àiTari~ ànTarisagan~, megruli enis gavleniT iyo warmoqmnili, sadac n>l>Á mogvca (gio-rgaZe 1888, #180). iv. javaxiSvilma es RvTaeba da te-rmini uZvelesi qarTul (xevsurul) RvTaebas àna-

42

tors~ daukavSira, romlis sruli saxis xsovna da Tayvaniscema swored, ànTar~ da àiTarma~ Semogvina-xa (javaxiSvili 1979: 122-124). qarTvelebi (megrelebi) saqonlis gamravleba-mfarvelobas mTavarangeloz mi-qel-gabriels, Jini orTas (wm. giorgis), galeniSi or-Tas da kapunias SesTxovdnen. orive RvTaeba Sinauri saqonlis da gareuli nadiris dacvasa da gamra-vlebas emsaxureboda (makalaTia 1979: 63) (megr.: gale-niSi = gareuli; orTa = RvTaeba ànTaris~ foneti-

kurad Secvlili saxeli, JiniSi orTa Jini anTa-risagan. javaxiSvili 1979). samurzayanoeli qarTveli (megreli) mwyemsebis yvelaze didi mfarveli, mTava-rgangelozi _ miqam gario iyo. miqam-gario mTebis, cis mnaTobebis, mzis baton-patroni iyo da mas daris, elva-quxilis da kokispiruli wvimebis movlenebi emorCileboda. XVIII saukuneSi megreli da afxazi mwyemsebi samurzayanos saZovrebze erTad mwyemsavdnen saqonels, gverdi-gverd cxovrobdnen da miqam gariosac simReriT erTad adidebdnen. afxazebi mi-qel-gabriels èrges~ (e.i. megrelebis) xolo miqamga-rios tbas èrge-ZSTras~ (e.i. megreli xalxis wyals) uwodebdnen (saxokia 1950: 250, 289).

saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi agrarul ku-ltTan dakavSirebuli nayofierebisa da wvimasa da wyalTan dakavSirebuli kultebi sxvadasxva saxeliT _ berikoba-yeenoba, lazaroba, gonjoba, wyalkurTxeva da sxv. (makalaTia 2004: 73-77) iyo cnobili.

rac Seexeba adiRebs, maTi ZiriTadi saqmianobac orive sasoflo sameurneo dargTan iyo dakavSirebu-li _ msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonlis gadarekviT formasTan da miwaTmoqmedebsTanac. Tumca, meurne-obaSi didi xvedriTi wona mesaqonleobaze modioda, ramac RvTaeba àxinas~ ganviTareba gamoiwvia, ro-melzedac adiRebSi mravalferovani legendebi Sei-qmna. yvela legendaSi axina mdidari mesaqonlea, mwyemsuri kverTxiT xelSi.

SafsuRebis gadmocemiT sof. kiCmaiSi yovel ga-zafxulze md. Saxeze Zroxa gamoCndeboda, romelic

43

mosaxleobas àgrZnobinebda~, rom is iyo msxverplad Sesawiri zvaraki. mas yelze TeTr qsovils moabam-dnen da àxinas Zroxas~ garda `TviTmaval Zroxasac~ uwodebdnen. Zroxam icoda sad wasuliyo da sad gaCerebuliyo. mas rqebze puris naWersa da yvels Camoacmevdnen. Zroxa `wminda WalaSi~ midioda, mlo-cvelebi da mosaxleoba mas ukan misdevda. `wminda WalaSi~ mas xeze miabamdnen da daklavdnen. gasat-yaveblad sxvagan gadahqondaT, mesame adgilze xorcs Wridnen, meoTxeze _ xarSavdnen, xolo mexuTe adgilze trapezi imarTeboda. adiRebis warmodgeniT, maT yovel weliwads zvarakad erTi da igive Zroxa evlinebodaT. garda amisa, adiRelebs mesaqonleobis sxva RvTaebebic hyavdaT _ SafsuRebis RvTaebas pSiSans uwodebdnen, romelic afxazebis RvTaeba aCSaSanasTan poulobda paralels; ubixebis RvTaeba àxina~ iyo, xolo Txisa da cxvris mfarveli RvTaeba èmiSi~ iyo; natuxaelebsa da SafsuRebSi xarebis mfarvel RvTaebad `xakustaS~ iTvleboda (Люлье 1927: 27-28; Лавров 1959).

rogorc ukve aRiniSna, afxazur rwmena-warmod-genebSi agraruli kulti, wvimisa da saerTod wylis kultTan erTad aris warmodgenili. SedarebiT siZve-

liT, salocavi àcunhvara~ (ацу-н�əара) iqcevs yurad-Rebas. acuTa, patara monogenur dasaxlebas ewode-boda, romelSiac umetesad erTi ojaxidan, erTi mami-

dan ganayari ojaxebi iyridnen Tavs (Аджинджал 1969: 15). garda amisa, es termini socialuri erTeulis aRmniSvnelic iyo (a = zogadobis afiqsi; -c = erTi; -u < ua = naTesavi, xalxi; -Ta = adgilis aRmniSvneli, e.i. erT saxlad, erT naTesavad (xalxad) mcxovrebni). igi termins _ àbifara~ (ab=mama, ifa=Svili, e.i. erTi mamis Svilebi, patronimia) utoldeboda, romelsac igive mniSvneloba hqonda. acuTa termini moqmed enaSi dRes iSviaTad ixmareba, radgan terminma àq�Tam~, sofelma, xolo ubnis dasaxeleba àhablam~ (arabuli termini) Secvala.

44

zafxulis gvalvisagan Sewuxebuli acuTas sa-zogadoeba, Tavs àushvarTaze~ anu soflis sakrebu-loze iyrida. krebaze àcunhvaras~ RvTaebisadmi miZ-Rvnil dRes daadgendnen, soflidan ramdenime mama-kacs airCevdnen, romlebsac salocavisadmi ritualis momzadeba evalebodaT. arCeuli mamakacebi acuTas yvela ojaxs Camouvlidnen da saerTo zvarakis Sesa-Zen Sesawirs akrebdnen. zvarakis sidide acuTas ko-mlTa raodenobaze iyo damokidebuli. yvela ojaxSi mravalferovani sakvebi mzaddeboda, ojaxidan yvelas TiTo doqi Rvinoc mihqonda. daniSnul dRes, sa-dResaswaulod gamowyobili mamakacebi, mdinaris pir-ze, `wminda WalaSi~ ikribebodnen. acuTas yvelaze uxucesi mamakaci, romelic qurumic iyo, Sesawir cxovels piriT aRmosavleTisaken miabrunebda, ba-lans Seutrusavda, rqaze sanTels aunTebda da dai-loceboda, acuanhvaras SesTxovda soflisaTvis gaWi-rveba aecilebina da wvima gamoegzavna. Semdeg zva-raks daklavdnen, gaatyavebdnen da moxarSavdnen. xor-cis nawili trapezis dros iWmeoda, darCenili oja-xebis raodenobaze nawildeboda. gul-RviZls, uxu-cesi mamakaci Samfurze wamoacmevda, kidev erTxel, axal ojaxebs dalocavda. locvis dros mcire CamonaWrebs gul-RviZlis cecxlSi Cayrida, danarCens wvrilad daWrida, rom wili yvela iq myof mamakacs Sexvedroda. mamakacebi erTad àirg-aSvas~, RvTaebis sadidebel simReras erTad asrulebdnen. cxovelis tyavi Cveulebriv uxucess, mlocvels xvdeboda. gad-mocemiT, afxazebs ar axsovT iseTi dRe, ritualis Catarebis Semdeg, rom wvima ar wamosuliyo (Джанашиа 1960: 65-66).

ufro Zveli Cans, gvalvasTan dakavSirebuli Cveuleba `Zivou~, romelSic mxolod soflis qaliS-vilebi iRebdnen monawileobas. isini xis niCabis tars TojinasaviT rTavdnen, mdinareze mxiarul msvle-lobas awyobdnen. Semdeg, niCabis dedofals saxel-daxelod Sekrul tivze dafenil Tivaze daawvendnen

45

da almodebuls wyals gaatandnen. Tan RvTaeba `Zi-vous~ locviTa da simReriT wvimas SesTxovdnen.

msgavsi Cveuleba Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiaSic iyo gavrcelebuli, Tumca adiRebSi wylisa da wvimis RvTaebas хьнцы-гуашэ ewodeboda. maTi rwmena-warmo-dgenebiT gvalvas `zRvisa da mdinareebis qalbato-nebi~ soflis urCi mosaxleobis dasasjelad da sa-zianod gzavnidnen. mosaxleobas isini grZeli wiTe-li TmebiT evlinebodnen, amitom maT `wiTel qalba-tonebad~ moixseniebdnen. zRvispira SafsuRebs `zRvis qalbatoni~ Tevz-qalad hyavdaT warmodgenili. Хьнцы-гуашэ-s adamianebisaTvis sxva zianic mohqonda. zogjer igi abrmavebda adamianebs, Tumca, iseTi Zalac hqonda, rom brmisaTvis TvalisCini daebru-nebina. adiRebi misi pativiscemisa da keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad sofelSi saerTo dResaswauls aw-yobdnen. baris tarisagan isini `baris qalbatons~ akeTebdnen, romelsac soflis yvela ojaxSi Camoata-rebdnen da Sesawirs _ yvelsa da purs Seagrovebdnen. Semdeg, mdinareze awyobdnen msvlelobas, sadac `baris qalbatons~ wyalSi àxrCobdnen~, TviTon ki garTobas iwyebdnen. bolos dasaxldebodnen da Se-mowirul yvelsa da purs Seeqceodnen (Кашежев 1900, №2; Лавров 1959: 202).

rogorc davinaxeT, SesaZloa, saqarTveloSi Ca-mosaxlebis Semdeg gvalvis sawinaaRmdego wesi Crdi-lo-dasavluris msgavsi iyo, magram rac Seexeba saxe-lwodebasa da TviT RvTaebis termins _ `Zivou~ aSka-rad qarTuli wes-Cveulebidan unda hqonodaT nasesxe-bi. iv. javaxiSvili termin `Zivous~ pirvel nawils _ `Zi~ afxazur wyals, xolo `vous~ sityvas _ `mogvec~-s ukavSirebda, radgan svanurSi tarosis RvTaebis saxeli `vebi~, `vou~ iyo. misi varaudiT, amas svanuri paraskevis saxelwodeba `vobiS~-ic amyarebda, radgan es dRe vebisadmi iyo miZRvnili (javaxiSvili 1979: 119-120). afxazebSi gavrcelebuli iyo agraruli RvTa-ebis _ àdgil dedoflis~ Cveulebac. afxazebs, iseve rogorc qarTvelebs miwis RvTaeba, adgilis de-

46

dofali, qalis saxiT hyavdaT warmodgenili da mis aRsaniSnavad qarTul termins gamoiyenebdnen. afxazi qalebi (umetesad abJuaSi mcxovrebni) mindvris ba-laxebis Segrovebis dros, miwaSi marilis mwikvs da-marxavdnen da Tan CurCulebdnen _ àdgil dedofa-lo, Cven Seni wili mogeciT~. marilis Cayra miwaSi nayofierebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. afxazebi Tvli-dnen, rom miwis yvela monakveTs, saxmari iyo igi Tu uxmari adgilis dedofali mfarvelobda.

rogorc Cans, termini `Zivou~ da àdgil dedo-fali~ da masTan dakavSirebuli rwmena afxazebSi in-tensiur miwaTmoqmedebaze gadasvlis Semdeg unda gamoeyenebinaT. qarTvelebSi miwis RvTaeba saqarTve-los yvela kuTxeSi sxvadasxva saxiT iyo gavrcele-buli da nayofierebas ukavSirdeboda. mis funqciebSi _ pirutyvisa da naTesis gamravleba, yvelanairi mce-nareebisaTvis mosavlianobis gazrda, maT Soris, ada-mianisadmi nayofierebis kults erTianad gamoxatavda, rac vfiqrobT, qarTvelebSi ori sameurneo dargis, miwaTmoqmedebisa da mesaqonleobis ganviTarebis simbiozur xasiaTze metyvelebda. amave dros, igi RvTismSobel mariamsac ukavSirdeboda.

saqarTvelosTan kulturul-istoriuli urTie-rTobis fonze, afxazebis samiwaTmoqmedo RvTaebaTa sistemaSi mniSvnelovani adgili kidev erTma RvTa-

ebam _ jajam (џaџa) daikava. afxazebs jaja dabalta-nian, mxarbeWian qalad hyavdaT warmodgenili. mas da-Tesili mindvrebisa da Wirnaxulis, rogorc gazrda, ise sapirispirod, zaralis gamowvevac SeeZlo. ojaxi, romelic jajasTvis zvarakis saxiT msxverpls gaiRebda, uxv mosavals miiRebda, xolo is, vinc mis saxelze Sesawiravs dainanebda, piriqiT, mosavals wauxdenda. àfxazuri RvTaeba jaja agrarul kul-tTan iyo dakavSirebuli, Tumca Tavisi ganviTarebiT igi saerTo nayofierebis RvTaebad gadaizarda~ (Званбай 1855: 358; Кантария, Чанба 1987: 55). `jojooba dRe~, romelic adgilis dedasTan iyo dakavSirebuli, qarTvelebSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli. mas gamoqva-

47

bulSi Saqars utovebdnen, xolo miwas qaTmebs swira-vdnen (javaxiSvili 1979: 129). amrigad, mesaqonleobasa da miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli rwmena-warmo-dgenebi afxazebSi, sazogadoebis TandaTanobiTi gan-viTarebis safexurze Cans Seqmnili. rogorc Cans, af-xazebis es rwmena-warmodgenebi, Camosaxlebis Semdeg, qarTvelur mosaxleobasTan mWidro urTierTobaSia warmoqmnili da ganviTarebuli, rasac, Crdilo-dasav-leT kavkasielTa mcire tomebis gansxvavebuli Cveu-lebebi adastureben.

adiRebSi miwaTmoqmedebis RvTaebebia _ Seuze-riS||sozeriS, Txagalet da merem. SafsuRebSi Seuze-riSis RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili dReoba Sua zamTarSi, nuJrian, anu dakorZebul xis gadanaWerTan srulde-boda. xan gireisa da e. Silingis cnobiT, SeuzeriSi miwaTmoqmedebasa da amave dros, ojaxsac mfarvelob-da. l. lulies Tanaxmad `sozerisi~ xorblis mTesve-lebis salocavia. SafsuRebs sozerisi Tavis xalxis nayofierebis RvTaebad miaCndaT da a.S. droisa da dResaswaulis Sesaxeb literaturaSi erTi azri ar arsebobs. adiRelTa zogierTi eTnikuri jgufi mas Semodgomaze, mosavlis aRebis Semdeg, zogi aprilis TveSi, xvnis wina periodSi zeimobdnen. souseriSis rituali daTqmuli dRis wina saRamos iwyeboda. ri-giT soflis erT-erT saxlSi, mdidrulad Cacmuli asakovani qali, wina wlidan morCenili sanTliT xe-lSi, beRlis daketili karis win dgeboda aRmosav-leTiT pirmiqceuli. karebTan nuJriani gadanaWeriT xelSi, romelSic bevri sanTeli iyo damagrebuli, uxucesi mamakaci mividoda da SeuzeriSs xmamaRla karis gaRebas sTxovda. qali kars aRebda da beRelSi Sedioda. moxuci RvTaebas soflis yvela saxlis da-locvas, mosavalsa da saqonlis gamravlebas sTxov-da, Semdeg yvelas dalocavda da saxlis axlos anTebuli sanTlis daxmarebiT kocons daanTebda. mosaxleoba koconze sanTlebs, xolo waRebuli ce-cxliT, sakuTar ezoSi, saxlis win kocons anTebda. dResaswaulis damTavrebis Semdeg nuJrian gadanaWers

48

rigiT Semdegi ojaxis beRelSi inaxavda (Лавров 1959: 214-216).

afxazTa rwmena-warmodgenaTa panTeonSi gansa-kuTrebuli da gamorCeuli adgili Weqa-quxilis RvTaebas `Афы~-s ekava, romelic yvela atmosferuli movlenis saTaveSi idga. `Афы~ Weqa-quxiliT gamowve-uli xmauriT eSmakis SeSinebas da boroti sulebis dasja-damarcxebas cdilobda. zogjer cecxlovani isriT igi miwaze iq vardeboda, sadac boroteba isad-gurebda. RvTaebisaTvis yovelwliuri sadResaswaulo msxverplSewirva savaldebulo iyo. Tu vinme am val-debulebas ar Seasrulebda Афы-s SeeZlo `moenaxu-lebina~ esa Tu is ojaxi, sofeli an pirovneba da da-esaja isini. amitom, yvelaze sadResaswaulo msvle-loba am RvTaebas eZRvneboda.

XIX saukunis bolos Афы-s salocavi dRe saza-fxulo saZovrebze saqonlis gadarekvisa da mTidan, Semodgomaze dabrunebis dRe iTvleboda. is mwyemsebi, romlebic saojaxo saqonels mTaSi erTad miereke-bodnen, zvaraksac erTad swiravdnen da RvTaebisadmi locvasac erTad aRavlendnen. soflis tyeSi, mdi-naresTan an wyarosTan, lamaz, gamorCeul adgilze, mwyemsebi ramdenime cxvars (mwyemsebis raodenobis mixedviT) daklavdnen da dResaswauls awyobdnen. ufrosi mwyemsi ritualis qurumi xdeboda da zva-raksac TviTon klavda. dakvlis win RvTaebas lo-cviT SesTxovda _ mwyemsebis janmrTelobas, cxvris faris gamravlebas da mexis dacemisagan dacvas. ri-tualSi mxolod mamakacebi iRebdnen monawileobas. qalebisa da bavSvebisaTvis RvTaebis saxeli tabuirebuli iyo, misi xmamaRla warmoTqma akrZalu-li hqondaT (A...a 1971: 15-16).

afxazisaTvis saxlze, adamianze, saqonelze, xe-ze da a.S. mexis dacema ubedurebis momaswavebeli iyo. fiqrobdnen, rom maT zeciuri RvTaebis mimarT dana-Sauli Caidines da gaanawyenes. amitom, aRTqmas de-bdnen, rom mexis dacemis adgilze, dazaralebuli ojaxi, patronimia, mexis Camovardnis dRes, yovel we-

49

liwads, Афы-is gulis mosagebad da keTilganwyobis dasabruneblad msxverpls Sewiravda. mexdacemuli adgilis dasufTavebisas an masTan dakavSirebuli raime sagnis Sexebisas, valdebulni iyvnen `Аф-рашва~-s simRera SeesrulebinaT. mexdacemul saxlSi cxo-vreba, mexdacemuli xis nayofis moxmareba, mexdace-muli micvalebulis an cxovelis datireba akrZalu-li iyo. mTeli weliwadi ojaxs ar unda eSroma, ara-feri ar unda ekeTebina da mxolod locvaSi gaeta-rebina; maT kvebasa da rCenaze mTeli sofeli zru-navda (Векуа 1912 №7: 102-103; Чурсин 1957: 203-204; Джанашиа 1960: 66-69). amave dros, xalxis azriT, mexis dacema sakralur niSanzec miuTiTebda, radgan mexis dacemisagan damwvari balaxi, xe, mokluli cxoveli Tu adamiani magiur Zalas iZenda. im adgilze, sadac daiRupa adamiani, TeTr samosSi gamowyobili patro-nimiis wevrebi iyridnen Tavs, morCilebis gamosaxata-vad yvelas yelze keriis sakidi jaWvi `архнышна~ hqo-nda Semoxveuli. Sesawiri cxoveli TeTri Txa iyo. patronimiis uxucesi mamakaci rituals TviT uZRveboda. cxovelis mZors an adamianis neSts tyeSi,

oTx maRal boZze gamarTul ficarnagze _ `ашвамкяҭ~ _ moaTavsebdnen da ritualuri simRerebiTa da ferxuliT uvlidnen gars, radgan rogorc aRiniSna, maTi datireba ar SeiZleboda (Акаба 2007: 356-357). RvTaebisagan `dasjili~ abifara (anu patronimia) saklavis dakvlis momentSi muxlebze dgeboda, Tan `Афы-рашва~-s sadidebels mReroda. cxovelis xorcs mTlianad monawileebi iqve Seeqceodnen. Tavi, tyavi

da Cliqebi meore, maRal `ашвамкяҭ~-ze ideboda, rom nadiri ver miswvdenoda. micvalebulis Zvlebis dakrZalva, neStis gamofitvis Semdeg xdeboda.

zogierTi mecnieri Афы-s kultis RvTaebamde ga-ndidebas cecxlis kults ukavSirebda, romelsac adamianis yoveldRiur yofaSi praqtikuli mniSvnelo-ba hqonda. misi azriT, ritualur qmedebebSi keriis sakidi jaWvis moxmarebasac cecxliT ganwmendasTan

50

unda hqonoda kavSiri. garda amisa, TviT abifaras

wevrebi мцахарак еиҟузшаз e.i. erTi saerTo cecxlidan ganayrebad iTvlebodnen (Инал-ипа 1955: 531). keriis cecxlTan xdeboda avadmyofis ganwmenda, qorwinebis dros keriasTan ziareba, saxlis angelozis adgili, romelic deda-boZs ukavSirdeboda da a.S.

kavkasielTa mTielebis yofaSi, msgavsi dReoba-dResaswauli umetesad Cerqezuli warmoSobis mosax-leobaSi iyo gavrcelebuli. adiReelebSi Weqa-quxi-lis RvTaeba `шибле~ (grgvinva, mexi) iyo, romlis Tay-vaniscemas mniSvnelovani adgili ekava. am dReoba-dResaswaulis sruli aRweriloba pirvelad XVII sa-ukuneSi tavernesa da vitsenis (Адыги... 1974), mogviane-biT l. lulies (Люлье 1862: 32-33) mier iqna gakeTebu-li. aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom maT naSromebSi mo-cemuli aRweriloba afxazur masalasTan paralels avlens. TavisTavad cxadia, mcire TaviseburebebiT, zogierT eTnikur jgufebSi. rac droTa viTarebaSi regionSi mosaxleobis erTi adgilidan meoreze gadanacvlebasTan da transformaciis procesTan unda yofiliyo dakavSirebuli. magaliTad, mozdo-keli yabardoelebi mexis davardnis adgils simRe-riT Semoivlidnen da rZiT rwyavdnen. RvTaeba `Sib-les~ gvalvis SemTxvevaSic SesTxovdnen wvimas. RvTa-ebis keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad rituals mama-kacebi da qalebi cal-calke atarebdnen. adiRebi me-xdacemul `wminda~ xesTanac sinanulis rituals da msxverplSewirvas asrulebdnen. damwvar xes ferxu-liTa da simReriT garSemo uvlidnen. am SemTxvevaSi, simReris teqstSi meriemi anu wm. mariami moixse-nieboda. adiRebisaTvis Sible nayofierebis simbolos warmoadgenda, amitom mas marcvleulis uxv mosa-valsac SesTxovdnen (Люлье 1862: 33).

amrigad, afxazuri mesaqonleobis, miwaTmoqmede-bisa da nayofierebisadmi miZRvnili zogierTi rwmena-warmodgena msgavsebas adiReurTan poulobda, xolo nawili qarTul-afxazuri kulturul-istoriuli

51

urTierTobis niadagze iyo warmoqmnili da bevri saerTo hqondaT, maT Soris terminologiaSic.

afxazebSi nadirobis RvTaeba ori saxeliTaa

cnobili _ `аирг~ da `ажвенҧшаа~. gadmocemiT, maTi urTierToba naTesauri iyo, Tumca, orive maTgans tyeebis, gareuli cxovelebisa da monadireebis mfar-veloba-mzunveloba evalebodaT. isini tyis binadarni iyvnen da ojaxur cxovrebas eweodnen. airgis qal-wulebi aJveifasTan qorwinebiT iyvnen dakavSirebuli. amaze zepir maxsovrobaSi SemorCenili simRerac mi-aniSnebda _ àirgis qalwuli aJveifSaas sacolea~. maTi qorwinebis wyalobiT gaCenili marad axalgazr-da da lamazi qaliSvilebi cxen-irmebs wvelidnen. sa-siyvarulo urTierTobiT atyvevebdnen monadireebs da qorwinebis uflebas arTmevdnen.

msgavsi urTierToba qarTul zepirsityvierebaSi dasturdeba. nadirobaSi warmatebis misaRwevad na-dirT RvTaebis samyaroSi SeRweva da gaSinaureba au-cilebeli iyo, es ki satrfialo kavSiris saxes iRe-bda. aseT kavSirs monadireebi gaurbodnen, magram zo-gjer rCeuli monadireebi svaneTSi _ dalis, xolo samegreloSi _ tyaSmafas (tyis dedoflis) sayva-rlebi xdebodnen. Tu monadire am urTierTobis gaw-yvetas da daqorwinebas gadawyvetda, misi aRsasruli gardauvali iyo (kiknaZe 2005: 191-195).

afxazur gadmocemebSi airgis an aJveifSas wya-lobis gareSe arc erT monadires nadiris mokvla ar SeeZlo. amitom, monadireebi sanadirod wasvlis win RvTaebaTa gulis mosagebad da keTilganwyobis mosa-poveblad tyeSi msxverplSewirvis rituals atareb-dnen da loculobdnen. airgma da aJveifSaam winaswar icodnen monadires ramdeni da ra saxis nadiri unda moekla. RvTaebebi maT mxolod im nadiris mokvlis uflebas aZlevdnen, romelic TviTon winaswar SeWmuli da Semdeg gacocxlebuli hyavdaT (Инал-ипа 1965: 158; Званба 1956: 72-73).

52

aJveifSaas gverdiT, sakuTar savele masalaze dayrdnobiT, n. bJanias monadireobisa da tyis nadi-ris RvTaebis meore saxelad ìuna~ miaCnda. tyeebis mTebis da saerTod bunebrivi Zalebis kultis RvTa-eba airgi unda yofiliyo, romlis amosavali wm. gio-rgis saxels ukavSirdeboda (Бжания 1973), rac gamori-cxuli ar unda iyos.

nadirobis wes-Cveuleebis Sesaxeb XIX s-is eTno-logiur literaturaSi masala mravalia. maTi gac-nobis Semdeg azri Camogviyalibda, rom XVIII-XIX sa-ukuneebSi afxazebis yofaSi, garkveul praqtikul sa-meurneosTan erTad, qarTveluri mosaxleobis msgav-sad, vaJTa aRzrda-wrTobas praqtikuli mniSvnelobac hqonda.

adiRebSi monadireobis RvTaeba `mezitxu~ iyo, romelic gareuli cxovelebisa da monadireebis mfarvel-patronad iTvleboda. sanadirod wasvlis win adiRebi `wminda~ xesTan midiodnen da mezitxus misi jogidan frinvelisa da nadiris mokvlis ufle-bas sTxovdnen. monadireebisa da tyis RvTaeba yabar-doelebSic `mezitxu~ iyo (mezitx = tyis RvTaeba). Ce-rqezuli warmoSobis yvela xalxisTvis `mezitxu~ ma-makacis bunebis matarebeli RvTaeba iyo. adiRelTa rwmena-warmodgeniT igi jixvis tyavSi iyo gaxveuli da Txilis xis mSvildiT, xolo Sindis xis isrebiT iyo SeiaraRebuli. zogjer igi taxze Semjdari, oq-rosbalniani da rqebiT damSvenebuli warmoudgeboda monadireebs. mezitxu monadireebis mier Sewiruli cxovelebis, zvarakis sisxliT iklavda wyurvils (Лавров 1959: 210-211).

qristianobamdel dasavleT saqarTvelos megre-lebis rwmena-warmodgenebSi monadireobisa da nadir-Ta RvTaeba `tyaSi mafa~ (tyis dedofali), xolo sva-nebis _ `dali~ iyo. orive RvTaeba qaluri bunebiT iyo dajildoebuli da orive qalRmerTi oqrosferi grZeli TmebiT gamoirCeodnen. magram, miwaTmoqmede-bisa da mesaqonleobis sakmaod ganviTarebuli mdgo-mareobis gamo Suasaukuneebis dasavleT saqarTvelos

53

qarTvelTa yofaSi, kerZod ki megrelebSi monadi-reobas garTobisa da sportuli saxe hqonda. jer ki-dev XVII saukunis wyaro gvamcnobs, rom ...megrelebi didi ambiT atarebdnen dros nadirobaSi.... amas xels maTi qveynis mdgomareoba uwyobs... buCqebSi, gorakebze da mindvrebSi xSirad modis sxvadasxva gareuli cxoveli... megrelebi saSinel papanaqeba sicxeSi sanadirod midian, xSirad SiSvlebi udides mdi-nareSi gadian, yovelsave amas imitom Cadian, rom cqvitebi da mardebi Seiqmnen da SeeCvion im gasaWirs, romelic omianobas Tan moaqvs~ (lamberti 1979: 161). rogorc Cans, monadireoba samxedro saqmesac daukavSirda. nadiroba molaSqres aCvevda siZneleTa daZlevas, uSiSrobas, mosazrebulobas, iaraRis xmarebas, nadirobis procesSi manevrirebas, samxedro xerxebs, mamacobas, moxerxebulobas (CxataraiSvili 1979: 161).

afxazur yofaSi bunebis calkeuli obieqtebis _ mTebis, mdinareebis, Walebisa da xeebisadmi sacralu-ri Tvisebebis miniWeba Tanamedrove afxazebis eT-nikuri kulturis Taviseburebaa. bunebasTan mWidro kavSirma afxazebs sxvadasxva keTil da damangrevel, borot sulebze Tu movlenebze warmodgena Camouya-liba. RvTaebis salocav sakulto `centrad~ sxvadas-xva epoqaSi bunebrivi obieqtebi gvevlineboda _ mTa, tyis pirebi, Walebi da calkeuli xeebi (baxia 2010: 61-62). yvelaze Zveli salocavi CamosaxlebulTa mex-sierebaSi kavkasiis qedis samxreT kalTaze aRmarTu-li mcire zomis mTa fshu iyo. afxazTa religiaSi mTa fshu rTul kulturul fenomens warmoadgenda. igi saukuneebis manZilze religiur wes-CveulebebSi ZiriTadi sayrdeni iyi, radganac mosaxleobis warmo-dgenaSi fshu legendarul Tu realur winaprebs uka-vSirdeboda. am winaprebma kavkasiis qedis uRelte-xilebi gadalaxes da kavkasiis qedis samxreT ferdo-bebze gadmovidnen sacxovreblad. uReltexilis da-Zlevis Semdeg isini brtyelfskerian qvabulSi dasa-xldnen, sadac pirveli sofeli fshu daafuZnes. amis

54

Semdeg mTa fshu maTi sakraluri obieqti da Ta-yvaniscemis sagani gaxda. am mTasTan aris dakavSire-buli afxazuri ZiriTadi gvarebis mfarveli RvTaebis

`ҧс�у-ныха~-s (fshus salocavis) warmoSoba. afxazuri gvarebis Ziri salocavi _ `fshu nxa~ dRemde am gvarebis mfarveli RvTaebis funqcias asrulebs (Но-гомов 1861: 70-71; Чурсин 1957: 34; Инал-ипа 1976; Бжания 1973: 59, 61, 63, 305; Броневский 1823: 229; Лавров 1978: 41-47; Бгажба 1964: 244-246).

Cveni savele eTnografiuli masalis, genealogi-uri Tqmulebebis Seswavlis Sedegad irkveva, rom na-Tesaurma koleqtivebma Tu calkeulma ojaxebma, ro-mlebmac es uReltexilebi gadmolaxes, pirvel eta-pze, am teritoriaze sakuTari `warmoSoba~ fshus mTaze dafuZnebul RvTaebas _ `fshu nxas~ daukavSi-res. mTa fshus teritoria dResac daculia, ar SeiZ-leba iq nadiroba, xis moWra, totebis momtvreva da sxv. es adgili dResac `wminda salocavis~ rols as-rulebs (baxia 2010: 63 da Semdeg).

afxazuri adreuli gvarebis eTnogenturi gad-mocemebi rogorc aRvniSneT, Sesabamisad `fshu nxas-Tan~ iqna dakavSirebuli, magram XV s-is 70-iani wle-bis Semdeg Camosaxlebuli Crdilo kavkasielebis na-kadis eTnogeneturi gadmocemebi da maTi axal teri-toriaze `warmoSoba~ Cerqez inalis saflavs daukav-Sires, romelic mogvianebiT ìnal kube~-s RvTaebis saxeliT gaxda cnobili. inali adiReuri Zlieri gva-ris mmarTveli da realuri winapari iyo. istoriu-lad cnobili xdeba, rom igi md. bzifis saTaveebSi XV saukunis bolos Camosaxlebula, rodesac afxaze-Tis mTebSi gamoqceul abazebs dasdevnebia dasasje-lad. ianls fshu da misi mimdebare teritoria imdenad moswonebia, rom Tavisi jariT sacxovreblad iqve darCenila. Tumca, male gardacvlila. Tavisi xalxisaTvis daubarebia, rom fshus mTaze daesa-flavebinaT. ase gaCnda fshus mTaze meore RvTaeba inal kube~ (inalis saflavi), romelic `fshu nxas~

55

`wili~ gaxda. sainteresoa faqti, rom inalma mniSvne-lovani adgili afxazur folklorSic daimkvidra. misi saflavis salocavis mfarvelobis qveS moeqca is gvarebi, romlebic CerqezeTidan masTan erTad da mas Semdeg dasaxldnen fshus qvabulSi da axali so-flebi daaarses (Потто 1886: 387; Ногмов 1947: 54-56; Гадло 1978: 28-29, 43; Чурсин 1957: 32, 33; Джанашия 1960: 43; baxia 2010:). fshu da inal kube nxa, orive uzenaes RvTaebad moixsenieba afxazebSi, maT erTnairi funq-cia daekisraT, Tumca, maT Soris ierarqiulad ufro maRali safexuri `fshu nxam~ daikava. rac Seexeba, inal-kubes salocavis muslimur iers, igi mas, mxo-lod XVII saukunis Semdeg unda SeeZina, vinaidan af-xazebSi es religia, rogorc Crdilo kavkasiidan, ise osmaleTidan swored am dros unda gavrcelebuliyo (anCabaZe, bocvaZe 1969: 80).

afxazeTis mTaSi fexmokidebulma mosaxleobam, romelsac samosaxlo adgili fshus tafobSi mcire hqonda, gamravlebis Semdeg, TandaTanobiT samxreTi raionebisken gadmosaxleba iwyes. rasac afxazuri na-rTuli eposic adasturebs. fshu nxas axali `wili~, samxreTiT, Tavdapirvelad gudauTis raionis im mTa-ze dafuZnda, romelic gadmocemiT, narTi dids mier Weqa-quxiliT ukve iyo dapatronebuli da mas `did-rifS nxa~ ewodeba. legendidan Cans, rom dids amis Semdeg cxovrebis axali, moZravi wesi uyalibdeba. igi md. yubanis velsa da mTa didrifSs Soris xSi-rad mogzaurobda. e.i. kavSirs Tavis samSoblosTan da imavdroulad Tavis winaprebTan ar wyvetda (baxia 2010: 24). mTa didrifSze inalma imitom daido bina, rom iq `yovlisSemZle wmindani iyo dasadgurebuli~ (Джанашия 1960: 111). sanam did am mTas daepatroneboda iq ukve idga kolxebis mier aSenebuli RvTismSoblis miZinebis saxelobis taZari. am taZris nangrevebze unda daarsebuliyo afxazuri tradiciuli salocavi `didrifSnxa~. afxazebi didrifSs ànfsnxas~ uwode-ben, rac sityva-sityviT dedis sulis xats aRniSnavs. taZris nangrevebis cota qvemoT, qvis yoreze eklesi-

56

is zaris natexi, erTi samfexa zedadgari, Tofis lula, tyviebi, Tungebi da metalis sxvadasxva nivTe-bia moTavsebuli. rogorc Cans, CerqezeTidan momava-li mekobreebi jer madlobas swiravdnen mTas da sxvadasxva nivTebs tovebdnen, Semdeg ki am gziT Tavs esxmodnen afxazeTis soflebs da awiokebdnen... (Джа-нашия 1960: 112). rodesac xatis samyofeli mosaxle-obisaTvis saSiSi gaxda, maT religiuri ritualebis Sesruleba mTis ZirSi daiwyes (Джанашия 1960: 111-115). gadmocemiT, am mTas sof. aWandaraSi mcxovrebi CiCbas gvari emsaxureboda, romlebic mmarTvelebi da imavd-roulad qurumebic iyvnen (A...a 1871: 18).

mogvianebiT, didrifSis mTa, rogorc `fshus wi-li~ da salocavi, ufro samxreTiT arsebul salocav mTebs _ lZaa, lxn, laSkendar da laprnxas saTaveSi Caudga. warmarTuli siwmindeebi, bunebrivia, Zveli qristianuli taZrebis nangrevebze an am taZrebis axlos fuZndebodnen. amdenad, Crdilo kavkasieli migrantebis baris mimarTulebiT TandaTanobiTi da Tanmimdevruli gansaxlebis adgilebze `wilebis~ mTeli sistema iqmneboda. mTidan wamosul mo-saxleobas `fshunxas~ `wili~ Tan mohqonda da axali dasaxlebis adgilze amkvidrebda. isini winaparTa sagvaro kults warmoadgendnen. yvela `wili~ gar-kveuli calkeuli gvarebis mfarveli RvTaeba xdebo-da (gvarebis Camosaxlebis Taobaze ix.: Инал-ипа 1965: 549-58; Бгажба 1964: 244-246; Бжания 1973: 59, 61, 63, 305). TandaTanobiT mosaxleobis zrdis Sedegad, axlad warmoSobilma ojaxebma salocavebi ukve sacxov-rebel teritoriasTan axlos, tyeebsa da mdinare-ebispira WalebSi daafuZnes. ase daarsda `dopunxa~ (dopuas salocavi), leir nxa (leibas salocavi), gu-nbas, Jibas, lakerbas, smiris, simsimis da sxva salo-cavebi (baxia 2010: 87). TandaTanobiT axali sagvaro (ukve patronimiuli) salocavebis dafuZnebam, mosaxleobas saSualeba misca mTis salocavebi saerTo sazogadoebriv salocavebad eqciaT.

57

kavkasiis xalxebSi rkinis kultis arsebobas, me-cnierebi ZvelTagan rkinis da saerTod metalurgiu-li dargis gavrcelebas ukavSirebdnen. n. mari kavka-sielTagan am dargSi pirvelobas qarTvelur tomebs (xalibebs, mosxebs anu mesxebs, megrel-Wanebsa da svanebs) aniWebda, romlebsac rkina cis simbolod miaCndaT. qristianuli religiis gavrcelebis Se-mdgom es kulti qarTvelebSi daikarga, magram kavka-sielTagan igi dRemde adiRebma, afxazebma, Cerqezebma, yabardoelebma Semoinaxes (Марр 1916: 131-132).

Cveni savele masalebis Tanaxmad afxazur poli-Teistur rwmena-warmodgenebSi àJiira nxas~ (aJi-ira=samWedlo; nxa=salocavi, locva e.i. samWedlos salocavi) da mis RvTaebas `SaSv-ax dus~ (afx. ax du = Tavi didi, anu TavSi mdgomi) WeSmaritad mniSvne-lovani adgili ekava. samWedlo Tavidanve marto same-urneo daniSnulebas ar asrulebda. mWedeli iyo mku-rnali, qurumi, mosamarTle, mrCeveli. garda amisa, mWedeli Tavisi samWedloTi sruliad uangarod emsa-xureboda naTesavebsa da Tanasoflelebs. igi Sro-misa da sabrZolo iaraRs akeTebda. samagierod, na-Tesavebi da Tanasoflelebi, aseve uangarod exmare-bodnen mas xvnis, Tesvis, mosavlis aRebis dros. mWe-deli àJii~, samWedlos RvTaeba `SaSvs~ da mis ga-rSemo myof adamianebs Soris Suamavali iyo. igi, grdemlTan `ficis~ ritualis wyalobiT qurdobis saqmes arCevda, an dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris si-marTles adgenda. aJiira Tavidan saojaxo sakuTrebas warmoadgenda, Tumca, sazogadoebrivi wyobis cvlilebasTan, didi ojaxebis diferenciaciasa, indi-vidualuri ojaxebis gamoyofasa da patronimiuli organizaciis CamoyalibebasTan erTad àJiira naxa~ saerTo patronimiul sakuTrebaSi gadadioda. amasTan, misi materialuri saxec cvlilebas ganicdida. sa-meurneo nagebobis, samWedlos TandaTanobiT trans-formaciis Sedegad mas, saxuraviani fardulis (ked-lebis gareSe) saxe uyalibdeboda, romlis qveS, xis msxvil, gadanaWer kunZze grdemli, uro da marwuxi

58

Tavsdeboda e.i. simboluri samWedlo imarTeboda. SaSvis, rogorc mfarveli RvTaebis funqciac far-Tovdeboda. didi ojaxis gayrisa da diferenciaciis Sedegad igi patronimiis yvela wevris mfarveli RvTaeba xdeboda. weliwadSi erTxel, axali wlis dadgomamde patronimiis wevrebi mamiseul Zir saxlSi ikribebodnen da axal wels erTad xvdebodnen. am dRes, maTi erTianobis aRsaniSnavad, àbifaras~ yvela mamakac wevrze mamali, xolo qal wevrze (gasaTxovar da gaTxovil Svilebze) dedali ikvleboda. TiToeu-li maTganis saxelze yveliani kverebi da erTi saer-To yveliani didi puri (xaWapuri) keTdeboda. patro-nimiis uxucesis saxelze, romelic amave dros qu-ru-mic iyo, mozrdili saklavi, Txa an cxvari ikvlebo-da. rodesac sakvebi mzad iyo, abifaras wevrebi àJiira nxa-Si~ iyridnen Tavs. patronimiis uxucesi deda qali da ojaxis rZlebi am dResaswaulSi monawileobas ar iRebdnen, radgan isini qmris abifa-ras wevrebad ar iTvlebodnen. isini saxlis axlo xeebis qveS dgebodnen, piriT aRmosavleTisaken da loculobdnen. uxucesi qaTmebis gul-RviZls yvela wevris saxelze saTiTaod patara xis Samfurebze wamoacmevda, sinze daawyobda da grdemlze aTavsebda. locvis damTavrebis dros maTze Rvinos moasxamda. yvela Samfuridan moWril mcire nawilebs cecxlSi Cayrida, danarCens daarigebda. rogorc Cans, cecxlSi Cayrili gul-RviZlis nawilebiT igi winaprebs apure-bda. mTxroblebis gadmocemiT, locvis damTavrebis Semdeg isini did saxlSi, saerTo sufrasTan iyrid-nen Tavs. Cveni varaudiT, es rituali patronimiuli organizaciis erTianobis ideologiur gamoxatule-bas emsaxureboda (Бахия 1986: 47-48).

afxazebSi gavrcelebul samWedlos RvTaebis pa-tiviscemas, Tanamedrove avtorebi o. bRaJba da i. arguni xelosnobis am dargis siZveles ukavSireben. maTi varaudiT XIX saukuneSi gavrcelebuli samWed-loebi, sadac Sromis iaraRebi mzaddeboda, TandaTan dargis moSlis Sedegad, mxolod religiur sakulto

59

nagebobad iqceoda (Абхазы 2007: 158-161). v. arZinbas TvalsazrisiT, samWedlos RvTaebis saxeli SaSvi, Tavis droze TviT RmerTi mWedeli unda yofiliyo, romelsac sakraluri instrumentebi _ `samxeli~, grdemli, marwuxi da uro gaaCnda. narTuli eposis daxmarebiT igi `samxelis~ mniSvnelobas ase xsnida `mWedlis tanze~ _ marjvena xeli uroa, marcxena _ marwuxi, marcxena (an orive) muxli ki grdemlia~. am `samxelis~ win xdeboda avadmyofis gankurneba, ficisa da aRTqmis dadeba, zogjer mtrisadmi wye-vlis gagzavnac, amitom aucilebeli iyo maTi ganaT-vla msxverplSewirviT. cxadia, ufrosi Taobis mWed-lebs didi ojaxidan TiTo mcirewlovani vaJi mo-wafed hyavdaT mibarebuli. swavlis damTavrebis da mowafis mWedlad naTlobis dros, mWedeli mowafes amave saxelosnoSi gakeTebul da ganaTlul `sam-xels~ gadascemda (Ардзинба 8-9). XIX saukuneSi p. Wa-raias aRwerilobis Tanaxmad `samWedlosa da mWede-ls igive mniSvneloba hqonda, rac morwmune qristi-anisaTvis saydarsa da mRvdels... SaSvi 363 xelobis gamCeni da mfarveli iyo (giorgiZe 1888: 169).

m. mediCma, romelmac afxazeTSi 1815-1819 ww. imog-zaura da afxazTa Cveulebebi aRwera, afxazebs `Camo-saxlebul tomebad~ moixseniebda da àbazebs~ uwo-debda. misi TvalsazrisiT maT kargad icodnen Crdi-lo kavkasiis romel `toms~ miekuTvnebodnen. biWvi-nTis eklesiasTan mcxovreb `xeebis Tayvanismcemel~ `xoias tomis~ mosaxleobis winaprebi qarTvelebis (megrelebis) msgavsad Zvelad qristianebi unda yofiliyvnen da amitom Tayvans eklesiasac scemdnen da pirjvarsac iwerdnen (Меликсет-Беков 1950: 169).

XIX saukunis bolos, samWedlo, rogorc sameur-neo mniSvnelobis nageboba ukve aRar arsebobda, mis adgilze idga samWedlos imitacia, romelsac mxo-lod religiuri mniSvneloba gaaCnda. kidev ufro transformirebuli Cans igi oCamCiris raionSi. T. saxokias tyeSi qvebisagan aSenebuli patara qura da-ufiqsirebia, romelic kiris magvarad, mxolod ubra-

60

lo ayalo miwiT yofila Selesili. zed CaquCi da marwuxi ewyo, romelic grdemlTan erTad mTavar sim-bolos warmoadgenda. axali wlis wina dRiT mTeli sofeli am qurasTan midioda da zvaraks swiravda. mis gul-RviZls Samfurze acmuls quras swiravdnen, xolo danarCens TviT Seeqceodnen. es mcire quris imitacia da iaraRebi `mosamarTlis~ rolsac asru-lebda. momCivanni mis win fics debdnen da TavianT simarTles sajarod amtkicebdnen. `samWedlos~ salo-cavis winaSe tyuilis Tqmas veravin bedavda (А...а, 1871: 13-14; saxokia 1950: 316; Чурсин 1927: 70; Векуа 1912, №133; Джанашия 1960: 71-75).

bzifis afxazebisagan gansxvavebiT, abJuas afxa-zebSi, qarTvelebis (megrelebis) msgavsad sameurneo nageboba marani gavrcelda. cxadia, samWedlos RvTa-ebis salocavisadmi miZRvnili sazedaSe RviniT savse qvevrma maranSi gadmoinacvla, sadac mravali qristi-anuli wmindanis, patronimiis Tu sasoflo dReoba-dResaswaulis zedaSeebic iyo Cafluli, romlebic maTTvis gankuTvnil dReoba-dResaswaulze ixsneboda. samWedlos saxelze arsebul qvevrs, mxolod axali wlis wina RamiT xsnidnen da rituals, iqve mis TavTan asrulebdnen, patronimiis wevrTa ga-remocvaSi. n. maris masalebiT bzifis afxazebSi es salocavi `xeCxuamas~ saxeliT iyo cnobili, rome-lic, misi varaudiT, swored qarTvelebisagan (megre-lebisagan) unda SeeTvisebinaT (Марр 1916: 131).

