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KeanekaragamaKeanekaragaman n
Makhluk HidupMakhluk Hidup
Muhammad Abdullah
(Pokok Bahasan : Klasifikasi dan (Pokok Bahasan : Klasifikasi dan Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan)Keanekaragaman Tumbuhan)
Classifying OrganismsClassifying Organisms
The science of The science of classifying organisms is classifying organisms is called called taxonomytaxonomyThe “father of modern The “father of modern taxonomy” was Carolus taxonomy” was Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linnaeus (Carl von Linné)Linné)Organisms are grouped Organisms are grouped into “taxa” based on their into “taxa” based on their similarities to each othersimilarities to each other 1707-1778
The Old SystemThe Old System
5 Kingdom Classification System:5 Kingdom Classification System:– Monera: all prokaryotesMonera: all prokaryotes– Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)Protista: single-celled eukaryotes (protists)– Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile Fungi: multi-cellular heterotrophic sessile
eukaryoteseukaryotes– Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile Plantae: multi-cellular autotrophic sessile
eukaryoteseukaryotes– Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile Animalia: multi-cellular heterotrophic motile
eukaryoteseukaryotes
6 Kingdom Proposal6 Kingdom Proposal
6 Kingdom Classification System6 Kingdom Classification System– Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria Kingdom Eubacteria: true bacteria
(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles Kingdom Archebacteria: extremophiles
(formerly in kingdom monera)(formerly in kingdom monera)– Kingdom Protista (same)Kingdom Protista (same)– Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi– Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae– Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Animalia
3 Domain Proposal3 Domain Proposal
3 Domain System:3 Domain System:– Archaea: prokaryotes; extremophilesArchaea: prokaryotes; extremophiles– Eubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteriaEubacteria: prokaryotes; true bacteria– Eukarya: eukaryotesEukarya: eukaryotes
ProtistaProtista
FungiFungi
PlantaePlantae
AnimaliaAnimalia
Under Domain and KingdomUnder Domain and KingdomOrganisms are grouped into smaller and Organisms are grouped into smaller and smaller groups all the way down to their smaller groups all the way down to their speciesspeciesA species is the most specific grouping A species is the most specific grouping and includes only organisms that can and includes only organisms that can interbreed with each other and produce interbreed with each other and produce fertile offspringfertile offspringTo remember the grouping order – just To remember the grouping order – just remember:remember:
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Classification TaxaClassification Taxa
KKingdomingdom
PPhylumhylum
CClasslass
OOrderrder
FFamilyamily
GGenusenus
SSpeciespecies
Together, these make up a species’ scientific name
Example: Ursus americanus
Common Name: American Brown Bear
Note: Scientific names are always written with the first letter of the genus capitalized, the first letter of the species lower-case, and the whole thing underlined in italics.
Domain ArchaeaDomain Archaea
Formerly part of the kingdom moneraFormerly part of the kingdom monera
Microbiologists who study bacteria Microbiologists who study bacteria determined that the DNA of these are determined that the DNA of these are much different from other, true bacteriamuch different from other, true bacteria
Most Archaea live in extreme conditions Most Archaea live in extreme conditions (very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)(very hot, acidic/basic, sulfurous, etc)
Domain EubacteriaDomain Eubacteria
Formerly a part of the kingdom moneraFormerly a part of the kingdom monera
Name means “true bacteria”Name means “true bacteria”
These are the kind of bacteria likely to These are the kind of bacteria likely to make us sick, live in our gut to help us make us sick, live in our gut to help us digest food, or be used in the making of digest food, or be used in the making of cheesecheese
Domain EukaryaDomain Eukarya
Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms Contains all of the eukaryotes (organisms with a nucleus in their cells)with a nucleus in their cells)– ProtistaProtista– FungiFungi– PlantaePlantae– AnimaliaAnimalia
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
Includes All Protists:Includes All Protists:– EukaryoticEukaryotic– UnicellularUnicellular
Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)Animal-Like Protists (protozoans)– Pseudopods, Ciliates, FlagellatesPseudopods, Ciliates, Flagellates– Examples: Amoeba, Paramecia, GiardiaExamples: Amoeba, Paramecia, Giardia
Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)Plant-Like Protists (autotrophic)– Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms, Euglenoids, Dinoflagellates, Diatoms,
Green/Red/Brown AlgaeGreen/Red/Brown Algae
Fungus-Like ProtistsFungus-Like Protists– Examples: Water molds, slime moldsExamples: Water molds, slime molds
Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
Amoeba Paramecium Giardia
Water Mold Slime Mold
Euglena DinoflagellatesDiatomBrown AlgaeGreen Algae
Kingdom FungiKingdom Fungi
All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, sessile organismssessile organisms
Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, Includes: molds, mushrooms, rusts, lichenslichens
Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to Mycorrhizal associations allow plants to absorb more water and nutrients from the absorb more water and nutrients from the soilsoil
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, All eukaryotic, multicellular, autotrophic, sessile organismssessile organismsProduce their own food from sunlight and Produce their own food from sunlight and carbon dioxidecarbon dioxideCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Bryophyta (mosses)Bryophyta (mosses)– Pteridophyta (ferns)Pteridophyta (ferns)– Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)Coniferophyta (conifers, like pine trees)– Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like Angiospermophyta (angiosperms, like
flowering plantsflowering plants
Kingdom PlantaeKingdom Plantae
Bryophyte (Moss)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Pteridophyte(Fern)
Coniferophytes (Pine Trees) Angiosperm;
DicotAngiosperm;
Monocot
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom AnimaliaAll eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile All eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic, motile (most) organisms(most) organismsCommon Phyla:Common Phyla:– Porifera (sponges, corral) Porifera (sponges, corral) – Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)Cnidaria & Ctenophora (jellyfish and similar animals)– Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) Platyhelmenthes (flat worms, tapeworms) – Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)Nematoda (small unsegmented worms)– Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)Mollusca (inc. clams, oysters, etc..)– Annelida (segmented worms)Annelida (segmented worms)– Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)Echinodermata (starfish and anemones)– Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)Arthropoda (crustaceans, insects, spiders)– Chordata (those with spinal chords)Chordata (those with spinal chords)
Human ClassificationHuman Classification
Domain: EukaryaDomain: Eukarya
Kingdom: AnimaliaKingdom: Animalia
Phylum: ChordataPhylum: Chordata
Class: MammaliaClass: Mammalia
Order: PrimatesOrder: Primates
Family: HominidaeFamily: Hominidae
Genus: HomoGenus: Homo
Species: SapienSpecies: Sapien
Some highlights of plant evolution
BRIOPHYTES
DivisionDivision BRYOPHYTESBRYOPHYTESPhylum Bryophyta: Phylum Bryophyta:
mossesmosses Phylum Hepatophyta: Phylum Hepatophyta:
liverwortsliverworts Phylum Anthocerophyta: Phylum Anthocerophyta:
hornwortshornworts• small <2 cm; largest 20cm
• dominant gametophyte; dependant sporophyte
• most lack cuticle and all lack vascular tissue
• lack roots; have filament-like rhizoids
Polytrichum: moss
gametophyte
sporophyte
Conchocephalum: liverwort
gametophytes
Sphagnum, or peat moss
The life cycle of Polytrichum, a moss
PTERIDOPHYTES
Ciri UmumCiri Umum
Akar HomoriziAkar HomoriziBatang bercabang menggarpu atau kesampingBatang bercabang menggarpu atau kesampingPada batang terdapat daun yang tumbuh terusPada batang terdapat daun yang tumbuh terusDaun mikrofil, sporofil, tropofilDaun mikrofil, sporofil, tropofilAkar dan batang sudah memiliki floem dan xilemAkar dan batang sudah memiliki floem dan xilemSporangium, strobilus, sporokarpSporangium, strobilus, sporokarpHomospor atau isospor dan heterosporHomospor atau isospor dan heterosporSiklus hidup sporofit dan gametofitSiklus hidup sporofit dan gametofit
KlasifikasiKlasifikasi
BARU LAMA
Divisi Kelas Kelas Divisi
Psilophyta1. Psilophytopsida2. Psilotopsida
Psilophytinae Pteridophyta
Lycophyta1. Eligulopsida2. Ligulopsida
Lycopodinae
Arthrophyta1. Sphenophylopsida2. Calamopsida
Equisetinae
Filicophyta1. Promofilicopsida2. Eusporangiopsida3. Protoleptosporangiopsida4. Leptosporangiopsida
Filicinae
Daur HidupDaur Hidup
Paku homosporPaku homospor
Phylum Sphenophyta
Phylum Psilophyta
Phylum Lycophyta
Tree-like relatives Dominated Carboniferous ~350-300 mya
Lycopodium
Paku HeterosporPaku Heterospor
Selaginella
Selaginella: bspike moss
Phylum Lycophyta
Figure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore productionFigure 29.24b Fern sporophyll, a leaf specialized for spore production
