KEDC's Hello GrammarHello Grammar

Hello GrammarHello GrammarKEDC's

Book 9

Kantipur Education Development CouncilMaharajgunj, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, NepalPhone: 4720202/2151710Email: [email protected]: www.kedcnepal.com

Kantipur Education Development Council

Maharajgunj, Chakrapath, Kathmandu, Nepal

Phone: 4720202/2151710

Email: [email protected]

Website: www.kedcnepal.com

Kantipur Education Development Council 2058 ALL

RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this book may be

reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means,

electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and

recording, or by any information storage and retrieval

system, except as may be expressly permitted in writing

by the publisher.

Written by:

Amar Bahadur Sherma

M.A. English, Tribhuvan University

TEA Fellowship, California State University

Advisor:

Dave Mapalad (M.Ed.) TESOL

Subadra Shresta

Editor:

Jerell Morales - Shrestha (M.Ed.)

Education Management

Revised edition, 2018

Layout/Design

Sarika Koirala

Preface

The revised Hello Grammar is written exactly how teachers and students should use grammar. During the first phases of a new unit or lesson when the students are trying to grasp an initial understanding of the form and meaning of a structure, clear and precise explanations are crucial; therefore, this book is designed for that purpose. It uses a grammar-based approach integrated with easy-to-understand explanations with a variety of exercises. The book is practical and very useful for teachers, as it also includes separate classwork and homework exercises. We hope that the book will help teachers and students enjoy learning the English Grammar.

Table of Contents

LESSON 1 : Parts of Speech LESSON 2 : Articles LESSON 3 : Prepositions LESSON 4 : Preposition after Other Words LESSON 5 : Question TagsLESSON 6 : Transformation of Sentences LESSON 7 : TensesLESSON 8 : The Sequence of TensesLESSON 9 : Active Voice and Passive Voice LESSON 10 : Speech LESSON 11 : ConditionalsLESSON 12 : Subject-Verb Agreement [Concord]LESSON 13 : Relative Clauses LESSON 14 : Connectives LESSON 15 : Causative VerbsLESSON 16 : SoundLESSON 17 : Comparison of Adjectives Comprehension Seen and Unseen texts

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165-180

Guided Writing Lesson 18 : Interpreting Charts and Diagrams Lesson 19 : Instructions [RECIPES] and Directions Lesson 20 : Obligations and Prohibitions Lesson 21 : Message of Condolence/ObituaryLesson 22 : Letter of Condolence and SympathyLesson 23 : Short Skeleton StoriesLesson 24 : News Report/StoryLesson 25 : ParagraphsLesson 26 : Broken Dialogues

181186189192195198201205208

Free Writing LESSON 27 : Letter Writing [Formal and Informal] LESSON 28 : Review [Film and Book]LESSON 29 : Essay Writing

211221225

Hello Grammar Book- 9 1 1

1 Parts of SpeechLesson

(conjunction) (preposition)

Aastha : My dad is a taxi driver. He drives carefully. [adverb]Bikram : Every driver has to be careful while driving on the road. [preposition]Sarmir : It is good to hear that Aastha’s dad is a careful driver. [adjective]Taniya : The life of drivers in Nepal’s highways is risky. [noun]Soniya : So, drivers should drive carefully not only for themselves but also other passengers. [verb]Aayushi : Middle-aged drivers are careful. They drive quite slower than young drivers. [pronoun]Hangsang : But both young drivers and middle-aged drivers must follow traffic rules. [conjunction]Shravika : What a good discussion we had today! [interjection]The same word does different work in different sentences and can be placed in different categories on the basis of its function. It is called parts of speech. The parts of speech are eight in number. I can do anything for myself, for I am committed to rising to power in my lifetime.

2 Hello Grammar Book- 92

1. A Noun names a person, place, thing, animal or feeling. Trump is a powerful man. [a person’s name] Itahari is a small town in Sunsari district. [name of a place] There is a big tree. [name of a thing] The elephants are roaming around the jungle. [name of an animal] I took a pity on the condition of beggars. [name of a feeling] Everything we see, smell, feel, touch and taste has at least a name. Names are

nouns, indeed. 2. An Adjective adds more information to the meaning of nouns. They are also called

describing words. Shikhas has received a popular award today. Hemlata is an old lady.Students have several books in their bags.