Zvelad, qristianobamdel dasavleT saqarTve-loSi axali wlis dResaswauli mzis RvTaebasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. megrelebi mas `kalanda~-s saxe-liT moixseniebdnen. igi romauli `kalendridan~ (Tvis dasawyisi) hqondaT nasesxebi. am dRes megrele-bi didi zeimiT egebebodnen, `CiCilaks~ amzadebdnen, romelic Txilis an ZeZvis kangaclili xis totisa-gan keTdeboda. msxvil tots, Txlad aaTlidnen tans, romelzedac CamonaTali grZlad da xuWuWad eki-deboda. Tavs oTxad upobdnen, ficarze amagrebdnen da CurCxelebiTa da sxvadasxva tkbileuliT rTav-

61

dnen. CiCilaks garSemo abreSumis Zafs moaxvevdnen, rom masze monetebi da samkaulebi CamoekidaT (makalaTia 1941: 295). axali wlis wina dRes yvela ojaxSi Rori ikvleboda, romelic aucileblad mu-xis kenkriT (rkoTi) unda yofiliyo nakvebi. muxa da misi nayofi swored mzis RvTaebis simbolos warmoa-dgenda. amitom, Roric mzis RvTaebisadmi Sewiruli zvaraki iyo. daklul Roris Tavs moxarSavdnen da tabakze moaTavsebdnen, garSemo moxarSul kverebsa da saaxalwlo Rvezelebs miuwyobdnen. iqve, axlos morTul CiCilaksac Camodebdnen. es dRe samegreloSi `Rej xuamas~ (RoriT dalocvis) dRes warmoadgenda. rogorc Cans, afxazebs termini Secvlili saxiT `xeCxuama~ aqedan unda esesxebinaT.

amrigad, rogorc eTnografiulma masalam dagva-naxa, afxazebis samWedlos salocavma droTa viTare-baSi, qarTvelebTan kulturul-istoriuli urTier-Tobis Sedegad TandaTanobiT transformacia ganica-da. amas adiReuri masalac adasturebs. Cerqezulad am RvTaebas tlefS ewodeboda da igi am or xalxSi Tavidan erTnairad sruldeboda. gansxvaveba mxolod ritualis Sesrulebis droSi iyo. adiRebi mas gazaf-xulze, sasoflo samuSaoebis dawyebis win asruleb-dnen. mosaxleobis warmodgenaSi tlefSi rkinisagan gamowrTobili mamakaci iyo, romelsac cxeli rkinis aReba SiSveli xelebiT SeeZlo. yabardoelebSi gavr-celebuli gadmocemebiT igi saswaulmoqmedi, Svidr-qiani arseba iyo, romelsac iseTi mWreli xmlis gamoWedva SeeZlo, erTi xelis daqneviT rom rkinis mTas gaWrida, xolo xars Tavs mokveTda. Cerqezuli warmoSobis yvela eTnikuri mcire jgufis warmo-mad-genlebs, TavianTi mcirewlovani vaJiSvielbi `gamosa-wrTobad~ mWedelTan mihyavdaT. rkinis namcecebian wyliT savse WurWelSi, mWedeli ymawvilebs zedata-niT Caawvenda, rac wrTobis imitacias qmnida, isini rkinasaviT janmrTelebi da Zlierebi unda gazrdi-liyvnen. mSobiares rkinis namcecebian wyals asmevd-nen, rom msubuqi mSobiaroba hqonoda. mWedeli eqimic

62

iyo, ostatic, kultis msaxuric, mosamarTlec da sxv. l. lavrovis masalebiT, mogvianebiT, transformaciis Sedegad `tlefSis~ Tayvaniscema sxva, yvelanair xe-losnobas daukavSirda, imdenad, rom SafsuRebSi `tlefSi~ da `Sible~ erTmaneTs Semcvlelic ki gaxda (Лавров 1959).

amrigad, afxazebi Tavisi poliTeisturi rwmena-warmodgenebis dacviT, ritualur-magiuri qmedebebiT, mfarvel RvTaebaTa damwyalobebiT da maTi keTi-lganwyobis mopovebiT sakuTari yofa-cxovrebis (jan-mrTelobaze zrunvas, adamianisa da saqonlis gam-ravlebis, uxvi mosavlis da sxv.) daregulirebas da TviTmyofadi saxis SenarCunebas cdilobdnen. erT-erTi mniSvnelovani magiuri xasiaTis qceva religiur ritualSi msxverplSewirva iyo. amiT isini ze-bunebriv Zalebze gavlenis mopovebas cdilobdnen. amave dros, qcevis es wesi socialuri urTierTobis gamoxatulebac iyo. saerTo warmoSobis eTnikuri jgufi RvTaebis garSemo erTiandeboda. winapris ku-lti mudmiv Tayvaniscemas moiTxovda. msxverplSewir-vaSi, mfarveli RvTaebebis damwyalobebaSi mamakacis xaziT wasuli axlo naTesavebi iyvnen gaerTianebuli, romlebic cxovrebis yvela momentiT _ meurneobiT, socialuri da sulieri yofiT, urTierTdaxmarebis formebiT... mWidrod iyvnen dakavSirebulni.

Camosaxlebis pirvel etapze, afxazTa mfarveli RvTaebebi mTaze idebdnen binas, Semdeg gadaadgile-basTan erTad mTis ZirSi da TandaTan WalebSi inacv-lebdnen, adamianTa sacxovrebel adgils ar scilde-bodnen. mogvianebiT mTaze da mTis ZirSi darCenili RvTaebebi, droTa viTarebaSi sazogadoebriv xasiaTs iZendnen. uxucesi mamakacebis SuamavlobiT, rome-lTac religiuri ritualebis Catarebis ufleba hqo-ndaT, adamianebsa da mfarvel RvTaebebs Soris ur-TierToba regulirdeboda. Tumca, amas msxverplSe-wirva, maTi `gamokvebis~ ganaxleba esaWiroeboda, rom RvTaebebs axali ZaliT gaegrZelebinaT `mfarvelo-ba~. saerTo trapezic mniSvnelovani iyo, radgan Wama-

63

smas magiuri Zala hqonda, igi saerTo winapris me-mkvidreebis wminda, uryev kavSirs, mfarvel RvTaebe-bTan aZlierebda. es iyo wminda RvTaebaTa garSemo ma-Ti ideologiuri kavSiri.


anCabiZe, bocvaZe..., 1969 _ z. anCabiZe, T. bocvaZe, g. To-goSvili, m. cincaZe, Crdilo kavkasiis xalxTa istori-is narkvevebi, Tb., 1969. axalaZe 2007 _ l. axalaZe, afxazeTi àfxazTa samefos~ SemadgenlobaSi, VIII s. meore naxevari, X s. afxazeTi, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, Tb., 2007. baxia 2010 _ s. baxia-oqruaSvili, afxazTa eTnikuri is-toriis problemebi, Tb., 2010. berZeniSvili 1990 _ n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos isto-riis sakiTxebi, Tb., 1990. berZeniSvili 1965 _ n. berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos isto-riis sakiTxebi, t. II, Tb., 1965. gamaxaria 2005 _ j. gamaxaria, afxazeTi da marTlmadi-debloba, Tb., 2005. gvancelaZe 1996 _ T. gvancelaZe, qarTveluri substra-tis sakiTxisaTvis afxazur enaSi qristianuli sakul-to leqsikis mixedviT, qarTuli memkvidreoba, quTaisi, 1996. giorgiZe 1888 _ p. giorgiZe (p. Waraia), afxazeTi da af-xazni, ìveria~, 1888, #180. doliZe 1970 _ i. doliZe, qarTuli samarTlis Zeglebi, III, Tb., 1970. inaZe 1992 _ m. inaZe, Zveli afxazeTis eTnopolitikuri istoriis sakiTxebi, `macne~, #2, istoriis seria, 1992. ioane sabanisZe 1981 _ ioane sabanisZe, habos wameba, qarTuli proza, w. I, Tb., 1981. kiknaZe 2005 _ z. kiknaZe, monadiris ormagi cxovreba, ma-salebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, XXV, Tb., 2005. lorTqifaniZe 1990 _ m. lorTqifaniZe, afxazebi da af-xazeTi, Tb., 1990.

64

makalaTia 1979 _ m. makalaTia, mesaqonleobasTan dakav-Sirebuli rwmena-warmodgenebi samegreloSi, samegre-lo, Tb., 1979. saxokia 1950 _ T. saxokia, mogzaurobani, Tb., 1950. yauxCiSvili 1965 _ s. yauxCiSvili, georgika, t. II, Tb., 1965. yauxCiSvili 1966 _ s. yauxCiSvili, georgika, t. VI, Tb., 1966. CxataraiSvili 1979 _ qv. CxataraiSvili, narkvevebi sam-xedro saqmis istoriidan feodalur saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1979. javaxiSvili 1979 _ iv. javaxiSvili, Txzulebani, t. I, Tb., 1979. А...а, 1971 _ Религиозные верования абхазцев, ССКГ, вып. V, 1971. Абхазы, М., 2007. Анчабадзе 1959 _ Анчабадзе З.В., Из истории средневековой Абхазии (VI-VIII вв.), Сухуми, 1959. Аджинджал, 1965 _ Аджинджал И.А. Из истории и этнографии Абхазии, Сухуми, 1965. Адыги... 1974 _ Адыги, балкарцы и карачаевцы в известиях Европейских авторов XIII-XIX вв, Нальчик, 1974. Акаба, 2007 _ Акаба Л.Х. Традиционные религиозные предста-вления, Абхазы, М., 2007. Ардзинба _ Ардзинба В.Г. История культа железа и кузнечного ремесла (почитание кузницы абхазов) _ htlp://kolhida.ru/index. php3?poht=etnography@cource=arts. Басария 1923 _ Басария С. Абхазия в географическом и эконо-мическом отношениях, Сухум-Кале, 1923. Бахиа 1986 _ Бахиа С.И. Абхазская `абипара~ - патронимия, Тб., 1986. Бгажба, 1964 _ Бгажба Б.Х., Бзибский диалект абхазского язы-ка, Тб., 1964. Бжания 1973 _ Бжания Ц.Н. Из истории хозяйства и культуры абхазов, Сухуми, 1973. Броневкий 1823 _ Броневкий С. Новейшие географические и исторические известия о Кавказе, ч. II, М., 1823.

65

Векуа 1912, №7 _ Векуа А. Влияние сельских знахарок на абхазцев, СЗМ, 1912, №7. Векуа 1912 _ Векуа А. Из жизни и обычаев Абхазцев, газ. `За-кавказье~, №133, 1912. Гадло 1978 _ Гадло А.В. Князь Инал, Адыго-кабардинских ро-дословных, Из истории феодальной России, Л., 1978. Гулия 1925 _ Гулия Д. История Абхазии, т. I, Тифлис, 1925. Джанашия 1960 _ Джанашия Н.С. Статьи по этнографии Аб-хазии, Сухуми, 1960. Дзидзария 1958 _ Дзидзария Г.А. Народное хозяйство и соци-альные отношения в Абхазии в XIX веке, Сухуми, 1958. Дубровин 1871 _ Дубровин Н. Абхазцы (азега), История Войны и владычества русских на Кавказе, II, кн. 2, Спб., 1871. Званбай 1855 _ Званбай С.Т. Абхазская мифология и религи-озные поверья и обряды между жителями Абхазии, `Кавказ~, №82, 1855. Званба 1956 _ Званба С.Т. Этнографические этюды, Сухуми, 1956. Инал-ипа, 1965 _ Инал-ипа Ш.Д., Абхазы, Сухуми, 1965. Инал-ипа, 1976 _ Инал-ипа Ш.Д., Вопросы этнокультурной ис-тории абхазов, Сухуми, 1976. Кантария 1987 _ Кантария М.В., Чанба Р.К., Некоторые вопро-сы земледельческой культуры, Этнографические параллели, Тб., 1987. Кашежев 1900 _ Кашежев Т., Ханцгуаше (общественное моле-ние об уражае у кабардинцев), `ЭО~, №2, 1900. Крилов 2001 _ Крилов А.Б. Религия и традиция абхазов, М., 2001.http://kolhida.ru/ index.php3?path: etnography/book@cource=krilo. Лавров 1959 _ Лавров Л.И., Доисламские веровния адыгейцев и кабардинцев. Труды ин-та этнографии им. Н.Н. Миклухо-Маклая, Новая серия, ГЛИ, М., 1959. Лавров 1978 _ Лавров Л.И., Историко-этнографические очерки Кавказа, Л., 1978. Люлье 1927 _ Люлье Л.Я. Верования, религиозные предрас-судки у черкесов. Черкесия, Краснодар, 1927.

66

Люлье 1862 _ Люлье Л.Я., Верования, религиозные обряды и предрассудки у черкес, ЗКОИРГО, кн. V, 1862. Марр Н. О религиозных верованиях абхазов, ХВ, т. IV, вып. I, 1916. Меликишвили 1983 _ Меликишвили Г.А., К истории древней Грузии IV-X вв, Очерки истории Грузии, т. II, Тб., 1983. Меликсет-Беков 1950 _ Меликсет-Беков Л.М., Pontico Transcau-rasia Ethica (По данным Миная Медича от 1815-1819 гг.), `СЭ~, №2, 1950. Мусхелишвили 1983 _ Мусхелишвили Д., Историческая геогра-фия Грузии IV-X вв., Очерки истории Грузии, т. II, Тб., 1983. Ногомов 1861 _ Ногомов Ш.Б., История адыгейского народа, Тб., 1861. Ногомов 1974 _ Ногомов Ш.Б., История адыгейского народа, Нальчик, 1974. Потто 1886 _ Потто В., Кавказская война, т. 2, вып. 3, Спб., 1886. Сакания 2007 _ Сакания С., Культовое зодчество средневеко-вой Абхазии, Абхазы, М., 2007. Чурсин 1957 _ Чурсин Г., Материалы по этнографии Абхазии, Сухуми, 1957. Чурсин 1927 _ Чурсин Г.Ф., Культ железа у Кавказских наро-дов, Известия Кавказского историко-археологического ин-та, т. V, Тб., 1927.

Salome Bakhia-Oqruashvili

Issues of spiritual culture of the Abkhazians Spiritual culture occupies significant place in the functioning of

ethnos, Polytheist religious faiths-conceptions of the Abkhazs always made significant impact on their ethnic cognition and integrity. During the 18th-20th centuries, in the pantheon of faiths and conceptions of Abkhazians the leading place was occupied by vital force, fertility, family, patronymic, agriculture and commune deities. All cults of nature, earth, economic activity - cattle raising, agriculture, hunting, apiculture, smithery, and holly places had their own deities at their

67

head. To gain attitude and to flatter those deities, the population organized magic rituals. Holy places were chosen as the cult "centers" of places of worship, the objects of which were mountains, forest edges, groves, and certain trees. Retrospective study of ethnographic materials shows well that for modern Abkhazs the conservative polytheist faiths-conceptions turned into a symbol of ethnicity. At the same time, the influence of Georgian culture as a result of their long joint life in Georgian state and ethnical and cultural integration - is clearly observed. Proceeding from the conservative character of traditional culture, in the attitude of Abkhazians to deities, the link with ethic culture of north-western peoples is also vivid.

68

rozeta gujejiani

wmida polievqtos karbelaSvilis (1855-1936

ww.) eTnografiuli memkvidreoba (svaneTi)

`svanebis Zliers sarwmuneoebrivs grZnobas unda davumadloT, rom amodena mxatvrobiT Semkuli da jvar-

xatebiT savse saydrebi Seinaxes dRemde... mTeli saqarTvelosaTvis kargi misabaZavi saqmea~ (ìveria~, #163,

15 ivlisi, 1904). dekanozi polievqtos grigolis Ze karbelaSvili didi sasuliero moRvawe iyo, aw ukve wmindani, mag-ram misi cxovreba da moqalaqeoba saero speqtrsac moicavs da is gvevlineba qarTuli erovnul-ganma-Tavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erT TvalsaCino war-momadgenlad, qarTuli erovnuli kulturis mkvleva-rad, qomagad da moamaged. dekanoz polievqtosis mec-nieruli memkvidrobidan qarTuli eTnologiisaTvis gansakuTrebiT faseulia werili `svaneTSi ori kvi-riT~. polievqtos karbelaSvili daibada 1855 wels qar-TlSi, goris mazris sofel WalaSi, cnobili sasu-liero moRvawisa da mgaloblis, grigol petres Ze karbelaSvilis (1812-1880) ojaxSi. polievqtoss hyavda da-Zmebi: filimoni (1836-1879), sidonia, andria (1851-1924), vasili (episkoposi stefane 1858-1936) da petre (1860-1924) (togoniZe 2012: I). karbelaSvilTa didi ojaxis yvela wevri Rvawl-mosilia samSoblosa da eklesiis winaSe: xuTive Zma sasuliero moRvaweobis gzas daadga. karbelaSvile-bis didi Rvawlisa da TavganwirvisaTvis saqarTve-los eklesiis wminda sinodma 2011 wlis 20 dekembers ganixila Zmebi karbelaSvilebis kanonizaciis sakiT-xi da isini wmindanTa dasSi Seracxes, maT ewodaT wmida mowame da aRmsarebeli Zmebi (karbelaSvilebi): dekanozi andria da mRvdeli petre wminda mowameebi,

69

episkoposi stefane, dekanozi polieqtosi da mRvde-li filimoni wminda aRmsareblebi. daiwera tropari da kondaki wmidaTa ZmaTa _ mRvdelmowameTa petresi da andreasi da aRmsarebelTa _ mRvdelTmTavrisa stefanesi da mRvdelTa polievqtosisa da filimoni-sa (karbelaSvilTa): maTi xsenebis dRed gamocxadda 6 seqtemberi, anu wmida mRvdelmowameTa _ andriasa da petres _ daxvretis dRe. sabWoTa represiebis si-mZime iwvnies wmindanTa STamomavlebmac. Zmeb karbelaS-vilebs TavianTi cxovrebis gzaze araerTi simwaris daTmena mouwiaT, dauxvrites umcrosi Zmebi (an-dria da petre (1924 wels), polievqtosis vaJi giorgi (gigo), iranis frontze brZolis velze daeca, xolo meore vaJi – ioane, 1920 wels zaqaTalaSi saeWvo viTarebaSi mokles. Tavad polievqtosi da vasili „Sav siaSi“ iyvnen Seyvanilebi, radgan sicocxlis bolo wuTamde ar SeuwyvetavT RvTis dideba da samSoblos momavlisTvis zrunva. 1936 wlis aprilSi jer episkoposi stefane gardaicvala, xolo imave wlis miwuruls, polievqtosmac mSvidobiT Seavedra suli ufals. Zmebi karbelaSvilebis devna ar da-srulebula maTi gardacvalebis Semdgomac. 1937 wlis represiebisas sastikad gauswordnen maT Svi-lebs. daxvrites daviT polievqtosis Ze karbelaSvi-li, niWieri enaTmecnieri, igive bedi ewia elizbar va-silis Ze karbelaSvilsac (togoniZe 2012: II). erTi saintereso faqtic, wmida polievqtosis rZali, represirebuli daviTis meuRle gaxldaT madi karbelaSvili (madi beqirbeis asuli dadeSqeliani 1908-1965), romelsac didi wvlili miuZRvis wmida Zme-bi karbelaSvilebis arqivebis gadarCenis saqmeSi. ma-di beCos dadeSqelianTa Stodan iyo da mRvdel po-lievqtosis svaneTSi mogzaurobis dros madis mama Tavadi beqirbei da naTesavebi (Tavadi TaTaryani ece-rSi) maspinZlobdnen mogzaurebs. Zmebi karbelaSvilebis moRvaweoba farTo speqt-ris momcvelia: brZola carizmis rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg, qarTul siZveleTa moZieba da

70

dacva, qarTuli saistorio da sauliero memkvidreo-bis gadarCena da mecnieruli Seswavla, arqeografiu-li Rvawli, eTnografiuli masalis daunjeba da yo-velive amis paralelurad, amagdari Zmebi karbela-Svilebi didi wvlilis Semtanni arian saqarTvelos eklesiis avtokefaliis aRdgenis saqmeSi. XIX sa-ukunis bolo meoTxedidan moyolebuli XX saukunis 30-ian wlebamde Zmebi da maTi meuRleebi muxlCau-xrelad Sromobdnen da iRvwodnen. isini monawileni da xSirad moTavenic iyvnen araerTi erovnuli mni-Svnelobis saqmisa. Zmebi muSaobdnen saRmrTo sju-lisa da qarTuli enis maswavleblebad, uZRvebodnen qarTuli galobis swavlebas. maTi didi roli da Rvawli ikveTeba imdroindeli qarTuli sazogado-ebrivi da kulturuli cxovrebis yvela sferoSi. Zmebi karbelaSvilebi aqtiur publicistur saqmi-anobasac eweodnen. maTi statiebi dabeWdilia erov-nuli suliskveTebis qarTul Jurnal-gazeTebSi: ìve-ria~, `droeba~, `cnobis furceli~, `saqarTvelo~, `klde~ da sxv. calke unda aRiniSnos karbelaSvilTa damsaxure-ba qarTuli eTnomusikaluri memkvidreobis gadarCe-nis kuTxiT: maT ojaxs udidesi wvlili miuZRvis qa-rTuli saero simRerebisa da sasuliero sagaloble-bis moZiebaSi, Seswavlasa da gavrcelebaSi. maTi da-msaxurebiT Semogvenaxa qarTl-kaxuri galobis tra-diciebi da amitomac qarTl-kaxur sagaloblebs „ka-rbelaanT kilo“ ewoda. saqarTvelos TavisuflebisaTvis mebrZoli Zmebi, rasakvirvelia, arasasurvelni iyvnen ruseTis impe-riis mesveurTaTvis. cnobilia, rom egzarqosi aleqsi (1902-1905) mRvdel vasil karbelaSvils axasiaTebda, rogorc antisaxelmwifoebrivi da antirusuli po-litikis momxre adamians. saqmis gamoZiebisas _ daz-vervis saidumlo werilSi, mama vasili mRvdel polievqtosTan erTad daxasiaTebulia, rogorc xe-lisuflebisaTvis saSiSi pirovneba. aRniSnulia, rom Zmebi, vasili da polievqtosi, kirion saZagliSvilis

71

Tanamoazreni da TanamebrZolni iyvnen. Zmebi buqares-tSi gamomaval Jurnal „Православный Востокь“-Si Tanam-Sromlobdnen da xels uwyobdnen mis aralegarul gavrcelebas saqarTveloSi. aRniSnuli Jurnali gamoirCeoda antiimperialisturi xasiaTiT da ma-sSi mkacrad iyo mxilebuli saqarTvelos egzarqosi--sa da sxva rusi Cinovnikebis mier gatarebuli poli-tikis namdvili arsi (andRulaZe 2004).

polievqtos karbelaSvili (pirvel rigSi marcxnidan mesa-me) da misi Tanamgzavrebi eceris TemSi Tavad TaTaryan da-deSqelianTan (centrSi svanuri qudiT) polievqtos karbelaSvilma ganaTleba miiRo go-ris sasuliero saswavlebelsa da tfilisis sasu-liero seminariaSi. misi sasuliero Rvawli didia, ma-gram aRsaniSnavia polievqtosis mecnieruli da sazo-gado saqmianobac. polievqtosis zogierTi werili fsevdonimTaa gamoqveynebuli (p. cxviloeli, p. Wa-leli, samTavneli, p. usityveli). is avtoria naS---ro-mebisa ìerarqia saqarTvelos ekklesiisa (1901) da `Zveli anCisxatis taZari q. tfilisSi~ (1902); didi

72

wvlili miuZRvis saqarTvelos istoriis qronikebis SedgenaSi (1880). mis miervea aRmoCenili `vefxistyaos-nis~ xelnaweri (1880); aRwera daviT-garejis monast-ris biblioTeka, sadac 100-ze meti unikaluri xelna-weri iyo daculi, gadmowera da mecnierula Seiswa-vla am wignebze arsebuli `minawerebi~ (andRulaZe 2004; togoniZe 2012: I). dekanozma polievqtosma saqar-Tvelos bolSevikuri okupaciis Semdegac gaagrZela sasuliero moRvaweoba. sicocxlis bolo wlebSi ukiduresi wnexis qveS, gausaZlis pirobebSi myofi ga-rdaicvala 1936 wels da dakrZalulia gurjaanSi, eklesiaSi. mravalmxrivia dekanoz polievqtosis damsaxureba qarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis winaSe da am we-rilSi warmodgenilia misi naSrom-naRvawis erTi se-gmenti _ svaneTSi mogzaurobis aRwerilobis ana-lizi. mRvdelma polievqtosma svaneTSi imogzaura 1903 wels. mogzauroba daiwyo 2 `mkaTaTves~ tfilisidan gasvliT, saidanac mogzaurebi Cadian quTaisSi, xolo quTaisidan _ cagerSi da 8 ivliss cageridan mie-marTebian qvemo savneTisaken. mogzauroba dasrulda 21 ivliss. mRvdel polievqtoss axldnen `profesori aleqsandre xaxanaSvili, magistri farmaciisa i. s. tyeSelaSvili, z. p. faliaSvili, stefan an-to-niCi~(ìveria~, # 193, 11 seqtemberi, 1903). stefan anto-niCis Sesaxeb sxvagan weria, rom èrTi moskoveli me-cnieri stefan antoniCi gagvyva Tan alpis yvavilebis Sesaswavlad~ (ìveria~, # 164, 2 agvisto, 1903 weli). Tanmxleb pirebs werilis dasasrulsac axsenebs da madlobas uZRvnis `dids madlobas vswirav b-n a. s. xaxanaSvils, i. s.tyeSelaSvils, z. faliaSvils, romelTac SemaZlebines ama Zneli mgzavrobis atana da yovelive Sroma gamiadviles~ (ìveria~, #293, 23 dekemberi, 1904). am etapze mimdinareobs zaqaria faliaSvilis svaneTSi mogzaurobis amsaxveli masa-lis damuSaveba da uaxles xanebSi igi calke statia gamoqveyndeba.

73

svaneTSi mogzaurobis amsaxveli naSromis wera mRvdel polievqtoss 1904 wlis 9 ianvars dausrule-bia. werilis saTauria `svaneTSi ori kviriT~, xolo xelmowera _ mR. p. karbelaSvili. werili gagrZele-bebis saxiT ibeWdeboda gazeT ìveriaSi~ 1903 wlis 29 ivlisidan (#160) 1904 wlis 23 dekembramde (#293). ra-dganac pirveli werili mogzaurobis dasrulebi-dan ramdenime dReSia gamoqveynebuli, Cans, rom mRvdeli polievqtosi mogzaurobis drosac muSaobda, akeTebda Canawerebs da mogzaurobis dasrulebisTa-nave gadaugzavnia statiiis pirveli Tavebi ìveriis~ redkolegiisaTvis. bolo werilis dasasruls mRvdeli polievqtosi wers, rom Tavis Sromas uZRvnis mis yovladuwmide-sobas kirions. ùkanaskneli minda siamovnebiT aRv-niSno, rom Cveni sayvareli yovlad samRvdelo kiri-oni iyo mizezi ama Cemis mgzavrobisa; uRrmess mad-lobas vswirav miss meufebas da amitom miss saxels vuZRvni am Cems Sromasac misi marad Tayvanis mcemeli da morCili~ (ìveria~, 23 dekemberi, #293, 1904). mRvdeli polievqtosi da misi Tanmxlebni mecnie-rul kvlevas iwyeben cageridan, saidanac adian qvemo svaneTSi, auyvebian mdinare cxeniswyals, gaivlian qvemo svaneTis sxvadasxva Tems, gadadian zemo sva-neTSi, saidanac daeSvebian md. enguris xeobiT farisa da laxamulis Temebamde da mere igive marSrutiT brundebian ukan cageramde. mRvdel polievqtosis naSroms did Rirsebas hma-tebs avtoris mier gaweuli winaswari samzadisi: sva-neTSi wasvlamde mas Sekrebili da gaanalizebuli aqvs svaneTTan dakavSirebuli yvela samecniero naS-romi da mkvlevar-mogzaurTa Canawerebi, rac ki 1903 wlamdea gamosuli. teqsti gvidasturebs, rom mRvde-li polievqtosi detalurad icnobs masalebs. igi xSirad akonkretebs an azustebs wina mogzaurTa mier aRweril faqtebs, rac gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens mRvdel polievqtosis werilebs.

74

oriode sityva mRvdel polievqtosis naSromis struqturisa da kvlevis meTodologiis Sesaxeb: sva-neTis aRweriloba warmodgenilia winaswar mofiqre-buli da SemuSavebuli gegmis mixedviT. naSroms aqvs dRiuris saxe. mRvdeli polievqtosi yoveli morigi Temis an soflis aRweras iwyebs adgilobrivi geog-rafiuli Taviseburebebis warmoCeniT, agviwers gzas, CamoTvlis TemSi Semaval soflebs, iq mcxovreb sa-gvareuloebs, yuradRebas amaxvilebs yoveli Temis kulturul-sameurneo maxasiaTeblebze, mTavar ad-gils uTmobs siZveleTa aRweras (eklesiebi, monast-rebi, cixe-koSkebi, jvar-xatebi, freskebi, xelnawere-bi), magaliTad, am saxiT: `cxomaris sazogadoebaSi 6 patara sofelia. 1840-1859 wlebSi aq yofila mRvdlad aqauri mkvidri svani adam qardva. aris X s. saxareba~ (ìveria~, #272, 27 noemberi, 1904); an: `muJalis sazogadoebas sami patara sofeli Seadgens: waldaSi, jabeSi da Cabiani. ormoc da aTamde komli svani scxovrobs aq, gvarebi aqac wminda qarTulia: io-seliani, firiani, jajiani, bibWuani, naveriani, gulbani, zurabiani, CaCiani, gigani, ginsajiani~. rasak-virvelia toponimTa da gvarTa CamoTvlisas daSvebu-lia mciredi uzustobebi, ganpirobebuli koreqturu-li problemebiT, magram es naklebmniSvnelovania. ma-galiTad, sworia caldaSi da ara waldaSi, JabeSi da ara jabeSi, Cvabiani da ara Cabiani, gujejiani da ara ginsajiani da a. S. aRwers aleqsandre mefis mier Sewiruli zarebs da amokiTxavs maTze amokveTil wa-rwerebs da sxv. arqeografiuli kvlevis paralelurad, mRvdeli polievqtosi yuradRebas amaxvilebs wminda eTnogra-fiul masalazec, rac misi kvlevis erT-erTi mimar-Tulebaa da es gamokveTilia erT-erT werilSi ga-moTqmul dakvirvebaSic: àra naklebs simdidres war-moadgenen TviT svanebi Tavisis uZvelesis zne-Cve-ulebebiTa da cxovrebiT. am mxriv yoveli etnografi da antropologi ulevels maslas ipovis svane-TSi~(ìveria~, # 292, 22 dekemberi, 1904). miyveba ra am

75

gezs, mRvdeli polievqtosi aRwers svaneTis mosax-leobis kulturul-sameurneo yofas, religiur wes-Cveulebebs, samarTlebriv tradiciebs da Zalian bev-ri kulturuli realia Tu arqeografiuli artefaq-ti pirvels Semoaqvs samecniero brunvaSi. werilis dasasruls is erTgan mokrZalebulad SeniSnavs: `Cven SeZlebisamebr aRvniSneT TvaliT naxuli da yuriT gagonili svaneTSi mogzaurobis dros, SeZle-bi-samebr SevamowmeT da SevasworeT, anu pirvelaT gava-rCieT svaneTis xat-jvarTa Zvel warwerebis teqs-ti~(ìveria~, 23 dekemberi, #293, 1904). mRvdeli polievqtosi akvirdeba adgilobriv met-yvelebis kulturas, aanalizebs toponimebs, avlens svanuri terminologiis momdinareobas saerTo qarTu-li enobrivi samyarodan da zogierT SemTxvevaSi is-toriul-SedarebiTi meTodis safuZvelze avlebs pa-ralelebs Zvel civilizaciebTanac (egvipturTan, xe-TurTan).D Tavad cnobili mgalobeli sagulisxmo dakvirve-bebs gamoTqvams qarTuli eTnomusikaluri memkvidre-obis svaneTSi Semonaxuli Sedevrebis Sesaxeb da ma-TSi sasuliero sagalobelTa variacebs amoicnobs. teqstSi periodulad CarTulia sxvadasxva mniSv-nelovani informacia, momdinare qarTuli saistorio wyaroebidan (magaliTad, gaanalizebulia ori doku-menti, romlebSic naxsenebia dadeSqelianTa sagvareu-lo da mocemulia statistikuri masala: ioane bato-niSvilis mier Sedgenil davTari da jafariZeTa sa-sisxlo sigeli). mivyveT TanmimdevrobiT: mRvdel polievqtoss aRwerili aqvs svaneTis ge-ografiuli Taviseburebebi da maxasiaTeblebi: `muris xididgan cxenis wylis ayolebiT iwyeba svaneTi da Tavdeba iq, sadac ingurs erTvis marjvniv md. eci, s. xuberis Walis qvemoT. ase rom mTeli inguris xeoba saTavidgan md. ecis SesarTavamde 160 versts udris~ (ìveria, # 164, 2 agvisto, 1903) da sxv. gvawvdis statistikur informacias: `dRes svaneTSi 12.000

76

mcxovrebi iTvleba~ (ìveria~, #124, 29 maisi, 1904). akonkretebs, rom ugzoobis pirobebSi `svaneTSi mogzauroba mxolod svanuri cxeniT SeiZleba~ (ìveria~, # 193, 11 seqtemberi, 1903). `cxenis qira cage-ramde 6-7 maneTi~ Rirs (ìveria~, #124, 29 maisi, 1904). aRwerilia soflebs Soris gzebi da geografiuli garemo: `meore dRes, 15 ivliss gavediT aSfoTebul md. muJalis Walas da marjvniv, kldovan daferdil jagnarzed, gavudeqiT mulaxisaken mimaval biliksa~ (iveria, #140, 17 ivnisi, 1904) da sxv. mRvdeli polivqtosi svaneTSi mogzaurobis amsa-xvel werilebSi avlens svaneTis istoriis siRrmise-ul codnas. avtori mogviTxrobs konkretul istori-ebs svaneTis warsulidan: ruseTis mier svaneTis Se-erTebas, dadaS qurdianis rols am saqmeSi (ambavi mu-laxeli dadaS qurdianis Sesaxeb, romelsac 1853 wels ramdenime svani Cauyvania borjomSi mTavarmar-Tebel voroncovTan (ìveria, # 124, 29 maisi, 1904 we-li), mRvdel murza margianis istorias, rus moxele-Ta Tu mkvlevar-mogzaurTa mogzaurobis TariRebs da, nawilobriv, Sedegebs; gvawvdis adgilobriv sasu-liero pirTa biografiul monacemebs, sxvadasxva ambebs epidemiebisa Tu stiqiuri ubedurebebis Sesaxeb (magaliTad, `1812 wels saSineli Wirianoba moedo svaneTs da didi xalxi imsxverpla. adiSSi da ielSi mTeli soflebi amowyda~ (ìveria~, #119, 22 maisi, 1904). svaneTSi mogzaurobis aRwerilobaSi naxsenebia bevri istoriuli piri: cagerSi mogzaurebs umaspinZ-la da laSxeTamde gahyva keTilmowese (blaRoCini) mama gersamia, qvemo svaneTSi mogzaurebi estumrnen Tavad ali gardafxaZis ojaxs, romelic im dros sva-neTis boqauli iyo da zemo svaneTSi imyofeboda, ma-gram stumrebs gulTbilad daxvda Tavadi alis meu-Rle (ìveria~, # 193, 11 seqtemberi, 1903), mama iaone ma-rgians laSxeTSi, dekanoz besarion niJaraZes uS-gulSi, romelTan erTadac gaemgzavrnen kalisaken; ber Teofane korZaias kalis TemSi, mama giorgi mar-

77

gians muJalSi, Tavad dadeSqelianebs beCosa da ece-ris TemebSi, aRwers uSgulis mamasaxlisTan gegi ni-JaraZesTan saubars, dadebiTad axasiaTebs ukana gza-ze Sexvedr maswavlebels onians davberSi, romelTa-nac 20 ivliss Rame gaaTies da mogviTxrobs, rom àq dagvxvda germaneli mogzauri b-ni vagneri~ (ìveria~, 23 dekemberi, #293, 1904) da sxv. saintereso masalaa mowodebuli svaneTis samRvd-eloebis Sesaxeb: 1850-ian wlebSi `svaneTis gamgeblad Tavadi grigol wereTeli iyo. man daibara muJali-dgan gavleniani glexi murza afis (afi papi iyo) Ze marRiani da Tan gamoatana s. muSkeris mRvdeli gio-rgi gulbani, s. mTavraris mRvdeli adam qardava da duSeTeli diakvani Sio…mestiaSi rom waiyvana igini murzam, aq 23 aprils win dauxvdnen mestieli ja-fariZebi da Tofis srola dauwyes, murza dasWres, magram daWrilma murzam erTi mokla da ori daWra. gajavrebulebma murza mokles da mkvdari ar da-anebes mis Svils giorgi marRians (dRes muJalSia mRvdlad), vidre uReli xari ar waarTves. bolos az-nauris sisxli azRvevines, rogorc glexs 220 Tumani. 1855 wels ukve papi giorgi marRiani Camovida qu-Ta-isSi swored im dros, roca konstantine dadeSqe-liani unda daexvritaT. egzarxosma isidorem gab-riel episkoposs Caabara, moamzades da 1867 wels aku-rTxes mRvdlad. dRes jer kidev jan-RoniT savsea da 2 Svili mRvdeli hyavs, mesamesac amzadebs~ (ìveria~, #124, 29 maisi, 1904). am ori mRvdeli Svilidan erT-erTia mama ivane margiani, romlis Sesaxebac esoden dadebiTi kuTxiT saubrobs mRvdeli polievqtosi: `mamasaxlisisgan gavigeT, rom laSxeTis blaRoCini mRvdeli ioane margiani Turme gvelodeboda aq. am mivardnil qveyanaSi patiosanni blaRoCinni _ ge-rsamia, margiani da niJaraZe warmomadgenelni arian im sanetaro kacTa, romelTac macxovarma rCeul mci-redTa gundi uwoda. mama besarion niJaraZe da m. i. margiani svaneTis namdvilni Svilni arian, aq dabade-bulni, aq aRzrdilni (uSkul-muJalSi), uxarianT,

78

rom maTi sayvareli samSoblos sanaxavad modis vin-me~ (ìveria~, # 193, 11 seqtemberi, 1903). Cveni droisa-Tvis dekanoz ioane margianis cxovreba da moRvawe-oba Seswavlilia (leJava 2008; gujejiani 2007). (mula-xSi misuli mRvdeli polievqtosi piradadac gaic-nobs mama giorgi margians da didi siyvaruliT mog-viTxrobs mis Sesaxeb: `saRamos bindma moatana da Ca-movxdiT didad pativcemul moxucebul mama giorgi margianTan. Tval-win dagvidga Cveni qarTleli uwi-ndeli moxucebuli mRvdeli, _ Sua tanisa, TeTri Tma-wveriT gabadruli, mama g. margiani sworeT sanat-reli sanaxavi iyo am ualago alagas!~ (#124, 29 maisi, 1904). `moxucebul mama giorgi margianTan Cven vnaxeT ramdenime daSlili tyavzed xelnaweri saeklesio wigni, ufro bevri uTav-bolo. maT Soris sami tyavzed naweri saxarebaa. es xelnawerni mama gior-gis, rogorc baps, bapobaSive hqonia da mis sakuTre-bas Seadgenen~ (iveria, #140, 17 ivnisi, 1904). mRvdel polievqtosze didi STabeWdileba mouxdenia wvi-rmiSi mcxovrebber Teofanes: ìfaridgan enguris ma-rjvniv gavediT saqanela xidzed da cicabo ferdob-zed mwkrivaT gavswieT fexiT monastrisaken. aq es ormoci weliwadia moRvaweobs iRumeni Teofane (svani korZaia), auSenebia mSvenieri saydari samwirveloebiT, ocamde sacxovrebeli oTaxi, Tavla, sakuWnao, gauCe-nia Zroxebi, cxenebi, xarebi: dauwyvia xvna-Tesva (di-ka, qeri), wvela-dRveba, yvelis keTeba; gaumarTavs mSvenieri safutkre, gauSenebia xexilis baxCa, rac-ki svaneTis havas aitans – yvela xexili Cauyria – bali, alubali, maJalo, panta. aq vnaxeT mSvenieri xatebi da maT Soris Zvirfasis qarTulis xelovnebis oqros xati macxovrisa xucuri warweriT `Zeli WeSmariti~... (ìveria~, #68, 16 marti, 1904). Cveni droisaTvis beri Teofanes cxovreba da moRvaweoba Seswavlilia da gamoqveynebulia (gujejiani 2004). mogviTxrobs mama gaiozis Sesaxeb: `latalis mRvdeli mama gaioz Zimis-taraSvili sayvareli moZRvaria svanebisa: Seuswavlia wmidaT svanuri ena da Wirsa da lxinSi mxarSi amos-

79

dgomia Tavis sayvarel samwysos. igi Zvelis drois tipiur-qarTvels mRvdels mogvagonebs da ormoc we-liwadzed metia, rac aq msaxurobs~ (#163, 15 ivlisi, 1904). axsenebs mama adam qardavas Rvawls cxumaris Temze saubris dros (ìveria~, 27 noemberi, #272, 1904). mRvdel polievqtosis naSromSi yuradReba gamax-vilebulia svaneTis tradiciuli xelosnobis dargeb-ze, sameurnoeo kulturaze. `radganac mdinareSi fe-xiT gasvla SeuZlebelia, amitom yvelgan Taviseburi, swored svanuri xidebia gadebuli da yovel mo-gzaurs akvirvebs bedisgan ase daCagrulis xalxis moxerxeba da yairaTi~ (ìveria~, #160, 29 ivlisi). da-debiTi kuTxiT saubrobs svanebis Sromismoyvareobis Sesaxeb, aRwers soflebisa da sacxovreblebis ti-pebs: `mivediT s. qveda Wvelieris saydarTan da gave-diT daZabunebul xidzed. aq cxenis wylis viwro ka-lapoti farTovdeba da mSvenieri qarTuli naxnav-na-TesiT Semkuli xeoba gadaiSala Cven Tvalwin. ager maRla ferdobebSi mercxlis budesaviT mahkvrian aqa-iqa or-ori, sam-sami svani Tavis cixe-koSkebiTa da saxlkarbinadrobiT, ufro cxenis wylis marjvena na-pirze. wvrili soflebiT mofenilia es mxare. gauCe-xiaT daburuli tye da sxnav-saTibad uqceviaT. ase gamwkrivebulia soflebi _ STvili, buleSi, sajal-dana, laula da sx.v am soflebis mSvenebas Seadgens TeTri, koxtad nagebi maRali koSkebi. zeda ColurSi ... erTs mtkavels ver naxavT velian adgils, rom Se-moRobili ar iyves saxnavad, an saTibad. aq qerebi jer Semosuli ar iyo~ (ìveria~, 11 seqtemberi, #193, 1903). ìelidan wvirmisken gzad `daqanebul, cicibo ferdobzed axoebi gautexiaT da saTibebad uqceviT mSromel svanebs. sasiamovno sanaxavi iyo kacni da qalni rogor mosdebodnen saTibebs da WianWvelasa-viT fusfusebdnen: zogi sTibavda, zogi Tivas ezide-boda, zogi bululebad sdgamda~ (iveria, #119, 22 ma-isi, 1904). uaRresad mniSvnelovania mRvdel polievqtosis dakvirveba svaneTis yofaSi Semonaxuli Zveli qarTu-

80

li samarTlebrivi sistemis ama Tu im segmentis Se-saxeb. am mxriv mniSvnelovania zemoT aRwerili ambavi jafariZeTa da margianTa Soris arsebuli problemis samarTlebrivi sazRauris Taobaze. agreTve, sagulisxmoa Semdegi masalac, àq rogorc Zvelad saqarTveloSi, samaspinZlo isev ZalaSia: TviToeuli komli movalea mamasaxliss erTxel-orjel gaumaspinZldes rig-rigobiT weliwadSi~ (ìveria~, # 193, 11 seqtemberi, 1903). cnobilia, saqarTveloSi 1801 wlidan rusuli kanonmdeblobis gabatonebis miuxe-davad, mTiani mxareebi inarCunebdnen qarTuli samar-Tlis im variaciebs, romlebic ama Tu im mxareSi Ca-moyalibda dampyroblis mier Tavsmoxveuli samarT-lis sawinaaRmdegod. qarTuli xalxuri samarTali momdinarea saqarTvelos saero samarTlidan, romel-sac mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs da mas erwymis kanonikuri samarTlis ZiriTadi normebi. qarTuli xa-lxuri samarTlis svanuri varianti garkveul pro-blemaTa mogvarebis dros dResac ki moqmedia. svane-Tis mosaxleobis rwmeniT, mxolod CveulebiTi samr-TliT ganxiluli da ganaCengamotanili problema iTvleboda saboloo gadawyvetilebad. mosaxleobisa-Tvis miuRebeli iyo Tavsmoxveuli ucxo samarTali (gujejiani 2008). erTi aseTi faqti aRwerili aqvs mRvdel polievqtoss: `svanebi metad mamapapurad, metad Taviseburad scxovroben, maTi Sexedulebac svaneTis gareSe xalxTa cxovrebazed Taviseburia. am ori wlis winad (1904 w.) beCoSi momrigebelma mo-samarTlem gaarCia erTi saqme: mZime danaSauli hbra-ldeboda erTs svans, braldebuls icavda veqili gelazarovi. veqili bevrs ecada eSvela rame saco-davi svanisaTvis, magram svans Sesaferisi sasjeli gadauwyvita mosamarTlem. ganaCeni ro moismina, svani miubrunda da uTxra mosamarTles _ `Sen gagixmes xeli~!, veqils _ Sen gagixmes ena~! da gamovida ga-reT~ (ìveria~, #292, 22 dekemberi, 1904). eklesiaTa aRwerilobis mxriv gansakuTrebiT fa-seulia kalis wmida kvirikes monastris Sesaxeb mo-

81

wodebuli informacia (ìveria~, 222, 17 oqtomberi, 1903; #232, 31 oqtomberi, 1903; #233, 1 noemberi, 1903), muJalis, mulaxis (JamuSis, zardlaSis), mestiis, len-jeris, latalis, eceris, faris, cxumaris eklesie-bis aRwerilobebi. Tu raoden kompleqsurad ikvlevda mRvdeli po-lievqtosi svaneTis yofas, amis saukeTeso nimuSia ka-lis wmida kvrikesa da ivlites monastris (svanuri saxelia `lagurka/lagvirka~) aRweriloba. kalis `la-gurka/lagvirka~ cnobili sasuliero centri iyo da mas mniSvnelovani socialuri rolic ekisreboda gvi-aniSuasaukuneebis svaneTis yofaSi (gujejiani 2015). aq moqmedebda dedaTa monasteri XVIII saukunis da-mlevamde. monasterSi moRvaweobdnen ara mxolod ad-gilobrivi warmoSobis sasuliero pirebi, aramed sa-qarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxis da TviT samefo dina-stiis warmomadgenlebic ki, rac irkveva iq arsebuli warwerebiT. magaliTad, iq monazvnad Semdgara mefis asuli Tekla, romelic, rogorc Cans, iyo ìmerTa mefis bagratis asuli TinaTi, igi 1704 wels ekurTxa moloznad~ (ìveria~,# 232, 31 oqtomberi, 1903). mRvdeli polievqtosi monasters Seiswavlis kom-pleqsurad: arqiteqturas, ferskebs, warwerebs, sa-ganZurs _ jvar-xatebs, sxva saeklesio nivTebs, xel-nawerebs, mTel socialuri garemos. aRwerilobis struqtura: aRwerilia monastrisaken mimavali gza (`maRla-maRla mimvali bilikiT TiTqmis oTxi versi viareT~), geografiuli landSafti, saeklesio tye. sa-eklesio tye mudam iwvevda mkvlevar-mogzaurTa gao-cebas. tyis sixSire da xelSeuxebloba gasakviri iyo gansakuTrebiT im pirobebSi, rodesac adgilobrivi mosaxleoba xe-tyis Zlier naklebobas uCioda. es SekiTxva dasva Tavis droze numizmatma da samxedro pirma m. barTolomeim da mas kalelebma ganumartes _ es tye saeklesioa da aqedan xis moWra RvTis sastik wyromas gamoiwvevso (barTolomei 1855: 161-162). mRvdeli polievqtosi ganavrcobs Temas, mogvi-Txrobs, rom saeklesio tyiT sargebloba mxolod

82

monastris saWiroebisaTvis SeiZleboda, magaliTad, dReobebze, roca xe-tye SeSad sWirdebodaT, an roca xis masala taZris SekeTebas xmardeboda. `tye dacu-lia, xels veravin axlebs, xmels nayars SeSasac ki veravin waiRebs Sin: marTalia qariSxlisa da didi Tovlisagan didZali xeebia moglejili da ise lpe-ba, magram svanebi mainc ufrTxildebian, xatisaao... tyis siZvirisa gamo Tu romelsame svans moglejili xe an sxva ram dasWirdeboda, soflis yrilobis da-fasebisamebr, unda iyidos saydris sasargebloT. dReobaSi da sxva dros ki mlocavni xmel SeSasa swvamen~ (ìveria~, # 222, 17 oqtomberi, 1903). gzis da-sasruls `mogvegeba monastris sami mcveli. axla ci-cabo kldes SevudeqiT. aq erTi kacis gasasvleli ka-ria gaSvebuli meti ara. wavdeqiT win da kidev ufro viwroTi aviareT. aq welze balaxi iyo amosuli. ai aqa sdgas saxelovani lagvirka, mtrisagan miuvali. saydars aRmosavleTiT uZevs svanuri darbazi, sipi qvisagan aSenebuli da sipiTve daxuruli; dasavle-TiT friad magari, maRali cixe udgas, cixis Tofe-biT gawyobili~ (ìveria~, # 222, 17 oqtomberi, 1903). Semdeg detalurad aris aRwerili eklesiis Senoba da misi moxatuloba, warwerebi, jvar-xati. aRwerilia damxmare nagebobis mowyobilobac, sadac xalxuri dReobebis dros zvaraki Seiwireboda da locvis Semdeg trapezi imarTeboda (ìveria~, #232, 31 oqtomberi, 1903). mecniers SesaniSnavi eTnografiuli kvleva Cautarebia da gavwvdis `lagvirkis~ movla-patronobisa da dReobebis xalxuri menejmentis am-saxvel informacias: àRdgomis kviraSi mTeli kalis sazogadoeba iyris erTad Tavsa da wilis yriT ir-Cevs sams kacsa, romelTac erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi unda Seinaxon monasteri. visac wili ergeba sixaru-lisagan fexze aRara dgas, Tavi moaqvs _ `lagvirkas~ mcveli me varo~ (ìveria~, # 222, 17 oqtomberi, 1903). dawvrilebiT aRwers svanTaTvis udides siwmided miC-neul `Salianis~ xats. uszustes aRwerilobasTan er-Tad gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania Semdegi in-

