Kazumi Yamaoka Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences (JIRCAS) Yusuke Yamamoto Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (MAFF)

Economic sector of agriculture（in 2010） ◦ 16% of GDP ◦ 38% of the national labor force

Rice culture （in 2009） ◦ Total annually harvested area： 12,880,000ha ◦ Rice（paddy） production： 64,400,000MT ◦ Yield： 5.0MT/ha

The total annually harvested area reached its ceiling in 1990’s to mid-2000’s has increased since 2008 when the market price of rice soared

Area harvested, production and yield of rice (paddy) in Indonesia (1961-2009)

Source: FAOSTAT, BADAN PUSAT STATISTIK Note: Data in 2010 is the first forecast

Domestic production of rice as staple food did not cover its national consumption until 1984 when its national self-sufficiency attained

Net import of rice resumed in mid-1990’s and run up to 4,592,000MT, USD 1,326 million （in 1999）

It decreased but broke out in 2007 and 2010 due to recent abnormal weather, etc.

Fig.2 Net import quantity (milled equivalent) and net import value of rice in Indonesia (1961-2009)

Source: FAOSTAT

Population continues to increase by 1% annually (UN projection) Rice supply-based consumption per capita has gradually diminished The national demand of rice will continue gradual increase until the

late 2020’s High-quality rice has boomed with the increase of GDP per capita

Source: FAOSTAT Note: Datum for food supply after 2007 are estimated by author

Food supply per capita, Population and Food supply quantity of milled rice in Indonesia (1961-2030 as projection after 2007)

Mid-term National Development Plan (2010-2014) ◦ Stable national food self-sufficiency by 2014 ◦ Increase of rice production by 12,000,000MT

To develop and expand 500,000ha of new irrigation area To repair existing irrigation facilities for 1,340,000ha

Annual water withdrawal by sector in Indonesia

Source: AQUASTAT (FAO) Note: Figures in 2005 are estimated by FAO

• Countermeasures against steep increase of water demand – To invest in

infrastructures – To improve the precision

of water management for existing irrigation facilities

Farmers should be responsible for operation, maintenance and slight repair.（The amendment of Water Resources Law in 2004 ）

WUA’s suspending proper operation and maintenance

Unfair water distribution

Functional deterioration in

irrigation facilities

Undermining farmers’ motivation

for a systematic water management

Vicious Spiral

Issue： Realization of fair water distribution from the head of tertiary canals to the end of terminals

WUA’s launching proper operation and maintenance

Equally benefitting from

a fair water distribution

Restoring good function in

irrigation facilities

Encouraging farmers’ motivation

for systematical water management

Demonstrate

• “Administrative authorities’ implementation to education, training and support” provided by Farmers’ participation bylaws in 2006

1. Farmers’ own initiative (application) and corresponding share of expenses for project ◦ Under the joint signatures of 15 cultivators or more

2. Beneficiary farmers’ consent and obligatory participation/cost sharing to all farmers concerned ◦ Consent by more than two thirds of the farmers

required

3. Establishment of water users’ association namely LID ◦ Facilities constructed through irrigation projects

should be managed by LIDs in principle ◦ LID carries out all of the planning, implementation,

dispute settlements, assessments and collection of fees for water distribution

Decide the project management body in accordance with the beneficiary area and the degree of technical difficulty of each project

Facilities constructed by each project management body under the Land Improvement Law of Japan

○Proper construction of facilities ○Sustainable and efficient utilization of facilities/water

①Application by at least 15 cultivators

②Agreement by at least two thirds

③Establishment of LID

○Improvement of agricultural productivity in harmony with the environment ○Sustainable development of rural areas etc

Increase in the efficiency of the national budget

National land conservation and social stability

Governance Accumulation

of social capital

Effects

Policy objectives of irrigation project

Facilitating the accumulation of social capital

Empowerment

CHECK at three stages

（１）Shortage of irrigation engineers and training systems for them

（２）Conventional plot-to-plot irrigation practices due to shortage of terminal canals networks although main canals exist

（３）Difficulties in farmers’ own initiated maintenance and water management at the terminal canal level

（１）Farmers’ voluntary activities for water management in terminal canals

（２）Technical upgrading for Ministry of Water Resources and Meteorology (MOWRAM) and its local offices (PDWRAM)

Objectives of technical cooperation project

（１）Conducted technical instruction training on irrigation technology, developing training systems and technical manuals and systematizing technical information in Technical Support Center (TSC)

（２）Conducted training on irrigation techniques for government personnel and farmers in pilot project sites

Construction of a canal through the collaboration between municipalities and water users’ association

Construction of a quaternary canal by a local farmers’ group

Continuous capacity development for engineers

As the training systems in TSC and technical manuals and information have been developed by the project, it is strongly expected that engineers in MOWRAM and PDWRAM will continuously receive the capacity development through the sustainable implementation of training by government of Cambodia in the future.

Spread of double cropping

Commune name

Double rice cropping area

Barku 210 ha

Along Romiet 0 ha

Prea Putth 50 ha

Kong Noy 14 ha

Kork Trab 2.5 ha

Tien 15 ha

Roluos 15 ha

Total 306.5 ha

Barku

Kong Noy

Tien Roluos

Prea Putth

Kork Trab

Main canal by grand aid project

Existing canalTertiary canal by TSC project

TSC model site(260ha)

Along Romiet

Kandal Stung irrigation area

The effect of the project (2)

In Barku area including the model site showed much higher rate of practices of double cropping than other neighbor areas.

Increase in yield

The effect of the project (3)

Non-irrigated field Irrigated field

Farmer A 3.0 4.0

Farmer B - 4.5

Farmer C 2.0 3.5

Farmer D - 5.0

Farmer E 1.5 3.0

Average 2.16 4.0

Yield per unit area by farmers in the Kandal Stung Irrigation Project area (MT/ha)

Average： ２MT/ha → ４MT/ha

（１）Establish model project areas nationwide in which MOA systematically build irrigation facility as well as its operation and maintenance systems, with receiving technical cooperation from donor country like Japan.

（２）Demonstrate the success story of fair water distribution from the main to the end terminal facilities of the irrigation systems

⇒・Advanced water users’ associations in these model areas and the sustainable synergy in the terminal irrigation communities can be disseminated to other water users’ associations nationwide

（３）Examine the introduction of a project systems checking mechanisms whether or not the beneficiary farmers have capacities for spontaneously initiating the project, i.e. the empowerment, and building governance with governments (central and local), i.e. the cooperative management of public space.

⇒・Raise the level of accumulated social capital nationwide ・Contribute to promoting further implementation of various public

policies smoothly and effectively resulting in saving national budget