3. A Pronoun replaces or substitutes a noun to avoid repetition. Jenithis a helpful man. He is a Dutch citizen. Jenisha has bought a bag. It is very heavy.

4. A Verb denotes an action or state:We worked hard to earn money. [action]Go home now. [action]Gold is a useful metal. [state]

5. AnAdverbmodifiesthemeaningofaverb,anadjectiveandanotheradverb. Subhash drove his car recklessly. [modifies verb] Anjana is very talented. [modifies adjective] Srijana has pronounced the word ‘ewe’ quite correctly. [modifies adverb]6. A Preposition shows relation between a noun or pronoun with some other words in a

sentence. The rabbit is hiding under the table. A group of pupils were walking down the road. 7. A Conjunction joins words, phrases and clauses. Tisa and Rizmaare best friends. [words] A pair of oxen and a fine plough is necessary for a farmer. [phrases] Rajanwent to work though he had lots of chores. [clauses]8. An Interjection expresses some sudden feeling or reaction. Hurrah! Nepal has reached the final. Wow! What a beautiful painting!


Assignment

A. Name the parts of speech of each underlined word in the following sentences. 1. Analyse the above sentences. 2. The heavens are above.3. Both of them are genius. 4. Both books and notebooks must be ready. 5. I have had enough of this. 6. You know well enough what I mean. 7. We will find some way-out of it.8. Some say one thing and others say another. 9. What! You don’t mean to say so? 10. What does she mean? 11. What next? 12. I will see you next Monday. 13. It’s no joke. 14. I will not take a no.15. Are there any witnesses present in this room?

B. Inthefollowingsentencesthewordshighlightedinredareusedasdifferentparts of speech. Rewrite the sentences using them as nouns. 1. That kind of movies doesn’t amuse me. That kind of movies doesn’t give me any amusement. 2. This article just costs NPR 100. 3. He has disgraced his elder brother. 4. He fought bravely in war. 5. She replied politely. 6. These two shades are slightly different. 7. We seem him daily.

Note : From the examples above, it is clear that it is not possible to say which part of speech a word belongs to unless we see it used in a sentence.


8. He read the letter carefully. 9. Though the ant is small, it is as intelligent as the elephant.10. He is so industrious that everyone admires him. 11. He is the right man for the position. 12. Let’s go up the hill.

C. Findappropriatewordsintheword-searchgridbelowtofillintheblankspaceson the basis of the parts of speech indicated in the parentheses.

C L O S E A T V K WA I S B I L L P N HR E W Q Q A S I O AX Z V C J S O N C TH A R D Y T G T K MW E R T H H F O I DB E I T H E R M N FS L O W L Y C C G Q

1. Remember to buy me a new ___________ as a present on my birthday. [ noun ]

2. Don’t run _____________ or you will get tired. [adverb]

3. Shelly and Rojina are ______________ friends. [adjective]

4. Javed should be punished because he always tells a ___________. [ noun ]

5. A sparrow was sitting _________ the windowpane. [ preposition ]

6. A cat crawled __________ my bedroom. [ preposition ]

7. _________ didn’t tell us anything about that news. [ pronoun ]

8. __________ an outstanding performance it was! [ exclamation ]

9. __________ you or Sonam will go to London. [ conjunction ]

10. Listen! Someone is __________________ at the door. [ verb ]

11. Successful people work _______________ [ adverb ]


When our son was young, his grandma joked about the Sandman and how he put children to sleep by sprinkling ‘sleepy sand’ in their eyes. Later, that day, I found Chico napping with his head in a cardboard box. When I asked him what he was doing with the box, he said he wasn’t going to let anyone put a grain of sand in an eye. I couldn’t convince him that it was a fairy tale, because Grandma wouldn’t tell a lie. TherearethreearticlesinEnglish:a,an,andthe.‘A’and‘an’arecalledIndefiniteArticlesbecause they are used when we do not speak of any particular person or thing: We use it to introduce new information.

I saw a man chopping a log. A man was eating anorange‘The’ is known as the Definite Article. It is used when the listener knows what or who we are talking about.

The wallet, which I bought yesterday, is pick pocketed in a crowd. Articles are determiners which come before nouns to show how the noun is being used.

We listen to an English programme on the radio. We cut a pear into four pieces. The girl who got married two days ago is dead.