83

formaciac: `monastris orma mcvelma mowiwebiT amoi-Ro didi skivridan Zveli yalamqaris mSvenier boxCaSi mZimed gaxveuli xati da trapezze daasvenes. ài, amis yaraulebi varT. me eWvi ar maqvs, rom Suaguls jvaris budeSi odesme Zeli WeSmariti sve-nebula da kuTxis ujrebSi, patara kolofebSi, wmi-daTa nawilebi~ (ìveria~, #233, 1 noemberi, 1903). eT-nografiuli TvalsazrisiT faseulia Semdegi infor-maciac: `bolos mcvelebma gvaCvenes mTeli kona Zve-lis saomari isrebisa. isari Tofis zumbis simsxoa, Sindis wnelisaa, wmindad gafxekili, sigrZiT erTi arSinis odena, wverzed wamocmuli aqvs mwveti or-piri rkina, maxviliviT. TavSi aqeT-iqiT indouris frTis Caclili msxvili bumbuli aqvs didis osta-tobiT dakruli. Tavzed amoWrili aqvs ise, rom mSvi-ldis lari Cajdes Sig. aqve vnaxeT saomari culebi brinjaosa da foladisa~ (ìveria~, #233, 1 noemberi, 1903). Suasaukuneebis isrebis aseTi detaluri aR-weriloba iSviaTia qarTul wyaroebSi, sainteresoa adreuli periodis saomari iaraRis nimuSTa aRwerac. mRvdeli polievqtosi yuradRebiT akvirdeba xel-nawerebs, maT minawerebs. gvawvdis xelnawerTa aRwe-rilobebs. detalurad mogviTxrobs monasterSi da-culi saxarebis istorias: `saydarSi trapezzed sve-nebula odesme tyavzed naweri didi tanis berZnuli saxreba. levaSovs 5 Tumani miucia 1869 wels kalis sazogadoebisaTvis giraod da igi saxareba droebiT wauRia peterburgSi. ramdenime weli gasula da saxarebis dabruneba fiqradac aravis mosdioda. daiwyes kalelebma CoCqoli _ Cveni salocavi saxa-reba mogvitaneTo. amitom keTilSobilebiT savse le-van dadeSqelians erTi gangaSi autexia sataxto ga-zeTebSi. amis gamo gabriel episkoposs miumarTavs didis mTavris m.n.; saxareba daubrunebiaT da gabrie-lisaTvis CaubarebiaT. ese saxareba unaxavs 1853 wels bartolomeis, Semdeg 1879 wlis ivnisis 18 brosses dawvrilebiT auweria igi saxareba frangulad da kalis sazogadoebis kvirike-ivlites monastris sa-

84

kuTrebad ixseniebs~ (ìveria~, #233, 1 noemberi, 1903). CvenTvis cnobili levan dadeSqelianis moRvaweoba ufro gvian periods ukavSirdeba (gujejiani 2009: I) da aq misi moxsenieba anaqronizmia, magram, SesaZloa, sxva levan dadeSqeliani igulisxmebodes, amitom am mimarTulebiT kvleva gasagrZelebelia. aseTive gulmodginebiTa da kompleqsuri midgo-miT mRvdel polievqtoss aRwerili aqvs eceris Te-mis sofel fxutreris mTavarangelozebis eklesiac: `dadeSqelianTa sagvareulo sasaflao mTavar-ange-lozis saydari s. fxotrerSia. igi Tlilis qvisagan aris aSenebuli. dasavleTiT da samxriT midgmuli aqvs mSvenieri ekvderi, uZvelesi CuqurTmiT. TviT say-dris kari urTxlisaa da zed didis xelovnebiT amo-Wrilia wm. mociqulTa saxeebi, rogorc ColurSi da cagerSi. aq ekvderSi vnaxeT mSvenieri buki. aqve Zevs grZeli zari laTinuris warweriT `NICOLAUS” (ìve-ria~, #268, 23 noemberi, 1904). gaanalizebuli aqvs ece-ris Temis sofel uRvalis wmida giorgis eklesiis siwmideebis da freskuli warwerebis mecnieruli mni-Svneloba: `s. uRvalis wm. giorgis saydris xel-nawerTa Soris Cven vnaxeT friad sayuradRebo mina-werebiani rigis ... saxareba (aprakosi), daZvelebuli da metad dazianebuli, ase XIII s. naweri~ (ìveria~, #272, 27 noemberi, 1904). detaluradaa aRwerili ie-lisa da wvirmis eklesiebi da simdidre, fexis mona-steri (sofeli xe) (iveria, #119, 22 maisi, 1904). aRwe-rilia Cvabianis macxovari (àRmosavleTiT maRlob ferdobzed aSenebulia mSvenieris Tlilis qvis mac-xovris saydari. dasavleTiT maRla hkidia ase or fu-Tiani zari zed warsweriT: #71. `q. zari ese Semog-wireT Cven kaxeTis xelmwifeman aleqsandrem wmidasa mcxovars Cemda gasamrjveblad da sadRegrZelod~ (ìveria~, #124, 29 maisi, 1904); mulaxis Temis JamuSis macxovari (#141 18 ivnisi, 1904); zardlaSis wm. gior-gis saydari, laxiris ioane maxareblis saydari, xate-bi da aleqsandre mefis Sewiruli zari (iveria, #140, 17 ivnisi, 1904). vrcladaa aRwerili mestiis Temi: àm

85

sazogadoebaSi xuTi saydaria. am saydrebs Soris se-tis wm. giorgis saydari Zvels sazirkvelzed axlad aris aRSenebuli da yvelazed ukeTesia. sxvebi – zo-gi dangreulia, zogi metad daZvelebulia da amitom oTxive saydrebidgan aq setis wm. giorgis saydarSia gamotanili jvari da xati~ (ìveria~, 25 ivnisi, #147, 1904); lenjeris, latalis eklesiebi: `Tavis arqiteq-turiT da xelovnebiT wm. ionas saydari mTels saqar-TveloSi uZveles saydarTa Soris iTvleba~ (ìveria~, 15 ivlisi, #163, 1904) da sxv. sayuradReboa mRvdel polievqtosis mier motani-li masala droSa `lemi~-s Sesaxeb. es droSa, cnobi-lia, rom svaneTis saerisTavos arsebobidan momdina-reobda da mas tradiciul yofaSi sakraluri mniS-vnelobac eniWeboda: `grZeli xalxa wverzed damagre-bulis yviTelis yanaozisgan Sekerili lomi~ (ìve-ria~, #147, 25 ivnisi, 1904). droSis sakiTxs mkvlevari Semdegac ubrundeba da msjelobs `mestiis~ etimolo-giis Sesaxeb. `TviT etnografiulni, geografiulni, da sx. svaneTSi daculni saxelwodebani friad sayu-radReboni arian saistorio mecnierebisaTvis. mag. saidgan Semovida svaneTSi mestiis Zveli saxeli _ `seti~? raT daerqva mestiis wm. giorgis xats `seti-sa~? mkvlevars gavrcobilad aqvs am SekiTxvis pasuxi mocemuli. igi varaudobs, rom termini `seti~ uZvele-si droidan mosulia, kerZod, seti iyo ra egviptel-Ta erT-erTi RvTaeba, egviptelebi eomebodnen xeTebs, xeTebi emezoblebodnen kabadokielebs, romlebic, zogierTi saistorio varaudiT, qarTvelTa monaTesa-veni gaxldnen: `svanebma kabadokiidgan gadmoitanes sakerpo kulti setisa da qristianobis miRebis dros eg kulti miakuTnes qristianobis uZlieres kabaduki-els mxedars m. giorgis _ qarTvels. megviptelTa mefe ramzesi rom eomeboda xetelebs da maTi damorCileba gauWirda, gawvrTnili lomebi miusia da Tavzari dasca sacodavbs. iqneba wm. giorgis setis samxedro droSa lomis saTavec aqedgan iyos...~ (iveria~, #292, 22 dekemberi, 1904, 1904). rasakvirvelia,

86

aq mecnieri ganicidis im dros gabatonebuli istoriul-SedarebiTi skolis gavlenas da qarTuli kulturis konkretul elements Soreuli warsuli-dan momdinared miiCnevs, Tumca igi mxolod varaudiT gvawvdis Tavis mosazrebas da arasdros araa katego-riuli msjelobisas. eqvTime TayaiSvils sxva mosaz-reba aqvs setis etomolgiasTan dakavSirebiT. igi iziarebs beri baqarZis mosazrebas, rom setSi qor-episkoposis saydari iyo. (TayaiSvili 1991), Cemi az-riTac, termini `seti~ momdinarea sveticxovlis wmida tradiciebidan an asketTa mesveteobis periodi-dan. msgavsi toponimi arsebobda CrdiloeT kavkasia-Sic – sentis monasteri, romlis garSemoc Zvelad qarTvelebi cxovrobdnen (giuldenStedti 1964; mibCu-ani 1986; gujejiani 2009: II). sxva SemTxveaSi mniSvnelovania mRvdel polievq-tosis dakvirveba cageris etimologiis Sesaxeb: `cag svanurad ekals niSnavs~ (ìveria~, #161, 30 ivlisi, ) da sxv. mRvdeli polievqtosi saeklesio nagebobebis gve-rdiT aRwers saero nagebobasac, romelTac didi ku-lturuli faseuloba gaaCnia: laraSis cixes lentex-Si, Tavad ali gardafxaZis rezidencias ColurSi, ba-rSis dadeSqelianTa rezidencias eceris TemSi da sxv. laraSis cixeze saubrisas moaqvs istoriuli cnobebi am cixis geopolitikuri mniSvnelobisa da daniSnulebis Sesaxeb, lentexSi ixseniebs saministro skolasa da soflis sammarTvelos (ìveria~, #193, 11 seqtemberi, 1903). aRwerilia ali gardafxaZis kar-midamo Coluris Temis sofel leuSeraSi: ìqneboda saRamos rva sa-aTi, rom maRal vrcel qviTkiris galavanSi SevediT da CamovxdiT cxenebidgan. amisTana galavnebi qarTl-Si bevria _ amilaxvrianTi, muxrnianTi, erisTvianTi da sx. galavans gareT vrceli saxnav-saTesi da sa-Tibi velis cxenis wylis piramde, zurgs ukan ayude-buli tyiani mTa akravs. samxreT-dasavleTis kuTxeSi

87

dgas uSvelebeli oTx-kuTxi erTaderTi cixe-koSki, Savad gamuruli, galavnis kedlebis gaswvriv aR-mosavleT-dasavleTiT wamodgmulia mSvenieri balko-niani saxlebi, erTmaneTTan SeerTebulni da daxuru-li aivniT~ (ìveria~, #193, 11 seqtemberi, 1903). sofel leuSeris gardafxaZeTa namosaxlaris restavracia, uTuod, saCqaro da aucilebelia. eTnologiisaTvis mniSvnelovania mRvdeli polie-vqtosis mier aRwerili Zveli Sida gzebi, magaliTad, eceris Temisa. Temis saxels mkvlevari ixseniebs, rogorc èwers~, magram cnobilia, rom marTebuli formaa èceri~, ase ixsenieba igi jer kidev `qa-r-Tlis cxovrebaSi~ (qarTlis cxovreba 1973: 261, 787). `SevudeqiT xifaTians mTis bilikebsa. dabindda. bi-liki gabmiT mSvenier Txilnarzed midioda. 10 saaTze eweris sazogadoebasac mivaxwieT. CrdiloeTis mxriv Soridgan gamoCnda didi sinaTle da Cvenc iqiT miveSurebodiT~ (ìveria~, #163, 18 ivlisi, 1904). igu-lisxmeba eceris Temis sofel barSSi arsebuli da-deSqelianebis rezidencia. mogzaurebi swored Ta-Taryan dadeSqelianis stumrebi iyvnen. sagulisxmoa, rom barSidan danaxuli eceris sanaxebi mxatvrulad da eqspresiuladaa aRwerili: `meore diliT rom av-deqiT da gavixed-gamovixedeT: aRmosavleTiT mSvenie-ri seri daSvebula, dasavleTiT ufro maRlobi saZo-vriani mTa awolila, CrdiloeTiT tyiani uReltexi-lia kavkasiis umTavres qedisaken. samxreTiT vrcel ferdobzed mofenilia eweris sazogadoebis soflebi, romelTa dabla Rrma xevSi moRrialebs enguri. gaRma ki amarTula tyiani mTa~ (ìveria~, #258, 11 noemberi, 1904). eceris Temis sofel barSis dadeSqe-lianebis samTavro rezidencia erT-erTi mniSvne-lovani Zeglia qarTuli kulturis istoriaSi. Ta-riRdeba XV saukuniT da dRes savalalo mdgomare-obaSia (gujejiani 2011). mRvdel polievqtosis aRweriloba masalamraval-mxriv mniSvnelovania, radgan avtori detalur info-rmacias gvawvdis rogorc Zveli cixe-komleqsis, ase-

88

ve, mis dasavleTiT gaSenebul axali saxlisa da kar-midamos Sesaxeb. es axali kar-midamo 1917/1918 wle-bidan aRar arsebobs, daiwva da gaveranda. SemogvrCa mxolod fotos saxiT da mkvlevar-mogzaurTa Ca-nawerebSi: `Cvens garSemo vrceli ezo axlad abibine-buliyo xasxasa mwvaniT. ezos saSual sdgas Cvenis gul-uxvis maspinZlis or-sarTuliani saxli _ dabla qviTkirisa, maRla _ ficruli, yavriT gadaxuruli. aRmosavleTis mxriv gadgmuli aqvs TiTqmis oci ad-lis sigrZe da ganieri aivani. saxlis gaswvriv sam-xreT-aRmosavleTiT, ase oc saJenzed uzarmazari if-nis xea amarTuli. ifnis Zirzd ayudebulia erTianis qvisagan gamoqandakebuli saxelovanis oTar dade-Sqelianis saxe (XVII saukunis damdges). am ifnis CrdilSi gatarebuli dro yvelas samaxsovrod dar-Ceba. saxls ukan gamoCuxCuxebs ankara, mTis sawisqvi-lo wyali da sigrilis sios hfens mTels ezos ... ai-vanze rom gaviar-gamoviareT, mTelis saxlis kedeli da sxva warwerebiT mofenili aRmoCnda: ingliseli freSfildi, germaneli, Sveicareli, rusi sxva (ìve-ria~, #258, 11 noemberi, 1904). Semdeg aRwerilia dadeSqelianTa Zveli reziden-cia: èzos aRmosavleTiT gza Caudis da gzas iqiT amarTulia Zveli cixe-darbazi dadeSqelianebisa. di-di maRali cixe TiTqos daRonebuli dahyurebs ewe-ris sazogaoebas da warsul sisxlis wvimebis droTa daundoblobas ar iviwyebs. cixes gars avlia qviTki-ris magari galavani, ase Svidi adlis simRle~ (ìveria~, #258, 11 noemberi, 1904). aRwerilia dadeSqe-lianTa saxlSi dacul siZvelebic: àm ojaxSive da-culia Zveli didi xis skivri, mSvenieri CuqurTmebiT aWrelebuli. uwindeli Zvirfasi iaraRi xom mravlad aris saTuTad inaxaven~ (ìveria~, #268, 23 noemberi, 1904). mRvdel polievqtoss aRwerili aqvs mRvdel gio-rgi margianis saxli da karmidamo. cnobilia, rom balszemo svaneTSi xis saxli pirvelad mama giorgi margians augia. es saxli amJamadac dgas sofel Cvabi-

89

anSi. òr sarTuliani vrceli saxli (dabla qviTki-ri, maRla ficruli), gars – jixuriT (balkoni). oT-xiv kuTxiv gasaxed-gamosaxedavia. sacodavi bostani, safutkre, farToEezo amSveneben g. margianis saxlsa~ (ìveria~, #124, 29 maisi, 1904). mRvdeli polievqtosis naSromis gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas ganapirobebs masSi aRwerili religiu-ri ritualebi da dReobebi. am kuTxiT naSroms Zali-an didi Rirebuleba aqvs. mecnieri sasuliero piri gaxldaT da amitom advilad swvdeboda xalxuri ri-tualebis WeSmarit qristianul arss, xedavda, rom esa Tu is rwmena-warmodgena kanonikuri swavlebis Seferxebis Sedegad iyo gaCenili da saeklesio co-dnis paganizebis Sedegd gvevlineboda. mecnieri am mxrivac gansxvavdeba misi drois sxva mkvlevar-mogzaurebisagan. mRvdel polievqtosis mier aRwerili rwmena-war-modgenebidan mecnierebisaTvis gansakuTrebiT faseu-lia Semdegi informacia: `CamovediT ColurSi da aqe-dan lentexSi saRamos cxra saaTzed. meore diliT davyeviT cxeniswylis marjvena napirs da nacnobi gziT Tamamad CamoviareT. aq erT alagas gzis pirzed kldis namtvrevis patara yorea movlebuli da Sig kldeSi Casmuls xis boZzed niSia gakeTebuli. aq awyvia samiode rkinis patara jvrebi. am boZis ZirSi aRmosavleTiT miwis piraT kldis filaqanzed Sua-Tana adamianis SiSveli fexia cxadaT gamotvifruli: svanebis TqmulebiT odesme qriste RmerTi mob-Zanebula svaneTSi Tavis zeciur moZRvrebis saqadage-blad da misi fexis kvali ai am kldezed aRniSnulia mas aqeT, svanebi amitom Tayvansa scemen am wmida adgilsao~ (ìveria~, #293, 23 dekemberi, 1904). len-texis yofis amsaxvel sxva masalebsa da ufro gvian Caweril legenda-gadmocemebSi es informacia sxvag-vard aris dafiqsirebuli, xSirad, damaxinjebulic. amitomac mRvdel polievqtosis mier Caweril ga-dmocemas gansakuTrebuli Rirebuleba gamoarCevs da aucilebelia misi Setana samecniero brunvaSi.

90

zogierTi religiuri rituali da wes-Cveuleba gansakuTrebiT detalurad aris aRwerili, erT-erTi mniSvnelovani aRweriloba naTlisRebis dResaswaul-sa (svanurad `gancxdab~ _ gancxadeba) da aRdgomis da kviracxovlobis kviris Taviseburebebs exeba: `mTel svaneTSi Cveulebaa: 5 ianvars darecxaven tani-samoss, daxexen saxlis avejeulobas da mTel dRes marxuloben. daRamebisas gaSlian sufras da daageben samarxo saWmels. daanTeben sanTels da karebs daxuraven. TiTqmis erTs saaTs yvelani xmagakme-ndilebi CumaT arian, Cveni micvalebulebi aq ariano. ase iqcevian 4 saRamos da rom daRamdeba, gaaReben karebsa, gaSlian sufras da sanTliTa da aryiT ga-acileben micvalebulebs da sTxoven _ àxla ki mi-brZandiTo~, Tan arays Seeqcevian. `Sendoba uTxar gviSgve ludgaris, RmerTo, Sendoba miec Cven micva-lebulebs... svanebis warmodgeniT aRdgomis brwyinva-le kviris paraskevs RmerTma piri daibana. meore dRes, SabaTs, angelozebi Seiria erTad kvercxiTa da yveliTao. TviT kviracxovloba dRes ki didma Rme-rTma Seiria xorciTo. am dRes svanebi xarsa hklaven da dros mxiarulad atareben~ (ìveria~, #292, 22 dekemberi, 1904). mRvdel polievqtoss yuradReba miuqcevia xal-xur dReobaTa adgilobrivi TaviseburebebisaTvis da sruliad obieqturi da racionaluri axsnac mouZeb-nia: latalis `sazogadoebaSi da mTel svaneTSi sauk-eTeso saydari aris wm. ionasi samis trapeziT.….. rad-gan saydris dReoba qristiSobisTvis 9-s modis, zam-Tris sicivis gamo svanebi saydris garemo ekuderSi anTeben cecxlsa da Rames ise aTeven. gabolil-SemW-vartlulic amitom aris~ (#163, 15 ivlisi, 1904). Tavad cnobil mgalobels, mRvdel polievqtoss, Cemi azriT, pirvels aqvs SeniSnuli svanuri simRere-bis erTi Tavisebureba _ msgavseba qarTl-kaxur ki-loebTan: `sasiamovno iyo svanuri simRera `dideba mTavr-angelozebsa,… gamakvirva, gamaoca am simReram: namdvili qarTluli kiloa qarTlulis moZaxiliTa

91

da baniT, Zalian waagavs `glesav, gaglesav, namgalo~-sa da ìavnanas~-s. yurTa smenad gadviqeci. kilo ise ara, rogorc bani da moZaxili. gamikvirda: imereTSi, samegreloSi, guriasi, leCxum-raWaSi saero-sekk-lesio kiloebSi bani da moZaxili sruliad sxva ri-gad misdeven pirvel xmasa da saerTo ara aqvsT-ra qa-rTlul ban-mozaxilTan~ (ìveria~, # 193, 11 seqtembe-ri, 1903). aRsaniSnavia, rom Cveni droisaTvis es dakvirveba gaziarebuliaa qarTul eTnomusikologia-Si (aslaniSvili 1954; maisuraZe 1989). Salva aslaniS-vilis azriT, svaneTsa da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos barSi erTgvarovano intonaciuri da harmonili Tvi-sebebis mqone orxmiani wyobis formebi adasturebs qarTul eTnografiul jgufebSi Zvelad saerTo mu-sikaluri enis arsebobas (aslaniSvili 1954). masStaburia mRvdel polievqtosis xedva da igi yuradRebas aqcevs kavkasielTa Soris rusebis SemoW-ris Semdgom dawyebul gaucxoebis problemasac. cno-bilia, Tu rogor zrunavda saqarTvelos saxelmwifo Tavisi Zlierebis dros Crdilo da samxreT kavka-sielebze da rogori keTilmezobluri urTierTobebi arsebobda Cven Soris, vidre gvianiSuasaukuneebis dawyebamde, ra droidanac rusebi afarToeben TavianT samxreTis sazRvrebs (TofCiSvili 2007). mRvdeli polievqtosi dadebiTad afasebs svanebsa da Crdilokavkasielebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebs, aRniSnavs, rom svanebi am mxrivac Zvel qarTul tra-diciebs inarCuneben: `Tavad-aznaurni emoyvrebodnen-enaTesavebodnen CerqezeTsa da oseTsa, da dRes es mSvenieri Cveuleba erTobisa Sewyda, _ svaneTSi ki dResac xSiri misvla-mosvlaa da dResac xSiria mo-yvroba CerqezeTisa da oseTisaken. Cveni pativcemulis b-n TaTaryan dadiSqelianis da kesa-xani gaTxovili iyo oseTis s. baxsanSi, adilger CefeliSvilzed~ (ìveria~, #292, 22 dekemberi, 1904). aq mciredi gan-martebaa saWiro, svaneTTan mimarTebiT termin òse-Tis~ qveS realurad igulisxmebian ara eTnikurad osebi, aramed yaraCaelebi da balyarelebi, rome-

92

lTac svanurad `saviar~ hqviaT. XIX saukunis lite-raturaSi termin `saviarebis~ standartul qarTul enaze gadmotanis dros umravles SemTxvevaSi òse-Ti~ iwereboda, rac Secdomaa. naSromSi aris sxva ramdenime uzustobac, rac ga-mowveulia imdroindeli tendenciebiTada arsebuli samecniero literaturis xarvezebiT. magaliTad, laxmulis Temze Txrobisas meordeba araswori Se-xeduleba iqaurTa ebrauli warmoSobis Sesaxeb (ìve-ria~, #293, 23 dekemberi, 1904). es azri farTod iyo gavrcelebuli XIX saukunis II naxevarSi balsqvemo svaneTsa da samecniero literaturaSi. am cdo-milebas aqvs Tavisi istoria, romelze msjelobac scildeba winamdebare statiis farglebs. mRvdeli polievqtosi uSualod iyo CarTuli qa-rTvelTa erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobaSi da xedavda imperiis ideologiis antiqarTul xasiaTs. igi exeba am problemasac. uSgulSi adgilobriv ma-masaxlisTan, gegi niJaraZesTan, saubris dros ga-mo-kveTs mTeli svaneTis satkivars, rasac ruseTis imperiis rusifikatoruli politika ganapirobebda: `Cven Svilebs qarTulis swavla eWirvebaT, magram ar viciT, ratom ar aswavliano~. amisTana ukmayofilebas mTel savaneTSi gaudgams fesvi da ra xilsac dais-xmas, es mere gamoCndeba~ (ìveria~, #213, 7 oqtomberi, 1903). svaneTis eTnologia amouwuravia, araerTi realia axleburadaa Sesaswavli da gasaanalizebeli. vfi-qrob mRvdel polievqtosis es werilebi sayu-ra-dReboa mecnierebisaTvis. magram, amave dros, mRvdel polievqtosis werilebs mxolod mecnieruli Rirebuleba ara aqvT, misi werilebi sruliad axali sityvaa imdroindeli saqarTvelosaTvis _ axali da mRali humanisturi xedvis matarebelia avtori. vgulisxmob Semdegs: XIX saukunis II naxevrisa da XX saukunis dasawyisis rusulenovan mkvlevar-mog-zaurTa didi nawili, samwuxarod, winaswar Camoya-libebuli sqemebiT udgeboda svaneTis kvlevas, igno-

93

rirdeboda svaneTis Tanmonawileoba qarTuli mra-valsaukunovani kulturis SeqmnaSi da gviani Sua-saukuneebidan damkvidrebuli kulturis regresi mi-iCneoda svaneTis istoriisa da yofis pirvelad mo-mentad, ar xdeboda istoriuli dinamikis gaTvali-swineba da maqsimalurad uaryofiTi saxiT warmoCin-deboda svaneTis eTnografiuli da istoriuli maxa-siaTeblebi. svanebi lamis ganviTarebis adreul sa-fexurze myof jgufad ganixilebodnen. amasTanave, mkvlevar-mogzaurTa didi nawilis werilebsa da Cana-werebSi moCans svaneTis mosaxleobisadmi sruli gu-lgrilobac an qedmaRali damokidebuleba. am mxriv ramdenime gamonaklisi arsebobs: pirveli obieqturad keTilganwyobili naSromi did qarTvel istorikoss dimitri baqraZes ekuTvnis (baqraZe 1864), aseTive gamorCeuli Rirsebebis mqonea mRvdel polievqtosis werilic, eqvTime TayaiSvilis naSromi (TayaiSvili 1991) da sxv. mRvdeli polievqtosi siyvaruliT uyurebs svanebs, xedavs maT problemebsac im did Rirsebebsac, riTac qarTveli mTielebi mudam gamoirCeodnen.Yyvelgan, sadac ki adamianebze saub-robs, avlens siyvaruls da sapasuxod iRebs svanebis keTilganwyobasac: `vrceli ezo T. TaTaryan dade-Sqelianisa erTianad ganaTebuli iyo. daRlilebs si-cocxle mogvimata Zvelma qarTvelurma gulgaSli-lobam da SuaRame gadasuli iyo, rom maRal-ganiers aivanSi yvelani vstkbebodiT Cvenis guluxvis maspinZ-lis sagulisxmo saubriTa~ (ìveria~, #166, 18 ivlisi, 1904). sxva werilSic yuradReba gamaxvilebulia da-deSqelianTa guluxvobisa da SesaniSnavi maspinZlo-bis Sesaxeb: `rac ki kacis xelT saSualebaa, aras zogavs guluxvi maspinZeli mokle zafxulSi ulevel stumarTa sasiamovnod. Cven ori dRe da sami Rame davrCiT baton TaTaryanTan da am dros 4-5 rigoba mgzavrebisa wavid-movidnen: zogs istumrebdnen da Tan atandnen sanovages, zogs umaspinZldebodnen, zogs moelodnen. 10-12 mosamsaxure mgzavrebs undebo-dnen~ (ìveria~, #258, 11 noemberi, 1904). `s. lentexis

94

aswvriv laSqaduras marcxniv mdebare soflebi: ka-xura, mesiri da sxv. qali da kaci gamoifinnen gzis pirad da gviyurebdnen, gveRimebodnen da salams gvaZlevdnen mxiarulebiT. wminda qarTulad lapa-rakoben~ (ìveria~, 11 seqtemberi, #193, 1903). bolo werilSi mRvdeli polievqtosi wers: `Cveni samSoblo qveynis amisTana kuTxis naxva da Seswavla yoveli qarTvelisaTvis sanatreli unda iyos. mizezi es iyo, rom didi xnis natvra aRvisrule da ja-ngatexilma kacma gavbede svaneTSi ori kviriT gavla-gamovla. bednierebad CavTvlidi, Tu RmerTi odesme kidev maRirsebda svaneTis naxvasa~ (ìveria~, 23 dekemberi, #293, 1904). statiaze muSaobis dros mudmivad vfiqrobdi Zme-bi karbelaSvilebis cxovrebasa da Rvawlze, im tki-vilsa da tanjvaze, rac maT moelodaT sicocxlis bolo wlebSi da Tanagancdam maTi mowamebrivi gzisa, mafiqrebina mRvdel polievqtos karbelaSvilis am werilis calke wignad gamocema. ukve dawyebulia muSaoba da, savaraudod, 2017 wlis bolosaTvis mkiTxveli ixilavs mRvdeli polievqtos karbela-Svilis svaneTSi mogzaurobis werilebs wignad gamo-cemuls, winasityvaobiTa da TandarTuli komen-tarebiT, madlierebas gamovxatav luarsab togoniZis, ia Tabagarisa da barbare lipartelianisadmi, ro-mlebic statiaze muSaobis dros konsultaciebs miwevdnen.


andRulaZe 2004 _ andRulaZe s. episkoposi stefane (vasi-li) karbelaSvili (1858-1936), _ gazeTi „sapatriarqos uwyebani“, № 28 (286) - 29 (287), 2004 w. aslaniSvili 1954 _ S. aslaniSvili, narkvevebi qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis Sesaxeb, I, Tb., 1954. barTolomei 1855 _ Бартоломей М. А., Поездка в Вольную Сва-нетию, ЗКОИРГО, т. III, Тиф., 1855 г. baqraZe 1864 _ Бакрадзе Д, Сванетия, ЗКОИРГО, т. VI, Тиф., 1864.

95

giuldenStedti 1964 _ giuldenStedtis mogzauroba sa-qarTveloSi, t. II, germanuli teqsti qarTuli Targ-maniTurT gamosca da gamokvleva daurTo g. gelaSvilma, Tb., 1964. gujejiani 2007 _ r. gujejiani, èrTobilni svanni~ sa-qarTveloSi rusifikatoruli politikis winaaRmdeg, _ samecniero konferenciis `Teologiis kaTedra 5 wlisaa~. masalaTa krebuli, Tb. 2007, gv. 104-113. gujejiani 2015 _ r. gujejiani, kalis wmida kvirikes mo-nastris istoria da kvirikoba svaneTSi, _ saqarTvelos sapatriarqos wmida andria pirvelwodebulis saxelobis qarTuli universitetis humanitarul mecnierebaTa da samarTlis fakultetis Sromebi, t. V, Tb., 2015. gujejiani 2008 _ r. gujejiani, qarTvel mTielTa men-talobis istoriidan, Tb., 2008. gujejiani 2009-I _ qarTuli sazogadoebrivi azris is-toriidan (levan dadeSqeliani _ sazogado moRvawe da publicisti), _ kr. ilia WavWavaZis saxelobis quTaisis samecniero biblioTekis weliwdeuli, I, quTaisi, 2009. gv., 68-77. gujejiani 2009-II _ qarTuli kulturis elementebi Crdi-loeT kavkasiis mTianeTSi (balyareTi, yaraCai, yabardo), - kr.: saqarTvelo da msoflio, baTumi, 2009, gv., 277-291. reziume inglisur enaze. gujejiani 2004 _ r. gujejiani, Rirseuli svani moRvawe beri Teofane (korZaia) (1839-1911) _ sapatriarqos uwyebani. #N29 (287), 2004. gujejiani 2011 _ R. Gujejiani, Unique Monument of Georgian Cultural Heritage in Svaneti – Principality Residence of the Dadeshkeliani Family in Etseri – problems and perspectives. – კრ., Caucasus Journa of Social Sciences, Volume 4, Issue 1, The university of Georgia, Tb., 2011. gv., 132-136. TayaiSvili 1991 _ e. TayaiSvili, arqeologiuri eqspedicia leCxum-svaneTSi, 1910 w. _ qel, t. II, 1991. TofCiSvili 2007 - r. TofCiSvili, kavkasiis xalxTa eT-nografia, Tb., 2007. leJava 2008 _ T. leJava, ìvane margiani - cxovreba da moRvaweoba~, Tb., 2008. maisuraZe 1989 – n. maisuraZe, qarTuli xalxuri musika da misi istoriul-eTnografiuli aspeqtebi, Tb., 1989.

96

mibCuani 1986 _ T. mibCuani, megobrobis saTaveebTan, Tb., 1986. togoniZe 2012-I _ l. togoniZe, Zmebi karbelaSvilebi. avt. da xelmZRv. luarsab togoniZe; teqsti - sofio andRulaZe; red. qeTevan pavliaSvili; boloTqma - Graham, John A. Tb., 2012. togoniZe 2012-II – l. togoniZe, ratom iyvnen Zmebi kar-belaSvilebi „Sav siaSi“ Seyvanilebi da rogor dasajes isini gardacvalebis Semdeg (interviu), _ J. Tbiliselebi, #6, 2012. qarTlis cxovreba 1973 _ vaxuSti bagrationi, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, IV, Tb., 1973, gv. 261, gv. 787.

97

irma kvaSilava

micvalebulTa pativi qarTvelTa da Crdilo kavkasielTa tradiciul yofaSi

warmodgenebi sikvdilsa da saiqio cxovrebaze

kacobriobis arsebobis yvelaze adreul safexurze warmoiSva, magram maTi gacnobiereba maradiul prob-lemad darCa. yofna-aryofnis saSinelebis daZlevas Taviseburad ebrZoda yvela epoqa da kultura. `mkv-levarebi aRniSnaven, rom sxvadasxva kulturis war-moSobas mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels sikvdilis problemisadmi sxvadasxvagvari midgoma. kulturebi da epoqebi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdebodnen imiT, Tu rogor aRiqvamdnen adamianebi sikvdils. poulobdnen Tu ara iseT Zalas, romliTac SeZlebdnen dapirispi-rebodnen fizikur ganadgurebas (boWoriSvili 2000: 46).

preistoriis xanaSi, mkvdris damarxvis arqauli wes-Cveuleba pasuxobda mxolod erT moTxovnilebas _ uzrunvelyos micvalebulis materialuri sicocx-lis gagrZeleba (donini 1965: 25). am miznisTvis man mumificireba da sxvadasxva `gamwmendi~ magiuri ritu-alebic SeimuSava. mogvianebiT gaacnobiera, rom `sa-aqao cxovreba gaxrwniTa da sikvdiliT imitom Ta-vdeba, rom igi msaxurebaa sxeulisa, sxeuli ki Ta-visTavad mkvdari da pasiuria~ (uznaZe 1984: 238). ami-tom bunebis kanonis Secvlas, adamianma sakuTari da-mokidebulebis saxecvlileba amjobina da Tamamad Ca-eWida sulis ukvdavebis ideas, ramac gardauval si-kvdilTan Sexvedra gacilebiT gauadvila. Tumca uk-vdavebis idea srulebiTac ar aZlevs adamians sikv-dilis winaSe sulieri simSvidis garantias, magram is, rom Cven yvela davibadeT miwidan da wylidan da ueWvelad maradisobaSi mivdivarT, aris is manugeSe-beli Zala, romelic sikvdilis SiSs CvenSi erTgva-rad amcirebs. amave dros CvenSi iwvevs gardacvlili

98

adamianis winaSe movaleobis da pasuxismgeblobis dasafasebel grZnobebs, romelic sxvadasxva sazoga-doebaSi da epoqaSi saTanado wes-gangebulebiT gamo-irCeoda. araerTs ukiTxavs, ra iqneboda adamiani sikvdilis saidumloebis gareSe, Seqmnida igi rame Rirebuls? rogorc d. uznaZe werda, _ cxovrebis sazRvari sikvdilia. Cven rom sikvdili ar vicodeT, maSin cxovreba sul sxva saxes miiRebda, igi Zirianad sxva iqneboda. sikvdili aZlevs dasabams ukvdavebis ideas. sikvdilis idea rom ar yofiliyo, mTeli Cveni fsiqikuri da fizikuri organizacia uformo masis mdgomareobas ar gascildeboda. sikvdili formaa si-cocxlisa, magram igi dauZinebeli mteria sicocx-lisa, magram visTvisac Zvirfasia cxovreba, rogorc aseTi, misTvis sikvdilic Zvirfasi unda iyos (uznaZe 1984: 239-240). sxva ra unda efiqra im eris saxelovan Svils, romlis gamoCenili adamianebi sikvdils, ro-gorc sikeTes ise ucqerdnen. saxeldobr: `RmerTma giSvelos sikvdilo, sicocxle Svenobs SeniTa~ (vaJa-fSavela). an ufro meti _ `sjobs sicocxlesa naZrax-sa, sikvdili saxelovani~ (SoTa rusTaveli). arc qar-Tuli xalxuri zepirsityviereba darCenila sikvdi-lis winaSe tragikul gancdebTan. Svilmkvdari deda erTgvari tkiviliani siamayiT acxadebs: sikvdilo, Svili gagizarde, me sxva dedebs ar vgavaro!

amrigad, arsebobisTvis, Rirseuli sicocxlisT-vis brZolam, brZolam sikvdilTan, aryofnis saSiS-roebis daZlevam ganapiroba gardacvlili adamianis glovis, datirebis, xsovnis pativi da àiyvana igi umaRles gamovlinebamde _ winaparTa kultamde, manve warmoSva `samoTxis~, `sicocxlis xis~ motivi (Coxe-li 1973: 145).

saqarTveloSi da zogadad Crdilo kavkasiaSi, sakvlev sakiTxTan mimarTebaSi ganmasxvavebeli niSne-bi ufro naklebia, vidre saerTo. es exeba micvalebu-lTa glovisa da dakrZalvis, rogorc arqaul pri-mitiul warmodgenebs ise tradiciul elementebs. ro-gorc z. aleqsiZe SeniSnavda, kavkasiis Zala da sim-

99

didre mdgomareobda ara mxolod mis erTianobaSi, aramed misi Semadgeneli nawilebis politikur, eT-nikur, kulturul da ideologiur TviTmyofadobaSi (aleqsiZe 2005: 318).

mravali unikaluri kulturisa da TiTqmis yve-la msoflio religiis urTierTqmedebis miuxedavad kavkasiaSi Camoyalibda tradiciuli kultura, suli-er Rirebulebebze orientirebuli. aRniSnuli kul-turis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel faseulobas winapris kultamde ayvanili micvalebulis sulis Tayvanisce-ma warmoadgens. `qveynis miyruebul adgilebSi Seyu-JulT, ar uSenebiaT monumenturi taZrebi da sra _ sasaxleni, xSirad kvalic ki ar dautovebiaT miwaze TavianTi arsebobisa, magram es ukvaloba iqneb maTi Rirsebac iyos, radgan kvali nivTieria, es xalxi ki sulier Rirebulebebs qmnida~ (kiknaZe 1996: XI).

saiqio cxovrebisTvis zrunvas Cveni winaprebi avadmyofobis droidan iwyebdnen. sneulis mdgomareo-ba Tu arasaxarbielo iyo, axloblebi cdilobdnen SeerigebinaT imasTan, visTanac raime uTanxmoeba hqon-da. Tu amas avadmyofis sicocxleSi ver SesZlebdnen, igi samZimarze mainc unda misuliyo. winaaRmdeg Se-mTxvevaSi gardacvlils tanjva ar ascdeboda, mas miwa ar miiRebda.

gardacvlilis pativi da krZalva gamoixateboda im sagangebo TadarigSi, romelsac axloblebi gul-modgined Seudgebodnen. winaswari datirebis Semdeg, uaxloesi garemocvidan gamoarCevdnen damkrZalve-lebs, agreTve im pirebs, vinc Soreul naTesavebs Wi-ris ambavs Seatyobinebda. mag: samcxe-javaxeTSi, Wiris ambisTvis gagzavnili kaci axlo naTesavebs acnobda, rom Tqvenma naTesavma `qveyana Seicvala~ an `qveyana gamoicvala~, am qveynidan wavida e.i. gardaicvalao (xositaSvili 1983: 103).

samgloviaro tansacmeli, glovis Cveulebrivi niSani Savi feria da rasakvirvelia, Savad imosebod-nen. samgloviaro Savi tansacmeli miznad isaxavda boroti sulis daSinebas an SeniRbvas misgan Tavdasa-

100

cavad. amitom xSirad borotis ganmzraxvelic Tavs ikavebs Savadmosili adamianis winaSe. Tumca glovis niSnad Savad Semosva, sul sxva warmoSobisaa. saqme imaSia, rom rodesac Caisaxa idea wmindisa da uwmindurisa da micvalebulebs miaweres vnebis mom-tani Zala `warmoiSva moTxovnileba aReniSnaT gan-sakuTrebuli feriT sagnebi, adamianebi da adgilebi, romlebisac ase Zlier eSinoda adamians imis gamo, rom isini gardacvlilis Sexebis kvals atarebdnen. aqedan momdinareobs tansacmlisa da morTulobis gamocvla glovis periodSi (donini 1965: 26).

amgvarad, adamianis gardacvaleba _ sicocxlis amqveyniuri dasasruli imdenad mniSvnelovania, rom garkveuli xnis manZilze irgvliv yvelaferi icvle-boda da mTeli weliwadi micvalebulis sulze zrun-vas eTmoboda. vaxuSti batoniSvilis mixedviT, qarT-velebi ise mkacrad da uzomod glovobdnen, saWiro gaxda am wesebis Secvla anu `Semsubuqeba~, rac ukisria mefe giorgi XI (Sah-navaz II, romelic me-fobda 1676-1707 ww.), raJams masTan movida ierusali-mis patriarqi. xolo Savis Cacma, xorcis uWmeloba (savaraudod wlamde, rogorc iyo) da tyeba _ tiri-li tradiciad darCa (batoniSvili 1973: 24).

glovis Semsubuqebas sxva mizezebic hqonda xo-lme. kerZod, TuSeTSi mamakacebs glovis `Tmis sxma scodniaT erT wlamde, romlebsac Turme wlis be-rebs eZaxdnen. SemdegSi es vada ormoc dRemde Seum-cirebiaT, radgan es wesi mekobreobas Turme xels uSlida. omaloelebs Tmis sxmis vada ormoci dRiT ganusazRvravT da dauficniaT, vinc amas daarRvevs ZaRli iyos misi sulis sanaTlavio (makalaTia 1933: 169).

niSandoblivia, rom ZaRli da kata kavkasiaSi uaryofiT rolSi gvevlinebian. mag: xatSi daficeba Tu umZimdebodaT, xevsureTSi katis CamoxrCobas mius-jidnen. `braldebuli katas moiyvans da ityvis: vinc styuodes, imis mkvdris sulisa iyoso. damxrCval katas soflis mijnaze gzis piras Camohkideben (ma-

101

kalaTia 1935: 100). osebsac dasaficeblad xSirad Za-Rli an kata axldaT. swamdaT, rom Tu sicrueze is-ulRmerTebdnen tyuilad daificebdnen, maT micvale-buls saiqioSi aRniSnuli cxovelebi gatanjavdnen. aseve danaSaulad iTvleboda yvelgan micvalebulis sulis da saflavis tyuilad daficeba.

ufaqizesi Sexeba micvalebulTa xsovnisadmi iw-yeboda im zaris rekvisTanave, romelic Tanamemamu-lis gardacvalebas iuwyeboda. am dros mindor-velze samuSaod gasuli xalxi yovelgvar saqmes miatovebda (garda mwyemsebisa) da sofelSi brundeboda Wiris gasaziareblad. ikrZaleboda ara mxolod miwis damuSaveba, aramed Tofis gasrola, yovelgvari zeimi, maT Soris dReoba-dResaswaulebic, saerTod, yo-velgvari saqmianoba. TuS-fSav-xevsureTSi `mxolod puris gamocxoba iyo daSvebuli~ (giorgaZe 1987: 78).

`krZalva~ da àkrZalva~ Sinaarsobrivad erTma-neTisgan Zalian gansxvavebuli terminebia, magram akr-Zalva am konkretul SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs ara iZu-lebiT SezRudvebs, aramed imdroindeli sazogado-ebisTvis misaReb normas, romelsac moyvasis xsovni-sadmi krZalvis niSnad ikrZalavdnen. amave dros, maTi warmodgeniT, micvalebulis suls zebunebrivi Tvi-sebebi miewereboda, rac cocxlebSi erTgvar dauZle-vel sikvdilis SiSs iwvevda. amitom akrZalvebis, glovis wesebis ganuxreli Sesruleba am idumali ga-ncdebisgan damcav saSualebas warmoadgenda.

cnobilia, rom ritualuri RamisTevebi icodnen rogorc mZime avadmyofTan, aseve micvalebulTanac. avadmyofTan RamisTevisas adiReelebi da yabardoele-bi, RvTaeba `TlefSs~ Wrilobis Sexorcebas da Zvlis gamrTelebas SesTxovdnen (anTelava 2012: 180).

micvalebulTan RamisTevisas (samegreloSi, xev-sureTSi, samcxe-javaxeTSi), RamismTevlebi yurs ugde-bdnen micvalebuls, romelic av da borot arsebad gadaiqceoda da SesaZloa cocxlebisTvis evno (sa-xokia 1940: 169). micvalebuli maSin gaborotdeba, Tu mas `mSiers~ datovebdnen. amitom araferi iseTi Se-

102

uracxmyofeli ar aris mTielisaTvis ufro, vidre imis wamoZaxeba, dae, Sens winaprebs eSimSiloso (po-Jidaevi 1926: 97). amitom micvalebulis pativis misage-bad, misi sulis mosagonrad, osebTan weliwadSi 12-jer imarTeboda Wiris sufra (kavkasiis 1960: 334). maTi rwmeniT, mkvdris saxelisTvis rac ufro metad da-ixarjebodnen, miT ufro kargad igrZnobda Tavs imqveynad wasuli. amitom Tavisi STamomavlobis saq-cieliT kmayofil micvalebulis suls, SeuZlebelia maTTvis yovelgvari sikeTe ar gamoegzavna. Sesabami-sad osebi ukan araferze ixevdnen, Tundac amiT coc-xlad darCenilebs ezaralaT (krasilnikovi 1919: 48). qarTvelebSi (mag: TuSebSi, gardacvlilis gaswyromas salocavebis gajavreba erCivnaT _ `mkvdarT ga-javrebasav xatT (jvarT) gajavreba jobav~*. amitom micvalebuls qarTvelebi arasodes iviwyebdnen. Tavi-anTi wasulebi ojaxis zeciur mfarvelebad hyavdaT. `maT xeli unda moemarTaT saojaxo saqmianobaSi, Tibvasa da mkaSi, baraqa miecaT saqonlis nawvel-na-dRvebisaTvis, aecilebinaT xifaTi da avadmyofoba~ (oCiauri 1955: 116). amave dros, Wirisufals swamda, rom garkveuli drois manZilze micvalebulis suli sakuTar saxlSi cxovrebas ganagrZobda da masze ise unda ezrunaT, rogorc sicocxleSi. amitom mkvdars wils udebdnen ormoci dRis manZilze yoveldRe, ufro im dRes, rodesac gardaicvala, an dro da dro mTeli wlis manZilze. mag: svanebi wlis ganma-vlobaSi, sulisTvis arays, Tambaqos, sauzmesa da sa-dilTan erTad, saxlis bnel adgilas debdnen (Cu-rsini 1913:164).

osebis msgavsad, inguSebic sami wlis manZilze awyobdnen micvalebulisTvis sapativcemulo sufrebs, icodnen Sejibreba, doRi. `rogori sawyali ojaxic ar unda yofiliyo 8-10 cxvari, ori msxvilfexa _ Zroxa an xari unda daekla. gvarSi ufrosi kaci

* cnoba momawoda istoriis doqtorma, qalbatonma nanuli azikurma, risTvisac did madlobas vuxdiT.