Distribusi dan habitatDistribusi dan habitat
Distribusi terbatas dan sangat luasDistribusi terbatas dan sangat luas
Habitat Habitat 1.1. Paku-pakuan terestrial di kawasan terdedahPaku-pakuan terestrial di kawasan terdedah
2.2. Paku-pakuan terestrial di kawasanm terlindungiPaku-pakuan terestrial di kawasanm terlindungi
3.3. Paku-pakuan memanjatPaku-pakuan memanjat
4.4. Paku-pakuan epifitPaku-pakuan epifit5.5. Paku-pakuan bebatuan dan di pinggiran sungaiPaku-pakuan bebatuan dan di pinggiran sungai
6.6. Paku-pakuan aquatikPaku-pakuan aquatik
Divisions of Seed PlantsDivisions of Seed Plants
GymnospermsGymnosperms
GymnospermsGymnosperms– Naked seedsNaked seeds– Seeds are exposed to the environmentSeeds are exposed to the environment– Produced on the surface of the sporophyte Produced on the surface of the sporophyte
rather than within tissuesrather than within tissues
Primarily trees and shrubsPrimarily trees and shrubs
Gametophyte develops within structures of Gametophyte develops within structures of the sporophytethe sporophyte
Exposed seeds verse Enclosed Exposed seeds verse Enclosed seedsseeds
Phylum PinophytaPhylum Pinophyta– Conifers, Evergreens or Cone bearing plantsConifers, Evergreens or Cone bearing plants– Pine, Cedar, Junipers, Furs, & RedwoodsPine, Cedar, Junipers, Furs, & Redwoods
ConifersConifers– Needle-like leaves in clusters from 2-7 Needle-like leaves in clusters from 2-7 – Resin canals – aromatic, antispecticResin canals – aromatic, antispectic– Xylem mainly tracheidsXylem mainly tracheids– The seed-bearing sporophylls (sporophyte) are The seed-bearing sporophylls (sporophyte) are
spirally arranged in the strobili (cone)spirally arranged in the strobili (cone)– Wind pollinated and distributedWind pollinated and distributed
Phylum CycadophytaPhylum Cycadophyta
Female cone
Seeds
Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus
Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus
Male cones (pollen Male cones (pollen cones)cones)– Arranged in sprial or Arranged in sprial or
whorl s around an axiswhorl s around an axis– Produced in springProduced in spring– Develop at tips of Develop at tips of
branches in clustersbranches in clusters
Pinus Pinus Development of Pollen grainsDevelopment of Pollen grains
Male conesMale cones– Microsporangia develop in pairs Microsporangia develop in pairs – Microsprocytes undergoes meiosis Microsprocytes undergoes meiosis 4 4
haploid microsporeshaploid microspores– Microspores develop into pollen grainsMicrospores develop into pollen grains
Pollen grains have 4 cells and air sacsPollen grains have 4 cells and air sacs
50 pollen cones yield 1 million pollen grains50 pollen cones yield 1 million pollen grains
Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinusPollen Grains
Microsporangiamicrosporocytesmicrosporespollen grains
Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus
Female cones (seed Female cones (seed cones)cones)– Develop the underside Develop the underside
of branches near the of branches near the trunktrunk
– Takes 3 years to Takes 3 years to maturemature
Pinus Pinus Development of SeedsDevelopment of Seeds
Female conesFemale cones– Megaspore mother cell located in ovules Megaspore mother cell located in ovules 4 4
megasporesmegaspores– Megasporangium has nutritive nucleus Megasporangium has nutritive nucleus
surrounded by Integument (seed coat)surrounded by Integument (seed coat)– All but 1 megaspore degenerateAll but 1 megaspore degenerate
Remaining megaspore Remaining megaspore into female into female gametophytegametophyte
– 2-6 archegonium develop each with 1 egg2-6 archegonium develop each with 1 egg
Pinus Pinus Development of Pollen Development of Pollen grainsgrains
First growing seasonFirst growing season– Cone is small and greenCone is small and green– Pollination occurs (transfer of pollen to the female)Pollination occurs (transfer of pollen to the female)
Second growing seasonSecond growing season– Cone is green and hardCone is green and hard– Pollen tube formsPollen tube forms– At the end of 2At the end of 2ndnd season Fertilization occurs season Fertilization occurs
Union of sperm and eggUnion of sperm and egg
Third growing seasonThird growing season– Cone is brownCone is brown– Development of seedsDevelopment of seeds– Dispersal of seeds Dispersal of seeds
Phylum Pinophyta Phylum Pinophyta PinusPinus
Megaspore mother cell4 megasporesFertilization zygoteembryoseed
Ovule
Female gametophyte
Life Cycle of Life Cycle of PinusPinus
Conifers that don’t produce woody seed cones
Yew California nutmeg
Phylum GinkgophytaPhylum Ginkgophyta
Ginkgo bilobaGinkgo biloba– A. Maidenhair treeA. Maidenhair tree
Leaves veins are Leaves veins are dichotomously dichotomously branchedbranched
B. SeedsB. Seeds
C. Male strobiliC. Male strobili
A.