We use ‘a’ before a countable noun that starts with a consonant sound.My dad bought a book. They have formeda union. He is visiting a university. We wore a uniform. Shelly is a young girl.

2 ArticlesLesson

European sounds like it begins with a consonant ‘Y’. So, ‘a’ not ‘an’ is used.


We use ‘an’ before a countable noun which starts with a vowel sound. He is an ideal man. Write an S. She wrote an anecdote yesterday. She is an honest girl.

Indefinitearticlesareusedinthefollowingsituations.

Rules Examples

In the sense of one I have a brother and a sister. She bought a book last week.

Before phrases of job Our father is a civil engineer. She is a doctor and her brother is a police officer. Is his father a painter?

Time and Measurement

We have English classes 5 times a week.They go on holiday once a year.Our car can do 210 kilometers an hour.Tomatoes are Rs. 50/- a kilo at Kalimati Vegetables Market.

In the sense of ‘each’ or ‘every’

My guests come here once a week.She earns twenty thousand rupees a month.We must brush our teeth twice a day.

Before nationality and religion

Michael Jackson is an American. Imran is a Muslim.

With some exclamatory sentences

What a pity! What a sunny day! What an interesting movie!

Heir sounds like it begins with a vowel ‘A’. So, ‘an’ not ‘a’ is used

Note : Indefinite articles articles—‘a’ or ‘an’ must be used on the basis of sounds of the words not letters. Although a, e, i, o, u are called vowel letters, they sometimes make consonant sounds.


Half / quite a dozen, a hundred, a meter, a kilo, a few people, a little sugar,

With certain numerical expressions

a piece of wood a piece of bread a piece of cakea piece of chalk a cup of tea a glass of milka drop of dew a bar of soap a bar of chocolatea grain of rice a lump of sugar a bottle of oila tube of toothpaste a pinch of salt

When a singular countable noun is mentionedforthefirsttime

A dog is a faithful animal.A hospital is a place where patients receive treatment.

With some phrases have a drink, have a look, have a rest, have a pityhave a say, have a bath, have a cold, have a paintake a rest, take a look, in a low voice, in a whisperin a hurry, in a fix, on a diet, make a complaintin an accident, in an instant, as a result, as a ruleat a loss, on an average, in a bad tempermake a profit, make a loss, light a firegive an answer, a short time ago, take an interest in an accident, have a holiday at a glance, get a high fever

A. Fillintheblankswith‘a’or‘an’wherenecessary.

…... operator …... architect …... specialist

…... umpire …... elevator …... stamps

…... icicle …... ambulance …... extra eraser

…... potatoes …... sugar …... ugly creature

…... eagle …... orchid …... very good doctor

…... inspector …... honest inspector …... hour

Assignment


…... uniform …... ewe …... useful car

…... old umbrella …... intelligent man …... oil

…... green leaf …... octopus …... hours

B.

They study in ……...big library. Anup saw…….....rat in class.

Mr Rai is……......honest person. Here is ….umpire for our volleyball match.

David is ……......European. Subin has….........cat and ......….dog.

Copper is ………...precious metal. Mahesh is ……..Young boy.

Her sister is ……....CNN reporter. Do you like……..oranges?

His brother is …….....…M.Phil. Minakshi earns six thousand…....monthly.

It was all over in …......…instant. Sonakshi spoke to me in….....….law voice.

I read a story about ……...unicorn. …….....cats are pet animals.

Her father is …....…..honourable man. Deepsa is ……......SEE candidate.

NOTES

Indefinite Article is not used

a. When the noun is uncountable:

Water is essential for our existence.

Sand is used in making of glass.

b. When a noun is the name of a meal:

Lunch is ready to be served.

c. Sincethereisnopluraloftheindefinitearticle,‘some’or‘any’isusedasits equivalent.

I have a buffalo in the field. But he has some buffaloes.

I just ate an orange. But she wanted to eat some oranges.

d. With names of diseases:

She died of Ebola Virus two weeks ago.