103

RmerTs Seexveweboda: `RmerTo eseni saiqios miagebe. RmerTo iq amsaxure, ameebiT asazrdove imisi suli~ (margoSvili 1985: 53).

micvalebulis sulis ukvdavsayofad, inguSebi sofelSi gzis pirze wyarosTan miniaturuli qvis or nagebobas agebdnen. mas `CurTi~ da `sielingi~ ewo-deboda, e.w. sulis saxli. am ukanasknelTan yovel-wliurad gvaris sazeimo Sekreba imarTeboda, igi sagvareulos kuTvnilebas warmoadgenda (krupnovi 1971: 88). saqarTveloSi msgavsi tipis, magram gansxva-vebuli funqciis nagebobas afxazebis àbaya~ _ sulis saxli warmoadgens. es iyo oTx svetze Semdgari, isliT an yavriT gadaxuruli farduli, romelsac oTxive mxares skamloginebi hqonda Camorigebuli. Segvianebuli mgzavri nagebobas Tavs Seafarebda da micvalebulis suls Sendobas SeuTvlida (saxokia 1950: 314).

axalSesvenebuli micvalebulisTvis yvelaze ga-vrcelebulia sulis wyaro, romelsac xevsureTSi erTi Tvis manZilze agebdnen. maTi rwmeniT, micvale-buls wyali sWirdeba. saaqaos wyali rom ar daelo-caT, saiqioSi micvalebuls wyals ar daalevinebdnen, vinaidan iq yvelas Tavisi wyali aqvs (baliauri, makalaTia 1940: 20). wyali, rogorc sicocxlis mara-diuli simbolo, micvalebulis ukvdav sulTanac mis-tikurad figurirebs. mag: Wirisufals saflavze mic-valebulisTvis misi ojaxidan unda mihqondes wyali; sakurTxze marilTan, RvinosTan da zeTTan erTad saWiroa wylis kurTxeva. niSandoblivia, rom mah-madianebis dasakrZal ritualSi, wyals micvalebu-lis ganbanis Semdeg, locvisas mola ramdenjerme as-xurebs pirSi, rom mwyurvals wylis dalevis cdune-biT, rwmena ar Seecvalos (omaraSvili 208: 280).

micvalebulis glovisa da dakrZalvis wesebSi adamianTa rwmena-warmodgenebi imdenad sinTezuria, rom religiuri dogmatebis mixedviT maTi pirvela-dobis da nasesxobis dadgena TiTqmis SeuZlebelia. cnobilia, rom sulier kulturas yvelaze metad axa-

104

siaTebs sxvadasxva xalxis kulturaTa urTierTgav-lena da memkvidreobiToba ganviTarebaSi (filosofi-uri 1987: 296).

samgloviaro wesebis mTavar elements datireba warmoadgens. pativiscemis erT-erTi saxe gardacvli-lis gulwrfeli datirebaa. amitom xanSiSesuli ada-mianebi axalgazrdebs siyvaruliT Seagoneben xolme, Cemi damtirebeli xaro, an kidev unda mitiro, si-kvdili gamilamazoo. samegreloSi moaruli gamoTq-mac arsebobs, cali xeliT satirelio, e.i. imis Rirsi ar aris, rom sikvdilis Semdeg ori xeliT an erTgu-lad daitiros kacma (saxokia 1940: 170). datireba, tyeba, godeba, moTqma icodnen micvalebulis pirad nivTebTan. mag: tansacmelTan, saSinao Tu sabrZolo iaraRebTan. qarTvelebisa da inguSebis rwmeniT, gardacvlilis tansacmeli sulis droebiT sacxo-vreblad da mis saukeTeso mosagonrad iTvleboda. Sesabamisad gavrcelda mkvdris tansacmelTan, e.w. niSanTan datirebis, gamoTxovebis Cveuleba. yaba-rdoelebi da osebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas aqcev-dnen saflavSi sabrZolo iaraRis miniaturuli mo-delebis Catanebas. cnobilia, rom Zvelad qvrivs, cxens da msaxurebsac msxverplad swiravdnen. kavkasi-aSi am Cveulebis transformirebul saxed cxenis ku-dis an yuris mokveTa gvevlineba. agreTve qvrivi mxo-lod miiwevs Tavis micvalebul qmris saflavSi Ca-savardnad da simbolurad aCvenebs damswreebs, rom cocxlad unda daimarxos masTan erTad (saxokia 1940: 178). ufro gavrcelebul formas warmoadgens colis mier Tmebis SeWra da gardacvlili qmrisTvis samareSi Cayoleba. Tmas cxadia idumali mniSvneloba eniWeba. glovis niSnad Tmisa da wveris moSveba Zvelad wlamde scodniaT. mogvianebiT ormocamde ga-xda dasaSvebi. afxazTa rwmeniT, TiTqos Tmebi micva-lebulTa sulebs saiqioSi gril Crdils uqmnidnen (anTelava 2012: 182). garkveuli mosazrebiT, Tmebis SeWra umniSvnelo mizeziT dauSvebelia, gansacdels an xifaTs izidavs.

105

sikvdilis saidumloebas mravali auxsneli ram axlavs, amitom nugeSad gana marto glova daaweses Cvenma winaprebma, aramed samgloviaro melodiebic Seqmnes (jioevi 1985: 64). `ÃmiT natiralTa~ Tibvis dros Sesruleba _ is saweso moqmedebebia, romelic sulTa gulis mogebisken iyo mimarTuli. glovis aR-mniSvneli sityvebis umravlesoba _ moTqma, datireba, godeba, tyeba, xmiT natirali, mkvdris leqsi, glovis mgosani, dalaoba momdinareobs uZvelesi xanidan, rac am tradiciis siZveles mowmobs (sulaberiZe 2001:103).

aseTive Zvel tradicias warmoadgens micvalebu-lis sulebis keTilganwyobis mosapoveblad gamarTu-li yabaxi, doRi, niSanSi srola. micvalebulis mo-sagonrad gamarTuli aRniSnuli Sejibrebebi, gama-rTlebulia Tavisi daniSnulebiT. tradiciebis aRia-rebiT adamiani iziarebs im sazogadoebis, im xalxis kulturas, romlis nawilsac isini Seadgenen. maT Sesabamisad rom iqceva, amiT adamiani pativs scems Tavis winaprebs, romelTac es tradiciebi Seqmnes da Tanamedroveebs, romlebsac isini ekuTvnian (jioevi 1985: 58).

micvalebulis imqveyniuri keTildReobisaTvis doRis gamarTva icodnen mTiuleT-gudamayarSi, xev-Si, afxazeTSi, CeCneT-inguSeTSi. doRSi dawinaure-bul mxedrebs micvalebulis piradi nivTebiT ajil-doebdnen.

glovisa da dakrZalvis wesebi ramdenadme gansx-vavdebodnen erTmaneTisgan bunebrivad gardacvlilsa da tragikulad daRupuls Soris. kerZod, mexda-cemuls daRestnebSi gansxvavebulad glovobdnen. adiReelebSi swamdaT, rom mexiT mokluli adamiani wmindania. mas kuboSi aTavsebdnen da maRal xeze dah-kidebdnen. sanam cxedari ar gaixrwneboda ritual-lur purobas marTavdnen (istoria 1988: 235). zogadad, kavkasiaSi mexdacemulis samgloviaro procesia er-TmaneTs hgavs, vinaidan aseT gardacvlils samoTxis binadrad warmoidgendnen. xevsureTSi daculi Tqmu-

106

lebis mixedviT, mexi RmerTma eSmakebTan saomrad daadgina. RmerTs hkiTxes: roca eSmaks moklav mexiT, SemTxveviT rom adamiani moyves ra vuyoTo, sad waviyvanoT misi sulio. maSin RmerTs uTqvams: me-xnakravi Cvens sasufevelSi davayenoT da kargi adgi-li mivceT samyofelado. amitom vinc mexnakravi mo-kvdeboda is `suleTs~ bednieri iyo (baliauri, makalaTia 1940: 53).

uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgena udevs safuZvlad wyalSi damxrCvalis, kldidan gadavardnilis Tu uc-xo mxareSi gardacvlilis sulis moyvanas Tavis cxe-darTan. am did saidumlos Cveuli gulmodginebiT Cvens dromde asrulebdnen svanebi, megrelebi, af-xazebi. s. makalaTias cnobiT, TuSeTSi wyalSi an zvavSi daRupuli adamianis sulis mosayvanad xevsu-reTidan ibareben karatel dekanozs, romelic Tavis droSiT gadmodis (makalaTia 1933: 180). analogiur wess misdevdnen ucxo mxareSi gardacvlili adamia-nis pativsacemad da ukvdavsayofad. Tu micvalebulis mSobliur mxareSi wamosveneba SeuZlebeli iyo, mas TavianT sasaflaoze samares mainc gauTxrian, Sig danas an liTonis rame natexs Caatanen da zed qvas daadeben (makalaTia 1930: 126). xevsureTSi amisTana micvalebuls tablas udgamen da amis Semdeg mas Tavis saflav-samareSi wili edva. ase Tu ar moiq-ceodnen es ojaxisTvis did ubedurebad iTvleboda (m. baliauri, m. makalaTia 1940: 54).

micvalebulisTvis Tu rogor saWiroebas warmo-adgenda Sendoba naTqvami sufra da saerTod, mkvdris wili Tu Wiris sufrebi, amaze metyvelebs bolo dromde SemorCenili `TviTdamarxva~ dakrZalvis imi-tacia. saxeldobr, qistebi _ muslimanebi da qristi-anebic, uSvilobis, uTvistomobis SemTxvevaSi, iseve rogorc qarTvelebi (TuSebi, xevsurebi, megrelebi) sicocxleSive Tavis Tavs umarTavdnen qelexs. roca gardaicvleboda, wlis micvalebulis rigi aRar undoda (margoSvili 1985: 53). TviT damarxvis Sem-TxvevaSi datireba yvela wesis dacviT sruldeboda.

107

Tavad `gardacvlili~ rigis tablas ar miekareboda nakurTxiao. danarCeni doRi, yabaxi, cxenosnebis dasa-Cuqreba da sxva wesis mixedviT sruldeboda.

gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom micvalebulTa glovis da dakrZalvis wesebi winareqristianuli da qristianuli Sexedulebebis sinTezs warmoadgens. adamianebs yovelTvis sjerodaT, rom gardacvlilis suli ganagrZobda cxovrebas, amitom sikvdili drama-tulad ar ganicdeboda. mTavari iyo sicocxlis sa-zrisis povna, sakuTari arsebobis gamarTleba, maRa-li idealebisTvis sicocxlis gawirva, rom amayad wa-rmoeTqva _ cocxlad xalxs vemsaxurebi/movkvdebi xa-lxi dammarxavs. an kidev wuTisofeli agrea/Cven wa-valT da sxva darCeba (Coxeli 973: 147). ase realurad uyurebda qarTveli kaci sicocxlis dasasruls, magram uzadod asrulebda yvela im wess, niuans, rac sikvdils sicocxleze Zalauflebas daakargvinebda. mag: micvalebulis gamosvenebisas zogan fanjrebs amsxvreven (guria, afxazeTi) an Robes arRveven, rom saxli, sacxovrebeli sikvdilis borotebisgan gaewmindaT (Cursini 1913: 161). amave mizniT, sa-saflaodan gamobrunebuli Wirisufali xel-pirs ibans, rom cremli saxlSi ar Sehyves, da a.S. cxadia, erTdroulad zrunavs, rogorc micvalebulis usafr-Txoebis, ise sakuTari sicocxlis dasazRvevad. mas swams, Tu tradiciul narativebs daarRvevs, es mis ojaxs sikeTes ar moutans. bolomde gulwrfelad cdiloben pasuxismgeblobis da pativis migebis wmin-da adamianuri valis aRsrulebas. mag: samcxe-javaxeT-Si da sxvagan micvalebulis kubos ficris narCenebs inaxavdnen, rom dasaflavebis pirvel sam dRes, meSvide dRemde saflavTan cecxli daenToT, rom na-diri axalSesvenebulis saflavs ar gakareboda (xo-sitaSvili 1983:99).

calke Temas warmoadgens micvalebulTa qvayu-TebSi, miwis qveS, naxevrad miwisqveSa da miwiszeda akldamebSi dakrZalvis wesebi. Zneli saTqmelia, ro-dis da ra tradicia daedo safuZvlad maT warmoSo-

108

bas. erT-erTi mizezi epidemiuri daavadeba SeiZleba yofiliyo, romelic araerTxel daatyda Tavs Crdi-lokavkasias (kobiCevi 1982: 183) an kidev miwis simcire, naxevradmomTabare cxovrebis wesi. akldamebi (xevsu-rebisTvis èkaldama~, TuSebisTvis `kaldami~) gan-sakuTrebiT bevria piriqiTi xevsureTSi (anatori), TuSeTSi sofel darTloSi, gudamTaSi, sofel wa-roSi. nagebobebi qviTkirisaa da warmoadgens TaRian patara oTaxs. waros zogierT akldamas micvale-bulis dasasvenebeli Taroc aqvs or sarTulad ga-marTuli (makalaTia 1933: 128). sakulto nagebobis aR-niSnuli varianti saqarTvelodan gavrcelda Crdilo kavkasiaSi Tu piriqiT zustad aravin icis. `cxadia, rom saqme gvaqvs am ori regionis materialuri kulturis met-naklebad urTierTSeRwevasTan, oRond qarTuli kulturis Warbi SeRweviT~ (SavxeliSvili 1980: 81)

oseTSi, CeCneT-inguSeTSi akldamebi mTis peiza-Jis ganuyrel nawils, maT bunebriv gagrZelebas war-moadgenen. Crdilo oseTSi, dargviss, akldamebis ga-mo `mkvdrebis qalaqs~ uwodeben. `vainaxebi akldamebs, romlebic zecisken miiswrafian, maTi simaRle 5-7 m. Seadgens, `malxvaSs~ _ mzian saflavebs eZaxian~ (vainaxebis 1960: 15).

gansakuTrebiT mravlad gvxvdeba mTian inguSeT-Si miwisqveSa da naxevradmiwisqveSa akldamebi. isini qvitkiriT igeboda da gadaxuruli iyo. akldamaSi Se-dioda oTxkuTxa xvreli. ukana kedelSi datanebulia niSebi, sadac inaxavdnen WurWels da wvril nivTebs. micvalebuls kargi tansacmliTa da samkaulebiT aTavsebdnen ficris an fiqlis Taroze. akldamaSi sdebdnen saojaxo nivTebs, Sromisa da sabrZolo ia-raRebs (SavxeliSvili 1980: 110). saojaxo-sagvarovno akldamebi dakrZalvis gansakuTrebul tips gamoh-yofs, romelic erTxel kidev adasturebs imas, rom mTielTa rwmeniT, saiqao miwieri cxovrebis gagrZe-lebaa, oRond gansxvavebul pirobebsa da ganzomile-baSi. dakrZalvis aRniSnul saxeobas, winapris kul-

109

tis Tayvaniscema edo safuZvlad. isini imedovnebdnen, rom gardacvlili axloblebi da naTesavebi erTad iyridnen Tavs da sagvareulo akldamaSi damarxva netarebad, miRwevad iTvleboda. 1920 wlisTvisac, os-ebSi iyo SemTxveva sagvareulo akldamaSi dakrZa-lvisa zemoT aRwerili saTanado wes-gangebulebiT (poJidaevi 1926: 94).

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sasaflaoebis gvarebis da patronomiuli niSnis mixedviT dayofa mianiSnebs im qveynad gadasuli sulebis naTesaur urTierToba-ze, romelic miwaze iwyeboda da maradisobaSi, usas-rulod grZeldeboda.


aleqsiZe 2005 _ aleqsiZe z., qristianuli kavkasia, Tb., 2005. anTelava 2012 _ anTelava n., afxazuri miTebi da ritualebi, Tb., 2012. batoniSvili 1973 _ batoniSvili v., aRwera samefosa sa-qarTvelosa, qarTlis cxovreba, t. IV; Tb., 1973. baliauri, makalaTia 1940 _ baliauri m., makalaTia n., mi-cvalebulis kulti arxotis TemSi, `masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis~, III, Tb., 1940. boWoriSvili 2000 _ boWoriSvili T., sikvdilis fenomenis kulturologiuri analizi, kr. filosofia, kultura istoria, Tb., 2000. giorgaZe 1987 _ giorgaZe d. dakrZalvisa da glovis wesebi saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1987. donini 1965 _ donini a., adamianebi, kerpebi da RmerTebi, Tb., 1965.

vainaxebis 1969 _ В стране ваинахов, М., 1969. istoria 1988 _ История народов северного Кавказа с древнейщих времен до конца XVII в., М., 1988. kavkasiis 1960 _ Народы Кавказа, II , М., 1960. krasilnikovi 1919 _ Красильников Ф., Кавказ и его обитатели, М., 1919. krupnovi 1971 _ Крупнов Е., Средневековая Ингушетия, М., 1971. kobiCevi 1982 _ Кобычев В., Населения и жилище народов Северного Кавказа, М., 1982. kiknaZe 1996 _ kiknaZe z., qarTuli miTologia, I, Tb., 1996.

110

makalaTia 1933 _ makalaTia s., TuSeTi, tf., 1933. makalaTia 1935 _ makalaTia s., xevsureTi, tf., 1935. makalaTia 1930 _ makalaTia s., mTiuleTi, tf., 1930. margoSvili 1985 _ margoSvili l., pankiseli qistebis wes-Cveulebani, Tb., 1985. omaraSvili 2008 _ omaraSvili n., kaxeTSi mcxovrebi da-Restnelebi, Tb., 2008. oCiauri 1995 _ oCiauri T., xevsureTi da xevsurebi, Tb., 1955.

poJidaevi 1926 _ Пожидаев В., Горцы cеверного Кавказа, М., 1926. saxokia 1950 _ saxokia T., mogzaurobani, Tb., 1950. saxokia 1940 _ saxokia T., micvalebulis kulti samegreloSi, masalebi saqarTvelos eTnografiisaTvis, III, Tb., 1940. sulaberiZe 2001 _ sulaberiZe g., glovis rituali da da-tireba `qarTlis cxovrebis~ mixedviT, Jurn. `mnaTobi~, #9 _ 10, 2001. uznaZe 1984 _ uznaZe d., filosofiuri Sromebi, Tb., 1984. filosofiuri 1987 _ filosofiuri leqsikoni, Tb., 1987. Coxeli 1973 _ Coxeli s., sikvdil-sicocxlis sakiTxisaTvis qarTul poetur folklorSi, Jurn. `mnaTobi~, #7, 1973.

Cursini 1913 _ Чурсин Г., Очерки по этнологии Кавказа, Тиф., 1913. SavxeliSvili 1980 _ SavxeliSvili a., saqarTvelo CeCneT-inguSeTis urTierToba XVI-XVIII ss., Tb., 1980. jioevi 1985 _ jioevi o., kultura da adamianis cxovreba, Tb., 1985. xositaSvili 1983 _ xositaSvili s., qorwinebisa da micva-lebulis dakrZalvis wesi samcxe-javaxeTSi, Tb., 1983.

111

Mmzia tyavaSvili

ruseTTan kaxeTis samefos urTierTobis politikuri aspeqtebi

(XVI saukunis meore naxevari)

XIV-XV saukuneebSi moskovis samTavros mier oqros urdoze mopovebul gamarjvebebs rusuli miwebis gaerTianeba, centralizacia da gaZliereba mohyva. saerTaSoriso asparezze ruseTis poziciebis gamyareba ki, bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg, maSindel mso-flioSi misi funqciis zrdas ukavSirdeba. adre Tu geografiuli mdebareoba (siSore mniSvnelovani sa-vaWro-satranzito gzebidan da politikuri procesebi-dan) moskovis samTavros mokrZalebul rols gansaz-Rvravda msoflioSi, axla swored es faqtori gaxda misi aRmavlobis sawindari. maSin, rodesac qristianu-li saxelmwifoebi osmalebma daipyres, ruseTs maTi xeli ver miswvda. am periodSi ruseTis mmarTveli wreebi cdiloben evropis gamouvali mdgomareobiT isargeblon da saerTaSoriso asparezze qveynis avto-ritetis gazrdas ideologiuri safuZveli Seuqmnan, rac moskovisbizantiis imperiis memkvidred warmoCenasa da am ideis popularizaciaSi gamoixata. aRniSnuli politikur-ideologiuri kursis arsi yvelaze ukeT vasil III-sTvis (1505-1533) gagzavnil werilSi (1523) fskovis monastris berma filofeim lakonurad ase Camoayaliba: òri romi daemxo, mesame dgas, meoTxe

aRar iqneba~ (Каптерев 1885: 3). `moskovi _ mesame romi~ edeba safuZvlad ruseTis sagareo politikur, maT So-ris XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi kaxeTis samefosTan damyarebul, urTierTobebs. meore romi _ bizantia Tavisi arsebobis periodSi iyo msoflios politikuri, religiuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli centri. am moTxovnebs unda akmayofi-lebdes misi memkvidrec. aSkaraa, rom ruseTis politi-

112

kur wreebs dasaxuli miznis misaRwevad didi muSaoba mouwevT. msoflioSi ruseTis (romelic bizantiis imperiis me-mkvidred acxadebda Tavs) prestiJisa da politikuri funqciis amaRlebisTvis yvelaze mniSvnelovani osma-leTis (bizantiis dampyrobelis) winaaRmdeg brZolaSi mopovebuli warmatebaa, rac antiTurquli koaliciis Camoyalibebasa da xelmZRvanelobaSi gamoixateboda. ruseT-saqarTvelos diplomatiuri urTierTobis ma-salebidan ikveTeba, rom ruseTis mxare gansakuTrebiT amaxvilebs yuradRebas am sakiTxze. ruseTis xelmwifis karis mier micemuli instruqciis Tanaxmad, kaxeTis mefes, dainteresebis SemTxvevaSi, rusma elCebma unda acnobon, rom osmaleTis winaaRmdeg moskovs daxma-rebisTvis sistematiurad mimarTaven im periodis msoflios udidesi saxelmwifoebis: espaneTis, safran-geTis, poloneTis, sparseTis xelmwifeebi, inglisis dedofali, veneciis mTavari da romis papi (Белокуров 1889: 26, 231, 232, 249) da isini ruseTs sTavazoben sabr-Zolo moqmedebis gegmasac, romelic aRmosavleTidan da dasavleTidan erToblivi SeteviT osmaleTis blo-kirebas iTvaliswinebs (Белокуров 1889: 42, 275). es mxo-lod rusuli propagandis nawilia.

1589 wels qristianuli samyaros musulmanurze Se-tevis daaxlovebiT igive gegmaze saubrobs Samxali, romelic osmaleTs uyuradRebobaSi adanaSaulebs, ra-dganac es ukanaskneli ar iRebs Sesabamis zomebs saSa-mxlos teritoriaze rusuli cixe-qalaqis moSlisTvis. Samxlis cnobiT, terkis cixe-simagridan (rusuli cixe-simagre mdinare Tergze) samxreTiT, yazi-yumuxis teri-toriaze ruseTis mier samxedro eqspediciis warma-tebiT ganxorcielebisa da ruseTis jaris kaxeTSi gadasvlis SemTxvevaSi (ruseTisgan am mimarTulebiT laSqrobas iTxovs kaxeTis mxare), moxdeba ruseTis, aleqsandre kaxTa mefis, simon qarTlis mefisa da sparseTis Sahis gaerTianeba, romlebic aiReben osma-lebis mier sparselebisTvis warTmeul amierkavkasiis qalaqebs: derbents, Semaxas, Sirvans, ganjas da da

113

qarTlis dasaxlebul punqtebs. es jari Semdeg Seu-tevs osmaleTs da miva cargorodamde, romelsac dasa-vleTidan evropis koaliciuri laSqari Seaviwrovebs. sulTani ver SeZlebs maT gamklavebas. isini musulma-nebis nawils amoxocaven, danarCens ki gaaqristianeben. Tuki osmaleTi saSamxlos dasacavad Sesaferis zomebs ar miiRebs, musulmanebis codva mis kiserze iqneba (Белокуров 1889: 202-203). Cven ar viciT, konkretulad ra wyaros eyrdnoba am SemTxvevaSi Samxali, magram aseT sqemas (dasavleTidan da aRmosavleTidan osmaleTze erTobliv Setevas) ukve XV saukuneSi aqtiurad ganixilavdnen qarTveli Tu dasavleli politikosebi, oRond ruseTis faqtoris gauTvaliswineblad (aleqsiZe 1983: 17-23). dasavleT evropis qveynebis aRmosavleT qristianuli saxelmwifoebiT dainteresebis SesaniSnavi magaliTia moyvanili rusul-qarTuli urTierTobis masalebSi: 1589-90 wlebis ruseT-kaxeTis molaparakebebis dros, -aleqsandre kaxTa mefe axsenebs evropaSi Tavis war-gzavnil jaSuSs (somex vaWars), romelic italiaSi yofnisas, romis papis karze iqna miyvanili. romis papi mas kaxeTis mefesTan dakavSirebas sTxovs da Tavisi sityvieri danabarebiTukan, aleqsandresTan gzavnis. imis gamo, rom uzrunvelyos vaWris romSi dabruneba, romis papi mas qonebas arTmevs da hpirdeba, rom Tavis saqonels ukleblad mxolod maSinmiiRebs, roca kaxeT-is mefisgan pasuxs miutans. aleqsandre kaxTa mefe sa-pasuxo vizitiT am vaWris gagzavnas romis papis garda ukve espaneTis, safrangeTisa da germaniis mefeebTanac apirebs (Белокуров 1889: 207). qarTuli mxare rus elCebs sTxovs, usafrTxoebidan gamomdinare, maTi wargzavni-li ruseTis teritoriaze gaataron (konstantinepolze gavla saxifaToa) da daexmaron evropis zemoT dasaxelebul qveynebamde misvlaSi (Белокуров 1889:208). aSkaraa, rom kaxeTis mxare marto ruseTis imedad ar aris da osmaleTis winaaRmdeg mokavSires sxvaganac eZebs. rusi elCebi uyuradRebobas iCenen im motiviT, rom qarTvelebis evropaSi gamgzavrebas azri ara aqvs,

114

radganac aRniSnuli saxelmwifoebi umZimes mdgo-mareobaSi imyofebian da TviTonac ruseTis mefes sTxoven daxmarebas (Белокуров 1889: 205, 206, 207). nawi-lobriv es asec aris, Tumca, aSkaraa isic, rom ruse-Tis politikur wreebSi ar siamovnebT kaxeTsa da ev-ropas Soris ruseTisgan damoukidebeli kavSirebis gabma. swored rusi elCebis am sakiTxisadmi damokidebule-baSi SeiZleba amovicnoT ruseTis namdvili zraxvebi antiosmalur koaliciasTan mimarTebaSi. ruseTis mxare cdilobs, rom msoflioSi mimdinare diplomatiuri urTierTobebi TviTon akontrolos, raTa isini Tavisi interesebis Sesabamisad warmarTos da antiTurquli koaliciis CamoyalibebaSi lideris funqcia Seasru-los (Белокуров 1889: 26-27, 97, 175, 207). msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs Soris aseTi damokidebuleba (Sejib-ris), romelsac konfesiur niadagze warmoSobili dapi-rispirebac emateba, anTiTurquli koaliciis Camoyali-bebasa da erToblivi sabrZolo moqmedebebis ganxor-cielebas aferxebs. arsebobs gegmebi, Tumca ar arse-bobs maTi ganxorcielebis gzebi (neba). ikveTeba, rom umZimes politikur viTarebaSic ki msoflios wamyvan saxelmwifoebs Soris urTierToba imdenad daZabulia, rom isini kerZo interesze maRla ver dgebian da saer-To mtris winaaRmdeg gaerTianebas ver axerxeben (aleq-siZe 1983: 25). swored es faqtori xdeba osmaleTis ki-dev ufro gaZlierebis winapiroba da saerTaSoriso asparezze misi Semdgomi warmatebebis safuZvelic. ga-daWarbebaSi ar CagveTvleba Tu vityviT, rom im peri-odSi antiTurquli koaliciis Seqmna arc Sedis ruse-Tis interesebSi, rac ramdenime mizeziTaa ganpirobebu-li. evropisa da aziis didi saxelmwifoebisgan gansxvave-biT ruseTi osmalebis batonobisgan Tavisufalia. su-lTani ruseTs Tavs ver esxmis (geografiuli mdebare-obidan gamomdinare). am ukanasknels araviTari mizezi ara aqvs osmaleTTan omSi CabmisTvis garda erTisa, msoflio batonobisa, romlisTvisac am periodSi mzad

115

ar aris. am fonze ruseTis winaSe sakmaod didi pers-peqtivebi iSleba. misTvis gansakuTrebiT xelsayrelia molodinis reJimSi yofna, iqamde mocda, sanam ev-ropasTan da aziasTan mudmiv omebSi Cabmuli osmaleTi dasustdeba da daasustebs sxvebsac. amasobaSi ganze mdgomi ruseTi, gaZlierdeba politikurad, gafa-rTovdeba teritoriulad da gaumezobldeba osmaleTs, rac gauadvilebs masTan brZolas. osmalebTan da-pirispirebiT dasustebuli evropa veRar SeZlebs mis metoqeobas da ruseTi gaxdeba antiosmaluri koalici-is erTpirovnuli lideri. ruseTis winaSe XVI sauku-nis bolos wina planze dgas msoflio politikuri procesebis kontroli da Tavisi interesebis Sesabami-sad warmarTva. sabrZolo moqmedebebSi uSualod Care-va momdevno etapis amocanaad amisTvis niadagis Semza-debaa saWiro. Tumca ruseTSi yovelTvis mzad unda iy-vnen xelsayreli viTarebisTvisac. ruseTis saxelmwi-fos es kursi romis pap klementi VIII-sTan urTierTo-baSic gamoikveTa. 1594 wels am ukanasknelma `moskovSi gamoagzavna despani aleqsandre kamulei, romelsac daavala moskovis mefisaTvis Caegonebina, Cabmuliyo TurqeTis winaaRmdeg kavSirSi. man arc saqarTvelo daiviwya. paps aucileblad miaCnda aemxedrebina Tur-qeTis winaaRmdeg sparselebi da qarTvelebi. cnobilia, rom im dros ruseTma civad miiRo TurqeTis wi-naaRmdeg omis dawyebis winadadeba. igi am ukanasknelis `megobrobasa da siyvaruls~ eZebda. samagierod qarTve-lebi da Sah-abasi myisve gamoexmaurnen dasavleTis mowodebas~ (aleqsiZe 1983: 24). XVI saukunis 90-ian wlebSi ruseTSi kaxeTis samefos garda saqarTvelos sxva samefo-samTavroebTan kavSi-ris gzebsac eZeben.rusi elCebi aleqsandresTan mola-parakebisas xSirad axseneben qarTlis mefes (Белокуров 1889: 170), samcxe-saaTabagos (`mamuCas~) da dasavleT sa-qarTvelos (`dadians~) da maTTan diplomatiuri urTi-erTobis damyarebis survils gamoTqvamen (Белокуров 1889: 267-268, 276, 307). saqarTveloSi gavlenis gafarTo-vebas rusebi dinastiuri qorwinebiTac cdiloben. ru-

116

seTis mefis wargzavnilebi mondomebiT arCeven sarZ-los da sasiZos qarTvel bagrationebSi (kaxeTis, qar-Tlis, dadianis karze) (Белокуров 1889: 470-471, 492), rac ruseTis samomavlo gegmebSi (maT Soris osmaleTis wi-naaRmdeg brZolaSi) saqarTvelos teritoriis udides mniSvnelobaze mianiSnebs. am periodSi ruseTs osmaleTTan saerTo sazRvari ara aqvs. yazanisa (1552) da astraxanis (1556) saxanoebis dapyroba, ruseTis stepSi momTabare xalxis nawilob-rivi kontroli arapirdapiri Seteva da mZime dartyma iyo osmaleT-yirimis gavlenisTvis am regionSi. aseTive faqtad SeiZleba iqnas ganxiluli yabardoe-lebis urTierToba ruseTTan. astraxanis aRebidan er-Ti wlis Semdeg, 1557 wels, ruseTTan diplomatiuri urTierTobis survili gamoTqves kavkasiis gavlenianma politikurma erTeulma _ yabardom, romelTan ficiT da pirobiT iyo Sekruli kaxeTis mefe (aleqsiZe 1983: 41). isini Samxlis winaaRmdeg daxmarebas iTxovdnen. aRniSnul iniciativas ruseTis mefis karze sixaruliT Sexvdnen. swored am faqtis Semdeg mieca ruseTs kavkasiaSi aqtiuri moqmedebis saSualeba, romelsac stepis zona jer isev SesaerTebeli hqonda. es sakmaod didi naxtomi iyo samxreTiT gavlenis gafarTovebis kuTxiT, rac ruseTisTvis aRmosavleTis mdidar bazre-bTan da istoriul bizantiasTan miaxlovebas niSnavda. am periodSi orive miznis ganxorcielebis gza ruse-TisTvis amierkavkasiaze gadioda. 1560 wels ivane IV Samxlis dasasjelad CerqezeTSi gzavnis Ceremisionovs. 1561 wels ki colad irTavs Te-muryvas asul mariams (aleqsiZe 1983: 47]. aRniSnuli di-nastiuri qorwineba am periodSi ruseTisTvis kavkasiis udidesi mniSvnelobis aSkara dadasturebaa. yabardos strategiuli mdebareobidan gamomdinare, aq gabatone-bis SemTxvevaSi, ruseTi SeuzRudav kontrols daawe-sebda Crdilo-aRmosavleT kavkasiaze, mniSvnelovnad Seamcirebda (faqtiurad anaxevrebda) im sivrces, ro-melsac yirimis xanis meSveobiT osmaleTi akontro-lebda, moaxdenda osmaleTisgan saSamxlos blokirebas

117

da Tavisi gavlenas gaavrcelebda Crdilo-dasavleT kavkasiis xalxebze, rac mas Savi zRvis auzTan daa-axlovebda, gadauketavda yirimis xans SesaZleblobas zurgidan mietana ieriSi amierkavkasis qveynebsa da sparseTze, Tu isini osmaleTTan omSi Caebmebodnen. yabardos did mTavars rusebi ara mxolod Samxlis, aramed sxva mezobeli mflobelebis (maT Soris yabar-doelebisa da kaxeTis) winaaRmdegac sWirdeboda. 1562 wlis 23 seqtembers ivane IV-m Temuryvas gaugzavna gri-gol pleSCevi 500 adamianiT (msrolelebi da kazakebi), romelmac ieriSi miitana Temuryvas mtrebze, aiRo sonisa da mSanis 164 kabaki, mravali adamiani daxoca

da daatyveva (aleqsiZe 1983: 41). სonisa da mSanis miwebi saqarTvelos teritoriebia. maTze rusebis mier mo-wyobili samxedro eqspedicia an yabardosTan kaxeTis urTierTobis garTulebis Sedegia, an sunjis SesarTav-Tan rusuli cixis Cadgmis mcdelobaze kaxeTis mefis protestis, an kaxeTis politikuri orientaciis Secvli-sa da osmaleTis mxareze gadasvlis. samive mosazrebas arsebobis Tanabari ufleba aqvs. aSkaraa, rom ruseTsa da yabardos did mTavars Soris urTierToba gaRrmavebu-la, rasac ver vityviT kaxeTis samefoze. 1567 wels Temur-yva ruseTisgan sunjis SesarTavTan cixe-qalaqis agebas iTxovs. rogorc Cans, kavkasiur samflobeloebs Soris winaaRmdegobebi imdenad Zlieria, rom mas erTjeradi, Tundac warmatebuli samxedro eqspedicia ver moa-gvarebs. es ki kavkasiaSi rusuli jaris mudmivad yof-nas gulisxmobs da am ukanasknelisTvisac metad mni-Svnelovania. cixe-qalaqis mSenebloba iwyeba, Tumca Tu-rqeTis moTxovniT, ivane mrisxane qalaqs angrevs, jari ki astraxanis xazze gadahyavs (1571-1572ww.) (aleqsiZe 1983: 48). mocemuli magaliTidan cxadia, rom am periodSi kavka-siaSi ruseTis damkvidrebisTvis niadagi jer ar aris Sem-zadebuli.Amisi saSualeba arc ruseTs aqvs da arc saga-reo politikuri viTarebaa imdenad garTulebuli, rom kavkasielebma ucxo Zalis gabatonebas, miTumetes, cixe-qalaqis Cadgmas, dauWiron mxari.

118

qarTul-rusul urTierTobebSi momdevno etapi 1586 wlidan iwyeba da sparseTis mZime mdgomareobiTaa gamo-wveuli. misi iniciatori ruseTia. Cven ar viciT ruse-Tis warmomadgeneli rusin danilovi ra winadadebiT Camovida kaxeTSi. sapasuxo vizitisas aleqsandre kaxTa mefis wargzavnilebi Tevdore mixeilis Zes moaxseneben, rom maTi `qristianuli qveyana urjulo Turqebisgan did ubedurebasa da SeviwrovebaSia; Tqveni mefuri vali ki imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cveni mefe da qveyana SeiwyaloT da urjuloebisgan daicvaT~ (Белокуров 1889: 12). 1587 wels ruseTis mefem kaxeTSi gagzavna rodivon bi-rkini, petre pivovi da stepan poluxanovi, romlebmac aleqsandre kaxTa mefes moaxsenes, rom rusT xelmwife mowyalebas iCendada `qristianobi sgamo~ aleqsandres yvela mtrisgan dacvas hpirdeboda, ris sanacvlodac mTeli iveriis miwis (kaxeTis) ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Ses-vlas iTxovda (Белокуров 1889:13).Aam periodSi osmaleTsa da sparseTs Soris omi mimdinareobda, sparseTi marcxs marcxze ganicdida, man derbentic dakarga da daxmare-bisTvis ruseTis mefes mimarTa. derbentTan rusebi da maTi momxre Crdilokavkasielebic ibrZodnen (Белокуров 1889: 63). ruseTi Seqmnili viTarebis gamoyenebas cdilobs da mdinare Tergis SesarTavTan, Samxlis teritoriaze, cixe-simagris aSenebas gegmavs, saidanac apirebს kaxeTisa da Tavis mokavSire CrdilokavkasielTa `dacvas~ (Белокуров 1889:15). swored, ruseTis mier mdinare Tergze mSenebare axa-li cixe-simagris (terkis) momaragebaa 1587 wlis ru-sul-qarTuli molaparakebis erTerTi sakamaTo sakiT-xi (Белокуров 1889: 36-41). didi winaaRmdegobis Semdeg ka-xeTis mefe terkSi sakvebisa da cxenebis gagzavnis nac-vlad yovelwliur mosakiTxze (поминки) Tanxmdeba, ro-mlis raodenoba da Semadgeneli ficis wignis sigelSi fiqsirdeba (Белокуров 1889: 41). 1587 wlis 28 seqtembers kaxeTis mefem ruseTis mefis erTgulebis fici dado (Белокуров 1889: 41). teqstSi mteri, romlis winaaRmdegac

119

rusebma da kaxeTis samefom erTad unda ibrZolon, da-konkretebuli ar aris (Белокуров 1889: 32-33). mxolod rusi elCebis Tevdore ivanes ZisTvis wardgenili anga-riSidan xdeba CvenTvis cnobili, rom aleqsandre kax-Ta mefe mtris qveS Samxals gulisxmobda: «И отдав запись, говорил Родивону да Петру Олександр князь, чтоб государь меня пожаловал, велел от Шевкала оборонит» (Белокуров 1889: 41). savaraudod, kaxeTSi fiqrobdnen, rom Samxlis te-ritoriaze cixe-simagris Cadgma ruseT-saSamxlos So-ris urTierTobas gaamwvavebda, Samxali iZulebuli iq-neboda yuradReba ruseTisken gadaetana, ris gamoc ka-xeTis dasawiokeblad Zala aRar eyofoda, es ki ka-xeTis mTavar problemas _ daRestnidan Tavdasxmebis sakiTxs _ mTlianad Tu ara nawilobriv mainc moagva-rebda. ruseTisTvis terkis cixe-simagre kavkasiaSi fe-xis momagrebas, teritoriul gafarTovebas da osma-leT-sparseTis Seviwrovebas niSnavda. saSamxlo spar-seTis gavlenis sferoSi Sedioda, magram am periodSi ukve osmaleTis blokis qveyana iyo. terki aseve gzas uRobavda amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTis dasaxmarebel yi-rimeli TaTrebis laSqars, rac umZimes mdgomareobaSi ayenebda derbentSi mdgom osmalur garnizons. rac Seexeba, kaxeTze daRestnelTa Tavdasxmebis aR-kveTaSi am cixesimagris rols, romelsac TiTqos ru-seTi `kaxeTis dacvisTvis aSenebda~, mas araviTari Se-degi ar moaqvs. kaxeTis mefis karze SemuSavebuli geg-miT, ruseTis laSqarma unda daipyros saSamxlo, yazi-yumuxi da kaxeTSi mimavali gza daikavos. maTi azriT, mxolod am marSrutiT rusebis laSqrobiTaa SesaZle-beli daRestnidan Tavdasxmebis SeCereba (Белокуров 1889: 263, 264). 1589 wels es gegma cnobili xdeba SamxlisTvi-sac. is aleqsandres SemouTvlis _ `Sen me marwmunebdi, TiTqos ruseTs osmaleTis qalaq derbentze sa-laSqrod aqezebdi, sinamdvileSi ki Turme rusTa mefi-sgan Cems winaaRmdeg laSqrobas iTxov~ (Белокуров 1889: 202). kaxTa mefe xvdeba, rom ruseTi Samxlis winaaRmdeg laSqrobas ar apirebs da misi reaqciac adeqvaturia _

120

kaxeTSi myofi rusi elCebis samSobloSi dabrunebas aferxeben, minimumamdea dayvanili sakvebiT maTi moma-rageba, maT mZime sayofacxovrebo pirobebSi uwevT cxovreba (Белокуров 1889: 189, 201). mogvianebiT, 1591, 1594 da 1604 wlebSi rusebi marT-lac laSqroben Samxlis winaaRmdeg, magram marcxdebi-an (tyavaSvili 2006: 144-145). ruseTis mxare warumateb-lobaSi kaxeTs adanaSaulebs, romelic TiTqos ruse-bis laSqrobis momentSi samxreTidan unda Sesuliyo daRestanSi da es ar gaakeTa. kaxeTis mxaris gancxade-biT, qarTuli jaris daRestanSi samxreTidan Sesvla ugzoobis gamo SeuZlebelia. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi aleqsandre, romelsac Samxalze xuTjer meti da kar-gad gawvrTnili jari hyavs, TviTon daamarcxebda Sam-xals da ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvla ar dasWirdebo-da (Белокуров 1889: 302; tyavaSvili 2005: 38). viTarebaSi garkvevis Semdeg kaxeTis mxarisTvis cnobili xdeba, rom ruseTma yaziyumuxisken ki ara, sul sxva mimarTulebiT, kerZod ki daRestnis kaspiis-pireTSi ilaSqra (Белокуров 1889: 263, 301), rac warmate-bis SemTxvevaSic kaxeTisTvis verafers Secvlida. amri-gad, kaxeTisa da ruseTis daRestnis sakiTxSi interes-Ta Tanxvedris miuxedavad, maT sxvadasxva miznebi aqvT. ruseTis mxare moxerxebulad cdilobs yvelaferi kaxeTisTvis daxmarebis gaweviT axsnas, Tumca mis qme-debebs araferi aqvs saerTo kaxeTis problemasTan _ Tavdasxmebis aRkveTasTan _ da mxolod sakuTari pozi-ciebis ganmtkicebas emsaxureba kaspiispireTSi. ruseTi kaxeTis mefis erTgulebis ganmtkicebas misi Svilisa da SviliSvilis (Белокуров 1889: 257), aseve, aleqsandresTan dapirispirebuli Zmisa da ZmisSvilis moskovSi mZevlad gagzavniTac cdilobs (Белокуров 1889: 263-264), rac mis mzakvrul gegmebze mianiSnebs. aleq-sandre, ra Tqma unda, ar asrulebs am moTxovnas. ka-xeTis mxarisTvis naTeli xdeba, rom is danapirebi, ro-melic ficis wignSi dafiqsirda _ saerTo mtrebi da saerTo moyvrebi (Белокуров 1889: 28), ruseTis mxridan ar sruldeboda. ruseTi sjida aleqsandres megobrebs,

121

Tu isini misTvis arasasurvel politikas gaatarebdnen da exmareboda kaxeTis mtrebs, romlebic misi erTgulni iyvnen (Белокуров 1889: 286, 288, 289, 304-305, 307). mraval istorikoss aleqsandre II kavkasiaSi ruseTis Semomyvanad miaCnia. es mosazreba arasworia. miTumetes, dokumenturad dasturdeba, rom Cerqezebi bevrad adre Sedian ruseTTan intensiur diplomatiur urTi-erTobaSi. 1588 wlis 20 ianvars Tevdore ivanes ZesTan iyvnen da mahmadianuri wesis mixedviT ivane mrisxa-nisTvis winaprebis mier micemuli erTgulebis fici mTeli yabardos saxeliT ganaaxles Cerqezma Tavadebma: kanbulatma, mamstriukma da kudenek murzam (Белокуров 1889: 45-47), rac niSnavda, rom maT ruseTis erTgulebaze bevrad adre (ivane IV-is dros) daifices, vidre kaxeTis samefom (1587 wlis 28 seqtembers). Crdilo kavkasiaSi arc terkis cixesimagris aSeneba momxdara aleqsandres iniciativiT, rogorc aris war-modgenili qarTul-rusul diplomatiur masalebSi (Бе-локуров 1889: 20). ruseTis mxarisTvis metad mniSvnelo-vania, rom aleqsandrem (1587-88 ww.) `Tavis miwaze musu-lmanebs gza gadauketos, raTa ruseTma mdinare Tergze qalaqi Cadgas da iq mravali Tavisi xalxi ganaTavsos~ (Белокуров 1889: 15), Tumca molaparakebebi ZiriTadad cixesimagreSi ganTavsebuli garnizonis momaragebas exeboda da ruseTisTvis ara imdenad aucileblobiT, ramdenadac kaxeTis mxaresTan urTierTobis ganaxle-biTa da kaxeTis mefisgan ruseTisaTvis mosakiTxis gagzavnis dakanonebis mcdelobiT iyo gamowveuli (Бело-куров 1889: 20, 21, 23). ruseTis mefes cixesimagris aSenebaSi aleqsandres dasturi ar sWirdeboda. aSkaraa, rom ruseTi ukve mom-dgaria kavkasias da igi aq imis miuxedavad gamagrdebo-da, aleqsandre mas mxars dauWerda Tu ara. mTavari mo-TamaSeebi aq arian Crdilokavkasielebi (yabardoelebi, romlebic Tergisa da sunjis SesarTavebTan cixis Ca-dgmas 1578 welsac iTxovdnen) (Белокуров 1889: 9, 22), spa-rseTi, osmaleTi da yirim-xani da ara aleqsandre kaxTa

122

mefe. Crdilo-aRmosavleTi kavkasia is politikuri arealia, romelTanac kaxeTis samefos intensiuri ur-TierToba aqvs. aq ruseTis damkvidreba am ukanasknelis sasicocxlo sivrceSi pirdapir Carevas niSnavs, rac politikur viTarebaSi radikalur cvlilebebs da Za-lTa gadajgufebas gamoiwvevs. CrdilokavkasielTa ume-tesoba iZulebulia ruseTis faqtors am regionSi an-gariSi gauwios. arsebul situaciaSi aleqsandres mxridan ufro gonivruli nabijia ruseTis miznebis sakuTari interesebisTvis gamoyeneba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, am periodSi kaxeTis umTav-resi problema ukavSirdeboda daRestans, saidanac bolo-mouRebeli TavdasxmebiT ukiduresad iyo Sewuxebuli aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba. qarTul politi-kur wreebSi gavrcelebuli SexedulebiT, daRestnis gane-itraleba SesaZlebeli iyo mxolod CrdiloeTidan (tyava-Svili 2006: 145), radganac CrdiloeTidan saSamxlomde `mi-mavali gza SedarebiT sworia. . . jars masze gavla ar gauWirdeba da daRestnelebTan SebrZoleba da maTi damarcxeba ufro advili iqneba~ (tyavaSvili 2005: 38; Бе-локуров 1889: 225, 234). daRestnis CrdiloeTis sazRvarTan ukve ruseTi iyo momdgari, romelic cixe-simagris agebas Samxlis teritoriaze apirebda da kaxeTis mefes ruseTis mfarvelobaSi Sesvlis sanacvlod mtrisgan dacvas hpirdeboda. didi gamWriaxoba ar undoda imis mixvedras, rom moskovis uaxlesi samizne saSamxlo iyo, rac kargad icodnen kaxeTis mefis karze da cdilobdnen ruseTTan interesTa Tanxvedra saSamxlos sakiTxSi kaxeTisTvis sasicocxlod aucilebeli _ daRestnis problemis _ mosagvareblad gamoeyenebinaT. qarTveli politikosebi imedovnebdnen, rom saSamxlo-ruseTis konfliqtis pirobe-bSi daRestnis ganeitralebas moaxerxebdnen. swored ru-seTis mxridan daRestnis sakiTxis gadawyvetis SesaZle-blobaa mocemul periodSi ruseTTan urTierTobisa da aleqsandres ruseTis erTgulebaze daficebis ZiriTadi mizezi da ara brma erTmorwmuneoba, rasac istorikosTa umravlesoba uWers mxars. aRniSnuli mosazreba Crdils ayenebs qarTvel politikosTa mTeli pleadis Sor-

123

smWvretelur politikas, romlis gatarebac maT umete-sobas udides tragediad eqca. am mosazrebas amagrebs Semdegi garemoebac: daRestnis sakiTxisgan gansxvavebiT, qarTveli politikosebi moxer-xebulad uvlian gverds sparseTisa da osmaleTis winaaR-mdeg ruseTis mxaris mier arerTgzis SeTavazebul kav-Sirs da aRniSnaven, rom kaxeTisTvis arc osmaleTia saSi-Si da arc sparseTi, isini velze ibrZvian da kaxeTic sa-Tanadod pasuxobs maT (Белокуров 1889: 163, 200). aseTi da-mokidebuleba marto imiT ar aris gamowveuli, rom spa-rseTi da osmaleTi `saSiSni ar arian kaxeTisTvis~ (Tumca vaRiarebT, rom am periodSi daRestnis sakiTxi um-Tavresia), aramed imiT, rom am periodSi ruseTi verc sparseTTan daiwyebda sabrZolo moqmedebebs da verc os-maleTTan (saerTo sazRvris uqonlobis gamo), amitom ar undodaT am or udides qveyanasTan urTierTobis tyuil-ubralod gafuWeba. qarTvelebi rusebs im problemis (da-Restnis) mogvarebas sTxoven, romelic am ukanasknels SeuZlia da mis politikur interesebsac pasuxobs. aqve aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom saSamxlodan mowyobil Tavdasxmebs mohyva ruseTis mefisadmi kaxeTis mxaris Txovna daRestnelebis winaaRmdeg laSqrobis Sesaxeb da ara piriqiT (tyavaSvili 2005: 39), rogorc zogierTi isto-rikosi irwmuneba (bocvaZe 1984: 40-41). Tu ara es Tavdasxme-bi, qarTvelebi arasdros ifiqrebdnen CrdilokavkasielTa winaaRmdeg raime saxis sabrZolo operaciis Catarebas. maT amisi arc survili hqondaT da bunebrivi zRudis _ kavkasionis gamo, arc SesaZlebloba. ruseTis mxares kaxeTis mefe aseve sTxovs qarTuli jaris cecxlsasroli iaraRiT momaragebas, zarbaznis Ca-momsxmeli ostatebis kaxeTSi gagzavnasda am saqmeSi sa-kuTari xalxis ganswavlas (Белокуров 1889: 158-59). aSkaraa, qarTveli diplomatebi gonivrulad moqmedeb-dnen, isini mxolod diplomatiur kavSirebs kravdnen ru-seTTan, Tumca sabrZolo operaciebSi misi karnaxiT ar ebmebodnen. am periodSi ruseTi cdilobda kavkasielebis waqezebas da maT osmalebTan da sparselebTan masStabur omSi maTsave teritoriaze Cabmas. am konfliqtSi rusuli