C.
B.
Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)Phylum Cycadophyta (Cycads)
Phylum GnetophytaPhylum Gnetophyta
Male strobili
Female strobilus
Uses of GymnospermsUses of Gymnosperms
1. Resins1. Resins
2. Lumber2. Lumber
3. Paper and paper 3. Paper and paper productsproducts
4. Pencils4. Pencils
5. Food for animals and 5. Food for animals and manman
Chemical to tan leatherChemical to tan leather
Divisions of Seed PlantsDivisions of Seed Plants
Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”
1. 1. Double Double fertilizationfertilization
2. Produces 2. Produces triploid triploid endospermendosperm
Female sac Female sac ((megagametophytemegagametophyte) has 8 ) has 8 nuclei:nuclei:– antipodalsantipodals (3) (3)
– polarpolar (2) (2)
– synergidssynergids (2), (2), eggegg (n) (n)
Fertilization:Fertilization:– sperm nuclei (n) + synergid (n) sperm nuclei (n) + synergid (n)
--> embryo (2n)--> embryo (2n)
– sperm nuclei (n ) + 2 polar sperm nuclei (n ) + 2 polar nuclei (n, n) --> nuclei (n, n) --> Endosperm Endosperm (3n)(3n)
Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)Div: Magnoliophyta (Anthophyta)The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms” The “Flowering Plants”, “Angiosperms”
Flower structure:Flower structure:– gyneciumgynecium– AndroeciumAndroecium– petals petals – sepalssepals– receptaclereceptacle
– complete complete – perfectperfect
– monoeciousmonoecious– dioeciousdioecious
Angiosperm Life CycleAngiosperm Life Cycle
Class:Magnoliopsida (dicots) Class:Magnoliopsida (dicots) vs. vs.
Class: Liliopsida (monocots) Class: Liliopsida (monocots)
Dicots (Eudicots):Dicots (Eudicots):1. Taproot1. Taproot
2. Branching veins2. Branching veins
3. Flower parts 2’s, 5’s3. Flower parts 2’s, 5’s
4. 2 cotyledons (or more)4. 2 cotyledons (or more)
5. Vascular bundles 5. Vascular bundles arranged in a circular pattern arranged in a circular pattern in the stem in the stem
Monocots:Monocots:1. Only adventitious roots1. Only adventitious roots
2. Parallel veins2. Parallel veins
3. Flower parts 3’s3. Flower parts 3’s
4. One cotyledon4. One cotyledon
5. Scattered vascular bundles 5. Scattered vascular bundles in the stemin the stem
Root MorphologyRoot Morphology
Taproot vs. Fibrous Root SustemsTaproot vs. Fibrous Root Sustems
Angiosperm SeedsAngiosperm Seeds
Vegetative ReproductionVegetative Reproductionnew plant from a vegetative structurenew plant from a vegetative structure
Stolons -Stolons - “runners”“runners”
Rhizomes -Rhizomes -
Corms -Corms -
Tubers -Tubers -
bulbs - bulbs -
Tip Layering –Tip Layering –
suckers - suckers -
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