No medicine can cure AIDS


A. Complete the following sentences by writing the correct article, ‘a’, ‘an’ or ‘X’.

a. Kunal returned home after ……. hour.

b. It took………. hours to reach the airport.

c. Do you want to see ……..two movies today?

d. I bought ………umbrella to go out in the rain.

e. Sunita died of ............... cancer.

f. Are you playing .............. cricket?

g. There is …….orange coat on the bed.

h. ……….boatman rows his boat with ….oar.

i. Would you like ……..milk in your coffee?

j. These fish will quickly die in ……..salt water.

k. A pickpocket was thrashed in ……. public.

l. He went to market on ……. foot.

m. Please write your answers in ……. pencil.

n. My favourite subject is ……. English.

o. I am starving. Please serve ……. dinner now.

p. Yes, it was ……. delicious dinner.

B. Articles have been used wrongly in the following text. Write the correct one below on the lines.

[1]. Only last year I witnessed what might have been the fatal accident on a Kashmir Road. [2] I was motoring down from the Srinagar. [3] And as I was nearing Kahala, I came upon a wreckage of two cars on the road. [4] The smash had been caused by the car coming down, which swept round a sharp corner at forty miles a hour. [5] Then it crashed into the car coming up. [6] Happily no one was killed; but several were badly injured, and a two cars were wrecked. [7] To drive at such a speed down an twisting mountain road is simply to court disaster.

Assignment


1. _______________________

2. ________________________

3. ________________________

4. ________________________

5. ________________________

6. _______________________

We use ‘the’ with the following nouns:

Religiousbooks the Bible, the Geeta, the Ramayan, the Vedas, the Quran, etc.

With some newspaper names

The New York Times, The Rising Nepal, etc. But The Gorkhapatra, The Republica

Deserts and canals the Sahara, the Thar, the Gobi, the Panama Canal, the Gandak, etc.

Plural names of some countries

the Netherlands, the Philippines, the United State, the West Indies, etc.

Nationality adjectives

the English, the Scottish, the French, the American, etc.

Historical buildings the PashupatiNath Temple, the Kasthamandap, the Eiffel Tower, etc.

Unique things the Sun, the Moon, the Sky, the Universe, etc.

Ordinal numbers the first, the second, the third, the fifth, etc.

Superlative degrees the highest mountain, the largest animal, the most excellent idea, etc.

Parallel comparatives the more you practice, the more you learn.

Mountain ranges the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies, the Andes, etc. But the Mount Everest, the Mount K2

Repeated nouns I bought a book. Somebody stole the book.

Parts in the house the Kitchen, the Bedroom, the Dining room, the Toilet, etc.

Rivers and seas the Karnali, the Ganga, the Nile, the Bagmati, the Thames, the Amazon, etc.


Surnames the Gurungs, the Ranas, the Yadavs, the Smiths, etc.

Theatres and clubs the Jaya Nepal, the Kumari, the Rotary Club, the Lion's Club, etc.

Daybreaks in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, etc.

Adjectives as social groups

the blind, the deaf, the rich, the elderly, the young, the sick, the old, etc.

A. Fillintheblankswithappropriatearticle‘a’,an’,the’or‘X’wherearticlesarenot required.

1. I borrowed……..pencil from your pile of pencils and pens.

2. One of the students said, “…….professor is late today".

3. I bought………umbrella to go out in the rain.

4. Please give me …… cell phone that is on that table.

5. Pandas and……rhinos are both endangered animals.

6. ……….New Road is……….busy shopping street.

7. Since we are early today, let’s have…….drink first.

8. Our life would be difficult without……….oxygen

9. Do you read………Himalayan Times everyday?

10. She needed ...........’A’ in the exam.

11. I know he is……….best student in our class.

12. William Shakespeare is England’s ………greatest dramatist.

13. Suman is ………..obvious candidate for the quiz contest.

14. I don’t like ……….toothpaste I bought last week. It tastes of onions!

B. Fillintheblankswith‘a’,‘an’or‘the’wherenecessary:

1. _____ Kathmandu is the capital of Nepal.

Assignment


2. I am _______ only person here who speaks Limbu.

3. I have been playing ______ basketball for three years.

4. ________ Panama Canal was built by the United States from 1904 to 1914

5. I drink ______ glass of whey every day to be healthy.

6. Did you get _______ birthday card that I sent you?

7. He is ______ very good friend of mine

8. _______ meal that we ate yesterday was wonderful.