124

razmebi Seasrulebdnen mxolod damxmare Zalis rols, xolo osmaleT-sparseT-kavkasiis dapirispirebebi iarsebe-bda mudmivad, rac samive mxares daazaralebda. kavkasie-lebi, ruseTisgan gulmocemulni, gaaCaRebdnen erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebel oms, risganac sargebels miiRebda ruseTi, romelic molodinis reJimSi myofi, SeierTebda im teritorias, romelic yvelaze metad dasustdeboda _ aseTi iyo mocemul momentSi ruseTis samxreTis gegma. aseTive politikas atarebda ruseTi Crdilokavkasiel-Ta mimarT. Crdilo kavkasiaSi misi daxmarebiT ganxorcie-lebuli sadamsjelo eqspediciebi ruseTis urCi samflo-beloebis misamarTiT xdeboda. terkis cixesimagreSi ga-nTavsebuli garnizoni adgilobrivebTan dapirispirebis-Tvis gamoiyeneboda. misi inspiratori moskovi iyo, magram ZiriTad samxedro Zalas adgilobrivebi Seadgendnen. maT Svilebi da axloblebi rusul cixe-simagreSi hyavdaT mZevlad da iZulebulni iyvnen ruseTis interesebisTvis ebrZolaT. XVI saukunis bolos ruseTisTvis upirvelesi sakiTxi kavkasiaSi kaspiispireTis sanapiroebze kontroli, ufro konkretulad ki, darubandis gasasvlelis dapyrobaa, ra-dganac masze gadis erTaderTi mosaxerxebeli gza amie-rkavkasiis mimarTulebiT, aqedan ki dasavleTiT bizanti-isken da aRmosavleTis mdidari bazrebisken. ruseTisTvis SeuZlebelia mocemul momentSi am amocanis gadawyveta, Tumca amis SesaZleblobas sparseT-osmaleTis (1578-1590 ww.) konfliqtSi sparseTis marcxi qmnis. darubandi osmaleTis xelSia omis mimdinareobis drosac da is osmaleTs darCa 1590 wlis sparseT-osmaleTis sazavo xe-lSekrulebiTac. rusi elCebi cdiloben rogorme miiRon Sah xudabendes sityvier danapirebze _ darubandis ru-seTisTvis gadacemaze _ werilobiTi dasturi, _ rasac axali Sahi ostaturad aridebs Tavs (Козубский 1906: 118-121; tyavaSvili 2013: 49, 51). mTel amierkavkasiaSi osmaleTis gabatoneba da mis mier darubandis xelSi Cagdeba SamxlisTvisac miuRebelia da uaryofiTad aisaxeba sa-Samxlo-osmaleTis urTierTobaze (Белокуров 1889: 77). mas arc amierkavkasiis mflobelebi xvdebian sixaruliT. uk-

125

mayofiloTa rigebSi kaxeTis mefecaa. igi 1586 wels da-rubandze da baqoze gzas ar aZlevs osmalebs, riTac aq ganTavsebuli osmaluri garnizonis momaragebas aferxebs (Белокуров 1889: 44-45). darubandis sakiTxs exebian diplomatiur molaparake-bebSi qarTveli politikosebic, romlebic am gasasvlels metad uCveulo konteqstSi axseneben. moviyvanT citatas: `SeuZliaT Tu ara qristian saxelmwifoebs: espaneTis mefes, cezars, romis paps da frangebs derbentTan mividnen da ramdenad Sors arian es qveynebi derbenti-dan?~ (Белокуров 1889: 206). aRniSnuli fraza erTi Sexed-viT gaocebas iwvevs da gvafiqrebinebs, rom kaxeTSi ara-viTari warmodgena ara aqvT geografiaze. Tumca sakiTxSi Rrmad Caxedvis Semdeg aSkaraa, rom amas sxva mizezi aqvs da darubandTan mimarTebaSi ruseTis gegmebs uka-vSirdeba. ruseTis politikur wreebSi darubands sak-maod didi politikuri da ekonomikuri datvirTva aqvs. am periodSi is aris erTaderTi saSualeba osmaleTTan sabrZolo dapirispirebaSi Cabmis (dgas osmaluri garni-zoni), aseve, amierkavkasiasTan da aqedan aRmosavleTTan Tu dasavleTTan kontaqtebisTvis. rac Seexeba, darubandis ekonomikur mniSvnelobas, ru-seTSi am periodSi frTas isxams, evropa-aziis damakav-Sirebeli gzis ruseTis teritoriaze gadmotanis idea, rasac evropuli saxelmwifoebic mowonebiT xvdebian. konstantinepolze gamavali gzis Canacvleba alternati-uli satranzito gziT, am gzis Zieba da am saSualebiT osmaleTis politikuri batonobisTvis ekonomikuri ber-ketis gamocla _ msoflios wamyvani saxelmwifoebisTvis erTerTi ZiriTadi sakiTxia. swored am gzas ukavSirdeba revolucia gemTmSeneblobaSi da didi geografiuli aR-moCenebi. ruseTi aris erTaderTi qveyana, romelsac SeuZ-lia aRmosavleTs osmaleTis gverdis avliT daukavSir-des. aseTi savaWro kavSirebi XVI saukuneSi ukve xdeba (Козубский 1906: 122). aSkaraa, rom am proeqtis ganxorcie-leba darubandze kontrolis gareSe SeuZlebelia. sava-raudod, swored amis Sesaxeb aqvT informacia kaxeTis samefo karze da darubandisa da evropis erTad moxsenie-

126

bac amas ukavSirdeba.Ees petre I-is dros am dasaxlebuli punqtis mimarT ruseTis ganuzomeli interesiTac da-sturdeba. petre I-is mier darubandSi, xanis sasaxleSi kaspiis zRvisken gaWril fanjaras simboluri datvirTva aqvs da Zalauneburad `peterburgTan da evropaSi gaWril fanjarasTan~ iwvevs asociacias. es ki aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT darubandis igive rolze mianiSnebs, rac peterburgs aqvs ruseTisTvis evropasTan mimarTebaSi (Потто 1887: 30). peterburgidan darubandze gamaval gzas unda moexdina mTeli vaWrobis gadaqaCva ruseTis teritoriis gavliT da stambulis, rogorc ekonomikuri centris roli daekninebina. ra Tqma unda, iqamde, sanam `mesame romi _ moskovi~ konstantinepolis xelSi Cagdebas SeZlebda. rogorc rusi samxedro istorikosi v. potto werda, ruseTisTvis kavkasia aRmosavleTis gzaze iyo `mxolod pirveli etapis sadguri~ (Потто 1887: 18). rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, darubandiT ruseTis dainte-reseba ar gamohparviaT kaxeTis mefis karze, romelic er-Txans (1598-90ww.) darubandis mimarTulebiT ruseTis la-Sqrobis waqezebasac axdenda. aleqsandre kaxTa mefis ge-gmiT, Tuki `rusT xelmwife ilaSqrebda derbentze, ale-qsandre Tavisi jariT dadgeboda alazanze, sparseTis Sahi ki meore mxridan Seutevda, osmalebisgan gaanTa-visuflebdnen Turqebisgan dapyrobil qalaqebs~. rus el-CebTan saubrisas irkveva, rom derbentis dapyroba kaxe-Tis mxares imitom surda, rom qarTuli laSqari Crdilo kavkasiaSi, kerZod ki rusul cixe-simagre tarkSi Se-suliyo (Белокуров 1889: 206-207). qarTuli laSqris tarkSi moxvedra ki kaxTa mefes saSamxloze SetevisTvis sWi-rdeboda.DCvenis azriT, ruseTis mier derbentze laSq-robis arapirdapir waqezebas kaxeTis samefo saxli mog-vianebiTac cdilobs. 1603-1604 wlebSi qarTveli elCebi rusebs moaxsenebdnen, rom darubandi mTlianad dacli-lia mosaxleobisagan, misi osmaluri garnizonic dasus-tebulia da arc darubandis galavania mtkice (Белокуров 1889: 405). SesaZloa, kaxeTis mxare fiqrobda, rom ruseTis laSqrobas darubandSi mohyveboda osmaleT-sparseT-ruseTs Soris viTarebis Semdgomi daZabuloba, ra dro-

127

sac sabrZolo moqmedebebSi aucileblad Caebmeboda sa-Samxloc da aRniSnuli dapirispireba kaxeTs amosunTqvis SesaZleblobas miscemda. rogorc Cans, kaxeTis poli-tikosebi mixvdnen, rom ruseTi Tavis gegmebs kaxeTis mxa-ris survilebs (yaziyumuxis mimarTulebiT laSqroba igulisxmeba) ar moargebda da sjobda TviTon moenaxa ru-seTis gegmebSi Tavisi qveynisTvis sasargeblo. aSkaraa, rom ruseTi teritoriis samxreTiT gafarTo-vebas ideologiuri faqtoriT amagrebda. Tumca pirveli da meore romis Sedarebisas TvalSisacemia, rom meore romi ar moicavda pirvelis teritorias, ris gamoc ara-vis Seutania eWvi bizantiis meore romad gamocxadebis sisworeSi. rac niSnavs imas, rom am SemTxvevaSi terito-rias (geografiul mdebareobas) ara aqvs arsebiTi mniSv-neloba da ZiriTadia is roli, rasac esa Tu is saxelm-wifo asrulebs msoflio istoriaSi. aucileblad unda aRvniSnoT, rom bizantiis xelsayreli mdebareoba xels uwyobda am qveynis politikur liderobas. amdenad, bizan-tiis teritoriis SeerTebas ruseTisTvis hqonda ara im-denad ideologiuri, ramdenadac politikuri da ekonomi-kuri datvirTva. XVI saukunis 80-iani wlebis qarTul-rusul diplomatiur masalebs uwyvet xazad gasdevs religiuri faqtori. rogorc erTi, ise meore mxare politikuri sa-kiTxebis mosagvareblad xSirad iyenebs am ori qveynis erTmorwmuneobas. ruseTis mxaris terminologiaSi xSi-rad gvxvdeba gamoTqmebi: ruseTis mefem SegiwyalaT qris-tianobisaTvis (Белокуров 1889: 12, 37, 164), . . . qarTuli mxa-re ki ruseTis xelmwifes Seaxsenebs, rom urjuloebis mier qarTvelebis tyved wayvana da maTi sulieri daRupva anu gamuslimeba mas dabraldeba, radganac maT dasacavad is araviTar zomebs ar iRebs (Белокуров 1889: 55-56). ruseT-qarTul diplomatiur dokumentebSi am ori qvey-nis erTmorwmunoebaze xSiri miniSnebis gamo, istoriko-sTa umetesoba fiqrobs, rom am faqtorma kaxeTis mefee-bis politikur arCevanSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula da ruseTze maTi brma orientacia gamoiwvia. qarTuli saxelmwifos cxovrebaSi religiuri momenti metad mniSv-

128

nelovania, Tumca qarTul-rusul urTierTobaSi is ar iyo gadamwyveti da kaxeTisTvis sasicocxlod aucilebe-li politikuri sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi Semamagrebeli funqcia hqonda. Cven zemoT ukve mivaniSneT im sakiTxebze, romelSic orive mxaris interesebi erTmaneTs emTxveoda da rac mTavaria, romlis gadaWrac mocemul periodSi ruseTs SeeZlo. bizantiis imperiis damxobis Semdeg damTavrda msof-lio istoriis erTi etapi da daiwyo meore. marTlmadi-deblobis ganmtkiceba, dogmatebis siwminde da a. S. epo-qis gamowveva iyo da msoflioSi momxdar mTel rig seri-ozul politikur da religiur cvlilebebs ukavSirde-boda. osmaleTis totaluri Setevis pirobebSi qristi-anul saxelmwifoebs Soris kavSirs didi mniSvneloba hqonda da aRmosavleTis qristianebi (kaxeTi da ruseTi) TavianT urTierTobebSi am sakiTxs gverds ver auvlid-nen. miTumetes, rom ferara-florenciis (1438-39) krebaze romis eklesiasTan SeerTebis winaaRmdeg ruseTis eklesi-is wargzavnilis mtkice poziciam, aamaRla ruseTis ek-lesiis avtoriteti. bizantiis imperiis dacemis Semdeg ki ganuzomlad gaizarda moskovis, rogorc religiuri cen-tris mniSvneloba. moskovis saxelmwifos mTavari dog-mati, mamoZravebeli RerZi _ `moskovi _ mesame romi~ _ religiur liderobasac moicavda, romlisTvisac brZola ruseTSi XV saukunidan gaiSala. konstantinepolis _ marTlmadidebluri samyaros centris _ sxva aRmsareb-lobis xalxis xelSi gadasvla udidesi tragedia iyo mTeli qristianebisTvis. konstantinepolis patriarqs ma-rTalia SeunarCunda Tavisi roli da adgili, magram bi-zantiis imperatoris saxiT mas moaklda Zlieri politi-kuri mxardamWeri. osmalebis batonobis pirobebSi misi mdgomareoba erTob damcrobilia. mas sakuTari Tavis da-cvac uWirs, araTu sxva marTlmadideblebis marTva. Se-zRudulia masTan kavSiric. osmalebma qveyanaSi mkacri kontroli daamyares, radganac kargadDician dapyrobili xalxebis antiosmaluri ganwyobebi. ruseTis saxelm-wifoSi xSirad imyofeboda konstantinepolis patriarqi da sxva umaRlesi sasuliero pirebi (antioqiis patriarqi

129

da a. S.) (Белокуров 1889: 197, 208). politikuri mxardaWera, romlis naklebobasac ganicdida qristianuli samyaro, aiZulebda umaRles sasuliero pirebs daxmareba ruseTisTvis eTxovaT. moskovSi maT saTanado daxmarebas uwevdnen, rasac Sedegic mohyva. 1562 wels ivane mrisxane (1533-1584) konstantinepolis patriarqis sigeliT oficia-lurad iqna gamocxadebuli ruseTis mefed da bizantiis imperatoris memkvidred. amiT man avtomaturad Tavis Tavze aiRo qristianebis dacvis funqciac. bizantiis imperatorTan ganuyoflad moiazreboda konstantinepolis patriarqic. moskovis aqtiurobam da dauRalavma ideologiurma muSaobam Tavisi Sedegi gamoi-Ro. 1589 wels ruseTSi, metad skandalur viTarebaSi, sa-patriarqo daarsda, ris Semdegac misma patriarqma mar-Tlmadideblur diptixSi mexuTe adgili daikava, Tumca amas ar dasjerda da mesame adgilisTvis daiwyo brZola (rasac Sedegi ar mohyva). meeqvse adgilze qarTuli eklesia darCa (meufe anania (jafariZe) 1993). ivane IV-is Semdeg bizantiis imperatoris memkvidred gamocxadda misi vaJi Tevdore ivanes Ze (1584-1598). amitom qarTveli politikosebi swored mas mimarTaven kaxeTis mosaxleobis dacvis moTxovniT, romlebsac urjuloebi (ZiriTadad daRestnelebi) itacebdnen, monebad hyiddnen, magram `yvelaze didi ubedureba is iyo, rom maT sulebs Rupavdnen da amuslimanebdnen. maTi codva ki rusT xelm-wifes moeTxoveboda, radganac igi maT dasacavad xels ar anZrevda~. ra Tqma unda, aseTi mowodebebi qristiano-bis dacvas ukavSirdeba, magram igi politikuri xasiaTi-saa da masSi aSkarad Cans samxedro gziT aRniSnuli pro-blemis gadaWrisken mowodeba. cxadia, rom moskovis mefis avtoritetis xazgasmiT da misTvis Tavisi movaleobis (qristianebis dacvis) SexsenebiT qarTuli mxare amagrebs da religiur samosSi moxerxebulad fuTavs wminda po-litikur moTxovnebs. ruseTis qarTvel elCebs moskovSi yofnisas hqondaT audiencia ruseTis patriarqTanac, Tum-ca mas, ra Tqma unda, sakuTari qveynis mtrebis winaaRm-deg laSqrobas ver mosTxovdnen. es moskovis mefes evaleboda, romlis titulaturaSi mniSvnelovan adgils

130

ikavebda epiTetebi: `RvTiTkurTxeuli~, `mironcxebuli~, `RvTisrCeuli~ da a. S. (Белокуров 1889: 92; История 1979: 195). qarTuli eklesias, romelsac ZvelTaganve mWidro ur-TierToba hqonda berZnul samyarosTan, osmalebis mier konstantinepolis dapyrobis Semdeg es kavSiri SeezRuda. is, marTalia, kvlav iyo CarTuli msoflio religiur procesebSi, magram es ar iyo sakmarisi. RvTismsaxurebaSi sxvadasxva sakiTxebis dasazusteblad, dogmatur saki-T-xebSi gasarkvevad da marTlmadideblobis siwmindis da-sacavad mas intensiuri urTierTobebi sWirdeboda sxva marTlmadideblebTan. aleqsandre kaxTa mefe ruseTTan molaparakebaSi xazs usvams, rom saqarTvelo uZvelesi qristianuli qveyanaa, Tumca iZulebulia, rom msoflio-Si mimdinare procesebs Tvali gausworos da Tevdore ivanes Zisa da patriarq iovisgan rusi sasuliero pire-bis saqarTveloSi gagzavna moiTxovos (Белокуров 1889: 164). aRniSnul misias _ `saqarTveloSi marTlmadideblobis wesebis dacvas~ _ rusebi XVI saukunis bolos axorcie-lebdnen. rusebis sasuliero delegaciis stumrobas reviziis xasiaTi hqonda. isini acxadebdnen, rom, mcireo-deni gamonaklisis garda, aq yvelaferi wesis mixedviT iyo (Белокуров 1889: 164-165, 173, 190, 196, 197). rusebis SeniSv-nebs qarTvelebi brmad ar iziarebdnen, sakuTar tradici-ebs ar Ralatobdnen da aRniSnavdnen, rom maT pirdapiri kavSiri hqondaT da kvlavac aqvT wminda adgilebTan, sai-danac xSirad Camodiodnen berZeni sasuliero pirebi da RvTismsaxurebasac iq arsebuli wesebis mixedviT ata-rebdnen (Белокуров 1889: 180). metad Rirebulia informacia, ierusalimis patriarqis materialri daxmarebis Txovnaze kaxeTis samefo karis gamoxmaurebis Sesaxeb, kaxeTSi mar-Tlac Seagroves Sewirulobebi da ierusalimSi ga-gzavnes. aleqsandre kaxTa mefe did yuradRebas aqcevda ekle-siebis moxatvas. miuxedavad imisa, rom 1589-90 wlebSi ka-xeTSi 3 rusi xatmweri imyofeboda, aleqsandre maTi ra-odenobis gazrdas da saRebavebis gagzavnas iTxovda da TviTon meTvalyureobda am sakiTxs (Белокуров 1889: 173). aSkaraa, rom misi es gulmodgineba daazaralebda qa-

131

rTul kedlis mxatvrobas. rus xatmwerTa saqmianoba mra-val uZveles qarTul freskas an mTlianad Seiwiravda, an daukargavda mas pirvandel iersaxes. XVI saukunis meore naxevarSi kaxeTis samefo ruseTis saSualebiT saSamxlos problemis mogvarebas cdilobs, Tumca ver axerxebs, radganac am periodSi ruseTisTvis prioritetuli kaspiispireTis dasavleT sanapiroze gama-greba da darubandis gasasvlelis xelSi Cagdebaa. kaxe-Tis mxares ki surs, rom ruseTma yaziyumuxidan kaxeTSi mimavali gza daikavos da aRkveTos daRestnidan aRmo-savleT saqarTveloze mowyobili Tavdasxmebi. kaxeTis mxaris moTxovnebi erTmorwmuneobiTaa Semagrebuli.

Ddamowmebuli literatura

aleqsiZe. 1983 – aleqsiZe l. saqarTvelo-ruseTis saer-TaSoriso-samarTlebrivi urTierToba XV-XVIII saukuneeb-Si, Tb., 1983. bocvaZe 1968 _ bocvaZe T. saqarTvelo-daRestnis ur-TierTobis istoriidan (XV-XVI ss.), Tb., 1968. meufe anania (jafariZe) 1993 _ meufe anania (jafariZe). saqarTvelos adgili marTlmadideblur diptixSi, „jvari vazisa“, №1, 1993; http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe. tyavaSvili 2005 _ tyavaSvili m. kaxeTis samefos urTi-erToba saSamxlosTan da `ficis wigni~ (XVI saukunis 80-iani wlebi), _ klio, Tb., 2005. tyavaSvili 2006 – tyavaSvili m. ruseTis laSqrobebi daRestanSi (1591, 1594 ww.) da kaxeTis samefo, _ saqar-Tvelos axali istoriis sakiTxebi, IX, Tbilisi, 2006.

tyavaSvili 2013 _ tyavaSvili m. დarubandis gasasvleli ruseTis politikuri interesebis sferoSi (XVI saukunis bolo), _ axali da uaxlesi istoriis sakiTxebi, 1 (12), Tbilisi, 2013. Белокуров 1889 - Белокуров С. А. Сношения России с Кавказом, ч. 1, 1578-1613, Москва, 1889. История 1979 - История СССР, ч. первая, М., 1979.

132

Каптерев 1885 – Каптерев Н. Ф. Характер отношений России к православному востоку в XVI и XVII столетиях, М., 1885; http://dugward.ru/library/sodlib.html. Козубский 1906 – Козубский Е. И. История города Дербента,Темир-Хан-Шура, 1906. ПоттоВ. 1887 – Потто В. Кавказская война в отдельных очерках, эпизодах, легендах и биографиях, ч. 1, С-Петербург, 1887-89.

133

naTia jalabaZe

Trusos sakiTxi mediaSi 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg

media, rogorc sazogadoebaze zemoqmedebis sa-Sualeba, dasabams saxalxo ritorikidan, zepirsity-vierebidan iRebs; mogvianebiT am komunikativistur qsovils emateba religia da xelovneba, rasac zemoq-medebis aranaklebi Zala gaaCnia (TargamaZe 2012). tra-diciul medias 21-e sukuneSi seriozuli metoqe ga-mouCnda socialuri mediis saxiT; Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom tradiciuli media, socialuri mediis mzardi gavlenis fonze, am ukanasknelis elementebs iTvisebs, aqtiurad iqmneba tradiciuli mediasa-Sualebebis veb-gverdebi da a.S. (wulaZe, berZeniSvili da sxv. 2012 : 8) medias ZaluZs Seasrulos umTavresi roli sazogadoebis, rogorc mtkice, angariSgasawev Zalad CamoyalibebaSi, aseve mis danawevrebasa Tu neitralizaciaSi. mas SeuZlia Seqmnas axali sazoga-doebrivi azri, sruliad axali miznebisaken warmar-Tos sazogadoebis Zala da gansxvavebuli, transfor-mirebuli sociumi Camoayalibos. mediis mniSvneloba sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTrebulad izrdeba, rode-sac konkretul sociums mniSvnelovani amocanis ga-dawyveta uwevs (papaskiri 2012). dRes tradiciuli me-dia socialur mediasTan erTad mniSvnelovan zegav-lenas axdens sazogadoebrivi azris formirebaze. amerikeli fsiqologi eliot aronsoni naSromSi _ `sazogadoebrivi cxoveli~, masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT ganxorcielebul zemoqmedebis farul formaze saubrobs. igi gansakuTrebiT sainformacio gadacemebs gamohyofs da xazs usvams, rom maT Se-uZliaT imoqmedon Cven ganwyobaze sxva erebisadmi da gamoiwvion adamianTa agresiuli qmedebac ki. in-formaciis mowodebis garda, am tipis gadacemebSi masalebis SerCeviT aqcentirebasac axdenen, ramac

134

SesaZlebelia ganapirobos movlenebis Semdgomi msv-

leloba (Аронсон 1999: 80-85). fsiqologiaSi cnobili e.w „fraimingi“, anu igive ganwyobis, damokidebulebis formireba, warmatebiT xorcieldeba masobrivi komunikaciis saSualebebiT. `fraimingiT~ manipulirebas SeuZlia Zlieri gavlena moaxdinos adamianis an jgufebis ganwyobasa da qcevaze. Tu individs TavisTavad uyalibdeba, an Se-gnebulad uyalibeben uaryofiT ganwyobas ama Tu im pirovnebis, jgufis an problemis mimarT, misi azric uaryofiTia, da piriqiT. fraimingiT manipulirebas TviT Zalze gamocdili profesionalebic ki eqve-mdebarebian (aronsoni 1999: 143). masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi mWidro kavSi-rSia qveynis erovnul usafrTxoebasTan. sxvadasxva politikuri Zalebis mier postsabWoTa periodis ko-nfliqtebis dros swored masmediam Sesrula gansakuTrebuli roli eTnosebs Soris damokidebu-lebis formirebaSi da igi masobrivi cnobierebis ma-nipulirebis iaraRad iqna gamoyenebuli. magaliTad, v. tiSkovi monografiaSi „sazogadoeba SeiaraRebul konfliqtS“, romelic CeCneT-ruseTis omis Temas exe-ba, ganixilavs konfliqtze Tanamedrove sainforma-cio saSualebaTa gavlenis faqtors. igi aRniSnavs, rom Tanamedrove pirobebSi masobrivi informaciis saSualebebi (mis) warmoadgens udides mamobilize-bel Zalas da ubralo gavlenas ki ar axdens konf-liqtze, aramed xSirad es gavlena samxedro brZanebe-bze ufro Zlieric ki aris (Тишков 2001: 49). statiaSi “masmedia da konfliqtebi kavkasiaSi” k. ZebisaSvili mas-mediis da kavkasiaSi mimdinare konf-liqtebis urTierTmimarTebaze wers: „potenciuri kon-fliqtebis zonebSi masobrivi komunikaciis saSuale-bebs situaciis gamwvavebaSi mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRvis. maTi damsaxurebiT, uaryofiTi, da, xSirad, cru informacia sayovelTaod vrceldeba. Sedegad, adamianebs uyalibdebaT mtruli damokidebuleba im obieqtebis mimarT, romelsac masobrivi informaciis

135

saSualebebi mocemuli sazogadoebisTvis nomer pirvel mtrebad warmogvidgens“ (Дзебисашвили 1999) amave avtoris SexedulebiT, konfliqtur garemo-Si TviToeuli movlenis garSemo uamravi miTi iqmneba, romelsac bevri iyenebs (an igonebs) raTa movlenaTa

mimdinareobas `saWiro~ mimarTuleba misces (Дзебисаш-вили 1999). dezinformaciis an sasurveli konteqstis Semcveli informaciis gavrceleba, rasac SeuZlia Se-cvalos sazogadoebrivi azri ama Tu im movlenaze, informaciuli omis warmoebis ZiriTad meTodad ga-moiyeneba. ruseTs eTnosebs Soris daZabulobis Seqmnisa da konfliqtebis provocirebis sakmaod didi gamocdile-ba aqvs, risi erT-erTi naTeli magaliTic postsabWo-Ta e.w. gayinuli konfliqtebis drogamoSvebiT gaaq-tiurebaa (mag. 2008 wlis samxeT oseTis, 2016 wlis yarabaxis ganaxlebuli konfliqtebi). jer kidev 2010 wels Jurnal “inteleqtualSi” daibeWda statia, sa-dac avtori akeTebda prognozs, rom saqarTvelos okupirebuli teritoriebis da yarabaxis problemis xarjze ruseTi momavalSic yvelanairad Seecdeboda maRali politikuri temperaturis SenarCunebas kavka-siaSi. es scenari ruseTisTvis momgebiani iyo, ramde-nadac, aseT SemTxvevaSi, ruseTis monopolias energo-matareblebze xeli aRar SeeSleboda da es iqneboda proeqt `nabukos~ dasasruli; xolo kavkasiis, ro-gorc energogamtari xazis Caketvis SemTxvevaSi, evro-pis erTaderTi energodonori ruseTi gaxdeboda (ma-duaSvili 2012). rogorc davinaxeT, es prognozi gamarTlda yara-baxis konfliqtTan mimarTebaSi 2016 wels, xolo jer-jerobiT gaurkvevelia, SemdgomSi ra datvirTva eqneba oseTis faqtors am TvalsazrisiT. cxadia, rom 2008 wlis agvistos omis da ruseTis mier axalgoris oku-paciis Semdeg, osebis/rusebis pretenziebi qarTul miwaze gaizarda. ruseTi ukve 2009 wlidan cdilobs Seqmnas Sesaferisi niadagi Tavisi zraxvebisTvis da amjerad yazbegis raionis osuri mosaxleobis

136

TematikiT, konkretulad ki Trusos faqtoriT, ma-nipulirebs. cnobilia, rom md. Tergis saTaveebSi _ TrusoSi, osebi XVII saukunis Semdgom dasaxldnen. am terito-riaze manamde jer qarTuli modgmis wanarebi, xolo Semdeg, dvalebi cxovrobdnen. Truso arasdros ar yo-fila saqarTvelos saxelmwfos farglebs gareT, gvi-an SuasaukunebSi is aragvis erisTavebis sagamgeoSi Sedioda (TofCiSvili 2016: 34). vaxuSti bagrationi Trusos xeobaSi osebiTa da dvalebiT dasaxlebul rva sofels moixsenebda (vaxuSti batoniSvili 1991: 21). droTa ganmavlobaSi osebma dvalTa asimilacia moaxdines, samosaxlo sivrce gaifarToves da Tergis saTaveebSi kobis zemoT, xevis teritoriaze mdebare soflebSi Camosaxldnen. XIX saukuneSi osebi mcire raodenobiT xevis zogierT sofelSic cxovrobdnen (iToniSvili 2006: 4-5). oficialuri monacemebiT, dRes Trusos xeobis 12 soflidan 11 daclilia – nogyau, Sevardeni, mna, desi, karTayau, wowolTa, suaTisi, jimara, tefi, resi da abano. saqarTvelos Tanamedrove rukaze nasoflarad aris moniSnuli sofeli oqroyanac, Tumca aq mudmivad saxlobs erTi adamiani (vardiaSvili 2012). mTel yazbegis raionSi ki dRes mxolod aTiode osi cxovrobs. yazbegis raionSi Sekrebili savele eTnografi-uli masalebis Tanaxmad, Tusos xeobidan osTa migra-cia CrdiloeTisken 1970-iani wlebidan iwyeba, xolo am procesma intensiuri xasiaTi 1990-ian wlebidan miiRo. Trusoeli osebis gadmocemiT, romelic presaSi fiqsirdeba: àq cxovreba Zalian rTuli iyo, gansakuTrebiT, zamTarSi. civilizaciis erTaderTi niSani radio iyo, romelic mxolod maSin muSaobda, roca deni iyo, anu diliT da saRamos, 2–2 saaTiT. saTibebi, ai im mTaze gvqonda, Tergs iqeT rom aris. mTidan aqeT grZel Tokebs Wimavdnen da balaxi ise gadmohqondaT. xalxi aq ZiriTadad mesaqonleobiT irCenda Tavs. nakveTebic gvqonda, sadac kartofili mogvyavda. ojaxebis didi nawili gamosazamTreblad

137

vladikavkazSi gadadioda. 2005 wlidan, mas Semdeg, rac ruseTma saqarTvelodan sasoflo-sameurneo pro-duqtebis Setana akrZala, xeobaSi aravin aRar ga-dmodis. embargo rom ar iyos, ufrosi Taobis xalxi aq isev icxovrebda, saqonels iyoliebdnen, karto-fils moiyvandnen da vladikavkazSi mxolod gamo-sazamTreblad dabrundebodnen. axla Cveni mSoble-bic da Cvenc vladikavkazSi vcxovrobT.... me ori Svili myavs. maTTan erTad aq mudmivad verasodes vi-cxovreb. aseT pirobebSi mudmivad cxovreba Zalian Znelia. saxli ise rom iyos mowyobili, rom bavSvebis wamoyvanac SeiZlebodes, aucileblad wamoviyvandi. zafxulSi xSirad CamovidodiT da ramdenime dRe da-vrCebodiT.... Cvengan gansxvavebiT ufrosi Taobis xa-lxs am soflebis mimarT ufro didi nostalgia aqvs~ (vardiaSvili 2012). rodesac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg mosax-leoba umZimes social-ekonomikur pirobebSi aRmoCn-da, swored maSin daiZra migrantebis didi talRa sa-qarTvelodan im qveynebisken, sadac ukeTesad cxovre-ba iyo SesaZlebeli. yazbegis raionis osuri mosax-leobisTvis orjonikiZe//vladikavkazis pirobebi ga-cilebiT saxarbielo iyo, vidre infrastruqturamoS-lili Trusos (aseve kobis) xeobisa. isedac yazbegis raionis qarTvelebisa da osebis umravlesobas sa-xlebi sazRvris orive mxares hqonda. moxeveebi vla-dikavkazSi samuSaod yazbegis raionidan dadiodnen da umaRles ganaTlebasac, ufro xSirad, iq iRe-bdnen. rac Seexeba savaWro-ekonomikur urTierTobebs, am TvalsazrisiTac saqarTvelosa da Crd. oseTis mosaxleoba erTmaneTze iyo damokidebuli, yazbegis raionidan oseTi ZiriTadad soflis meurneobis (mecxoveleoba, sasaTbure meurneoba) produqciiT maragdeboda, iqedan ki uamravi sxva saqoneli Se-modioda. es erTiani sivrce iyo, romelsac, garda te-ritoriuli faqtorisa, socio-kuturuli da ekonomi-kuri siaxlovec mWidrod kravda: „Cven cxovrba vla-dikavkazis gareSe ar SegveZla. es iyo Cveni maco-

138

cxlebeli... da Cagviketes! CvenTvis Tbilisi da sa-qarvelo imdenad araferi ar aris; avad vinme gaxde-boda, es gza daketili iyo, vladikavkazSi mivdiodiT. produqti gvindoda, vladikavkazidan mogvqonda, vladikavkazi gvaarsebebda Cven!. exla? exla, ra?! Zalian cudad vgrZnobT Tavs vladikavkazis gareSe!~ (avtoris savele masala, aCxoti 2016). `Zalian kargi urTierToba gvqonda erTmaneTTan, ar iyo iseTi ojaxi visac iq saxli ar hqonda, naTe-saoba iq gvyavda. Cemi meuRlis sanaTesao iq iyo Ziri-Tadad. 4 Svili myavs da iq davamTavrebine orjoni-kiZeSi skola oTxives. skola gagvixsnes imitom rom Cveni bevri xalxi cxovrobda orjonikiZeSi, exlac aris is qarTuli skola, qarTvelebi dResac swa-vloben, patriarqmac is skola daamTavra. Sereuli ojaxebi iyo, Cvenebic iyvnen iq da isinic modiodnen aq rZlebi~ (avtoris savele masala, arSa 2015) miuxedavad post-sabWoTa periodSi ruseT-saqarT-velos Soris arsebuli daZabulobisa, 2006 wlamde saqarTvelo-Crdilo oseTis sazRvarze mimosvla saz-Rvrispira mosaxleobisTvis met-naklebad uproblemo iyo. orive mxares sacxovreblis mqone rogorc qarTveli, ise osi mosaxleobisTvis Tavisufali sava-Wro-ekonomikuri kavSirebis arseboba maTi warmatebu-li saqmianobis da kmayofiT cxovrebis pirobebs qmnida. am drois momswre moxeveebs maSindeli yofa idealurad esaxebaT, rogorc eTnokulturuli, ise socialuri da ekonomikuri uTierTobebis Tvalsaz-risiT. rodesac 2005 wels ruseTma qarTul produq-ciaze embargo gamoacxada, xolo 2006 wels sazRvari Caketa, qarTul-Crdilo osur urTierTobaTa Cveuli forma erTgvarad Seicvala. bevrma qarTvelma dakarga saxli Crd. oseTSi, bevrma samsaxuri. dRes xevis mosaxleoba am mxriv dazaralebulia, vinaidan saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi sazRvarze vizis gareSe ver gadadian da yazbeg-vladikavkazis erT dros ar-sebuli kavSirebi gacilebiT SezRudulia. oseTSi ya-zbegis raionidan migrirebul, aw ukve ruseTis moqa-

139

laqe osebs ki Tavisuflad SeuZliaT sazRvarze ga-dasvla. Seqmnili garemoebidan gamomdinare, xevis mosaxleobis nawils awyobs ormagi moqalaqeobis (sa-qarTvelos da ruseTis) qona. rogorc respondentebi gadmogvcemen, bevri yazbegeli moxeve ruseTis pensi-as iRebs. ruseTs xels aZlevs, yazbegis raionis mkvidr qarTvelebs Tavisi moqalaqeoba mianiWos, vina-idan amgvarad saqarTvelos teritoriaze Tavisi inte-resebis gansaxorcieleblad mas ukve dasayrdeni eqneba; saqarTveloSi Tavisi moqalaqeebis dacvis sa-babiT mas SeeZleba nebismieri saxis provokaciis mo-wyoba (avtoris savele masala, yazbegi 2016). Seqmnil fonze ki osebis mier qarTul miwebze pretenziis ga-mocxadeba kidev ufro Zabavs situacias, raSic udi-des rols masmedia TamaSobs. jer kidev 2007 wels socialur qselSi gavrce-lda ruseTis JurnalistTa kavSiris wevris alina

Tuaevas werili „Трусовское ущелье. Почему оно за гра-ницей?“. es aris erTgvari qarga im gegmisa, romelic mogvianebiT samoqmedod iqca qarTul miwebze preten-ziis mqone osuri//rusuli mxarisTvis. avtori, ro-melic Tavad warmoSobiT sof. kobidanaa, SeSfoTe-bulia, rom istoriuli usamarTlobis, rusi poli-tikosebis windauxedaobis da bedis mzakvruli peri-petiebis gamo, 65 osuri gvaris samSoblo – Trusos, gudas xeoba da kobis qvabuli dRes 33 osuri so-flis warmomadgenlisTvis miuwvdomel ucxoeTad iq-ca. igi aRniSnul teritoriebs centralur oseTad moixseniebs da daaskvnis, rom es miwebi, yovelgvari logikisa da samarTlianobis gareSe, amJamad saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia; igi irwmuneba, rom es teritoria arasdros ar yofila qarTuli, radgan, Turme, aq qarTvelebs saerTod ar ucxovriaT da arc maTi odesRac am miwebze binadrobis mtkicebuleba ar arsebobs. avtori istoriuli, naratiuli Tu sxva wyaroebis moSveliebiT cdilobs daasabuTos aRniSnuli teritoriis osebisadmi kuTvnileba da maTi winapari skviTebis kavkasiaSi Cv. w-mde me-7 sa-

140

ukuneSi darialis xeobiT Semosvlas, osebis kavkasi-aSi damkvidrebis periodad ganixilavs. werilSi Tru-sos xeobis 7-jer gaukacrielebazea saubari, xolo Tanamedrove osebis winaprebis xeobaSi sabolood damkvidrebis drod me-15 saukunea miCneuli. werilis avtori vaxuStis cnobebis moSveliebiT askvnis, rom me-17 saukuneSi TrusoSi 8 osuri dasaxleba arse-bobda, xolo dRes aq SemorCenil nagebobaTa umrav-lesobas im periodis Zeglebad asaxelebs. Jurnalis-ti xazs usvams, rom „perestroikis“ Semdgom, erT dros umdidresi kolmeurmeobebis mqone osuri sof-lebi wamebSi gaRaribda da, rom dRes aq civiliza-ciis nasaxsac ver naxavT – ar aris medpunqti, arc maRazia, arc fosta da a.S., xolo saqarTvelos xeli-suflebas sulac ar anaRvlebs osebis bedi. am sak-maod vrcel werils laitmotivad gasdevs „debule-

ba“ — „Кроме осетин в 33-х осетинских селах указанных ущелий никогда никто не жил“. avtori gaocebulia, rom osebis kuTvnili miwebis sakiTxi oseTSi manamde aravis ar dausvams da arasodes ganuxilavs, am ra-ionSi ssrk-s daSlis Semdeg Crd. oseTidan erTi sa-mTavrobo komisiac ki ar gaugzavniaT da TanamoZme-ebis yofiT aravin ar dainteresebula. Tuaeva bolos erTxel kidev Seaxsenebs mkiTxvels, rom, yazbegis osur mosaxleobas aqvs ruseTis moqalqeoba da maTi mTeli cxovreba dRemde dakavSirebulia mxolod vladikavkazTan da ara TbilisTan; igi imeds ga-moTqvams, rom am xeobebis Sesaxeb ufro detalur analizs istorikosebi da politikosebi moaxdenen (http://iratta.com/2007/01/08/trusovskoe_ushhele_pochemu_ono_za_granicejj.html). saerTod, Trusos Tematikis wamoweva mediaSi 2009 wlidan iwyeba, gansakuTrebiT ki mas Semdeg, rac 2008 wlis 21 dekembers vladikavkazSi iqmneba organizacia „dariali“, romelsac xelmZRvanelobs Trusodan CrdiloeT oseTSi gadasaxlebuli gairbeg salbievi da romlis mizansac „istoriuli samar-Tlianobis aRdgena da maTi kuTvnili miwebis, ìsto-

141

riulad osuri teritoriebis“, maT Soris, Trusos xeobis da mTlianad yazbegis raionis dabruneba wa-rmoadgens~(http://kardu-order.blogspot.com/2009/12/blog-ost_-1976.html) am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT 2009 wlis agvistoSi presaSi da socialur qselebSi gavrcelda samxreT oseTis de faqto prezidentis e. kokoiTis ganacxadi, rom cxinvali aucileblad apirebs mizanmimarTulad mosTxovos saqarTvelos `daubrunos oseTs is Tru-sos xeoba, romelic bolSevikebma saqarTvelos sab-WoTa socialisturi respublikis administraciul mmarTvelobas 1920-ian wlebSi gadasces~. rogorc iu-wyeba Jurnalisti e. abesaZe, „ria novostisTvis” micemul interviuSi eduard kokoiTim ìstoriuli wiaRsvlebiT~ `daadastura~, rom Trusos xeoba odiT-ganve osuri miwa iyo da sabWoTa kavSiris dros saqa-rTvelos gaurkveveli mizeziT gadaeca. Jurnalisti saubrobs imave periodSi rusulenovan internetgamo-cema „airon TaimsSi“ gamoqveynebul vadim Toxsiro-vis statiaze, sadac „dasabuTebulia“ rom, Trusos xeoba iseve, rogorc TeTri aragvis saTaveebis xeoba, ZirZveli osuri teritoriaa da istoriulad axal-gors ekuTvnoda, xolo axalgori, TavisTavad, oseTi iyo. vadim Toxsirovis publikacia osi „istorikose-bis“ mier moyvanil „wyaroebs“ efuZneba, romlebic amtkiceben, rom Trusos xeoba, kobis tafobi da xevi-yazbegi Tavidanve oseTis kuTvnileba iyo (abesaZe 2014). 2009 wlis 23 dekembers damoukidebelma inter-net-sainformacio portalma „kavkazski uzelma“ ga-moaqveyna werili saTauriT: „CrdiloeT oseTis orga-nizacia „dariali“ saqarTvelos yazbegis raionis samxreT oseTTan mierTebas gvTavazobs“. werilidan irkveva, rom organizaciis Sekrebaze mimdinareobda msjeloba yazbegis raionis samxreT oseTis Semadge-nlobaSi Sesvlis SesaZlo gzebze da „zemo larsisa“ da „yazbegis“ sakontrolo gamSvebi punqtebis gax-snasTan dakavSirebul situaciaze. organizaciis xel-

142

mZRvanelis, g. salbievis poziciiT, vinaidan sazRvris orive mxares mcxovrebT gaaCniaT mWidro naTesauri kavSirebi erTmaneTTan, osi da qarTveli mosaxle-obisTvis ar unda arsebobdes savizo reJimi da isini sakontrolo gamSveb punqtze Tavisufali mimosvliT, anu sazRvris Caketvamde arsebuli pirobebiT unda sargeblobdnen. salbievi, romelmac manamde araerTxel dasva yazbegis raionis osebisTvis „da-brunebis“ sakiTxi, amis miRwevis erT-erT gzad sa-zRvris likvidacias da yazbegis raionis paportiza-cias miiCnevs (http://www.kavkaz-uzel.ru/articles/163460/). amave periodSi cxinvalis xelisuflebis mesveu-rTa teritoriul pretenziebs ganixilavs qarTuli media. 2009 wlis dekemberSi dabeWdil werilSi _ „Trusos xeobisa da yazbegis raionis dakargvis saf-rTxe realuria“, saubaria imaze, rom ruseTs xels aZlevs larsis gamSvebi punqtis gaxsna, vinaidan osu-ri mosaxleoba, romelic droebiT mis teritoriazea gadaadgilebuli da cxovrobs CrdiloeT oseTSi, dabrundes ukan. am ideis Sesaxeb saubrobs CrdiloeT oseTis presac. yazbegelebi SiSoben, rom am ad-amianebs mohyvebian provokatorebi, romlebmac SeiZ-leba raionSi arsebuli mdgomareoba daZabon, da Se-mdeg ruseTs ukve miecema sababi moqmedebisTvis... im wels, lomisobis dResaswaulze gadmosulma osebma marTlac ganacxades, rom dagegmili hqondaT Trusos xeobisa da mTlianad raionis maTi kontrolirebadi teritoriebisTvis SeerTeba (http://kardu-order.blogspot.-com/2009/12/blog-post_1976.html). qarTul presaSi organizacia „darialis” Sesa-xeb informacia sayovelTaod gavrcelda mas Semdeg, rac am organizaciis yofilma warmoSobiT qarTvelma wevrma, gamoagzavna werili kviris palitris redaq-ciaSi. mimarTvidan, romelsac sainformacio portali ìnterpresniusi~ aSuqebs, irkveva, rom werilis inko-gnito avtori SeaSfoTa `darialis~ 2010 wlis ia-n-vris sxdomaze mosmenilma ambavma da Tavis movaleo-bad CaTvala, gaefrTxilebina qarTuli sazogadoeba.