9. She has _____ very nice pet.

10. Mars takes longer to revolve on its axis than _____ earth.

11. My cousin is _____ artist by profession.

12. Don’t panic! Your friend’s ______ injury is minor.

13. Yesterday I saw ______ one-eyed man in the street.

14. I need to buy _____ new dress.

C. The following passage has not been edited. There is an article error in each lineagainstwhichablankhasbeengiven.Writetheincorrectwordandthecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainstthecorrectblanknumbersasgiveninthe sample. Remember to underline the word that has to be edited.

Error Correction

The king once approached a tree. the 'a'

When a king again returned to the ________ ____________

tree, he carried an corpse, threw ________ ____________

it with a shoulder and began ________ ____________

to walk towards cemetery. ________ ____________

The king thought of throwing a corpse ________ ____________

into the thundering current of Arun River. ________ ____________

But he left it beside the big tree. ________ ____________

Early in a morning, a woodcutters saw it and got ________ ____________

scared. The corpse had started to decay. ________ ____________


The police officer came and took a body in their van. ________ ____________

That was not a first incident. The officer never ________ ____________

suspected the king but an others. The officer ________ ____________

investigated the case but didn’t reach the ________ ____________

conclusion. At a night, the officer saw the ghost. ________ ____________

DefiniteArticlesarenotusedinthefollowingnouns:

Situations Examples

a. Proper nouns

Nepal, Pakistan, Rameshwor, David, Mt Everest, etc.

But: the UK, the US, the Maldives

The Chandra who is very fat is my friend. [specific]

b. Months or days

June, Sunday, Monday, etc.

But: The June of 2001 was very hot and dry. [specific]

c. Languages

Nepali, English, Hindi, Bengali, etc.

But: The English language, the Nepali language, etc. [with the word]

e. Universities Kathmandu University, Tribhuvan University, etc.

But: The California State University [original name]

f. General words

Life is beautiful.

I like roses.

Intelligence is difficult to quantify.

But: I have read a book on the life of Bill Gates.The flowers in your garden are beautiful.

The intelligence of animals is variable.

A. Choose the correct alternative to complete each sentence given below.

1. A one-eyed man / an one-eyed man has been begging in the street.

2. Reading a newspaper / the newspaper every day is a good habit for students.

Assignment


3. I used to love writing essays/ the essays.

4. My cousins speak the English language / the English fluently.

5. My father taught me how to sympathize with the poor /poor.

6. He is a union / an union leader.

7. The mobile phone / a mobile phone we bought yesterday is lost.

8. A price of cooking gas / the price of cooking gas has been hiked by 5 per cent by the government.

B. Fillintheblankswith‘a’,‘an’or‘the’wherenecessary.

1. I saw ……flower while I saw on…..walk this morning….flower was red. In fact ,…..flower was so beautiful, I bent down to smell it. I saw …..bee on the flower. ……bee was busy, flying back and forth. Anyway,……flower had no odor to it. I reached out to touch the flower, and I discovered that the flower was plastic. Perhaps that is why …… bee was so busy; the bee was trying to find pollen, but there was none. I enjoyed the walk this morning.

2. I started reading ……book by Loren Weybright this morning. ……book features…….boy named Jimmy, who moves to ……..village to live with his relatives. ……..book by Weybright was excellent. Each page would contain …… sentences that stirred up memories of when I lived in my village. I the book ….boy (Jimmy) has …….grandmother and …….grandfather.

I saw a cow in the field. ……..cow was brown and white. ……..cow was with its mother and it looked very happy. I like ….. cows. Do you like …….cows?

3. There is …….Chinese boy living in our neighbourhood. …….boy’s name is Chang, and he is ……very good student. ……boy (Chang) ate…..apple after lunch today. …..apple was delicious. Then he had ……pear …mango, and ….glass of milk. Chang …boy who is living with us, is really nice. He is learning how to write poetry. He wrote …… poem this morning about …… red flower.

C. Givethedifferenceinmeaningbetweenthesentencesineachpair:1. i. We live in a new and three-storied house.

ii. We live in a new and a three-storied house.

__________________________________________________________________


__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

2. i. I talked to a politician and a lawyer at the party.

ii. I talked to a politician and lawyer at the party.

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________

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3. i. She is a better novelist than essayist.

ii. She is a better novelist than an essayist.

__________________________________________________________________

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4. i. I am going to a church tomorrow.

ii. I am going to church tomorrow.