143

igi wers: òrganizacias dagegmili aqvs, waglijos saqarTvelos yazbegis raioni Trusos xeobiTurT da gudauri. aqvT rukebi da proeqtebi, sadac Camoyali-bebulia, Tu rogor unda SeuerTdes Trusos xeobis gavliT cxinvalis mxare kobsa da gudaurs. me es am-bavi sagangaSod meCvena. somxeTis warmomadgenlebi Sexvedraze osebs Sehpirdnen, rom Seadgenen dokumen-tebs, TiTqos somxeTis istoriul wyaroebSi aRmoaCi-nes, rom yazbegis raioni alanTa ZirZveli miwaa, sai-danac osebi qarTvelma mefeebma gandevnes. ai, am dokumentiT apireben `TavianTi miwis~ dabrunebas. ro-gorc somxeTis warmomadgenlebma ganumartes damsw-reebs, saqarTvelos istoria somxuri wyaroebis mona-cemebzea Seqmnili...~ (http://expertclub.ge ). werilis avtori aRniSnavs, rom organizaciis wev-rebs yazbegSi binebs da gudaurSi vilebs sTavazoben. maT ganixiles am gegmis ganxorcielebis savarado vadebi da gzebi da TavianT ZiriTad molodinebs larsis gaxsnas ukavSireben. „qarTvelis“ varaudiT, rodesac larsi gaixsneba, osebi Sevlen kobsa da Trusos xeobis soflebSi, sadac osTa sacxovrebeli saxlebi gaZarcvulia; daiwyeba Sejaxeba osebsa da yazbegis mosaxleobas Soris, rac konfliqtis saukeTeso piroba iqneba. am gegmiT osebi ruseTis da-xmarebiT daikaveben yazbegis raions, Trusos xeobasa da gudaurs” (http://expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__3733/alias__-Expertclub/lang__ka-GE/tabid__2546/default.aspx). werilis avtori mouwodebs qarTvel xalxs, ar dauSvan larsis gzis gaxsna da maqsimalurad SeuSa-lon xeli am mimarTulebiT saqarTvelos mTavrobis gadawyvetilebas, radgan miaCnia, rom es saqarTvelos-Tvis damRupveli iqneba. rogorc zemoT aRvniSne, cxinvalisa da axal-goris regionebis saboloo okupaciis Semdeg osuri media, „ori oseTis“ gaerTianebis ideis paralelu-rad, ukve Riad acxadebs pretenziebs Trusos xeoba-ze. 2010 wels e.w. samxreT oseTis warmomadgenelebi permanentulad „aanonsebdnen“, rom samxreT oseTi

144

saqarTvelosgan Zalian male kurort gudaurTan ax-lomdebare teritorias _ Rudas xeobas moiTxovda, CrdiloeTi ki Trusos xeobas. aseve drodadro ub-rundeba am Temas kokoiTi da 2010 wels presaSi kvlav gaismis misi mowodeba: `samxreT da Crdilo-eT oseTis xelmZRvanelebi valdebulni arian, Tana-moqalaqeTa interesebi daicvan; daicvan moqalaqeebi, romlebic iZulebuli gaxdnen, daetovebinaT istori-uli samSoblo _ saqarTveloSi arsebuli Trusos xeoba. es Zireuli osuri miwaa, sadac dRes Cvens mo-qalaqeebs politikuri mizezis gamo sakuTar keras-Tan dabruneba da winaparTa saflavebis monaxuleba ar SeuZliaT~ (oTaraSvili 2010). ar SeiZleba ar iTqvas, rom qarTul presaSi 2011-2012 wlebSi aRniSnuli Tema, wina wlebTan Seda-rebiT, naklebad intensiurad Suqdeba, rac, savarau-dod, saqarTveloSi mimdinare politikur cvlile-bebs unda ukavSirdebodes. Tumca, es sakiTxi osur mediaSi kvlav aqtiuri ganxilvis saganad rCeba. 2013 wels zemoxsenebul Temas exeba „axali Tao-bis“ Jurnalisti „reportaJSi Trusos xeobidan“; igi saubrobs de-faqto oseTis respublikis yofili pre-zidentis eduard kokoiTis araerTgzis gancxadebaze Trusos xeobis cxinvalis kontrolis qveS gadasv-lis Sesaxeb. Jurnalisti varaudobs, rom, Tuki cxi-nvali moaxerxebs daepatronos Trusos xeobas, rogo-rc TbilisisTvis strategiulad Zalze mniSvnelovan obieqts, teritorias, romelic CrdiloeT oseTsa da TviTgamocxadebuli samxreT oseTis respublikis javis raions esazRvreba, maSin Tbilisi mTeli yazbegis raionze dakargavs kontrols (http://www.-ekhokavkaza.com/a/25094380.html). 2014 wels sainformacio analitikur portal for.ge-ze gamoqveynda werili „visi miwaa Trusos xeoba da ra surT separatistebs (abesaZe 2014), sadac sau-baria cxinvalis regionis yofil „xelisufalTa“, ke-rZod ki okupirebuli „samxreT oseTis“ yofili pre-zidentis teritoriul pretenziebze – „Trusos xe-

145

oba Cveni miwaa da Cven misTvis vibrZolebT". eduard kokoiTim vladikavkazSi gamarTul osi xalxis yri-lobaze (2014 w.) ruseTTan urTierobis mniSvnelo-bazec gaamaxvila yuradReba da aRniSna, rom os xalxs ruseTi ise uyvars, rom am siyvaruls gada-mowmeba ar sWirdeba; misive TqmiT, kavkasiidan ruse-Tis gandevnis da misi natosa da SeerTebuli Sta-tebis ZalebiT Canacvlebis gegma mcirericxovani osi erisTvis saxifaToa. amave statiaSi avtors mohyavs „saxalxo fron-tis“ Tavmjdomaris _ nodar naTaZis kontrargumen-tebi; naTaZis azriT, ruseTis gacxadebuli mizania, ar dauSvas natos wevri qveyana Tavis mezoblad, sina-mdvileSi ki surs, dasavleTs gadauketos amierkavka-siis derefani da SeuzRudos Sua aziaSi moZraoba. igi xazs usvams, rom Trusos xeobaSi osuri mosax-leoba naris xeobidan gadmovida da aq me-17 saukune-Si dasaxlda; Tavad naris xeoba ki, sadac rokis gvi-rabidan unda gaxvide, mudam saqarTvelos teritoria iyo da Tbilisis guberniaSi Sedioda; ruseTma me-19 saukuneSi, TiTqosda administraciuli kontrolis gaadvilebis mizniT, igi saqarTvelos waarTva da CrdiloeT kavkasias gadasca. xolo, TviT naris xeobaSi osuri dasaxlebebi monRolebis dros gaCnda. nodar naTaZis gancxadebiT, Trusos xeobis mimarT osebs veranairi kanonieri pretenzia ver eqnebaT da kokoiTis moTxovnebs aranairi istoriuli safuZveli ar gaaCnia. misive ganmartebiT, Trusos xeobas ruse-TisTvis strategiuli mniSvneloba aqvs da, am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa darialis xeobaSi mSene-bare gvirabis sakiTxi: „TrusoSi Tu ruseTis jari Cadga, es imas niSnavs, rom jvris uReltexili aRebu-li eqnebaT. ruseTidan saqarTvelos samxedro gziT rom modixar, daaxloebiT 6 kilometris Semdeg iw-ye-ba darialis xeoba, am xeobaSi ruseTTan daka-vSirebuli konkretuli kompania uzarmazar gvirabs aSenebs, romlis gacxadebuli mizani gvirabis meSveo-biT darialhesis wyliT momaragebaa; sinamdvileSi, es

146

aris gvirabi, romelSic, SesaZloa, gamoiaros javSan-teqnikam da armiam da am gziT pirdapir Semovides ya-zbegSi. rac imas niSnavs, rom darialis xeoba, ro-gorc dacvis zona, xelidan gvecleba. arada, swored, darialis xeoba inaxavda saqarTvelos saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi CrdiloeTidan Tavdasxmebisgan. yazbegi-dan 3-4 kilometrSi, Tergis marcxena SenakadTan mde-bareobs Trusos xeoba da mas didi strategiuli mni-Svneloba aqvs Cveni mtrisTvis. pretenziebi Trusoze aris rusebis mier „Saxis“ Tqma saqarTvelosTvis da saerTod, dasavleTisTis“ (abesaZe 2014). sainformacio saagento `Frontnews~-ma 2015 wls 6 Tebervals gamoaqveyna qarTveli Jurnalistis vrce-li interviu organizacia `darialis~ xelmZRvanel gairbek salbievTan. rogorc g. salbievi acxadebs, yazbegis raionis osi erovnebis mosaxleoba aT-wleulebis ganmavlobaSi momTabare meurneobiT iyo dakavebuli da saqonels ZiriTadad CrdiloeT ose-TSi erekeboda, Tumca mosaxleobis nawili yazbegis soflebSi mainc rCeboda. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg, rodesac yazbegis raionsa da oseTs Soris oficialuri sazRvari gaCnda, gadaadgilebis pro-blema warmoeqmnaT ara mxolod osebs, aramed im qa-rTvelebsac, romlebsac uZravi qoneba rogorc Crdi-loeT oseTSi, ise yazbegis raionSi hqondaT. Tumca 1990-ian wlebSi dawyebuli gaurkvevlobis gadalaxvas xalxi mainc axerxebda. problemebi 2006 wels daiwyo, roca rusulma da qarTulma mxareebma sabaJo obieqtebis garemontebis mizniT larsis gza ga-daketes. „darialis“ Seqmnis mizezad salbievi 2008 wlis konfliqts asaxelebs. misi TqmiT, am konfliq-tis Semdeg, osebs mSobliur soflebsa da saxlebSi darCena gauWirdaT. yvela fiqrobda: Tu cxinvali da-bombes, maSin qarTuli reJimis romelime xelmZRva-nelis axirebiT SeiZleba nebismieri osuri sofeli ganadgurebuliyo. `darials~ ki Seqmnili situaci-idan gamosavali unda epovna. organizaciis mizani iyo (da dResac aris _ n.j.) CrdiloeT da samxreT

147

oseTSi mcxovreb yazbegis raionis os mkvidrTa is-toriul miwebze Seuferxeblad dabruneba. salbievi xazs usvams, rom maTi umravlesoba saqarTvelos xe-lisuflebam Sav siaSi Seiyvana. igi aRniSnavs, rom osebisTvis sazRvars mudam pirobiTi datvirTva hqon-da da maT yovelTvis miaCndaT, rom yazbegis raioni oseTis nawili iyo (http://www.frontnews.ge/ge). mTeli intervius ganmavlobaSi salbievi cdi-lobs yazbegis raionidan CrdiloeT oseTSi gadasu-li osebi, isini, vinc ruseTis moqalaqeoba miiRo, da-zaralebulis rolSi warmoaCinos. TiTqos maT saqa-rTvelos mTavroba ar aZlevs uflebas, TavianT so-flebSi dabrundnen. kiTxvaze, ityvian Tu ara isini uars ruseTis moqalaqeobaze, im SemTxvevaSi, Tuki saqarTvelos mTavroba maT yazbegis raionSi dabru-nebis uflebas miscems, salbievi aseT pasuxs iZleva: „ratom unda vTqvaT uari ruseTis moqalaqeobaze, roca swored ruseTma Seqmna saqarTvelo dRevandeli sazRvrebis farglebSi? 1801 wels ruseTma larsis sazRvari daawesa, Tumca amisTvis aranairi sababi ar arsebobda. Tqven ra, ggoniaT, rom CrdiloeT oseTSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi ruseTis moqalaqeobaze uars ityvian?~. salbievs miaCnia, rom saqarTvelom yazbegis raio-ni „samxreT oseTs“ unda gadasces. winaaRmdeg SemT-xvevaSi samxreT oseTis mTavroba am sakiTxs saerTa-Soriso doneze gansaxilvelad da mosagvareblad ga-itans. am sakiTxis mogvarebis Semdeg ki daiwyeba aq-tiuri muSaoba samxreT da CrdiloeT oseTis gaerTi-anebis Taobaze (http://www.frontnews.ge/ge). savele eTnografiuli monacemebiT, erTi Sexed-viT, yazbegis raionis rigiT mosaxleobas `darialis~ moRvaweobis Sesaxeb bundovani warmodgena aqvs; Tum-ca, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom sifrTxilis gamo, da erTgvari SiSiTac ki, respondentebi Tavs arideben am Temaze saubars. osuri mxare rom gayalbebul istorias efuZneba, es Cveuli ambavia, rac salbievTan interviuSic kar-

148

gad Cans. JurnalistTan saubrisas igi cru informa-cias avrcelebs da sazRvris CaketvaSi qarTul mxa-resac adanaSaulebs, sinamdvileSi ki sazRvari ruse-Tma Caketa gzis samSeneblo samuSaoebis sababiT; 2008 wlis omisTvis Trusos xeobaSi ukve aRar cxovro-bdnen osebi, Sesabamisad, saqarTvelo osur soflebs ver daombavda. larsis sabaJo 2010 wels gaixsna da osebs TavianT soflebSi dabrunebaSi xels aravin ar uSlida. maT TavianTi rusuli pasportebiT uproble-mod SeeZloT (da SeuZliaT) sazRvris gadakveTa. qarTulma mxarem marTlac gamoacxada ramodenime pi-rovneba persona non gratad (maT Soris TviT gairbek salbievic), magram isini politikurad angaJirebuli individebi arian, romelTa mizanic yazbegis raionSi destabilizaciis inspirirebaa. saqonlis Tavisuflad Semoyvana sazafxulo ialaRebze (risi pretenziac aqvT osebs) sxva saxelmwifos (ruseTis) moqalaqeebis mier imis safuZvelze, rom isini erT dros aq cxovrobdnen, kanonis CarCoebSi ar jdeba. realurad, Trusos xeobaSi sacxovreblad osebi ar dabrunde-bian im gausaZlisi pirobebis gamo, rac dRes iq ar-sebobs. yazbegeli qarTvelebis TqmiT: „is xalxi, visac es xeoba uyvarda, cocxali aRar aris, axali Taoba ki aq sacxovreblad aRar wamova“ (avtoris sa-vele masala, aCxoti 2016). eTnografiuli monacemebi da qarTul mediaSi war-modgenili masalebi mowmobs, rom osuri mosaxleoba Trusodan aravis ar gauyria da arc maTi wasvlis mizezs eTnikuri sarCuli ar hqonia. sagazeTo publikaciaSi `ratom ver brundebian ya-zbegeli osebi TrusoSi?~ moxeveTa saTemo kavSiris yofili wevri z. wiklauri acxadebs, rom yazbegis raionidan osi mosaxloebis ayra ara politikurma, aramed socialurma problemebma gamoiwvia: `yazbegis raionidan sxva eTnikuri mcxovreblebi ufro metni wavidnen, maT Soris qarTvelebi, vidre TviTon osebi. es iyo Cveulebrivi procesi im garemo pirobebidan gamomdinare, rac iq aris. mogexsnebaT, mTaSi cxo-

149

vreba Zalian Wirs. daicala xevi mosaxleobisgan. ami-tomac didi nawili vladikavkazSi gadavida. zafxu-lobiT ki isev amodioda Trusos xeobaSi…... es iyo wminda wylis socialuri migracia da ara eTnikuri. araferi gansakuTrebuli nacionalur niadagze iq ar momxdara, miT umetes, konfliqti. es migracia, 90-ian wlebis movlenebamde gacilebiT adre, 80-iani wlebis dros daiwyo. vladikavkazSi ara marto moxeve, uamra-vi raWveli gadavida sacxovreblad imis gamo, rom im mTian pirobebs, sadac uwevdaT cxovreba, veRar gauZ-les~ (oTaraSvili 2012). wiklauri aRniSnavs, rom bevri moxeve dRes vla-dikavkazSi cxovrobs da iqauri pasporti aqvs. aseTe-bi ki ufro meti arian, vidre osebi. mas osebis yaz-begidan wasvlisTvis politikuri sarCulis mikereba arasworad miaCnia. yazbegidan wasuli osebi isedac brundebian, Tu, ra Tqma unda, amis survili aqvT: ìsini brundebian larsidan. larsis gamSvebi punqti, mogexsnebaT, Riaa da maT aqvT uvizod mimosvlis saSualeba saqarTveloSi. pirvel rigSi ki – swored maT, anu osebs. amitomac vambob, rom es yvelaferi, rom maT TiTqos gadmosvla undaT, magram ver axerxeben, tyuilia - Segnebuli aJiotaJis atexva un-daT. es aris politikuri dakveTa rusuli interven-ciisTvis, rasac karga xania rusebi amzadeben... es aris rusuli politikis nawili da sxva araferi~ (oTaraSvili 2012). saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierTobis ganxilvasa da analizs mniSvnelovani adgili aqvs daTmobili sazo-gadoebriv gaerTianeba àbjarTan~ arsebul „eqsper-tTa klubis“ sainformacio portalze http://expertclub.-ge/portal/cnid__10984/alias__Expertclub/lang__ka-/abid__2546/-default.aspx. aRsaniSnavia, rom es portali samenovania da aq warmodgenilia masalebi qarTul, rusul da in-glisur enebze. Trusos problemasTan dakavSirebiT informaciis sayovelTaod gavrcelebis Tvalsaz—ri-siT mniSvnelovania `radio Tavisufali evropis, `ra-dio Tavisuflebis“ da „exo kavkazas“ saqmianoba.

150

rogorc davinaxeT, politikur TamaSebSi ruseTi-sTvis Trusos Tema kvlav kozirad rCeba. 2007 wli-dan moyolebuli dRemde es sakiTxi periodulad aq-tiurdeba masmediaSi. realurad am sakiTxebze msje-loba qarTul mxares didwilad qarTul enaze ux-deba, osuri mxare ki, rasakvirvelia, ZiriTadad ru-sulad axdens informaciis gavrcelebas. amitom, imis gamo, rom bevrad didi auditoria hyavT rusule-novani momxmareblis saxiT, sainformacio omSi maT Tavidanve mogebulis perspeqtiva aqvT. giorgi wik-lauri werilSi `moskovi da TrialeTis oseTi~ mo-mavali konfliqtis axali kerebi~ qarTuli miwebis dasakuTrebis rusul gegmebSi (yazbegis raionis ga-rda moiazreben teritorias, romelic ufro samxre-TiT, dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken qarelidan iw-yeba mtkvris gayolebaze, moicavs gors da Tbilisa-mde Cadis) xazs usvams masmediis rols: `samwuxarod, CrdiloeT osebs Soris, gansakuTrebiT axalgaz-rdebSi, saqarTvelos Sua gulSi axal `ZirZvel osur miwebze~ idea Zalianac SeiZleba misaRebi aRmoCndes. Tavisi istoriis `ganaxlebis~ mimarT raRac sisustes yvela kavkasieli ganicdis. osebi ki am TvalsazrisiT konkurenciis gareSe arian im rolis gamo, romelsac maT moskovi kavkasiaSi Tavisi mimdinare politikiTa da grZelvadiani gegmebiT aniWebs.… CrdiloeT oseT-alaniaSi es ideebi ase Tu ise sakmaris `sazogadoeb-riv mxardaWeras~ miiRebs, raTa masmediaSi Temis hipe-rbolizaciis meSveobiT TandaTanobiT dainergos Te-zisi axali `sadao teritoriebis~ Sesaxeb da xeli Seuwyos virtualuri konfliqtis formirebas. sxva sityvebiT _ am konfliqtis realur WrilSi gadayva-nisaTvis Seiqmnas saimedo informaciuli foni, raTa viTarebis Tavis interesebSi aqtiurad marTvis SesaZ-leblobisas, ruseTma axali `mSvidobis iZulebiT damyarebis~ operacia ganaxorcielos~ (wiklauri 2012) yofiT doneze CrdiloeT osebis da qarTvelebis urTierToba iseTive pozitiuria, rogorc adre. maTi urTierTdamokidebuleba kvlav saukeTesoa, osTa he-

151

terostereotipi umeteswilad dadebiTi xasiaTisaa da maT Soris dadebiTi socialuri ganwyoba arse-bobs. amdenad, im viTarebis Sesaqmnelad, rasac ru-suli mxare eSureba anu qarTvelebsa da osebs Soris SuRlis Camogdebas, am etapze eTnofsiqologiuri niadagi ar arsebobs; es aris sufTad politikuri rusuli scenari, romelic mxolod rusuli samxe-dro Zalis CareviT Tu miiRweva. amrigad, Trusos Temas qarTul da osur mediaSi gansxvavebuli interprtacia aqvs. osuri/rusuli me-dia gayalbebuli istoriis da gamogonili faqtebis moSveliebiT qarTul mxares teritoriul preten-ziebs uyenebs da amiT niadags amzadebs ruseTis momavali gegmebisaTvis. qarTuli mediis warmomadgen-lebs arc Tu ise xSirad mohyavT mecnierulad ga-m-yarebuli kontrargumentebi. isini ZiriTadad faqte-bis konstataciiT ifarglebian. qarTul mediaSi qar-Tulad gaJRerebuli informacia ar aris xelmisawv-domi rusulenovani auditoriisTvis. is iSviaTad iTargmneba rusul an inglisur enebze da arc samec-niero xasiaTis werilebi ar aris rusul enaze saTa-nadod warmodgenili. es ki xels aZlevs mowinaaR-mdege mxares TavianTi poziciis popularizaciaSi. mediis monacemebis eTnogrfiul monacemebTan Se-dareba, naTlad warmoaCens, politikurad angaJirebu-li mediis tendenciurobas.


abesaZe e. visi miwaa Trusos xeoba da ra surT separatistebs, 2014 http://www.for.ge/view.php?for_id=36955&cat=3. vardiaSvili m. reportaJi Trusos xeobidan, 2012, http://www.icmm.ge/ka/site/articles/2199/reportaJi-Trusos-xeobidan-(Photos--Videos).htm vaxuti batoniSvili, aRwera samefosa saqarTvelosa [red.-Semdg.: koba xaraZe]. - Tb., 1991. TargamaZe giorgi, Tanamedrove masmediis roli

sazogadoebis konsolidaciaSi, inteleqtuali, 2010 №1 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/

152

TofCiSvilil roland, òsuri eTnografiuli enciklopedia~ qarTul-osuri urTierTobis konteqstSi, Tb., 2016 maduaSvili g. eTnokonfliqtebidan okupaciasa da aneq-

siamde, inteleqtuali, 2010 №12 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ oTaraSvili m. Trusos xeoba arasodes ekuTvnoda saqarTelos,2010,http://www.resonancedaily.com/index.php?id_-rub=2&id_artc=1480 oTaraSvili m. ratom ver brundebian yazbegeli osebi Trusos xeobaSi?, gazeTi `rezonanzi~ 02.03. 2012 papaskiri vaJa, sakomunikacio saSualebebi da sazogadoeba,

inteleqtuali 2010 №12 http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ ruseTs Tvali yazbegis raionze uWiravs, http://expertclub.ge/portal/cnid__3733/alias__Expertclub/lang__ka-GE/tabid__2546/default.aspx wiklauri d. moskovi da `TrialeTis oseTi~ momavali konfliqtis axali kerebi,http://expertclub.ge/portal/cnid_-_10984/alias-Expertclub/lang__ka-E/tabid__2546/default.aspx wulaZe l., berZeniSvili a. da sxv. socialuri mediis ganviTarebis tendenciebi saqarTveloSi, realuri virtualuris Zalaufleba? (Tvisebrivi kvlevis angariSi) Tb., 2012. Аронсон Элиот, Общественное животное, М., 1999. Дзебисашвили К. Масс-медия и конфликты на кавказе № 5(6) 1999.

Тишков В., Общество в вооруженном конфликте (этнография чеченской войны). - М.: Наука. 2001.

N

153

Natia Jalabadze The Truso Issue in Mass Media after the 2008 Russia-

Georgia War

Summary It is known that mass media is closely linked to the country's national security. During the post-Soviet conflicts it has been used as a means of manipulation of the mass consciousness by various political forces, including the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. After the 2008 August war and the Russian occupation of Akhalgori, Ossetian//Russian claims on Georgian lands grew. This time Ossetians require the return of those lands of Kazbegi region where they lived before emigration: the Truso and Ghuda gorges and the Kobi basin. The topic of Truso around which an intense debate have been conducted since 2009, is particularly relevant in the media. In the paper the Topic of Truso is considered on the basis of the two – Georgian and Ossetian//Russian media data. Referring to the fabricated history and fictional facts Ossetian// Russian media lay territorial claims to Georgia. Counterarguments of Georgian media are not often scientifically backed. They are mostly limited by statement of facts. The information of Georgian-language media is not available to Russian-speaking audiences. It is rarely translated into Russian or English languages and neither writings of scientific character are properly represented in these languages, which helps the opposite party to popularize its position. Comparison of media data on Truso issues with ethnographic field material clearly demonstrates the tendentiousness of politically engaged opposite media. statia momzadebulia rusTavelis fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis _ `qarTul-osuri urTierTobis perspeqtiva yazbegis raionSi~, saxelmwifo granti #R/384/2-153/14, farglebSi

154

lavrenti janiaSvili

yazbegis regionis osuri mosaxleobis migraciis social-politikuri da eTno-

kulturuli aspeqtebi. XX saukunis bolos ganviTarebuli social-po-litikuri da ekonomikuri procesebi gansakuTrebiT mtkivneulad Seexo ruseTTan mosazRvre saqarTvelos regionebs. moskovi aqtiurad manipulirebda sam-xedro, ekonomikuri Tu politikuri berketebiT, rac zogan (afxazeTSi, e.w. samxreT oseTSi) Ria konf-liqtSi gamoixateba, zogan sazRvris Zaladobriv koreqtirebaSi, zogan ki ruseTis moqalaqeTa xarjze (adgilobrivi macxovreblebisaTvis pasportebis da-rigebiT) sakuTari gavlenis gazrdaSi. imavdroulad, arastabiluri situaciis, afxazeTsa da cxinvalis regionSi momxdari samxedro Setakebebis, mZime ekonomikuri krizisis da mwvave kriminogenuli viTa-rebis gamo konfliqtis zonebsa da mis mezobel rai-onebSi mravali ojaxi aiyara sakuTari sacxovrebli-dan. intensiuri migraciuli procesebi mimdinareobda dRevandeli yazbegis municipalitetSi, romelic ad-ministraciul-teritoriuli dayofiT mcxeTa–mTiane-Tis mxaris SemadgenlobaSi Sedis. mas samxreT-dasav-leTiT esazRvreba e.w. `samxreT oseTi~ _ axalgoris da javis raionebi, xolo CrdiloeTiT ruseTis fede-racia (CrdiloeTi oseTi). saqarTvelo-ruseTis saz-Rvris am monakveTze mdebareobs larsis sasazRvro-gamSvebi punqti. mZime ekonomikuri pirobebis gamo in-tensiuria mosaxleobis gadineba (ufro CrdiloeT oseTSi), mTlianad daicala osebiT dasaxlebuli Trusos xeoba, sakmaod aqtiuria migracia xevis sof-lebidanac. am bolo xanebSi rusul//osuri da qarTuli sain-formacio saSualebebis yuradRebis centrSi moeqca

155

gasuli saukunis 90-ian wlebSi yazbegis raionidan mosazRvre CrdiloeT oseTSi (ruseTis federacia) gadasuli osebi da maTi daclili soflebi. e.w. osuri mxare (de faqto xelisuflebis warmomadgen-lebi, calkeuli mecnierebi da Jurnalistebi) acxa-debs, rom `cxinvalis regionis mimdebare teritori-ebi, osi xalxis sakuTrebaa da saqarTvelosgan oku-pirebul am miwebsac gaanTavisufleben~; `samxreT oseTisa da afxazeTis sakiTxis gadaWris Semdeg, da-dga dro yazbegis sakiTxic gadawydes~ (kozaevi 2016; Cernovi 2013), rom `Trusosa da Rudis xeobebi, aseve kobis qvabuli, romelic àmJamad yazbegis raionis, anu saqarTvelos SemadgenlobaSia da 54 kilometriT aris daSorebuli vladikavkazidan, CrdiloeT ose-Tis teritoriaa, romelic stalinma 1922 wels sa-qarTvelos ukanonod miuerTa~ (tuaeva 2007). meore mxriv, qarTuli mediiis warmomadgenlebi da calkeu-li eqspertebi miiCneven, rom yazbegis regioni feTqe-badsaSiS adgilad iqca, sadac mosalodnelia ruse-Tis axali agresia aqedan `devnili~ osuri mosaxleo-bis dabrunebis sababiT. sakiTxs kidev ufro meti simwvave SesZina pol-itikurma (ruseT-saqarTvelos urTierTobis perspeq-tivis gaurkvevloba), sasazRvro (rusul-qarTuli sa-zRvris demarkaciis Cixuri mdgomareoba, provokaci-ebi amJamad moqmed ruseTTan damakavSirebeli erTa-derTi sabaJo-gamSvebi punqt larsze), ekologiurma (larsihesis mSenebloba, maRali Zabvis eleqtroener-giis xazis gayvana, devdorakis mewyeri, traventinebis sakiTxi da a.S) da ekonomikurma (meurneobis dargebis radikaluri transformacia, yazbegis raionidan Sro-miTi migraciis maRali done ruseTis federaciaSi) aspeqtebma. rusul politelitaSi gaCenda axali mosazreba, rom uaxlos momavalSi centralur saqarTveloSi osuri politikuri erTeulis gafarToebis gziT (igulisxmeba yazbegis raionis da `TrialeTis~ (?) e.w. samxreT oseTTan mierTeba) ruseTi uSualod dau-

156

kavSirdes somxeTs (voskapat info 2013)1. am ideis. ìsto-riuli argumetaciisaTvis” dRis wesrigSi dadga axa-li fsevdomecnieruli makulaturis mimoqcevaSi Se-motanis saWiroeba. zemomotanili Jurnalisturi na-codvilari amisaTvis niadagis Semzadebis mcdelobad SeiZleba miviCnioT. naTqvamidan gamomdinare saintere-soa rogoria realuri istoriuli, social-politi-kuri, eTnografiuli Tu fsiqologiuri faqtorebis korelacia CrdiloeT oseTSi gasuli mosaxleobis imigraciasa da dabrunebis perspeqtivasTan. kavkasiaSi TavianTi aborigenobis damtkicebis, po-litikuri prioritetis mopovebis da patriotuli grZnobebis gaZlierebis mizniT osi istorikosebi cdiloben mniSvnelovnad daaZvelon TavianTi isto-ria im teritoriebze, romelzec axla cxoovroben, ganadidion TavianTi damsaxureba kavkasiis xalxebis da mTlianad kacobriobis kulturuli da social-politikuri ganviTarebis uZveles etapze (Snilermani 2003: 500).

saistorio monacemebiT osTa pirveli dasaxlebe-bi saqarTveloSi maRran-dvaleTsa (md. didi liaxvis saTave) da TrusoSi (md. Tergis saTave) gaCnda. maTi infiltracia aq CrdiloeT kavkasiis mTiani xeobebi-dan ZiriTadad XVII s-is Sua xanebSi ganxorcielda (TofCiSvili, 2008). nar-mamisonis qvabulis Zveli mo-saxleobis anu "dvalTa eTnikuri vinaobis" sakiTxi dakavSirebulia osTa saqarTveloSi mkvidrobis xang-rZlivobasTan. rogorc d. gvritiSvili miiCnevda, Tu dvalebi osebi iyvnen, maSin bunebrivad unda vaRia-roT, rom isini ZvelTaganve cxovrobdnen kavkasiis mTavari qedis piriqiTa kalTebze. xolo Tu damtkic-deba, rom dvalebi da osebi sxvadasxvani arian, maSin

1 amgvari insinuacia gaugebaria saqarTvelos istoriul-ge-ografiaSi Tund zereled Caxeduli adamianisaTvis. ro-gorc Cans, Cernovi gulisxmobs Sida qarTlis raionebis mTlianad osebisaTvis gadacemas.

157

osTa Camosaxlebis sakiTxebic sxvanair gadawyvetas moiTxovs (gvritiSvili, 1949: 115). dvaleTi saqarTvelos istoriuli provincia iyo. XVIII s-dan misi didi nawili Sedioda qarTl-kaxeTis samefoSi, ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis Sem-deg XIX saukunis Sua xanebamde _ tfilisis guberni-is goris mazraSi. dvaleTis dasavleTi nawili mami-sonis xeoba jer raWis erisTavebs emorCileboda, mo-gvianebiT ki quTaisis guberniis SemadgenlobaSi Se-vida. XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi rusebma dvaleTi ad-ministraciulad CamoaSores saqarTvelos, amJamad ki Crdilo oseTis (alaniis) SemadgenlobaSia. akad. iva-ne javaxiSvili, 1919 wels gamoqveynebul naSromSi ,,saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedro-ve TvalsazrisiT,” sagangebod SeCerda dvaleTze. igi werda: ,,dvaleTis Sesaxeb sagangebod unda iyos aRni-Snuli, rom igi kavkasionis uReltexilis or, mTavar-sa da piriqiTels, qedebs Sua aris moqceuli... es dva-leTi am adgilas saqarTvelos ukiduresi Crdiloe-Tis monapire qveyana iyo. ZvelTaganve dvaleTi saqar-Tvelos ekuTvnoda magram am samzRvars gansakuTrebu-li yuradReba XII saukuniTgan mieqca... TviT saqarTve-los dauZlurebis drosac me_XVIII s-is damdegsac dvaleTi qarTvelTa xelSi iyo, vaxtang VI-m kvalvin-deburad mtkiced daipyra dvaleTi da dasdvna xarkni saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi... saqarTvelos mTavroba am kuTxes (dvaleTs) saqarTvelosaTvis friad mniSvne-lovan karad sTvlida da mis gamo mas fxizel dara-jad udga, sagangebod ardonis gasvalTan zRudec ki aago, rom Tu saWiri iqneboda mtris Semosvlis mxriv am saxifaTo karis daxSva advilad SeZleboda” (java-xiSvili 1989: 10-12).

gasuli saukunis 90-idan moyolebuli dvaleTis problemas qarTvel mkvlevarTagan Seexo: vax. iToni-Svili, b. gamyreliZe, r. TofCiSvili, k. xaraZe da a.S. gamoTqmulia Tvalsazrisi, rom dvaleTSi osTa dasa-xleba XV s-is bolos daiwyo da is ZiriTadad XVI s-Si dasrulda. XVII s-Si dvaleTSi mosaxleobis eT-

158

nikuri cvlileba ukve ganxorcielebulia. magram ro-gorc Cans, am saukuneSi bevr dvals eTnikuri Tavis-Tavadoba kvlav SenarCunebuli aqvs, radgan, mTis pi-robebSi kulturl-eTnikuri asimilacia, barisagan ga-nsxvavebiT, erTob gaZnelebulia. osebi dvaleTSi alagiris xeobidan gadmosaxldnen da maTi aq (agreT-ve Sida qarTlis mTianeTSi) migracia XVIII s-is 70-80-ian wlebamde grZeldeboda (TofCiSvili 2005: 92). b. gamyreliZes miaCnda, rom, dvaleTi `ZvelTagan-ve eTnikurad, kulturulad, administraciulad qar-Tuli samyaros Semadgeneli nawili iyo~. man dvale-TSi daafiqsira sayuradRebo eTnografiuli masala osTa migracia-gansaxlebisa da adgilobrivi gvarebis Sesaxeb (gamyreliZe 1998; gamyreliZe 2003). k. xaraZe Sida qarTlis Crdilo regionis toponi-mebis kvlevisas aRniSnavda, ra rom toponimi dvale-Ti qarTuli warmoSobisaa, fuZes darTuli qarTuli sufiqsi -eT, aseve miiCnevs, rom Truso da dvaleTi gvian saukuneebSi daasaxles CrdiloeTidan migrire-bulma osebma. aRsaniSnavia, rom dval-fuZiani anTro-ponimebi farTodaa gavrcelebuli saqarTveloSi (xa-raZe 1995: 159; iToniSvili 2008: 55-77).

samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom zog av-tors, magaliTad, k. kekeliZes dvalebi osebad miaCn-da (kekeliZe, 1980: 542). zogierTi ki maT vainaxur an sxva uZveles kavkasiurenovan aborigenul erTobad miiCnevda, romlis garkveuli nawili aq mimdinare eT-nikuri procesebis Sedegad osi xalxis Semadgenlo-baSi Sevida (abaevi 1948: 77_81; TogoSvili 1958: 177-185).

gasuli saukunis 80-ian wlebamde osi avtorebi Zi-riTadad aRiarebdnen, rom Sida qarTli winamonRo-lur xanaSi dasaxlebuli iyo qarTvelebiT da dva-lebiT. pirveli osuri dasaxlebebi iq mxolod XIV saukuneSi gaCnda, Semdgom ki mravali axali talRa Semovida. amasTan, xazi hqonda gasmuli, rom es regioni yovelTvis qarTvel mmarTvelTa kontrols eqvemdebareboda (texovi 1985: 68-100). radgan Zveli dvalebis eTnikur osebad gamocxadeba sakmaod

159

rTuli aRmoCnda, z. vaneevi werda, rom dvaleTi mxo-lod geografiuli cneba iyo da araviTari kavSiri ar hqonda eTno-kulturul mikuTvnebulobasTan. imavdroulad ki, rodesac zogierTi mkvlevari igive principis alanebTan dakavSirebiT gamoyenebas cdi-lobda, vaneevi erTmniSvnelovnad acxadebda, rom alanebi mkafiod gamoxatul kulturul-enobriv er-Tobas warmoadgendnen (vaneevi 1989: 130-134). osi av-torebi termin “Двалетия”-s, iyeneben raTa qarTuli dvaleTis xsenebas, rom Tavi aaridon aRniSnavs v. Snilermani (Snilermani 2003: 478). gvian Sua saukuneebSi (XVII-XVII ss) dvaluri da osuri jgufebis intensiuri urTierTobis adgils wa-rmoadgenda Tergis zemo weli (dRevandeli Truso). eTnografiuli masala cxadyofs, rom osebis dasa-xlebamde TrusoSi ZiriTadad dvalebi cxovrobdnen, romlebic osTa mowolis Sedegad TandaTanobiT Ter-gis dinebis mimarTulebiT dablobisaken inacvleb-dnen (TofCiSvili 1998:11) maTi nawili ki asimilirde-boda. vax. iToniSvili osebis mier dvalebis gande-vnas Seexo da TrusoSi Cawerili erTi gadmocema da-imowma. am gadmocemiT Tergis saTaveSi mcxovrebi xa-lxi, SedarebiT gvian mosulma osebma `joxebiT gada-lales~ (iToniSvili 2008: 51). osebisa da dvalebis araidenturoba kargad iyo cnobili Sua saukuneebis somxur saitorio mwerlobaSic (iToniSvili 1992: 94).

rogorc iTqva, saqarTvelos Crdilo regionebSi avtoqTonobis damtkiceba politikuri prioritetis mopovebas da osebSi patriotuli grZnobebis gaZlie-rebis mizans emsaxureba. socialur qselebSi da sa-vele eTnografiul eqspediciebSi mopovebuli masala gvarwmunebs, rom bolo xanebSi rusulenovan samec-niero literaturaSi dominanti e.w. `kavkasiuri abo-rigenobis~ Teoria osur populaciaSi TiTqmis ual-ternativod aRiqmeba2. Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia

2 CvenTan saubarSi mravalma mTxrobelma aRniSna, qarTve-lebisadmi erTob keTilganwyobili osebic ki miiCneven,

160

mosaxleobisagan srulad dacliliyo osebiT kom-paqturad dasaxlebuli punqtebi, sadac maT aravin aviwroebda (Trusos xeoba, osebiT dasaxlebuli ra-mdenime sofeli xevSi). maRalia migraciis intensivoba cxinvalis regionidanac (romelsac e.w. osuri mTa-vroba akontrolebs). aqedan gamomdinare cxadia, mxo-lod cru eTnogenetikuri Teoriebi mosaxleobas ad-gilebze ver daamagrebs. samecniero literaturaze da sakvlev regionSi mopovebuli savele-eTnografiul masalaze dayrdno-biT SeiZleba gamoiyos osuri imigraciis ganmsazRv-reli ekonomikuri, politikuri da eTno-kulturuli faqtorebi. tradiciulad xevSi ekonomikis ZiriTad dargebs mesaqonleoba (ufro mecxvareoba) da miwaT-moqmedeba warmoadgenda mesaqonleobis upiratesobiT. ruseTis saqarTveloSi gabatonebamde am regionSi zamTrisa da zafxulis saZovrebis monacvleoba ar dasturdeba. amis mTavari mizezi sazamTro saZovre-bis Zneladmiswvdomoba iyo. kaxeTis velebze moxevee-bi konkurencias ver uwevdnen kaxelebTan mWidro sa-meurneo kontaqtSi myof TuSebs, xolo qarTlis zam-Tris saZovrebze mTiswina zolis mosaxleobas (iTo-niSvili 2015: 43-44), bagur kvebaze didi raodenobiT cxvris Senaxva yovlad SeuZlebelia. Tu ojaxs or aTeul sulze meti cxvari hyavda ukve barTan kavSi-rze unda ezruna (iToniSvili 1969: 224).

ruseTis gabatonebis Semdeg Crdilo kavkasiis sa-zamTro saZovrebis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobam mniSv-nelovnad gazarda mecxvareobis potenciali. mecx-ramete saukunis 70-80-iani wlebidan xevisa da Trusos mosaxleobam farTod aiTvisa CaCneTisa da yizlaris zamTris saZovrebi, sadac cxvars oqtombridan aprilis bolomde amyofebdnen (iToniSvili 2015: 44-49). kidev ufro moimata mecxoveloebis xvedriTma wi-

rom teritoria darialidan mleTamde, sadac Sedis isto-riuli xevi, Trusos xeoba, kobis qvabuli da gudauri, istoriuli osuri miwebia.

161

lma sabWoTa periodSi. sakolmeurneo fermebis da kerZo meurneTa sakuTrebaSi myofi cxvris farebs za-fxulSi intensiurad aZovebdnen mTis ferdobebze, zamTars ki CrdiloeTis velebze atarebdnen. mesaqon-leobidan miRebuli Semosavali gansakuTrebiT sagrZ-nobi gaxda 1953 wlidan, rodesac kolmeurneebi gada-saxadebis nawilisagan gaanTavisufles, xolo maty-lisa da xorcis saxelmwifo Sesyidvis fasebi gaza-rdes (iToniSvili 2015: 58).

cxvris fara Rudas xeobaSi

CrdiloeTE oseTTan gaadvilebuli komunikacia,

ekonomikuri sargebeli, SedarebiT xelmisawvdomi ga-naTleba, naTesauri da megobruli kavSirebis inten-sivoba zrdida ara marto osebis, aramed moxeveebis CrdiloeTisaken ltolvas. Sedegad orjonikiZeSi (dRevandeli vladikavkazi) Seiqmna qarTvelebis sak-maod mravalricxovani da kargad integrirebuli dia-spora. dacla daiwyo osurma dasaxlebebmac. saxle-bis miyidva maRalmTianeTidan gadmosvlis msurveli qarTvelebisaTvis ufro uadvildebodaT SedarebiT

162

xelsayrel adgilebSi mdebare soflebSi. mag. sof aC-xotSi gasuli saukunis 60-ian wlebSi osebi mTli-anad Caanacvles snos xeobis zemo soflebidan gad-mosaxlebulma mTielebma. Cvenma mTxroblma (gvarad marsagiSvili) gviambo, rom igi 1962 wels gadmosula sof. karkuCidan. saxli aqauri osisgan SeuZenia, rome-lic orjonikiZeSi gadasaxlebula. misi gadmocemiT bolo oss 1964 wels dautovebia es sofeli. savele masaliT irkveva, rom aCxotidan osuri mosaxleobis gadineba dauCqarebia mkvlelobas. wisqvilis wyalze davisas osebs mouklavT snodan gadmosaxle-buli vinme iWo goderZiSvili da sisxlis aRebis SiSiT gaclian sofels3.

ufro intensiuri iyo migracia Trusos xeobidan. mZime sayofacxovrebo pirobebi da social-ekonomiku-ri ganviTarebis naklebi perspeqtiva ubiZgebda ada-mianebs samuSao da sacxovrebeli CrdiloeT oseTSi eZebnaT. Tumca, ra Tqma unda TrusoSi saxlis ga-yidva SedarebiT rTuli iyo, mas mxolod adgilob-rivi osi Tu SeiZenda. amitom sxvagan gadasvla ojaxs garkveul materialur zaralsac ayenebda.

unda aRiniSnos, rom Trusos xeobas gverdi auq-cia saqarTvelos samxedro gzis gaswvriv me-20 sau-kunis 50-ian wlebSi dawyebulma axali tipis sax-le-bis masobrivma mSeneblobebma. axali Senobebi meti komfortulobiT, sameurneo da sacxovrebeli nage-bo-bebis mkafio segmentaciiT da Sidamowyobilobis gan-sxvavebuli dagegmarebiT gamoirCeodnen. am process Tan sdevda dasaxlebis formis garkveuli cvli-lebac. xangrZlivma mSvidobianobam, ekonomikuri pro-filis Taviseburebebma (mag. andezitis sabadoebma) da sacxovreblis irgvliv sakarmidamo nakveTis gaCenam, ganapiroba goridan Camovakebis da soflis sivrculi

3 iWos mkvlelobis gansxvavebuli versia gviambo osi erov-nebis mTxrobelma, romlis Tanaxmadac igi sxvam mokla qo-rwilSi da sisxliani dana mkvlelobis dabralebis mizniT mis Zmadnafic oss Cumad Caudo.

163

ganfenilobis zrdis tendencia. v. iToniSvili ganixi-lavs sofel sionis magaliTs, romelsac gasuli sau-kunis 60-ian wlebSi ukve erTi kilometris sigrZis da naxevari kilometris siganis teritoria eWira (am-Jamad mas bevrad didi teritoria ukavia), maSin rodesac me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi es sofeli 0,5 ha borcvze iyo dasaxlebuli (iToniSvili 1967: 66-75).

sionis da garbanis amJamindeli xedi

Trusos xeobaSi, romelic amJamad mTlianad dac-

lilia mosaxleobisagan, Cven mier dafiqsirebuli sacxovrebeli, sameurneo, TavdacviTi Tu sakulto Senobebi srul identurobas amJRavnebs v. iTniSvilis mier xevSi aRweril analogiur tradiciul nagebobebTan (iToniSvili 1967). axali da faseuli moaxalSene osebs araferi SeuqmniaT, aq arsebuli Senoba-nagebobebi faqtiurad wanarul-dvaluri (da amdenad qarTuli) materialuri kulturis Zeglebia, romelic Camosaxlebul osebs aq daxvdaT, wers v. iT-oniSvili (iToniSvili 2015:132). tradiciuli sacxov-rebeli veRar akmayofilebda Tanamedrove moTxov-nebs, saxlis mSenebloba ki sakmaod did xarjebs uka-

164

vSirdeboda, rac gadasaxlebis erTgvar winapirobas qmnida.

mitovebuli saxli sofel ToTSi

xevis soflebisagan gansxvavebiT ar ganxorciel-da Trusos gazifikacia. es ki xe-tyiT Rarib xeobaSi kidev ufro aZlierebda survils sayofacxovrebo pi-robebi gaeumjobesebinaT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom or-jonikiZeSi komfortulad mowyobis SesaZlebloba Trusos xeobis mcxovreblebisaTvis gadasaxlebis mniSvnelovan motivacias warmoadgenda. calke unda aRiniSnos ganaTlebis problema. sa-vele masalis mixedviT, Trusos siRrmeSi mdebare soflebis bavSvebi sof. kobis skola-internatSi swa-vlobdnen. cxadia, CrdiloeT oseTSi sacxovreblad gadasvla am mxrivac xelsayreli iyo. miT umetes, rom qarTvelebic ki saSualo ganaTlebis misaRebad xSirad orjonikiZeSi midiodnen. „umaRlesSi mowyoba gaadvilebuli iyo, radgan orjonikiZis qarTul skoladamTavrebulebs TbilisSi limiti (SeRavaTebi) hqondaT da dabali niSnebiT ewyobodnen. amitom bevri skolas orjonikiZeSi amTavrebda. mec iq vswavlobdi. yazbegis mosaxleobis umetes wils iq hqonda damTavrebuli, orjonikiZeSi, da mere, ase rom airia dro, zogma moaswro da gadmoitana sabuTebi, zogi darCa. egre aris Cveni saqme.~ (savele masala)

osebSi migraciul ganwyobilebebs xels uwyob-da eTnokulturuli veqtoris cvlilebac, rac qa-rTuli orientaciis rusuliT Canacvlebas gulisxmo-bda. ruseTis gabatonebamde bunebrivad xdeboda ose-bis qarTul samyaroSi integracia, rac qarTuli ma-terialuri da sulieri kulturis kompenentebis Ta-ndaTanobiT Sesisxlxorceba-gaTavisebas gulisxmob-da. samecniero literaturiT irkveva, rom saqar-TveloSi (qsnis, didi da patara liaxvis xeobebi) da-

165

mkvidrebuli osebis yofaSi me-20 saukunis dasawyi-sisaTvis memarcvleoba ukve tradiciul dargs wa-rmoadgenda. samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRebis umetesoba qa-rTulis analogiuri iyo da maTi saxelwodebac qar-TulTan msgavsebas amJRavnebda (robaqiZe 1985: 131-132; qanTaria 1980; 100-154). miwaTmoqmedeba da, gansakuT-rebulad, memindvreoba osebSi SedarebiT gvian, kavka-siis mTianeTSi gadmosaxlebis Semdeg ganviTarebula; amis Taobaze garkveuli gadmocemebic arsebobs: `Zvel droSi xalxi mxolod xorcs Wamda, puri sul ar iyo. erTxel moxucebulebi isxdnen da qeifobdnen, dainaxes, rom maT axlos arwivi dafrinda. arwivma mofuna ramdenjerme, gaqeqa miwa da niskartiT raRac Caagdo. moxucebi dainteresdnen da SemoRobes, rom adgili ar daekargaT an saqonels ar gaeTela. cota xnis Semdeg amovida puris SesaniSnavi TavTavebi. mo-xucebma Seinaxes Teslad da meore wels miwa daamu-Saves, raTa es Tesli daeTesaT. mixvdnen, rom arwivma maT Tesli moutana da amieridan arwivs did pativs scemen. yvelas aqvs sastumro oTaxSi arwivis suraTi~ (qanTaria, arqivi). osebSi gavrcelebuli ZiriTadi saxvneli iaraRi, `Ziviri~, qarTuli `CuTisa~ da `kavis~ analogiuri iyo, igi konstruqciis ubraloebiT gamoirCeoda da mxolod erTi uReli xari da erTi muSa sWirdeboda saxvnelis es tipi Crdilo kavkasiis xalxebSic gvxvdeboda. mTiswineTsa da dablob adgilebSi xvna warmoebda ZiriTadad xis guTniT (хъадын гутон). mas 2-3 dan 4 uRel xaramde esaWiroeboda. dablob raion-Si, amasTan erTad, gamoiyeneboda didi qarTuli gu-Tanic, romelic rTuli konstruqciiT gamoirCeoda da muSaxelisa da gamwevi pirutyvis met odenobas mo-iTxovda. qarTulis analogiuri iyo samkali iara-Rebic. samkali iaraRebidan osebma icodnen celi (ца-ваг) da namgali (ахсырф). iyo namglis meore saxeobac (ламган), romelsac SedarebiaT grZeli saxeluri hqonda (robaqiZe 1985: 131-132).