__________________________________________________________________

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5. i. She is a needy girl.

ii. She helps the needy.

__________________________________________________________________

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__________________________________________________________________

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6. i. He is playing the guitar now.

ii. He is receiving a guitar on his 22nd birthday.

__________________________________________________________________

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This report is to recommend a room in the school for a student common room. I interviewed a number of students about this issue and the following were their opinions. Many students felt the room that is currently used as classroom 3 would make the best common room. It was pointed out that the new building in Malcolm Street has brand new classrooms so it is probable that classroom 3 will soon not be needed for teaching purposes. Prepositions are words placed before a noun or pronoun to show the relationship between the person or the thing denoted by it and something else in a sentence: ‘pre’ means before and ‘position’ means places. Sulochana : A train is going through a long tunnel. Babita : I love travelling by train. Krishna : Travelling is good for students to broaden their horizon.

In Sulochana’s statement, the preposition ‘through’ joins the noun ‘tunnel’ with another verb ’going’. In Babita’s statement, the preposition ‘by’ joins the noun ‘train’ with the verb ‘travelling’.In Krishna’s statement, the preposition ‘for’ joins the noun ‘students’ with the adjective ‘good’. The noun or pronoun which is used with a preposition is called its object. A preposition may have more than one object:The thieves ran across the street and a big playground. The thieves ran across the street and across a big playground. Although the definition states that prepositions are placed before a noun or pronoun, it is placed after its object to achieve some effect:

Please give me the object that I have been asking for? By the way, what are you looking at? This is the song (that) I often listen to.

When the object is a relative pronoun like what, that, whom, etc., as in the first sentence, the preposition is always placed at the end. The preposition is usually placed at the end when its object is an interrogative pronoun as in the second sentence or a relative pronoun understood in the last sentence.

3 PrepositionsLesson


1. The Commonest Prepositions The following are the commonest prepositions.

about behind from sinceabove beside in throughacross between into throughoutafter beyond near to

against by of towardamong down off underaround during on up

at except over withbefore for past without

Multiword prepositions are made up of more than one word but are treated as single words.

according to in addition to in spite of out ofbecause of in front of instead of outside ofby means of in regard to on account of prior to

A preposition is a word that is generally placed before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with some other words in a sentence.

Types of prepositions ExamplesTime at 4, on Sunday, in 2018, at Christmas, on New Year’s Day,

etc. Place at the bus stop, at the airport, in the garden, in the box, in

the room, etc. Direction towards the room, along the river, etc.

Movement into the room, through the jungle, across the swimming pool, etc.

Means and manner by bus, with a knife, etc.

2. Differencesamongsomeprepositions

Notice the difference between ‘on time’ and ‘in time’. ‘On time’ means ‘punctually’ and ‘in time’ means before the time appointed.’

We reached university ontime.[themomentbeforethefirstlecturestarted]We reached university intime.[justsometimebeforethefirstlecturestarted]

‘in’ before a noun, denoting a period of time, means at the end of; ‘within’ means before the end of: Students will return in ten minutes’ time from the science lab.


Students will return within 5 minutes from the science lab. ‘at night’ means ‘night time’ and ‘in the night’ means ‘last night’. I dislike reading at night. I could not have sound sleep in the night due to anxiety. c. ‘by’ When used as a preposition, by has the meaning not later than: All applications must be sent by the end of this month.However, the expression ‘by day’ means ‘during the day’. d. ‘till’ and ‘to’‘till’ is used of ‘time’, and ‘to’ is used of ‘place’: We stayed in Australia till 7th December. We walked to the gate of that house. e. ‘in’ and ‘within’‘in’ implies ‘at the end of some future period’; within denotes ‘before the end of’: My mum will come back in a week. [at the end of] My mum will come back within a week. [in less than]f. ‘during’ and ‘over’We can use either ‘during’ or ‘over’ when we want to show that an activity goes on for a length of time within a period of time: It has been snowing during/over the last two days. However, if we talk about short event or activity within a short period of time, we prefer ‘during’: Mr Obama paused thrice during his motivational speech. Sujina was silent during the exam. g. ‘for’ and ‘during’We use ‘for’ to say how long something continues, and ‘during’ to say when something happens: He counseled me for ten minutes. He counseled me during our lunch. Harish has been singing a song for half an hour.


A. Fillintheblankswithsuitableprepositions.Morethanonechoiceispossiblein certain cases. 1. The discussion will be over _____________ about an hour.

2. I am usually at home _____________ a Sunday morning.

3. She has been in her office __________ 8 am.

4. He lived in Russia ______________ January _____ December.

5. Many shops offer a heavy discount ___________ Tihar.

6. All the students must send their birth registration certificate ___________ 13th March.

7. All the reports have to be sent __________ the end of the month.

8. I met a villager __________dusk.

9. We will get together _________ the weekend?

10. I drink a lot of coffee _________ the evenings.

11. My parents have been living in London __________ six months.

12. Tom went home ___________dawn.

B. Rewrite the following sentences correcting the prepositions ‘at’, ‘in’ and ‘on’.1. Our classes will resume in Thursday. 2. We will visit our maternal uncle on Chhat. 3. I am going to my son’s school in March 13 to collect his progress report card. 4. In night, we chat to our friends.5. It is not a good habit to talk on lunch. 6. Shall we have a party in the eve of Christmas? 7. Don’t worry I will be back at a moment. 8. Sue emigrated to Australia on 2001. 9. Kaji waited for me in the bus stop. 10. Tinu reached his exam centre on time. So, he was not nervous. 11. We will have a party at the eve of New Year.

Assignment


C. Makesentencesofyourown,usingeachofthefollowingtimeexpressions.last year We didn’t get any punishment last year. [in last year]all afternoonat half past sevenevery afternoonat lunchat dawnin a few minutesthis morningnext Saturdayone dayon Saturday eveningon the morning of our SEEevery day last week

Use of Prepositions

ATfixed watch time at seven o’clock, at 5 o'clock, at 2 pm, at 6:30specific time at mealtime, at lunch time, at tiffin timeparts of the day at morning, at night, at midnight, at noonexpressions with 'end' at the weekend, at the end of this monthfestivals and celebrations at Christmas, at Dashain, at EID, at Chhat, at Tiharwith the expressions of place at the door, at the end, at the entrance, at the top, at the bottomspecific location at the airport, at the table, at the park, at the bus stopan activity at work, at school, at playorder at first, at last, at the first attempt, at the second attempt

INmonths in June, in December, in Baisakh, in Kartikyears in 2009, in 1987, in 1920sseasons in [the] spring, in [the] winter, in [the] summer, in [the] autumnparts of the day in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening


duration/within a certain time in a minute, in two weeks, in three years, in six monthsplace through of as an area in Nepal, in Asia, in Singapore, in the USwithin a location in the room, in the building, in the office, in the kitchencondition in doubt, in a hurry, in love, in tears, in good healthcolours and types He printed his name in red in capital letters.small vehicles He will come here in his car.

ONdays of a week on Monday, on Friday, on Wednesdaydates on May 25, on 5th December, on 22 Junespecial days on my birthday, on New Year's day, on Teacher’s Daytouching the surface of on the table, on the wall, on the ceiling, on his shirtto talk about dependence These insects live on potatoes.or survival She lives on a little salary.large vehicles on a bus, on a train, on a shiprides on a bicycle, on a horse, on an elephantphysical/positions on the right, on the left

NOTESNotethedifferences.They saw a man stand at the corner of the street. [outside] They saw a thief stand in the corner of the room. [inside] They live in Chitwan. [within the city] A plane landed at Chitwan. [a point of journey] He works at Standard Chartered Bank. [the name of a particular organization] He works in a bank. [the kind of place] Yes, our head office is at Baluwatar. [address]


A. Complete the sentences with ‘at’, ‘in’ or ‘on’. 1. We bought a big doll _________ 2018. 2. Saru’s birthday falls ___________ October. 3. We go to office _________ 9 am every day. 4. We often eat out ______ Easter. 5. She was born _________ June 6, 2004. 6. The schools remain closed _________ Christmas Day. 7. Can I meet you _______ the weekend? 8. He is _________ the management committee. 9. Don’t go out of home ________ noon. 10. We won’t go trekking ________ summer.