166

me-20 saukunis 30-ian wlebSi ganxorcielebuli koleqtivizaciis Sedegad radikalurad Seicvala ra-ionis sameurneo garemo. cxvris farebi da msxvil-fexa saqoneli ZiriTadad kerZo sakuTrebaSi iyo. koleqtivizaciis Semdeg moaxdines saqonlis didi nawilis nacionalizacia da isini sakolmeurneo fer-mebSi gaaerTianes. amis Sedegad moaxerxes meurneo-bis am dargis rentabelobis gazrda (magomedovi 1968: 197-200). amasTan, gegmazomierad xdeboda meur-neobis simbiozuri formis transformireba, rac mTis zonaSi miwaTmoqmedebis xvedriTi wilis kidev ufro SemcirebaSi da saojaxo meurneobebisaTvis savargu-lebisa da saTibi miwebis SezRudvaSi mdgomareobda. Sromis organizaciis sabWouri formebis pirobebSi daviwyebas eZleoda urTierdaxmarebis saukuneebis ma-nZilze Camoyalibebuli formebi. meqanizaciis xved-riTi wilis gazrdis Sedegad, izRudeboda yofaSi Zveli samiwaTmoqmedo iaraRebis gamoyeneba. TiTqmis mTlianad amovarda xmarebidan adgilobrivi saxvneli tipebi (janiaSvili 2015: 161). cxadia samuSao iaraRe-bis unifikacia migrantTa axal adgilebze adaptaci-as aadvilebda. yazbegis regionSi cxovrebisas osebi qarTveleb-Tan erTad monawilebdnen religiur ritualebSi, xa-tobebze, dReobebze da a.S. Tavis mxriv qarTvelebic xSirad dResaswaulobdnen osur dReobebs. amis ma-ga-liTia sof. ToTSi mcxovrebi salbievebis da miraqo-vebis salocavi `vacila//vaCila~, sadac Cveulebriv Txas wiravdnen da uamindobisgan (setyva, gvalva) dacvas evedrebodnen (iToniSvili 2015: 193). mogvia-nebiT vaCilobas aq gadmosaxlebuli qarTvelebic dResaswaulobdnen, is ki ara, xSirad dekanozad Zal-ze moZlierebuli xuleliZeTa gvaridanac irCevdnen xolme. mas Semdeg, rac ToTi daicala, mosaxleobis nawili arSaSi Camosaxlda. amJamad vaCilobas ZiriTa-dad ToTidan gadmosaxlebuli qarTvelebi (xuleli-Zeebi da RuduSaurebia) aRniSnaven. winaT ToTSi ima-rTeboda vaCiloba-vacilobis dReoba, rac eliasTan

167

unda iyos kavSirSi. ikvleboda saklavi, metwilad vaci, Tumca sxvac SeiZleboda. es osur–qarTuli dReoba iyo. arSaSi Camosaxlebis Semdeg ukve Ramis-TeviT salocavaze iSviaTad avdivarT ufro diliT mivdivarT dReobaze (savele masala). bolo xanebSi sul ufro mcirdeba tradiciul dResaswaulebze Camosuli osebis odenoba. savarau-dod maTma umetesobam axali sacxovrebeli garemo-saTvis damaxasiaTebel ritualebSi monawileobiT Caanacvla Zveli. me-19 saukunis 70-ian wlebamde Trusos xeobisa da kobis qvabulis mosaxleobis umravlesobas qarTuli yaidis (Svilze daboloebuli) gvarsaxelebi hqonda: gudiSvili, avdiSvili, zaqiSvili, kokaSvili, ba-beSvili, boCoSvili, samiSvili, mamukaSvili, dodo-Svili, aTaSvili, giviSvili, TugiSvili, TadiSvili, biTukoSvili, rubaSvili, TolaSvili da a.S (f. 254 1816: 436). mogvianebiT SeimCneva qarTuli anTroponimi-uli modelis TandaTanobiT osur//rusuli modeliT Canacvlebis tendencia. moimata osur//rusuli yaidis (ov-ev daboloebiani) gvar-saxelebma _ yalagovi, kobievi, daurovi, yaraevi, qaSaevi (qasaevi), qoqaevi, cabolovi, bizikovi, calagoevi, CeTievi, daurovi da a.S. (f. 48,9 1871-1880: 46). 1905 wlidan eklesiebSi metri-kuli wignebis warmoeba da wirva-locvac rusul ena-ze daiwyo. Cans, dagegmili iyo qarTuli ena, rogorc Lingua Franca TandaTan rusuliT Secvaliliyo da saqa-rTvelosaken mimarTuli politikuri, ekonomikuri, religiuri veqtoric rusuliT Canacvlebuliyo. v. Snilermanis azriT ucxour samecniero werebSi gavrcelebuli iyo midgoma, rom sabWoTa sazoga-doebrivi modelis arsi mdgomareobda rusulisa da ararusulis dapirispirebaSi. centris ZiriTadi Zalisxmeva mimarTuli iyo rusifikaciis ganxorcie-lebisaken, rasac periferia TavgamodebiT ewinaaRmde-geboda adgilobrivi enisa da eTnikuri kultu-ris ganviTarebis gziT (Snilermani 2003: 10). sinamdvileSi, periferiebSi yovelTvis arsebobda rusifikaciis mom-

168

xre Zala, e.w. nacionalur inteligenciaSic da gansa-kuTrebiT, mokavSire respublikebSi Seqmnil avtono-miur respublikebsa da olqebSi mcxovreb politikur Tu inteleqtualur elitaSi. am ukanasknelT, centri sakuTari miznebis ganxorcielebaSi bunebriv mokavSi-red moiazrebda da maTTan rusifikatoruli politi-kis gatarebac ufro uadvildeboda. am gzaze did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen e.w. mcire xalxebisaTvis (mag. afxazebisa da osebisaTvis) arsiT rusuli da formiT „nacionaluri“ saxelmwifoebrivi, kulturu-li da sxva saxis atributebis micemas. iqmneboda il-uzia, rom sakavSiro centri respublikurze metad cdilobada eTnikur avtonomiebSi adgilobrivi po-litikuri da kulturuli institutebis ganviTareba-ze. sinamdvileSi ki mzddeboda niadagi „avtonomiebis SovinizaciisaTvis,“ raTa centridanuli procesebis ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTidan gamoyofis msur-vel respublikebs sakuTari avtonomiebi dapirispire-boda. sabWoTa respublikebisagan gansxvavebiT, avto-nomiur respublikebsa da avtonomiur olqebSi saqme-Ta warmoeba da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema rusu-li iyo da rusifikaciis procesic ufro Sors wavi-da. yazbegis raionis osuri mosaxleoba am mxriv sp-ecifikur mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda. bunebriv-geografi-uli viTarebidan gamomdinare, maT ufro uadvilde-bodaT ruseTis federaciasTan dakavSireba, vidre sa-mxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqTan. amitom, marTalia, e.w. „Sovinizaciis“ politikam maT gverdi aura, mag-ram kulturuli da ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT isini samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqis macxovreblebze metad iyvnen mibmuli CrdiloeT oseTze da fsi-qologiuradac uadvildebodaT iq gadasaxleba. save-le masalis mixedviT, ukve me-20 saukunis meore naxe-varSi Trusos xeobas osebi ZiriTadad zafxulis saZovrebad da saagarakod iyenebdnen, xolo mudmivad mcxovrebTa ricxvi sakmaod Semcirebuli iyo,

169

komunisturi reJimis kraxis Semdeg, radikaluri politikuri, ekonomikuri da demografiuli transfo-rmaciis fonze, regionisaTvis wamyvani dargis, mec-xvareobis, masStabi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. ruseTis federaciasTan Caketili sazRvris pirobebSi, Crdi-loeT kavkasiis zamTris saZovrebi miuwvdomeli gax-da. mTlianad daicala ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT sruliad upespeqtivo Trusos xeoba, xolo Crdi-loEoseTidan masobrivi gadmosaxleba daiwyes moxe-veebma, romelTac aviwroebdnen aq Casuli cxinvalis regionidan gadasaxlebuli osebi. moxeveebisaTvis Crdilo kavkasiiis zafxulis saZovrebis gamoyeneba saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadebis pirveli xanebidanve SeuZlebeli gamxdara. Cveni mTxrobeli aseT istorias gviambobs: gamsaxurdias dros cxvari gvyavda Crdilo kavkasiis saZovrebze da saqarTve-los sazRvars rom movadeqiT, osebma aqeT aRar gad-mogvatares, gviTxres gamsaxurdiam gagiSvaTo. 100 aTas sulamde cxvari iyo, sad unda wavsuliyaviT, SimSiliT ixoceboda pirutyvi. isev CeCneTisaken vib-runeT piri. magram osebi dagvewivnen `kamazebiT~ (sa-tvirTo avtomanqanebiT _ l.j.) da gviTxres yovel 10 cxvarze erTi mogveciT, saqrTvelodan devnil xalxs (cxinvalis regionidan gaqceulebs _ l.j.) Wama xom undao da ase gamogvatares. Tergis napirebze marT-lac vnaxeT uamravi gaubedurebuli mSieri adamiani. 90-ian wlebSi mesaqonleobis dakninebam regionis mosaxleoba aiZula Semosavlis alternatiuli wyaro eZebna. radganac xevis soflebSi bunebrivi ga-zis safasurs ar ixdidnen, ganviTareba daiwyo kerZo sasaTbure meurneobebma, sadac kitri da pomidori mohyavdaT. am saqmianobiT ZiriTadad moxeveebi iyvnen dakavebuli, Tumca savaWro urTierTobaSi aq-tiurad monawileobdnen saqarTvelodan wasuli osebi, rom-lebic ruseTSi gasatani produqciis mTavar dist-ributorebad iqcnen. saTburebi vidre gvqonda vla-dikavkzSi gadasaxlebul osebTan ufro intensiuri da megobruli urTierToba iyo. swored isini iyvnen

170

aqedan produqciis gamtanebi. Cemi meuRlis gardacva-lebis Semdeg ramdenime osi sasaflaoze gasasvle-lad sagangebodac ki Camosula. erTma saxlis gada-cvlac ki SemogvTavaza. liaxvis xeobaSi maqvs mito-vebuli saxli da snoSi Tqvens saxlSi gamicvaleTo. marTalia, saxelmwifos mier regionSi ufaso gaz-ze limitis dawesebam sasaTbure merneobebs azri da-ukarga, magram, rogorc mTxroblebi aRniSnaven, osebs moxeveebTan DdRemde aqvT SenarCunebuli saqmi-ani da megobruli urTierTobebi. isini Tavisuflad Semodian da gadaadgildebian saqarTveloSi. ro-gorc Cveni mTxrobeli ambobs, `manqanis SesakeTeb-ladac ki TbilisSi dadian~. misive TqmiT moxeveebis erT nawils miRebuli aqvs rusuli moqalaqeoba (or-magi moqalaqea), dasaqmebulia CrdiloeT oseTSi, Re-bulobs iqaur pensias da a.S. 90-ian wlebSi saqarT-velodan gaqceuli osebi (visac bina TbilisSi hqon-da) binebs vladikavkazSi mcxovreb moxeveebs ucvli-dnen. aRmoCnda ise, rom Tbilisis zogierT quCaze, sa-dac osuri mosaxleoba mravlad iyo, amJamad sul mo-xeveebi cxovroben. me TviTon gavucvale bina ossa. cxinvaleli iyo. me mqonda orjonikiZeSi bina da imas hqonda muxianSi. imdenad eSinodaT TbilisSi Casvla, rom gasaRebi momces da SiSiT ver midiodnen. iseTi raRaceebi aqv-so Cems Svilsa gakeTebuli cxinvalSio, rom aq rom gaiaros sabaJoze, imas cocxals arc gauSvebeno. ras akeTebda exla iq, rom wvavdnen da rom aube-durebdnen erTmaneTsa, da CvenTan ar yofila, mad-loba ufals. CvenTan ar yofila egeTi, da RmerTma arc qnas! iq saomari mdgomareoba rom iyo, TviTon iqac mezobeli myavda, iqauri iyo, goridan wamosuli da isac egre ambobda, rom ar vindobdiT erTmaneTso, mtruli damokidebuleba gvqodnao. da CvenTan ara, Cvenebi orjonikiZeSic rom Cavidnen, Tu gaigebdnen rom qarTveli iyav, pativs gvcemdnen. regionis sameurneo profilis cvlileba mtkivne-ulad Seexeo mosaxleobis yvela fenas. mecxovele-

171

obas da miwaTmoqmedebas aRar SeuZlia aqauri mosax-leobis cxovrebis mTlianad uzrunvelyofa. erTa-derT perspeqtiul dargad turizmi rCeba. Tumca tu-rizmis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa odenoba didi ar aris. aseT pirobebSi xalxis umetesoba miiCnevs, rom Tru-sos xeobaSi osebis dabruneba mosalodnli ar aris. miT ufro, rom sameurneo kontaqtebis axali mimarTu-leba ikveTeba, rac yazbegis regionis da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos baris mesaqonleebis mTabarobas ukavSi-rdeba. Trusos xeobaSi bolo xanebSi moxeveebTan er-Tad zafxulis saZovrebiT sargebloben ior-muRan-los azerabaijaineli mwyemsebi, xolo yazbegis raio-nis cxvris farebis didi nawili zamTris saZovrebze qvemo qarTlis velebze mihyavT. Trusos yofili mkvi-dri osebi ki ukve zafxulobiTac iSviaTad stumro-ben nasaxlarebs, salocavebsa da mama-papis sasaf-laoebs. rac Seexeba vladikavkazSi dafuZnebuld organi-zacia `darials~, romelic yazbegis regionis `samx-reT oseTTan~ mierTebis ideis mTavari gamxmovane-blia, gamokiTxulTa umetesobas miaCnia, rom maT sur-vils araviTari realuri safuZveli ar gaaCnia, esaa ubralod mcdeloba `patrons~ (kremls _ l.j.) aqti-voba aCvenos da fuladi saxsrebi moizidos.. amrigad, yazbegis regionis `samxreT oseTTan~ Se-erTebis Teoria osur populaciaSi TiTqmis ualte-rnativod aRiqmeba. politikuri prioritetis mopove-bis da osebSi patriotuli grZnobebis gaZlierebas mizniT osi istorikosebi cdiloben mniSvnelovnad daaZvelon TavianTi istoria saqarTvelos terito-riaze. magram mxolod cru eTnogenetikuri Teoriebi mosaxleobas adgilebze ver amagrebs. osebisagan srulad daicala punqtebi, sadac maT aravin aviw-rovebda (Trusos xeoba, osebiT dasaxlebuli xevis soflebi _ kobi, uxaTi, aCxoti ToTi), maRalia migra-ciis intensivoba cxinvalis regionidanac (romelsac e.w. osuri mTavroba akontrolebs). aqedan gamomdi-nare SeiZleba iTqvas, rom osur imigracias, politi-

172

kurTan erTad, ZiriTadad ganapirobebda ekonomikuri da eTnokulturuli faqtorebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura gamyreliZe _ gamyreliZe b., kudaros xeoba, kek, VIII, 2003. gamyreliZe _ gamyreliZe b. centraluri kavkasiis eTnikuri istoriidan (eTnonomebis “osi” da “dvali”-s mimarTebis sakiTxisaTvis). _ `saistorio Ziebani~, I,Tb., 1998. gvritiSvili 1949 _ gvritiSvili d., dvalTa vinaobisa da osTa Camosaxlebis sakiTxisaTvis, mimomxilveli, I, Tb., 1949 TogoSvili 1958 _ TogoSvili g., saqarTvelo-oseTis urTierTobis istoriidan (uZvelesi droidan XIV saukunis damlevamde), staliniri, 195. TofCiSvili 2008 _ TofCiSvili r. osTa winapari alanebis Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis areali, Tb.2008 TofCiSvili 2005 _ TofCiSvili r. qarTul - osuri eno-briv-eTnikuri urTierToba da enobrivi situacia sa-qarTveloSi mcxovreb osebSi, istoriuli etuidebi, t. 1. Tb., 2005 TofCiSvili 1998 _ TofCiSvili r., moxeuri gvarsaxelebi, Tb., 1998. iToniSvili 1967 _ iToniSvili v. xevi Zvelad da axla, Tb., 1967 iToniSvili 2015 _ iToniSvili v. moxveebis yofa-cxovreba, Tb., 2015. iToniSvili 1969 _ iToniSvili v. centraluri kavkasiis mTielebis saojaxo yofa, Tb., 1969. iToniSvili 1992 _ iToniSvili vax. aRmosavleT saqar-Tvelos mTianeTis istoriidan, Tb., 1992. qanTaria _ qanTaria m. (arqivi) istoriisa da eTnologiis institutis arqivi, savele masala, qurTaTis xeoba, sof. bariziyau. xaraZe 1995 _ xaraZe k. Sida qarTlis toponimTa gayalbebis winaaRmdeg, kr. osTa sakiTxi, Tb.1995 javaxiSvili 1989 _ javaxiSvili i., saqarTvelos sazRvrebi istoriulad da Tanamedrove TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli, istoriuli raritetebi, Tb., 1989 janiaSvili 2008 _ janiaSvili l., 2008 wlis rusul-qa-rTuli omi da sameurneo yofis Taviseburebebi axalgoris raionSi, wignSi okupirebuli axalgoris raioni da qarTul-osuri urTierTobis dinamika, Tb., 2015.

173

saqrTvelos _ saqrTvelos erovnuli arqivi fondi 254, saqme 436., 1816 w. saqrTvelos erovnuli arqivi metrikuli wignebi, f. 489. anaweri 46, saqme #1-dan saqme #21-mde Абаев 1948 - Абаев В. Осетинский язык и фольклор, Ш, Москва-Ленинград, 1948. Ванеев 1989 - Ванеев З. Избранные работы по истории осетинского народа, Цхинвали, 1989. Кантария 1980 - Кантария М. Некоторые вопросы земледелческого быта в горной Осетии, Кавказский Этнографический Сборник,V, 1980. Козаев - Козаев Сармат, Вопрос Восточной Осетии не снимается с повестки дня, http://osradio.ru/obshestvo/91476-obshestvo.html Магометов 1968 - Магометов А., Культура и быт осетинского народа, Орджоникидзе, 1968 Робакидзе 1985 - Робакидзе А. (ред.), Очерки Юго-осетинской автономной области, Еб., 1985 Туаева - Туаева Алина, Трусовское ущелье. почему оно за границей?- Техов 1985 - Техов Б. (ред), Очерки истории Юго-Осетинской автономной области, Тб., 1985 http://iratta.com/materials/sovremennost/48-trusovskoe_ushhele_pochemu_ono_za_granicejj.html Чернов - ЧерновМихаил,Границы Осетии должны быть пересмотрены, http://expert.ru/2013/08/21/granitsyi-osetii-dolzhnyi-byit-peresmotrenyi/ voskanapat.info, «Прямая граница между Россией и Арменией появится в ближайшем будущем, http://voskanapat.info/?p=5051 Шнилерман 2003 - Шнилерман В.А., Войни Памяти, М. 2003

Lavrenti Janiashvili Socio‐political and ethno‐cultural aspects of the Ossetian

migration from Kazbegi region By the end of the 20th century Kazbegi municipality was almost

completely deserted by the Ossetian population. Easy communication with North Ossetia, intensive family and friendly ties, economic benefits and relatively available education were the fertile ground for migration. The important motivation for their resettlement in Orjonikidze (now Vladikavkaz) was the possibility of arrangement of comfortable life. This process was more intensive in the Truso gorge where severe natural, social, economic and living conditions encouraged people to find their job and shelter in North Ossetia. According to the field materials even since the second half of the 20th century Ossetians used Truso Gorge mainly for the summer

174

pastures and as a summer residence, the number of permanent residents was very small; lately they rarely visited their former houses, chapels and cemeteries of their forefathers. statia momzadda SoTa rusTavelis erovnuli samecniero fondis mier dafinansebuli proeqtis _ “qarTul –osuri Tanacxovrebis perspeqtiva yazbegis regionSi” saxelmwifo granti #FR/384/2-153/14 _ farglebSi

175

cisia papiaSvili Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomikuri da demografiuli problemebi guriaSi

qarTul sofels odiTgan umniSvnelovanesi ro-

li eniWeboda saqarTvelos: ekonomikuri, kulturu-li, Tu socialuri ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT. misi ZiriTadi funqcia qveynis ekonomikuri gaZliereba da eris mentalobisa da TviTSegnebis Camoyalibeba iyo. qveynis winsvla ki, Sesabamisad, soflis funqcioni-rebasa da winsvlaze iyo damyarebuli da ase grZel-deboda saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi. Tumca, samwuxarod, dRevandeli realoba sxvagvaria, qarTuli sofeli gaqrobis winaSea, is dRiTidRe kargavs sakuTar funq-cias, icleba mosaxleobisagan da es yvelaferi moma-valSi sasikeTos arafers gviqadis. sofeli kvdeba, rogorc demografiuli, aseve ekonomikuri Tvalsaz-risiT.Aamitomac gadavwyviteT, yuradReba swored am sakiTxebze SegveCerebina. sainteresoa ra mdgomareo-baa dResdReobiT Tanamedrove qarTul sofelSi: ekonomikuri Tu demografiuli TvalsazrisiT. inar-Cunebs Tu ara is Zvel iersaxes, misdevs Tu ara mosa-xleoba meurneobis im formebs, romelic misTvis odiTganve iyo damaxasiaTebeli da tradiciuli. saxe-lmwifoebrivi TvalsazrisiT saWiroa soflis dReva-ndeli mdgomareobis eTnologiuri Seswavla, im vita-rebis garkvea, rac saqarTvelos, TiTqmis, yvela is-toriul-eTnografiuli mxaris sofelSi arsebobs. naSromSi SevecdebiT suraTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi eTnografiuli mxaris, guriis magaliTze warmogid-ginoT.

`dasavleT saqarTvelos mniSvnelovani istori-ul-eTnografiuli erTeulia guria. dRevandeli gu-ria moicavs ozurgeTis, lanCxuTisa da Coxatauris raionebs.Ggurias CrdiloeTiT samegrelo esazRvreba, sanxreTidan – aWara, aRmosavleTidan _ imereTi, dasavleTidan _ Savi zRva. samxreTiT gurias sazRva-

176

ri samcxesTan aqvs. Gguriis farTobi 2161 kv.km-ia. aq 1897 wels 90.326 suli iyo aRricxuli. 1908 wels – 93.157. Ppolitikuri TvalsazrisiT guria ufro vrcel teritorias moicavda da igi samxreTiT Woro-xis SesarTavamde aRwevda~. (saqarTvelos eTnografia 2010: gv. 134) `sainteresoa TviT saxelis ,,guria~ axsna. Zveli mwerlebi gurias gorguris eZaxdnen. sulxan-saba orbelianis leqsikonSi guriaoba axsnilia Sem-degi sityvebiT `midevneba areviT~, anu es niSnavs da-ucxromelTa samyofels~ (saxokia 1950: 18). demografia erT-erTi mtkivneuli sakiTxia Cveni qveynisTvis. rogorc viciT. demografiuli situacia moicavs erovnul, asakobriv, socialur da sqesobriv struqturas.Bbunebrivia, TiToeuli CvenganisaTvis sa-interesoa Tu ra viTarebaa am TvalsazrisiT guriis soflebSi. Tumca, sanam Tanamedrove demografiul viTarebaze visaubrebdeT, Tvali gadavavloT XIX saukunis monacemebs.

1886 wlis monacemebi aseTia:4

raioni ojaxi kaci qali jami Coxatauri 4071 15072 13470 28542 lanCxuTi 3884 13771 12671 26442 ozurgeTi 2877 10250 9140 19390 gvaqvs agreTve 1910 wlis monacemebi, romlis mixedviTac guriaSi demografiuli TvalsazrisiT Semdegi mdgomareobaa:5

raioni kaci qali jami

Coxatauri 12477 1108 23561 lanCxuTi 18664 18495 37159 ozurgeTi 10019 9630 19649 rogorc vxedavT, guriis raionebSi gansxvavebuli viTarebaa 1886 da 1910 wlis monacemebiT, kerZod, lan-

4 Свод стстистических данных о населенин закавкаского края, извлеченных из посемейных списоков 1886 г., Тифб 1896. 5 Кавказский календарь. Тиф.1910.

177

CxuTSi am periodis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis rao-denoba gaizarda 10717 suliT, ozurgeTSi _ 259, xo-lo, rac Seexeba Coxataurs mosaxleoba mcirdeba 4981 suliT. garda amisa, gvaqvs 1926 wlis monacemebi, am peri-odSi guriis mosaxleoba 113,4- procentobiT 4,2% Seadgens, 1959 w.- 145,9- procentobiT 3,6%, 1989w.- 158,0- procentobiT- 2,9% (ToTaZe 1993: 275). rac Seexeba Tanamedrove demografiul viTarebas, arc ise saxarbieloa. soflebis 90% daclilia, mo-saxleoba tovebs soflebs da midis sxvadasxva mima-rTulebiT, zogi qalaqSi, zogic ki _ sazRvarga-reT.Mmizezi sxvadasxvagvaria: umuSevroba, samuSao adgilebis uqonloba da, rac mTavaria, dasaqmebis pe-rspeqtivis ar qona. ,,guriis soflebis umravlesoba daclilia, gansakuTrebiT, axalgazrdebi midian. aq samuSaos ver pouloben da sxva ra gza aqvT? midian TbilisSi, zogi saswavleblad, zogi _ samuSaod. magram, am bolo dros, ufro TurqeTSi miemgzavrebi-an samuSaod. iq Caisa da Txilis plantaciebi aqvT da muSebi sWirdebaT, esenic midian da muSaoben. aba CvenTan moispo yvelaferi aRarc Caia da aRarc cit-rusi unda vinmes~ (sof. CoCxaTi mTxrobeli tikaraZe mixeil gabrielis Ze, 2015 w., 87 wlis). ,,axalgazrdebi, TiTqmis aRar rCebian soflebSi. exla yvelas qalaq-Si unda cxovreba, zogi TbilisSi cxovrobs, zogi _ baTumSi, zogic sazRvargareT midis samuSaod, ufro TurqeTSi gadadian. saSualo xnis xalxia sofelSi darCenili, daketili da mitovebuli saxlebicaa magram, Zalian cota, cdiloben rom weliwadSi erT-

xel mainc Camovidnen da mixedon aqaurobas”. (sof. oragve mTxrobeli guram lomaZe, 2015 w., 84 w). rac Seexeba skolebSi moswavleebis raodenobas, arc am mxriv gvaqvs mSvidi situacia. velze mopovebu-li masalebis mixedviT, skolebSi moswavleTa ricxvi TandaTan mcirdeba da mosaxleoba SiSobs, rom male skolebSi pirveli klasi saerTod aRar iqneba, imi-tom rom dRes ukve 1-2 moswavlesRa Tu SevxvdebiT.

178

,,soflebSi saSualo skola, TiTqmis, yvelgan aris, magram male aravis dasWirdeba skola, imitom rom moswavleebis ricxvi ukve ganaxevrebulia, pirvel klasSi TiTo moswavle midis, imitom rom wasulia xalxi, vinc sofelSi cxovrobs daojaxebuli araa, SesaZlebloba ar aqvT colis moyvanis, samuSao ar aqvT. wvalobs xalxi magram mainc araferi gamodis~ (sof. lixauri mTxrobeli WeliZe-CavleiSvili nora, 2015 w., 79 w.). ,,skolis direqtori rom viyavi skolaSi 403 moswavle iyo, 2006 wlis ianvarSi gadavabare skola da 216 bavSvi iyo, dRes 186 bavSvia.Ppirvel klasSi 10-12 moswavlea. Cem dros yovelTvis 4-5 dawyebiTi klasi iyo, exla mxolod erTi pirveli klasiRaa. cxovrebis pirobebi rTulia da midian. ketaven saxlebs, Cven sofelSi 150 saxli mainc iqneba daketili. ZiriTadad midian TbilisSi da TurqeTSi; TurqeTSi Txilze da Caize muSaoben, qalebis nawili ki _ ojaxSi, TbilisSi ki ufro muSebad arian dasaq-mebulebi, an vaWroben~ (sof. Semoqmedi mTxrobeli gi-vi giorgis Ze giorgaZe, 2015 w., 72 w.). rogorc vxedavT demografili TvalsarisiT gu-riis soflebSi sakmaod mZime viTarebaa. soflebi ic-leba mosaxleobisgan, gansakuTrebiT ki, axalgazrde-bis gadineba xdeba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT da maTi 90% ukan aRar brundeba. sofelSi darCenili maTi mcire nawili ki dasaojaxebelia, vinaidan ojaxis Seqmnis saSualeba ar aqvT. mizezi ki martivia _ umuSevroba. Mmosaxleoba am problemis gadawyvetis mxolod erT gzas xedavs _ samuSao adgilebis Seq-mnas. maTi TqmiT, gurias namdvilad aqvs potenciali ganaviTaros soflis meurneobis iseTi dargebi rogo-

ricaa: mecitruseoba, meTxileoba, meCaieoba… mTava-ria saxelmwifo daudges gverdiT da daexmaros mo-yvanili produqtis realizebaSi. amisaTvis ki pirvel rigSi saWiroa qarxnebis aSeneba, rac erTi mxriv, xels Seuwyobs mosaxleobas produqtis realizebaSi da, meore mxriv, Seiqmneba samuSao adgilebi, rac sawindaria mosaxleobis soflebSi damagrebisa.

179

,,adre guria Tavs ZiriTadad CaiT, citrusebiT da TxiliT irCenda, es mxare sakmaod mdidari iyo, ara-feri ar gviWirda, maSin fabrika-qarxnebi gvqonda, Sroma Cven ar gvezareboda da vcxovrobdiT mSveniv-rad. dRes yvelaze Rataki mxarea, vSromobT da araferi Cans. Eexlac SeiZleba Cais plantaciebis aRorZineba, magram mTavroba unda dagvidges gverdiT, saqme bolomde miiyvanos, fuli gvWirdeba da Cven ar gvaqvs amisi saSualeba.Kkargi iqneba Tu isev ga-Sendeba Cais plantaciebi da qarxnebic gaixsneba, ma-Sin cota gveSveleba namdvilad~ (sof. mamaTi mTxrobeli arsen aleqsis Ze gogelia, 2015 w., 81 w.). saxarbielo viTareba soflebSi arc meurneobis warmoebis TvalsazrisiTaa. soflebSi meurneobas mo-saxleobis Zalian mcire nawili misdevs.Amisi umTav-resi mizezi ki, erTis mxriv, moyvanili produqtis realizebaa, rac urTules problemas warmoadgens glexisTvis, radgan ar arsebobs, an mcire raode-nobiT vxvdebiT soflebSi iseT dawesebulebebs sa-dac produqtis realizebaa SesaZlebeli, meore mxriv, ki rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, soflebidan axal-gazrdebis umetesi nawili wasulia, sofeli mxolod xnierebis anabradaa darCenili, rac, bunebrivia, meur-neobis maStabebs zRudavs da samomavlod friad ara-saxarbielo tendenciebs saxavs. ,,guriis meurneobis ZiriTadi dargebi miwaTmoqme-deba da mevenaxeoba iyo. mevenaxeoba maRlari iyo, ise-

ve rogorc – samegreloSi. Mmesaqonleoba daqvemdeb-arebul rols TamaSobda, Tumca sakmao raodenobiT iyo cxeni, xar-Zroxa, Txebi, kameCi, Sinauri frinveli da gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT yavdaT Rorebi. ganviTarebuli iyo mefutkreoba da meabreSumeoba. saqarTvelos am istoriul-eTnografiuli mxaris-Tvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo agreTve sxvadasxva parko-sani mcenareebis _ lobio, cercvi _ moyvana. Tesav-dnen sels da bambas~ (saqarTvelos eTnografia 2010: gv. 135).

180

,,guriaSi adre didiZali Romi modioda, sanam si-mindi ar iyo, ese gavrcelebuli. ukanasknel xanebSi ukve Roms, TiTqmis, aRar Tesaven, simindma Caanacvla. mWads didi pativi daedo. ufro imitom Semcirda Romi, rom meti muSaoba da jafa unda, oTxjer-xuTjer meti, vidre siminds~ (saxokia 1985: 71-72). garda zemoT CamoTvlili meurneobis dargebisa guriaSi moyavdaT agreTve citrusebi, dafna, gaSe-nebuli iyo Txilisa da Cais plantaciebi da mosax-leoba maTi realizebiT irCenda Tavs. rac Seexeba guriis meurneobis Tanamedrove viTarebas, namdvilad araa saxarbielo mdgomareoba. mosaxleoba meurneobis tradiciuli dargebis umrav-lesobas, TiTqmis, aRar misdevs da maStabebi Zalian Semcirebulia. Romisa da Cais kultura saerTod gam-qralia da mxolod gavelurebuli Cais buCqebs Tu wavawydebiT aqa-iq. meurneobis ZiriTadi dargebi dResac miwaTmoqme-deba da mesaqonleobaa, moyavT yvelaferi risi moyva-nac SesaZlebelia: bostneuli, parkosnebi, kartofi-

li, simindi… mosaxlebis mcire nawili mefutkreoba-sac ar iviwyebs. rac Seexeba mesaqonleobas ojaxSi 1-2 suli saqoneli yavT, isic imitom rom ojaxma irCinos Tavi. ,,mivdevT miwaTmoqmedebas, mogvyavs bostneuli, xi-lic gvavs, ZiriTada cutrusebi mogvyavs.Oojaxs 1-2 suli saqoneli mainc yavs. amiTi virCenT Tavs. didi raodenobiT araferi ar gvaqvs, marto imdeni rom

ojaxs eyos. ver vyidiT da xarji ratomRa gaviRoT?” (sof. oragve, guri ivanes Ze lomaZe 84 wlis). mosaxleobis umravles nawils moyavs Txili. gu-riaSi dRes Txili Tavis rCenis erTaderTi saSuale-baa, radgan yvelaze ukeT da normalur fasSi mis re-alizebas axdenen. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, aqvT ci-trusebic, magram samwuxarod normalur fasad Caba-rebasa ver axerxeben. ,,guruli kaci dRes Tavs TxiliT irCens, SarSan mSvenieri fasi qonda, welsac imedi gvaqvs karg fa-

181

sad gavyidiT.Mmosavalic gvaqvs RvTis wyalobiT. man-darins fasi ar aqvs.Ddafnac mogvyavs, egec iZleva Semosaval, Tumca rogorc adre vcxovrobdiT ise na-mdvilad aRar vcxovrobT~ (sof. xidisTavi, anzor surmaniZe, 2015 w. 79 w.). amrigad, rogorc vxedavT guriis soflebi mZime mdgormareobaSia, sofeli icleba mosaxleobisagan, axalgazrdebias 90% wasulia da ukan dabrunebaze aRar fiqrobs, amitomaa rom soflebSi mxolod moxu-cebsRa Tu SevxvdebiT, romlebic mTeli ZaliT cdi-loben soflSi sicocxlis SenarCunebas. dRes sa-qarTvelos udidesi riskis winaSe dgas, vinaidan so-flebis dacla uamrav problemas Seqmnis, pirvel rigSi ki es aris sazRvrebis rRveva, rac, albaT, upi-rvelesi safiqralia Cveni qveynis mTavrobisaTvis. au-cilebelia mosaxleobas Seeqmnas sacxovrebeli da samuSao pirobebi, saswrafod demografiuli, ekono-mikuri da socialuri RonisZiebebia gasatarebeli, mxolod ase Tu moxerxdeba maTi soflebSi damagere-ba. rac Seexeba meurneobas SedarebiT kargi mdgomar-eobaa, mosaxleoba inarCunebs tradiciul dargebs da cdilobs ar dakargos is faseulobebi, rac winap-rebma dautoves.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura:

anTaZe 1973 _ anTaZe k. saqarTvelos mosaxleoba XIX sa-ukuneSi, Tb., 1973;

თოთაძე 1993 _ თოთაძე ა. საქართველოს დემოგრაფიული პო-რტრეტი, თბ., 1993; კაცაძე 1993 _ კაცაძე ა. სოფლის მოსახლეობის ორგანიზებული მიგრაცია საქართველოში, თბ., 1993; მელაძე, წულაძე 1997 _ მელაძე, წულაძე საქართველოს მოსახ-ლეობა და დემოგრაფიული პროცესები 1990-1996, თბ., 1997; ნათმელაძე 2002 _ ნათმელაძე გ. დემოგრაფიული პროცესები საქართველოში XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi, Tb., 2002;

182

ruxaZe 1976 _ ruxaZe j. xalxuri agrikultura dasavleT saqarTveloSi, Tb., 1976; saxokia 1985 _ saxokia T. momgzaurobani, Tb., 1985; totoCava 1997 _ totoCava k. gurianTas istoria, Tb., 1997; fircxalava 1997 _ fircxalava g. saqarTvelos mosax-leoba; erovnuli Semadgenloba, ojaxebi, migracia, Tb., 1997; wulaZe 1971 _ wulaZe a. eTnografiuli guria, Tb., 1971; saqarTvelos eTnografia/eTnologia, r. TofCiSvilis saerTo redaqciiT, Tb., 2010; Свод стстистических данных о населенин закавкаского края. Извлеченных из посемейных списоков 1886г. Тиф. 1896.; Кавказскйи календарь. Тиф.1910.

183

roland TofCiSvili recenzia

Teimuraz gvimraZis sadisertacio naSromze `xalxuri sameurneo religiuri

dResaswaulebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (kaxeTis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)~

15 Tebervali, 2000 weli.

miuxedavad imisa, rom qarTvelma xalxma qristia-noba Cvidmeti saukunis win miiRo da is yovelmxriv gaiTavisa, mas qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebis araerTi plasti gadmoyva, romlebic qristianobamde SeiTvisa da Seisisxlorca. amiT saSualeba gveZleva aRvadginoT Cveni winaprebis adrindeli rwmena-warmodgenebi da araerTi religiuri realia. qar-Tuli eTnologiuri mecnierebac dRidan misi Ca-moyalibebisa am misias saTanadod arTmevda Tavs. mag-ram komunisturi ideologia mainc erTgvarad zRuda-vda am sferoSi Tavisufali azris gamoTqmas da zo-gjer Cveni mecnierebic iZulebuli iyvnen garkveul CarCoSi Camjdariyvnen. miuxedavad amisa, qarTveli xalxis rwmena-warmodgenebis sferoSi mniSvnelovani gamokvlevebia Sesrulebuli da mainc am Tval-sazrisiT mecnierT gasakeTebeli jer kidev bevri aqvT. qarTul eTnologiur mecnierebaSi ama Tu im pro-blemis Seswavla ZiriTadad ori mimarTulebiTa da xerxiT xdeboda: 1) konkretuli sakiTxebis saqarT-velos masStabiT Seswavla da 2) eTnografiuli yo-fis regionaluri, istoriul-eTnografiuli mxare-ebis mixedviT kvleva. orive mimarTulebiT kvleva-Zie-bas Tavisi pozitiuri Sedegi hqonda. da, ai, Teimuraz gvimraZis sakandidato disertaciis saxiT gvaqvs qa-rTveli xalxis religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebis re-gionalur SeswavlasTan. disertantma sakvalifikacio naSromad kaxeTis regioni airCia. naSroms ewodeba `xalxuri sameurneo religiuri dResaswaulebi aR-

184

mosavleT saqarTveloSi (kaxeTis eTnografiuli ma-salebis mixedviT)~. dasawyisSive unda vTqva, rom Teimuraz gvimraZis nakvlevi ZiriTadad pozitiuri naSromia da igi imsa-xurebs Ziebul, istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis sa-mecniero xarisxs. sadisertacio naSromis mimarT mxolod oriode SeniSvna-survili gvaqvs da radgan odnav zemoT saTauri vaxseneT, vityviT, rom igi mTlad kargad ar unda JRerdes. upriani iqneboda mi-sTvis ubralod gvewodebina `religiuri dReaswaule-bi kaxeTSi~. amas isic gvaTqmevinebs, rom disertantis mier moyvanili eTnografiuli masalebiT dasturde-ba, rom ama Tu im RvTaebisadmi aRvlenili locva Tu rituali mxolod mosavlis gadarCena-baraqianobisa-dmi da saqonlis dacva-gamravlebisadmi rodi iyo mimarTuli. Cveulebriv, yvela salocavs adamianis kargad yofnasa da janmrTelobasac SesTxovdnen. Cveni SeniSvna saTauris mimarT sruliadac ar am-cirebs im mniSvnelovan samuSaos, romelic dRevan-del disertants gauwevia. erT-erT gansakuTrebul momentad is migvaCnia, rom baton Teimuraz gvimraZes mopovebuli aqvs kaxeTis religiuri dResaswaulebis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani eTnografiuli masalebi, rom-lebic erTi SemorbeniT, anda erTi-ori wlis ganmav-lobaSi ki ara, aramed mravali wlis xangrZlivi SromiTa aqvs mopovebuli. amasTanave, igi mravlad mo-ixmobs Sesadarebel masalas. rogorc aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mTisa da baris sxvadasxva regionebidan, ise dasavleT saqarTvelodan. disertanti Sesaval nawilSi vrclad mimoixi-lavs sakiTxis istoriografias. igi saerTod proble-mis Sesaxeb arsebul samecniero gamokvlevebs miu-TiTebs da ara mxolod im naSromebs, romlebic kaxe-TSi religiuri desaswaulebisadmia miZRvnili, rac, ra Tqma unda, T. gvimraZis naSromis dadebiT mxareebs unda mivakuTvnoT. amasTanave, amave Sesaval istori-ografiul nawilSi igi zogierT iseT naSromsac

185

mimoixilavs, romelTa gverdis avlac mas Tavisuf-lad SeeZlo. T. gvimraZe kargad mijnavs erTmaneTisagan im re-ligiur dResaswaulebs, romlebic, Cveulebriv, ama Tu im salocavis karze sruldeboda da romlis drosac ama Tu im RvTaebasa Tu wmindans xalxi mo-savlis baraqianobasa da saqonlis gamrvleba-dacvas SesTxovda da, Cveulebriv, im religiur ritualebs, romlsac qarTveli xalxi boselSi, maranSi, venaxSi, mindorSi asrulebda. Sesadarebli masalis farTod moxmoba mas aZlevs saSualebas daaskvnas, rom kaxuri masalebi ufro met saerTos poulobs saqarTvelos sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli mxareebis masalebTan, vidre ganmasxvavebels, Tumca kaxeTis regionisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli masalac friad mniSvnelovania, radgan aSkaraa, rom isic saerTo qarTuli rwmena-warmodgenebis nawilia, romelmac sakvlev regionSi Semoinaxa Tavi swored am kuTxisaTvis damaxasiaTebe-li sameurneo yofis gamo. radganac disetacia im religiuri dResaswaulebi-sadmi, ritualebisadmi da rwmena-warmodgenebisadmia miZRvnili, romelsac qarTveli xalxi samiwaTmoqme-do saqmianobis, venaxis dacvis Tu saqonlis gamrav-lebisadmi uZRvnida, bunebrivia, avtori ver gaeqca mxaris sameurneo daxasiaTebas. disertanti 22-e gve-rdze Sesabamis daskvnasac gvTavazobs, raSic Cven eWvi Segvaqvs. am daskvnis gakeTebisas qronologiu-rad xom ar unda mivdgomodiT sakiTxs? migvaCnia, rom saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze meurneobis wam-yvani dargi mainc memindvreoba iyo. Tu sadisertacio maSromis avtori Tavis mosazrebas damatebiTi ma-salebiT gaamdidrebs, moxaruli viqnebiT. sadisertacio naSromidan aSkaraa, rom, miuxeda---vad didi qristianuli kulturisa, qarTvelma xalxma qristianobamdeli rwmena-warmodgenebi da ritualebi ara marto mTaSi, aramed barSic Semoinaxa. ase rom, sinkretuli rwmena-warmodgenebi Cven barSic, am SemTxvevaSi, kaxeTSic gvaqvs. misaRebia avtoris dask-

186

vna, rom `xvna-Tesvis dros ritualuri kverebi cxve-boda mosavlis nayofierebisa da baraqianobis mizniT. specialurad xarebisaTvis kverebis Sewirva ki uZve-lesi drois gadmonaSTad unda miviCnioT~ (gv. 30). Temur gvimraZe agviRwers yvela im xalxur reli-giur dReobas, romelic kaxeTSi imarTeboda. mas mxe-dvelobis aredan ar rCeba TiTqmis arc erTi aseTi dResaswauli, romelTagan zogierTi adgilobrivi, mxolod sasoflo daniSnulebis iyo da, ra Tqma un-da, iseTebic, romelsac regionaluri daniSuleba hqonda da sadac Tavs iyrida kaxeTis (da ara mxo-lod kaxeTis) mosaxleoba. am religiuri dResaswau-lebidan gansakuTrebiT gamovyofT mxolod ors. ese-nia: 1) `Tavwmida giorgi~ sofel axalsoflis (yvar-lis raioni) siaxloves. samarTlianad migvaCnia dise-rtantis daskvna, rom `Tavwminda giorgis~ salocavi kaxeTSi wmida giorgis pirveli salocavi unda yofiliyo. da 2) `nekresoba~. es ukanaskneli erTa-derTi religiuri dReoba iyo saqarTveloSi, rome-lsac Rors wiravdnen. Sesawir Rors ki kaxeTSi `lo-mtaxs~ uwodebdnen. disertanti samarTlianad svams kiTxvas: rodis unda gaCeniliyo nekresSi Roris Sewirva, is qristianobam Zveli droidanve SeiTvisa, Tu axali drois movlenaa? saerTod, unda aRvniSnoT, rom cxovelis msxverplTSewirva qarTulma qri-stianobam warmarTobisagan miiRo, mTaSic da barSic; qristianobam es araqristianuli wesi faqtobrivad ver gandevna. avtors moyavs imis damamtkicebeli ma-sala, rom Roris msxverplTSewirvas qristianobam-dec axdendnen, magram rigi gadmocemebis safuZvelze is askvnis, rom es movlena nekresSi SedarebiT mogvi-anebiT gaCenili movlenaa. am TvalsazrisiT moyvani-li masala, vfiqrobT, argumentirebulia, magram, ra-dgan Roris msxverplTSewirva warmarTobis drosac scodniaT, sasurvelia, kvleva man momavalSSic gaagrZelos. sadiseratacio naSromSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba zedaSis sakiTxs, rac qarTul eTnografiaSi

187

aqamdec kargad iyo Seswavlili. disertants am mimar-TulebiTac Semoaqvs axali eTnografiuli masala. sa-yuradReboa, rom kaxeTis mosaxleobas nekresisaTvis specialurad hqonda zedaSis Rvino, rogorc sa-ojaxo, ise sagvareulo. kaxelebs nekresisaTvis hqo-ndaT futkris zedaSec, e. w. futkris zvara. amoRe-buli Tafli nekresSi mihqondaT da iq mlocvelebs urigebdnen. mniSvnelovania is eTnografiuli masala da misi mecnieruli interpretacia, romelic venaxis dacvis, baraqianobis religiur ritualebs exeba (`vazis be-dis kveri~, venaxis dacvis mizniT did xuTSabaTs as-kilis totis venaxSi Setana...). sadisertacio naSromSi miRebulia daskvna, rom miuxedavad imisa, rom kaxeTSi venaxis dacvisa da ba-raqianobis religiuri dResaswaulebi, ritualebi da rwmena-warmodgenebi originalurobiT gamirCeva, mainc dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobam `Cvenamde Se-moinaxa is religiuri dResaswaulebi, romelic kaxe-TSi didi xania daviwyebas mieca~ (gv. 87). vfiqrobT, am daskvnis damadasturebeli masala disertants unda moetana da aexsna is mizezebi, ramac es gamoiwvia. Cvenis mxriv gviCndeba kiTxva: xom ar iyo es imiT ga-mowveuli, rom aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (am SemTx-vevaSi, kaxeTSi) qristianoba ufro Rrmad Sevida, vid-re dasavleT saqarTvelos zogierT istoriul-eTnog-rafiul mxareSi? kidev bevri pozitiuri SeiZleba Tqmuliyo Teimu-raz gvimraZis sakandidato naSromis Sesaxeb. magram, vfiqrobT, Tqmulic sakmarisia. imedia igi momavalSi aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT kvlevas kvlavac gaagrZe-lebs. Teimuraz gvimraZe udavod imsaxurebs istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxs. avtore-ferati srul SesatyvisobaSia sadisertacio naSro-mTan. imedi gvaqvs arqeologia-eTnologiis maRali samecniero sabWosi, rom Temur gvimraZes mianiWeben Ziebul istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxs.

188

roland TofCiSvili

recenzia g. xornaulis wignze, romelic 1983 wels ar daibeWda

yoveli gamokvleva qarTuli toponimebis Sesaxeb Cveni samecniero sazogadodoebis (da ara mxolod sa-mecniero wreebis) gansakuTrebul inters iwvevs, ra-dgan adgilTa saxelwodebani mniSvnelovani da uaR-resad sayuradRebo wyaroa Cveni qveynis warsulis Sesaswavlad. toponimebis Sesaxeb akad. niko ber-ZeniSvili werda: ès xom zRva masala iqneba CvenSi warsuli cxovrebis mecnierulad aRsadgenad. igu-lisxmeba, ra Tqma unda, rom am masalis istoriulad SeswavlaSi Cven istorikosebs qarTuli enaTmec-niereba wamogveSveleba~ (n. berZeniSvili. saqarTve-los istoriis sakiTxebi, I, Tb., gv. 358). swored enaT-mecnierebma ikisres ZiriTadi tvirTi saqarTveloSi toponimTa mecnieruli Seswavlisa da kvlevis saqme-Si, Tumca adgilTa saxelwodebebis Seswavlisadmi Tavisi aspeqtebi sxva mecnierebebsac aqvT: istorias, eTnologias, geografias. aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom toponimebis kvlevas saqarTveloSi mizanmimarTuli xasiaTi aqvs da sruliad samarTlianad maTi kvleva-Zieba mimdinareobs istoriul-geografiuli // istori-ul-eTnografiuli mxareebis da xeobebis mixedviT. amdenad, misasalmebelia wleuls Tbilisis saxelmwi-fo universitetis gamomcemlobis mier dastambuli wigni `mTebi da saxelebi (mTiuleT-gudamayris topo-nimikuri masalebi da Ziebani)~, romlis avtoria fi-lologiis mecnierebaTa kandidati gigi xornauli. TiToeuli toponimis enaTmecnieruli analizis Sefaseba lingvistebis saqmea. Cveni yuradReba miiqcia aRniSnuli wignis Sesaval nawilSi Sesulma qveTa-vebma: `geografiuli mimoxilva~, ìstoriuli mimo-xilva~, èTnografiuli mimoxilva~. am qveTavebSi da-

189

Svebulma uzustobebma da Secdomebma oriode sityvis Tqma gadagvawyvetina. moviyvanoT ramdenime citata g. xornaulis mo-nografiidan: `mTiuleTi da gudamayari saqarTvelos mTis kuTxeebia. orive mdebareobs kavkasionis samxreT kalTebze: mTiuleTi TeTri aragvis xeobaSi jvris uReltexilidan fasanauramde (ZiriTadi nawili) da fasanauridan Jinvalamde (xazgasma aqac da qveviTac Cvenia _ r. T.); gudamayari ki, mTiuleTis TiTqmis ganuyofeli nawilia _ Savi aragvis xeobaSi, fasanauridan bursaWirisa da dumacxos mTebamde~ (gv. 7); `mTiuleTSi ZiriTadad sami sasoflo sabWoa: mleTis (33 sofeli), fasanauris (22 sofeli) da War-Tlis (12 sofeli). Sedis, agreTve, ananuris sabWos (5 sofeli) da Jinvalis sasoflo sabWos (7 sofeli)~ (iqve); `... xolo rac Seexeba mTiuleTis samxreT sa-zRvars, igi ramdenadme gaurkvevelia. aq ara gvaqvs iseTi mijna, rogorc aRmosavleTiT, dasavleTiT da CrdiloeTiT. soflebi WarTals qvemoT Sereulia. amitom qarTlsa da mTiuleTs Soris sazRvris gav-leba Znelia~ (gv. 8); `mTiuleTs CrdiloeTiT da da-savleTiT oseTi esazRvreba~ (gv. 31). g. xornaulis dasaxelebuli wignidan zemoT moy-vanili ramdenime citatis erTad warmodgena, vfiq-robT, mizanSewonilia, radgan maTSi mTiuleTis is-toriuli geografiis Sesaxeb msgavsi Secdomebia da-Svebuli, Tumca maT Soris urTierTsawinaaRmdego ga-monaTqvamebic gvxvdeba. SevexebiT ramdenimes. pirveli is, rom yovelgvari istoriuli, geografiuli da enaTmecnieruli masalebisa da wyaroebis gauTva-liswineblad arsebobs Turme mTiuleTis ori nawi-li, e. w. `ZiriTadi mTiuleTi~ (jvris uReltexili-dan fasanauramde) da danarCeni mTiuleTi _ fasanau-ridan Jinvalamde. es, e. w. xornauliseburi dayofa mTiuleTisa, ganpirobebulia zemoT CamoTvlili me-cnierebebis gamokvlevaTa ugulebelyofiT. arsad qa-rTul saistorio geografiaSi mTiuleTi or nawilad ar yofila dayofili. mTiuleTis nebismieri mkvi-

190

drisaTvis rom ekiTxa, etyodnen, rom mTiuleTi mo-icavda teritorias TeTri aragvis xeobaSi fasanau-ridan jvris uReltexilamde. rac Seexeba wignSi Se-moTavazebul danarCen mTiuleTs, romelSic avtors Seyavs aragvis xeoba Jinvalidan fasanauramde, sruli gaugebrobaa. aq mdebareobda da mdebareobs saqarTve-los istoriul-geografiuli // istoriul-eTnogra-fiuli mxareebi // Temebi, rogorebicaa: xando, WarTa-li da Sida qarTlis mTiswineTis garkveuli nawili. TeTri aragvis xeobis mTiswineT-baris monakveTi qarTul dokumentebSi `dabali saerisTavod~ moixse-nieba. g. xornauls, rogorc lingvists, rom gaemaxvi-lebina yuradReba fasanaurs qvemoT (rogorc TviTon uwodebs WarTlisa da ananuris sasoflo sabWoebis teritoriebze) mcxovrebTa mTiulur metyvelebas ver Caiwerda, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT saistorio da eTno-grafiuli masalebisa da naSromebis gamouyenebloba-ze. Tu pativcemul avtors fasanauris qvemoT Jinva-lamde zogierT sofelSi mTiulebi an gudamayrelebi Sexvedria, isini aq gadmosaxlebuli arian XIX sauku-nis Sua xanebSi. aseve gaumarTlebelia xorxis xeobis mTiuleTSi Seyvana. aqac mTiulebi da gudamayrelebi, fSavelebTan da xevsurebTan erTad arian gadmosa-xlebuli, mas Semdeg, rac Sida qarTlis mTiswineTis am erT-erTi xeobis mkvidrni XV-XVI saukuneebSi kaxe-Tis barSi gadasaxldnen. gaumarTlebelia gudamayris mTiuleTis nawilad miCneva. mTiuleTi da gudamayari aRmosavleT sa-qarTvelos mTianeTis mxolod erTmaneTis mezobeli mxareebia. unda aRvniSnoT, rom gudamayari rogorc mxare, mTiuleTze adre ixsenieba saistorio wyaroeb-Si dawyebuli VII saukunis somxuri geografiidan, xolo mTiuleTi ki warmoqmnila SedarebiT gvian ori damoukidebeli istoriul-eTnografiuli // istoriu-l-geografiuli mxaris // Temis xadisa da cxavatis gaerTianebiT (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi I, gv. 533), im cxavatisa, romelic monografiis avtors, Cvenda gasaocrad, mTiuleTSi ver daudasturebia.

191

saqarTvelos Temebad, mxareebad, kuTxeebad dasaxele-bisa da dayofis tradicia garkveul enobriv-diale-qtologiur, eTnografiul da geografiul faqtoreb-ze iyo dafuZnebuli da mas iTvaliswinebda yvela wyaro, Tu sabuTi, romelic CvenSi iqmneboda. gudamay-ruli dialeqti damoukidebeli dialeqtia qarTul dialeqtTa Soris (ix. i. gigineiSvili, v. Tofuria, i. qavTaraZe. qarTuli dialeqtologia, I, Tb., 1961, gv. 78-101) da eTnografiuli TvalsazrisiTac gudamayari ufro met siaxloves iCens xevsureTTan, vidre mTiu-leTTan. amdenad, ramdenadac pativcemuli g. xornauli Ca-moTvlis mTiuleTSi Semaval sasoflo sabWoebs, mas unda daaesaxelebina mxolod fasanauris sadabo sa-bWo da qveSeTis sasoflo sabWo (SecdomiT qveSeTis sasoflo sabWo mleTis sasoflo sabWodaa miCneuli) da WarTlis, ananurisa da Jinvalis sasoflo sabWo-ebi misgan unda gamoeTiSa. WarTlisa da ananuris sa-soflo sabWoebis soflebSi Semavali mosaxleoba qarTlur dialeqtze metyvelebda. aRniSnuli teri-toriuli erTeulebi Sida qarTlis mTiswineTis (ze-ganis) nawilia. asea is eTnografiuli (sameurneo, ma-terialuri, socialuri, religiuri) yofiTi movle-nebis gaTvaliswinebiT. g. xornauli Jinvals ar miiCnevda mTiuleTis sam-xreT sazRvrad, mas rom gamoeyenebina is samecniero literatura, romelic am sakiTxis irgvliv arsebobs. pativcemul avtors SevniSnavT, rom radgan rogorc araspecialistma Tavs idva SemoeTavazebina mTiule-Tisa da gudamayris istoriul-geografiuli mimoxil-va, valdebuli iyo gacnoboda qarTul istoriul-geografiul da eTnografiul literaturas da ara zogierTi maTganis SesavalSi zogadi miTiTebiT dak-mayofilebuliyo. avtoris sayuradRebod vityviT, rom marto istoriis mecnierebaTa kandidats jondo gvasalias mTiuleTisa da saerTod aragvis xeobis istoriuli geografiis Sesaxeb ramdenime naSromi aqvs gamoqveynebuli da zogierTi toponimis axsnis

192

saintereso cdac aqvs mocemuli. j. gvasalias erT-erTi naSromi mTiuleTis istoriuli geografiis Sesaxeb swored im krebulSia dabeWdili, romelsac g. xornauli mTiuleTis irgvliv arsebul wignebs Soris CamoTvlis Tavisi wignis me-7 gverdze sqolio-Si. am krebulidan (igilisxmeba `kavkasiis eTnografi-uli krebuli~, III), mxolod ramdenime naSromi rom gaecno pativcemul g. xornauls, mTiuleTis sazoga-doebrivi yofis Sesaxeb miutevebel Secdomebs ar dauSvebda. amis Sesaxeb cota qvemoT. axla kidev er-Ti istoriul-geografiuli lafsusis Sesaxeb. me-13 gverdze avtori wers: `mTiuleTi saqarTvelos zurgs warmoagenda TuS-fSav-xevsureTTan erTad da amas ema-teboda isic, rom mTiuleTi ketavda CrdiloeTis kars _ `darials~. am citatidan gamodis, rom, Turme, dariali mTiuleTSi yofila da is saqarTvelos CrdiloeT sazRvars warmoadgenda. avtors ar unda gamorCenoda, rom mTiuleTs CrdiloeTidan saqarTve-los sxva istoriul-eTnografiuli // istoriul-geo-grafiuli mxare _ xevi esazRvreba da dariali, saqa-rTvelos CrdiloeTi karibWe da, mravali istoriuli faqtis mowme, xevSia da ara mTiuleTSi. xevis saqarT-velos sazRvrebs gareT moqcevas araviTari gamarT-leba ara aqvs. aqve SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom mTiu-leTs CrdiloeTidan esazRvreba xevi da ara oseTi, rogorc avtori 31-e gverdze wers. dasavleTiTac mTiuleTis mosazRvrea ara oseTi, aramed Sida qarT-lis mTianeTis is areali, romelsac qarTuli wyaro-ebi `cxrazmas~ uwodeben anu qsnis xeoba, romelic feodaluri erTeulis _ qsnis saerisTavos _ centri iyo. g. xornauli ise Sors wavida, rom xalxi mTiule-TSi, Turme, Temuri wyobilebiTa da adaT-wesebiT cxovrobda. igi wers: àm Zeglidan (igulisxmeba `Zeglis deba~ _ r. T.) Cans, rom mTiuleTSi maSin mtkice yofila Temuri wyobileba da xalxic Temur adaT-wesebs emorCileboda~ (gv. 14). kidev: àmJamad, sa-bWoTa wyobilebis pirobebSi, sabWoTa kanonebis gve-

193

rdiT SemorCenilia Temuri yofis adaT-wesebi~ (gv. 16). avtoris sayuradreboT vityviT, rom arc `Zeglis dadebis~ Sedgenis dros da arc gvian, XIX saukuneSi da, miT umetes, dRes mTiuleTSi xalxi Temuri wyobilebiTa da adaT-wesebiT ar cxovrobda. feo-dalizmis periodSi ki mTiuleTSi, gudamayarsa da xevSi feodalebis _ aragvis erisTavTa mmarTveloba iyo. mas SeeZlo mieTiTebina mxolod mTiuleTis sazogadoebriv yofaSi SemorCenili zogierTi mo-vlenis Sesaxeb. saerTod, Cveni mTis sazogadoebrivi yofisa da socialuri mdgomareobis Sesaxeb spe-cialitTa Sorisac azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa da Cveni rCeva iqneboda pativcemuli avtori am sakiTxs saer-Tod ar Sexeboda. SeniSvnebs iwvevs g. xornaulis sxva gamonaTqvame-bic mTiul-gudamayrelebis sxva eTnografiuli re-aliebis interprirebisas, rogorebicaa didi ojaxis sakiTxi da sxva sameurneo da materialuri yofiTi movlenebi, romelTa Sefasebas aRar SevudgebiT. Cveni azriT, ukeTesi iqneboda, Tu avtori isto-rizms TiToeuli toponimis Seswavlis saqmeSi ga-moiCenda. mas rom gamoeyenebina Tundac vaxuSti bag-rationis mTiuleTis soflebis sia, agreTve XVIII da XIX saukuneebis mosaxleobis aRweris dRes gamoqvey-nebuli masalebi, monografia uTuod moigebda, rad-gan SesaZlebloba miecemoda Zveli da dRevandeli toponimebis Sedarebisa, gairkveoda Tu romeli to-ponimi gaqra, romeli axlad warmoiqmna, an ra fone-tikuri cvlileba ganicada TiToeulma maTganma. SeuZlebelia ar SevCerdeT toponimebis mugudasa da xamuSas Sesaxeb. g. xornauli wers: `...zogjer sof-lis saxelad mikrotoponimi amotivtivdeba. mag.: so-feli muguda WarTalTan aris, maRla mTaze. Camosa-xldnen samanqano gzis Tavze, Sevakebul ferdobze, romelic adre saxnavad hqondaT da xamuSas eZaxdnen. amgvarad, gaCnda sofeli xamuSa, muguda ki gorsRa SemorCa da mikrotoponimad iqca~ (gv. 4). aSkara Sec-domaa. iseve rogorc saqarTvelos sxva mxareebSi,

194

aqac msgavsi movlena moxda. mTis zeda nawilidan sofelma dablaa, samxerdo gzis napirze Camoinacvla. soflis saxeli `muguda~ ar gamqrala. zevidan qve-moT Camonacvlebulma sofelma kvlav SeinarCuna Zve-li saxelwodeba _ muguda. mas xamuSa ar darqmevia (ix. saqarTvelos ssr administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa, Tb., 1977, gv. 50). sinamdvileSi adgili xamuSa mugudidan sakmaod moSorebiT arsebobs, iq, sadac xa-ndos xevi aragvs erTvis, SemaRlebul adgilze. ase rom, am SemTxvevaSi mikrotoponimis makrotoponimad gardaqmna ar momxdara da arc soflis saxeli qceu-la mikrotoponimad. bolos aRvniSnvT, rom gamoTqmuli SeniSvnebi g. xornaulis monografiis mimarT gamowveulia mTiu-leTis Sesaxeb arsebuli samecniero literaturis gamouyenebloba-uguleebelyofiT. ukeTesi iyo av-tors, rogorc enaTmecniers, moeca mTiuleT-gudamay-ris toponimebis mxolod lingvisturi analizi da Tavi Seekavebina regionis Sesaxeb istoriuli, geog-rafiuli da eTnografiuli mimoxilviT, romlebic wignis sakmaod vrcel SesavalSia mocemuli. 30. 08. 1983.

195

roland TofCiSvili

damaxinjebuli interviu qarTuli gvarebis Sesaxeb rusul presaSi

1994 wels rusulma gazeTma «Аргументы и Факты» gamoaqveyna CvenTan aRebuli interviu qarTuli gvare-bis Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli wlis dasawyisSi dagvikavSi-rda dasaxelebuli gazeTis korespondenti da gvTxo-va qarTuli gvarebis sufiqsebis mravalferovnebis mizezebis Sesaxeb samecniero informaciis micema. ga-zeTis korespondenti saxlSi gvewvia da xangrZlivi saubris Semdeg, SevTanxmdiT interviuze. korespo-ndents gazeTis redaqciisagan gamoyofili hqonda asoniSnebis zRvruli raodenoba. interviu zustad am asoniSnebis raodenobis mixedviT Semoifargla. rus mkiTxvels (Tu is realurad arsebobda) ainteresebda qarTuli gvarebis dabolovebaTa/sufiqsTa mravalfe-rovneba. aseTi kiTxva, rogorc Cans, imitom gaCnda, rom rusuli gvarsaxelebis da sxva eTnosTa gvarsa-xelebis sufiqsebi ZiriTadad maqsimum ori da sami formantiT Semoifargleba. intervius teqsti misi gazeTis redaqciaSi gadag-zavnamde korespondentma SegviTanxma da masSi ori-ode Sesworebac Sevitane. imis gamo, rom rusuli pre-sisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlena iyo respondentTa mier micemuli informaciis damaxinjeba, piroba iyo, rom gazeTi srulad dabeWdavda intervius. magram da-stambvis Semdeg interviu aRmoCnda Semcirebuli, da-Cexili da, rac mTavaria, rusi mkiTxveli veraviTar warmodgenas ver miiRebda mis mier dasmul kiTxvaze, radgan gazeTi Semoifargla mxolod sami qarTuli sufiqsiT (-Svili, -Ze da -eli). rogorc Cans, danarCe-nili qarTuli sufiqsebi maT qarTuli gvarebis su-fiqsebad ar miiCnies. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs dRes Ziri-Tadad samegrelosi da svaneTis istoriul-eTnogra-fiul mxareebSi gvarsaxelTa mawarmoebeli forman-

196

tebi: -ia, -va, -ani... mkiTxvelisaTvis es garemoeba gansakuTrebiT damabneveli iqneboda, radgan inter-vius wamZRvarebuli aqvs, Cveni azriT, Seuracxmyofe-li rubrika ОТ БЕРИИ ДО ШЕВАРДНАДЗЕ. intervius gamoqveynebis Semdeg Sevecade gazeTs da-Svebuli Secdoma gamoesworebina, magram, amaod. qve-moT gTavazobT qarTuli memkvidreobiTi saxelebis Sesaxeb Cvens mier micemuli intervius damaxinjebul-daCexil variants da Semdeg ki srul teqsts, rome-lic CvenTan SeTanxmebuli iyo da romelic «Аргумен-ты и Факты»-s korespondentma gazeTis redaqciaSi ga-daagzavna.

dabeWdili varianti

ОТ БЕРИИ ДО ШЕВАРДНАДЗЕ Еженедельник "Аргументы и Факты" № 19 10/05/1994 Чем объясняется многообразие окончаний у грузинских фамилий? Р. Маликов, Краснодар. На вопрос отвечает главный научный сотрудник Института истории и этнографии АН Грузии Роланд ТОПЧИШВИЛИ. ПОЧТИ 90% грузинских фамилий имеют в основе мужские име-на: Петриашвили (Петр), Николадзе (Николай). Следующая кате-гория фамилий этнонимическая, т. е. происходящая от названия народа: Алания (от аланов), Арабули (от арабов), Русишвили (что означает либо потомок русского, либо образовано от мужского имени Руса). Множество фамилий имеет в окончании суффикс "ели" - Гокиели (из села Гокиа), Тухарели (из села Тухариси). Наконец, есть фамилии, указывающие на должность, профессию, ремесло: Топчишвили (эквивалентно русской фамилии Пушкарев), Мекокишвили (Гончаров). Окончание "-дзе" означает сын, "-швили" - рожденный (т. н. рожденный таким-то) и со-поставимо с окончаниями русских фамилий "-ов", "-ин". Принято считать, что окончание - "-швили" -больше характерно для жителей восточной Грузии, а "-дзе" - для Грузии западной. В действительности же это общегрузинские суффиксы.

197

SeTanxmebuli da gazeTis redaqciaSi gadagzavnili teqsti

Вопрос: Грузинские фамилии отличаются многообразием оконча-ний. Среди них «-швили», «-дзе», «-ури», «-иа», «-иани», «-ели», «-ва» и другие. Чем это обусловлено и какого происхождение подобных фамилий и их окончаний? Отвечает главный научный сотрудник Института истории и этнографии им. И. Джавахишвили АН Грузии, доктор исторических наук Роланд Топчишвили: _ Грузинские фамилии имеют несколько видов происхождения. Прежде всего – это эпонимический вид, когда в основе лежат мужс-кие имена: Петриашвили, Павлиашвили, Николадзе и другие. При-чем, почти 90 процентов фамилий имеют такую основу. Следующая категория – этнонимическая: Алания (от «аланы»), Арабули (от «арабы»), Бердзенишвили (соответствует русской фамилии «Гре-ков»), Русишвили (что означает либо «сын или потомок русского», либо может быть образовано от мужского имени Руса)… Множество фамилий образовано по топонимическим признакам с суффиксом «ели» _ Гокиели (из села Гокиа), Тухарели (из села Тухариси), соответственно – Метревели, Церетели и т.д. Наконец, фамилии, указывающие на должность, профессии, ремесла: Каухчишвили (эквивалентно русской фамилии Шапошников), Топчишвили (Пушкарев) – две последние имеют тюркскую основу, Мекокишвили (Гончаров). Различные окончания фамилий объясняются своеобразием исто-рических и лигвистических традиций того или иного уголка Грузии. К примеру, многие фамилии, которые оканчиваются на «-швили», в древности имели другие окончания. Крестьяне, упоминая односельчан, никогда фамилию полностью не произносят. Они го-ворят – «Тиникани» вместо Тиникашвили. В Сванети, к примеру, фамилии местных жителей, сванов, сохранились именно в таком пе-рвозданном виде – Кахиани, Виблиани, Ониани. Такие же фамилии, или, как определяет наука – фамильные имена, – первоначально были и у мингрелов, но со временем окончание «ани», исчезло и до позднего времени фамилии дошли в следующем виде: Гобечиа (вме-

198

сто Гобечиани), Кварацхелиа (Кварацхелиани), Окуджава (Оку-джани). Окончание «-дзе» означает «сын», «-швили» - «рожденный» (т. е. рожденный кем-то). Все эти и другие суффиксы встречаются в лето-писи Тбетского монастыря, т. н. Тбетском синодике, который соста-влен в XIII-XIV вв. Этот и последующие документы позволили оп-ределить любопытные особенности происхождения фамилий, ока-залось, к примеру, что только от фамилии Гигаури («-ури» – от кого или откуда родом) происходит не менее 50 других фамилий. Принято считать, что окончание «-швили» больше характерно для жителей в восточной Грузии, а «-дзе» – для Грузии западной. В дей-ствительности же все упомянутые в тексте – это общегрузинские суффиксы. И хотя каждый из этих суффиксов в той или иной сте-пени составил основу для фамилий, характерных для жителей того или иного региона, фамилии на «-швили» встречаются и у мингрелов, и у имеретинцев, и у гурийцев. А фамилии с окончанием «-дзе» характерны и для той части грузин, которые исповедуют не православие, а мусульманскую религию. Окончание «-швили» поя-вилось позже и в целом ряде случаев заменило наиболее древнее «-дзе». Степень самобытности фамилий, специфичность их происхожде-ния связаны с историческими корнями, обычаями и традициями, самой жизнью.

199

rusudan xaraZe savele arqivi

(fragmentebi svaneTis 1945 wlis qvemo eqspediciis Canawerebidan)6

(moamzada dasabeWdad maia saxokiam)

daniSvna biWis dedmama gaugzavnida gogos mSoblebs. nes-

kamezi – maSvals gaugzavnida, romelic molaparake-bas awarmoebda qoramaxvSTan – ojaxis ufrosTan. da Tu is nebas miscemda, neskamezi Tu dadebiT pasuxs moitanda, biWis mSoblebi naydanas – niSans gaugzav-niden. erTi Zroxa iqneboda da kidev sxva rame. bavSvs rom daakavebdnen dedas, karg saCuqars aCuqebda. Zaxa-li Semdeg xSirad naxulobda Tavis Zaxals, Semdeg rom moizrdeboda waiyvanden. – iexv adie – (cols wa-iyvanden), mivlen mayrebi, naTesavebi – naRali – da meore dRes waiyvanen qals. qals TavisiT naRali way-veba. dedas meore dRes dapatiJeben da daasaCuqreben. naRalmare (memkvidre), naTesavebi exmarebian biWis ojaxs qorwilSi. xan CvaTaZine - xars daklaven, Zro-xas daklaven, erTi goWi unda miutanon. biWis ojaxSi yvelas miaqvs ZRveni. es qorwili 3-6 dRemde iqneboda. qals rom moiyvandnen, xanjlebapyrobil karebSi ga-atarebdnen. mefe da dedofali erTmaneTs xels Cah-kidebdnen da ise imaT cecxlis garSemo Semoatarebd-nen. mere dasvamdnen, kalTaSi bavSvs Caugoreben da dalocaven, male amisTana geyoloso. qalis qmars un-da eyida bargi yvelaferi. qals mxolod aCuqebda mi-si dedmama erT Rors, erT cxvars da erT Zroxas. romelic bargi qals sWirdeboda, qmari uyidda da

6 winamdebare publikacia agrZelebs rusudan xaraZis savele arqivis beWdvis serias, rasac dResdReobiT amzadebs prof. maia saxokia, mocemuli perioduli gamocemisTvis specialurad. amJamad aq warmodgenilia m. saxokias mier SerCeuli fragmentebi, 1945 w.

200

qorwilis meore dRes yvelafer amas ugzavnidnen qals. Tu colsa da qmars usiamovneba mouvidodaT da gaiyrebodnen, Tu qali rameSi iyo damnaSave, yvela-fers dastovebda da ise wavidoda. Tu ara da Tan wa-iRebda. Tu qvrivs undoda darCena, mas SeeZlo gaTxo-viliyo Tavis mazlze, uncrosi iqneboda is Tu uf-rosi. ufrosad ojaxSi dedis sicocxlemde iTvleba

ufrosad deda. am ufros qals hqvian qora maxvSi – saxlis didi xoSa zural maxvSi – ufrosi qali. imis sikvdilis Semdeg ki ufrosi vaJis colia, ufrosi rZali. saqme qalebSi ganawilebulia: erTi mag., mcxo-belia, meore saxlis xveteli, mesame wylis momtane

iqneba, meoTxe SeWamadis gamkeTebeli: 1. diari mnaye – puris mcxobeli anu morbiel. 2. moanwali – mxvetavi, 3. lici maxde – wylis momtani, 4. naayuni musye – mza-reuli. am qalebis saqme ukve Tavidanve ganawilebu-lia maxvSis mier. kacebSiac aseve aris qora maxvSi, romelic anawi-lebs saqmes kacebs Soris. yvela saqmeSi pasuxs age-ben am ufrosis winaSe. ufross abaria agreTve mTeli fuli, romelsac arTmeven saWiroebisas. Wadis cxoba iyo ganawilebuli. ojaxis wevrebi

sam nawilad iyvnen dayofili: 1) befSi dipi – sul pa-ta purebi (bavSvis puri), 2) qalisaTvis koqol diar (patara puri), 3) vaJmare (vaJebisTvis) xoSadiar (didi puri). am gamomcxvar purs diari mnaye TiTon anawi-lebda da aseve sxvebic. saWmelad sxdebodnen ase: bi-Webi da gogoebi calke; kacebi calke da qalebi calke. Wamis dro: 1. xeus – adgomis xans, 2. sadil – sa-dili (SuadRisas), 3. samxar – samxari (mze ro gadaix-reboda), 4. vaxSami yvelis damzadeba: maSkali – mwveleli Zroxas wve-lis vedraSi, Semdeg gawuravs lawvdarSi. da Caasxams

qvabSi – cxvadaSi. Sig Caureven lalders. lalders akeTeben ase: Roris maWiki féS, Zvals – jilu mari-li. amas Caureven rZeSi – lajeSi rodesac yveli da-

201

ibneva, xeliT amoiRebs, Casdebs kalaTSi da Camoki-debs. darCeba svil. svils moxdian xarxats. svils aduReben nel cecxlze da xarxati grovdeba. mere am xarxats saWamadad inaxaven. naxarxaci ki, romelic xarxats rCeba, imas aqceven. amoyvanil yvels cota ma-rils moayrian da WurSi Seinaxaven. bavSvs sami kviris Semdeg awvenen akvanSi. – akavan. akavanSi gakeTebulia, Sig ugia: ori leb, zed afaria derSi – patara zewari. gadasakrav – artaxebi; labam – patarebis bawrebi, hibaq – Sibaqi, saban – sabani, akavani Wvem – akvnis joxi; akavanze ukidia: alis yuri – RaWa (раковина), daTvis kbili – daSti, Stik; TeTri Zivebi – Zivaral; naTxafi – Tvalnakravi; mSobiarobis dros qali saxlidan aRar midis. mSobiarobisaTvis exmareba qali – gado. bavSvs gado aiyvan, Wips makratliT masWris, dadieqTil – nigozs daadebs. ojaxi. ojaxs ori maxvSe hyavs – ufrosi qali da ka-ci. qali maxvSi ganagebs qalebis saqmeebs, kaci ki ka-cebis. Wadis mcxobeli _ merbi, saWamadis gamkeTebeli – nayvuns asyvi, kumaS xoznaani – saqonlis momvleli, dabari limSar – gareT muSaoba. xelsaqme. kanafs Sestvamen – daarTaven. xeliT da-glejen mokrefil kanafs, mere unda Sestvan, - lile-Tvan (daarTon). linCxu – dasrasamen, mere moqsoven faySi; moiqsoveba da iqneba skvir. skvirTagan mxolod tiloebs akeTeben. leSxef – kerva. CiCxli – foCebi. xataraSoba, xvamloba, aRdgomas – Tanafli axal-weliwads. alaqsaxala – locva. Rors, rom daklaven axalweliwads, xoCavebiSi – did paraskevs. am dros yvela wmindaT unda iyos. ar SeiZleba col-qmris erTad cxovreba. rodesac kaci sanadirod emzadeba, maSin is qals arafers eubneba. qali TviTon unda mixvdes da ise unda moumzados sagZali. Cumad dasdebs am sagZals da monadire diliT adre adgeba, moumzadebs da wava.

202

menstruaciaSi myofi qali saxlidan ar midis, xolo maSin rodesac saxlSi romelime dReobisaTvis mzade-baa, is tyeSi midis. ar SeiZleba, rom man dainaxos sa-dResaswaulo mzadeba. Tu kacs hyavs saxlSi mSobiare qali, is ori kvi-ris ganmavlobaSi ver dauklavs Tavis RmerTebs sak-lavs. Tones akeTeben qalebi, sxva Tisgan, Torn WurWe-li aq ar keTdeba. moaqvT Tixa Tixnaridan, dafSvnian kargaT, laCariT gacxrilaven, mere wyals daasxamen da comiviT mociraven. Semdeg calcalke gundebi brtylad gakeTebuls erTmaneTze adeben da ase Tan-daTanobiT gakeTdeba. Semdeg gaaSroben zelvis dros uros urtyamen. rodesac erTi meores adgamen, xels wyalSi isveleben da zed usvamen. rodesac cota SeSreba, SegniT daxazaven da ufro gaimagrebs quds. roca gaxmeba, zuRuri xes CaanTebul da TandaTano-biT SeSas umateben. gamowyvlas 23 saaTi daaxloebiT undeba. tyavis damzadeba. rodesac xars tyavs gaaclian, gas-xepaven, gaaxmoben cecxlze, maRla polze daamagre-ben, joxebiT daamagreben. weliwadi, rom daayovnos imaze, isa sjobia. TiTo Solts miscemian, da nacars daayrian da najabis tariT an joxiT banals gaaZro-ben, Tu ara da daalboben samariliT an daniT gafxe-kaven. gamosWrian da Sekeraven kanafiT CaTlars (fex-sacmels). kÁani CaTlar – tyavis qalamnebi; mangra CaTlar – purtyvis; jabral – qveda gabmuli nawili; bandalas gabaSar – fexsacmlis zeda gakerili nawi-li. rodesac fexsacmeli Sekerilia, maT SigniT da garedan usvamen marilian qons, rom ar gaxmes. saWmel-sasmeli. qaTmis damzadeba. qaTams daklaven, aduRebul wyalSi Cadeben, mere gatitnian da cecxl-ze morujaven, garecxen, gamokuWaven, Caadgamen CenilSi (Tujis qvabi). qaTami daWrili iqneba, qvabi wyliT iqneba savse, rom moixarSeba, uzamen mowyobas – nigozs, marils, pimpils, surnels – qinZi, ucxo su-rnels, zalTanas nigozs danayils uzamen.

203

Semwvari qaTami. Sewvamen xis Samfurze (Sémfur, kvtal), mTlianad swvamen gadauSlels. Roris gakeTeba. Rors klamen axalweliwads, kai paraskebs – xoCa vebiS, xoCa safTin – kai SafaTi me-wiroba. daaasoeben, Tu daSaSxva undaT, Caawyoben jé-rSi (gograsaviT aris), marils daayrian. rom Caudge-ba marili, mere cecxlTan dakideben da l¥r mzad iqneba. akeTeben agreTve kepils. wikant-s: welebs garecxamen, mere moxarSamen, wvrilad dakepen, uzamen marils, niors, pimpils, da Cadeben dauxevel um wikant-Si. Sihkatyape – goWi Semwvari eSxuluza – (ewodeba wlamde) mxolod am wlovanebaSi SeiZleba misi Sewva Sémfurze. moxarSulze – aso aso daWrils xarSamen wyalSi da mere Wamis dros marilze awyoben. hklamen géCiT daniT qaTamsac da Rorsac. Zroxas rom daklamen, gaatyaveben umarilo wyal-Si. zogs mSralad sWamen da wvens gadaasxamen, marto qons miarTmeven. rogorc Roris qons, ise Zroxis qons moduRebuls inaxamen. Roris qons WadSi Caure-ven. im Roris qons, romelsac saWmelad inaxamen, ma-rils uSvrebian da romelsac saponad xmaroben, ise-ve, rogorc saqonlis qons. iarami – gamoxarSuli nacari. salastoSi Cayrian nacars, zed daasxamen aduRebul wyals, Camokideben gobze da wveTwveTaT daiwyebs denas. sanamdi sqeli dis, manamde varga, mere ki aRar varga. xvaiarami – vxdi iarams. am wveTwveTaT Segrovil siTxes moagro-veben qvabSi. mere erTad didxans aduReben, sanamde sul ar gamagrdeba; roca gamagrdeba, mere mzad iqne-ba. am iarams uzamen qons da erTad aduReben – gasake-Tebel sapons. SeiZleba iaramis Senaxva, magram ueWve-lad WurWelSi, radgan xans rom gaaTevs, mere gadno-ba icis. proporcia aseTia: erTi wili iarami da ori wili qoni. namcxvarebi. diar. kvecena diar – gamomcxvari pu-ri. letefediar – Wadiani puri = Wadpura, TaSidiar – xaWapurebi. lavaSi – lavaSi, kupatebi – daWrian daniT xorcs da comSi CaurTamen. rgvlad gamoac-

204

xoben, lobiani diar – lobiani puri – marxvaSi, gaki-diar – nigvziani puri – marxvaSi. rZisagan: yveli, rom damwifdeba, imas aduRebul wyalSi moxarSam, mozelen, kobziT gaabrtyeleben da sWamen an mSralaT gvajili wveniT. lemerweqaq Roms, rom mozelen, ise unda mozelon simindi qfiliT, ro-ca meixarSeba, imas CamoiReben, mwife yvels Caflian Sig, mozelen da gaiqneba. yvels rom amoiyvanen, dar-Ceba Svili, imas mere aduReben, moigdebs Zirs xar-xacs, - xaWo. gawurvis Semdeg rCeba naxarxaci, rome-lic aRarafrad ar varga. xarxaci ar inaxeba. yvels inaxamen, WurSi, awyoben Sig, da asxamen waTx – s. TéS – yveli. xarxaci. waTx. TéS ferTxa – riTic lobios gaqnian; - laferTxa. baryven – 1) tyemlis tyapi; tylap; 2) tyemali.

didi ojaxi da misi struqtura Áeriani – didi ojaxi

ojaxSi erTi ufrosi iyo qali da erTic kaci. orives xoSa ewodeboda. danarCen rZlebs Soris samu-Sao danawilebuli iyo. zogi acxobda. mcxobels mer-mie ewodeboda. menayevni – saWmlis gamkeTebeli. ro-desac ojaxi Áeriania, maSin am orive funqciebs erTi asrulebs. erTi iqneboda muSa – romelic yanaSi mu-Saobda. meldey – qali an kaci, romelic saqonels (saqonelTan iyo) uvlida. es umTavresad mTaSi wasul qals ewodeboda. kacebs Soris aseTi zusti danawi-leba ar arsebobda. qorwineba. neskamezi anu gamrige igzavneboda biWis mSoblebisagan, neskamezi mSobels mimarTavda da mere es ufross SeekiTxeboda. Tu neskamezi Tanxmobas miu-tanda, mere ojaxis wevri liSans wauRebda. liSani Tvali iqneboda da kidev rame nivTi. daniSnuli qali erT weliwads an ufro mets rCeboda wayvanili, mere rodesac xels moiwyobden, gamarTavden qorwils. wa-vidoden biWis naTesavebi qalis mosayvanad. rodesac biWis saxlSi dabrundeboden qalis soxaneSi Seyvanis win karebze amoRebul xanjlebs daiWerden, soxaneSi

205

biWi ucdida qals da Semoatarebda cecxls samjer. mere qals kalTaSi biWs Caugoravden da dalocavden. bedniersac am dros imRerebden. micvalebuli rodesac ukve kvdeba, maSin unda da-ubanon, unda Caacvan da mere mokvdeba. dabana yvelas SeuZlian axloblebs. Tu kaci mokvdeba, misi Zma da qali dabanen. Tu qali mokvdeba, marto qalebi. micva-lebulis dasawvenad axal ficars akeTeben, romel-sac Semdeg agdeben. am dRes aris micvalebuli sax-lSi, mere kuboSi asveneben. yvela axlobeli qali iS-lis Tmas. saflavze miyvebian yvelani da dabrunebi-sas imarTeba lagvani. lagvani imarTeba rogorc da-saflavebis winac da dasaflavebis Semdegac. am lag-vanisaTvis acxoben TviTeulze xuT-xuT gomijs (pata-ra rgvali purebi). exmarebodnen naTesavebi – mogvareebi – TviTeuls mohqonda – erTi baTmani ga-momcxvari puri, an Rvino an arayi erTi sawyavi. dasa-flavebis dRis im Ramesve (Tu ar aris marxva; da Tu marxvaa – meore dRes). gauxsniden suls-orayviJ. ikv-laT Satvani. am sulisgaxsnaze marto ojaxis wevrebi arian. amis Semdeg yovel SabaTs sakurTxia am micva-lebulis lifane (uRvdloT). waiRebden saflavze ta-bakze dawyobils waiRebden – purebi, qaTami, Rvino da sxva. SesaZlebelia am xnis ganmavlobaSi lijga-ric gadaexadaT (RvdliT). amis Semdeg ukve umarTamen micvalebuls ormocs, acxoben purebs TviToeulze sam-sam lavaSs, ikvleba saklavi. Semodgomazec ician tabaki lijgre – sufris dakurTxva. (es erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi). amis Semdeg akeTeben xolme sakurTxis aRdgomas da xataraSobas. qvriv qals SeuZlian gaTxoveba Tavis mazlze, sul erTia is iqneba imaze uncrosi Tu ufrosi. naTe-sauri kavSiri modioda aTamde da kidev ufro metze-dac. sul erTi iyo es qalis mxridan iyo Tu kacis mxridan. arayis damzadeba. qubes arayi. qubes gakakals er-Ti dRe da Rame Cayrian RobraSi. meore dRes gada-itanen Celtze. Celtze gamarTaven kerias Tavze da

206

qvemodan cecxls SeunTeben, ase iqneba erTi ori dRe da Rames. kakali gaizrdeba. amis Semdeg wisqvilSi waiReben da dafqvamen. am fqvils xorgSi Cayrian, zed wyals daasxamen, ase datoveben erT kviras an 10 dRes. larayi cxvad – arayis qvabSi gadaitanen da ga-moxdian. simindis arays akeTeben ufro martivad. simi-ndis marcvals pirdapir Cayrian xorgSi, daasxamen wyals, erT kviras Sig dastoveben da mere qvabSi ga-moxdian. aseve, rogorc siminds, akeTeben xilis araysac. didi ojaxi xSirad 50-60 kacisagan Sesdgeboda, radganac erT saxlSi ver eteodnen. amitom 2-3 saxls aagebdnen xolme. danawileba am saxlebSi ara marto Zmebze iyo, xSirad biZaSvilebzec. biZaSvils da 3-4 Taobasac Zmas muxzmes eZaxdnen. bavSvebs ZuZus xSi-rad bicolebi awyobden da maSin ukve gigas magivrad bavSvi ZiZas uZaxda xolme. qals garigebiT mziTevi ara hqonda, magram is ma-neTi, romelic niSans warmoadgenda, qalisas da ki-dev cota ram, rasac ojaxi SesZlebda, qals mihqonda Tan qmris ojaxSi, rasac is moixmarda sakuTriv da an Tu ojaxs moaxmarda, maSin gayofisas qals mouan-gariSebdnen. qals Tu qmarTan usiamovneba miuvidoda, is saxlSi dabrundeboda da Tavis motanils yvela-fers waiRebda. daqvrivebuli qali ufro xSirad qmris ojaxSi rCeba, radgan SvilebTan daSoreba uZne-ldeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi aseTi qvrivi ucolo ma-zlze Txovdeba. magram es wesaT ar aris miRebuli da saZraxisaT iTvleba. [aseTi SemTxveva ki CvenSi Se-gvxvda. artem lipartians hyavs colaT Tavisi Zmis coli, romelsac hyavs Svili rogorc pirveli qmri-sagan, e. i. meore qmris ZmasTan, iseve meore qmarTanac. ojaxSi usiamovneba amis gamo ara sCans, TiTqos erT-maneTSi kargad arian, mezoblebs ki es ar miaCniaT kargad da gakicxvis sagnadaa qceuli]. ojaxis ufrosi xoSa aris kaci, romelsac yvela-feri ekiTxvis. coli xoSasi ufrosi qali, esec Ta-vis rZlebSi ufrosia, magram xoSa kacs emorCileba,

207

radgan mTeli saWmel-sasmeli merbielis xelSia, ro-melsac xoSa niSnavs erTi wlis vadiT, amitom imis ufrosobac etyoba ojaxs. umisoT ar SeiZleba arc stumarTa da arc Sinauris gastumreba. danarCeni Ta-namdebobebi ki rogoricaa wylis motana, saqonlis movla da sxva, ar hqmnian aseT ufrosobas. didi ojaxi, romelic ramodenime pirisagan Sesd-geboda, ufrosi hyavda, ori ufrosi, erTi qali da meore kaci. ufross maxvSi ewodeboda. qals mTeli Sinauri saqmeebis ganawileba evaleboda da kacs eba-ra fuli da yidva-gayidvac imaze iyo damokidebuli; saqme qalebSi ganawilebuli iyo. puris mcxobeli merbieli iyo, romelsac ebara beRlis gasaRebi, rad-gan Sig inaxeboda saWmel-sasmeli puri da Wadi da sxva. rodesac Wamad dasxdebodnen, merbieli gaanawi-lebda, qoxSi sam sufras gaSlidnen. bavSvebi calke isxden, qalebo calke da kacebi kidev calke. bavSve-bi 8-9 wlamde iyvnen calke, mere ki ufrosebTan sxdebodnen. pureuls da Wads acxobden danawilebiT yvelasaTvis calcalke. lelvaJmare diar – samamakaco puri. lezvral diar – saqalo puri. lebefSv diar – sabavSo puri ase iyo didi ojaxis dros. saerTo saxeli naTesavis, romelic STamomavlo-biT naTesavs gulisxmobs, Semdeg dajgufebebs iZ-leva: 1) es iqneba qoramare, - e. i. pirveli ganayofis naTesaoba. eseni Zmebi arian qarTulad. TviTonve sax-likacebs uwodeben. 2) naTuar – es ukve Semdegi ganayofis STamomavlobaa, biZaSvilebaT ergebian erTmaneTs. asevea lamxub.

ambavi bavSvis daniSvnisa Zvelad am sofelSi xuledSi erTi kaci, hyolia faySi patara bavSvi, dauniSnia akvanSi. magram bavSvi sanam gaizrdeboda, manamde momkvdara. kacs arayi hqo-nia niSnis gadaxdili. qali meored daorsulebula da bavSi isev gogo dabadebia, es gogo mieca, mere rodesac erTi wlis gamxdara, kaci ki didi yofila.

208

rom ar mieca meore gogo, maSin maT Soris sisxliTi mtroba Camovardeboda. qorwili. rodesac Suamavali (neskamezi) ambavs moitanda neba aris gogodano, maSin wavidoden dasa-niSnavad 6-idan 10-mde. SeiZlena metic da naklebic axlobeli naTesaoba. Tan waiRebden 5 man., 3 man. Zve-lad da 200 m. – 300 m. nayedani ewodeba am fuls, meo-re dRis saRamomde iq darCeboden. amis Semdeg gogos mama da gogo ojaxis sanaxavad. wavidoden. amas sax-lianobas uwodebden. meqverwili – mayari, saxliano-ba, dadi – qalis mayrioni, samTili – qmris ojaxi. mama da deda meore dRes miva, imavdRes erTi dadgeba. xarji. gado. taniSsivari – uwminduri qali. go-go da misi mSoblebi naxamden da mere isev saxlSi dabrundeboden. qorwilis dros qals biWis saxlSi dadi wayveboda, es TviTon qalis arCeuli iqneboda axalgazrda qali, romelsac unda patarZlisaTvis raime saCuqari mierTmia da Semdeg ki imas samTilos ojaxi daasaCuqrebda. qorwilis dros biWi an wavido-da qalis mosayvanad da an ara Tu ar wavidoda, sax-lSi daxvdeboda qals karebSi, xels mokidebda da cecxlTan miiyvanda. cecxlis garSemo Semoatarebda da mere dasvamda qals. kalTaSi biWs Caugorebden, be-Taneras umRerden. meore dRes meqverwileebi saxlSi brundebodnen da qals stovebden. qals samTiloSi ar miyveboda pirvel dRes ded-mama. isini meore dRes movidoden xolme.. erT dRes darCeboden, mere qals dastovebden da wavidodnen. ramodenime xani rom ga-moivlida, qali saxlSi wasvlas moindomebda, erT cxen xarjs moamzadebden, qals cxenze Sesvamden da ojaxSi waiyvanden. iq ramodenime xans darCeboda. qalis mSobiaroba. qali mSobiarobs saxlSi. Tu am dros, rodesac qali mosarCenia, raime dReoba Sex-vdeba, xarjs saxlSi ver gaakeTeben. unda waiRon sxvagan, radgan saxlSi uwminduri hyavT. mSobiares marto ar datoveben – cecxls mTeli dRisa da Ramis ganmavlobaSi ar dauqroben da TaviT, weliT, fexTiT najaxsa da danebs daadeben. eSiniaT yvelaze ufro

209

monadebis, romelic erCis madaluls, mSobiares, da damTvrals. monadebi SeiZleba Semoyves mnaxvels,. Se-mdeg, rodesac dedisa da bavSvis ganbanis dro mova, cecxls maanTeben, im adgilas, sadac qali unda daj-des, im skamze im gzaze, romelzedac qali gaivlis, moabneven da aseve cecxliT win daabruneben saxlSi. saWmelsa da WurWels melogines ar arideben. moxuci qali, romelsac 33 bavSvi auyvania, - sabedo gazdeliani. aseT qals, romelic aiyvans bavSvs, Sve-lis mSobiares, - is bavSvi, rodesac gaizrdeba, mas gadis eZaxis. menstruaciaSi myofs taniSvars eZaxian. arc aseT mdgomareobaSi myofi qali midis saxlidan, magram Tu am dros saRvTo aqvT, qali ver miekareba da saxli-dan unda wavides. sabeda gazdelianis gadmocemiT, Zvelad Tu vinmes ojaxTan damoyvreba endomeboda, tyvias Seugdebda saxlSi, da bavSvi, romelic SeiZ-leba akvanSiac yofiliyo, am dros mis sacoleT xde-ba. uaris gancxadeba am dros sisxlis Rvras iwvevda. Svilobili. orgvari Svilobiloba arsebobs, erTi rodesac ukve mozrdils siyvarulisTvis, es mounda ojaxs daunaTesavdes, sTxovs qals, romelic dedaT ergeba, Seni Sviloba mindao. amisaTvis saWiroa, rom movides qalTan, ZuZuze kbili daadgas da amis Sem-deg ukve xdeba imis Svilad da misi Svilebi ki mis daZmaT. aseT dedas dadlagune ewodeba, Svilobils ki gezaldagune. meore SemTxveva ki, rodesac dedas ZuZu ara aqvs da sxva awovebs, aseT qals ZiZa ewode-ba. aseTi danaTesavebac pirvelze metia. maT TaobaTa Soris damoyvreba aRkveTilia.

210

sarCevi

redaqtorisagan ----------------------------------------------------------- 3

roland TofCiSvili. ivane javaxiSvili da saqarTve-los eTnologia -------------------------------------------------------------5 salome baxia-oqruaSvili. afxazTa sulieri kultu-ris sakiTxebi ---------------------------------------------------------------- 32 rozeta gujejiani. wmida polievqtos karbelaSvilis

(1855-1936 ww.) eTnografiuli memkvidreoba (svaneTi) --68 irma kvaSilava. micvalebulTa pativi qarTvelTa da Crdilo kavkasielTa tradiciul yofaSi ----------------- 97 mzia tyavaSvili. ruseTTan kaxeTis samefos urTier-Tobis politikuri aspeqtebi (XVI saukunis meore na-xevari) -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 111 naTia jalabaZe. Trusos sakiTxi mediaSi 2008 wlis ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg ------------------------------ 133 lavrenti janiaSvili. yazbegis regionis osuri mosa-xleobis migraciis social-politikuri da eTno-kulturuli aspeqtebi ------------------------------------------------154 cisia papiaSvili. Tanamedrove socialur-ekonomiku‐ri da demografiuli problemebi guriaSi --------------175 roland TofCiSvili. recenzia Teimuraz gvimraZis sadisertacio naSromze `xalxuri sameurneo reli-giuri dResaswaulebi aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi (kaxeTis eTnografiuli masalebis mixedviT)~---------183 roland TofCiSvili. recenzia g. xornaulis wignze, romelic 1983 wels ar daibeWda ------------------------------ 188 roland TofCiSvili. damaxinjebuli interviu qarTuli gvarebis Sesaxeb rusul presaSi --------------195 rusudan xaraZe. savele arqivi. fragmentebi svaneTis 1945 wlis qvemo eqspediciis Canawerebidan (moamzada dasabeWdad maia saxokiam) ---------------------------------------- 199

gamomcemloba ùniversali~

Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, : 2 22 36 09, 5(99) 17 22 30 E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]

Documents

kavkasiis eTnologiuri krebuli XVIIinstitutehist.ucoz.net/_ld/1/185_KEK_XVII.pdf · lis es mosazreba qarTuli xalxuri kulturis Sesa-xeb emTxveoda ilia WavWavaZis Sexedulebebs. giorgi