B. Put the words from the box under the correct headings below.a room TV auction the airport time noon the morning bus stop18 Jan 2018 Holi dawnNew Year’s Eve Monday April the weekend3 minutes Earth Beijing South Koreathe kitchen the table doorstep winter

At In On

OFpossession of belonging a cousin of mine, the people of this village, the

water of this river, the colour of this wall, the car of my father

Assignment


something made from a shirt of cotton, a sari of silk, a house made of brickcontaining a bag of fruits, a box of chocolates, a bundle of sticksquantity two kilos of rice, five litres of milk, four kilos of applesmeasurement of uncountable nouns a cup of tea, a log of wood, a blade of grasspart of a group one of us, a member of the team, a student of this collegein the sense of 'by' I like to watch the recent films of David Dhawan.

TOdestination I am going to Dharan. She has gone to Colombo. in the direction of untill Turn to the right. Turn to the left.until from Monday through Friday, five minutes to tencompared with They prefer tea to juice. with indirect object Please give it to me. He sent a letter to them.as part of infinitive I like to play basketball. They wanted to greet us. in order to We went to the stationer to buy some notebooks, books, etc. add Add ten to fifteen.purpose I invited all my friend to dinner.

WITHaccompanying He stayed with me. He came here with his aunt.having; containing Here is a book with a map of the island. Who is that boy with a black cat?by means of; using I repaired the shoes with glue. She cut it with a knife. He killed it with an arrow.manner He did it with pleasure/ease/difficulty.because of We were paralyzed with fear.physical features and diseases The girl with brown hair is my friend. There is a man with a limp.the opposite of 'against' If he is with me, I can easily solve this problem. Are you with us or against us?giving assistance Can you help me with the washing up?


She helped us with Science problems.doing things competitively They always argue with me. She is fighting with her elder brother.

BYnear There is a house by the river. He sat by his girlfriend. past He waved as he drove by the house.not later than Try to submit your proposal by June. Can you finish this project work by tomorrow?to the extent of I beat Rahul by six marks.agent (passive) The house was decorated by a painter. in units of cheaper by the dozen, sold by weight, by the tonsmeans by cheque, by credit card, travel by plane, by busdivide/multiply Divide 50 by 10. Multiply 5 by 6.manner I caught the mouse by its tail.C. Choose the best option to complete the following sentences.

1. Two kilos _________ sugar was spilled on the way home. A. to B. for C. of 2. She turned ________ the left and continued walking. A. with B. from C. to3. She stood at the doorway _____ axe. A. to B. for C. with4. My brother beat Asmita _____ 8 marks in Mathematics. A. for B. by C. from5. One ______ us has to be imprisoned for a murder case. A. with B. of C. to6. We want to pay you _____ cheque. A. in B. of C. by7. She bought me a shirt _______ cotton on my birthday. A. in B. by C. of8. Add 5 _______ 20 to get 25 in total. A. with B. to C. of9. My children were delighted ___________ her magic. A. with B. by C. in


FORduration of time We worked for two hours. She has been detained for two days.purpose These books are for blind people. I bought this dress for my brother Try to finish the project by next week.in view of She is not qualified for this post.distance I walked for five kilometres.in the direction of She left for Thimpu last week. They will leave for America next week cheaper by the dozen, sold by weight, by the tonsin favour of I will vote for her. Are you for and against the motion?considering The boy is clever for his age.on behalf of We should fight for the door.inappropriateness for something This is not good for you. It's bad for you.

FROMplace of origin They come from Indonesia. She comes from Germany.start of a range From 10 to 15 protestors were arrested.source This saying is from Austen's novel. I knew it from her.cause He suffers from nervousness. Did he suffer from heart disease?getting safety He had to take shelter from the rain. The hunter saved the girl from the tiger.being unlike Her behaviour is different from her sister.after or onwards The park will be open from Monday.start of a period of time She was with me from yesterday until today.distance The bus park is very far away from here.

D. Complete the following sentences with ‘for’ or ‘from’ appropriately. 1. Can these children walk ________3000 kilometers?2. Arjun left his home early _______________ school. 3. The fun park will open ________________ Sunday.


4. It’s a few minutes’ walk __________________ here. 5. I came to know about this ________________ them. 6. This child is clever ___________________ his age. 7. Are you all eligible __________________ this post?8. All citizens must fight _________________our rights. 9. I received a parcel ____________________ them 10. We have been practising _______________ two hours.

Some More Prepositions

about on the subject of This poem is about tigers in the zoo. approximately There are about ten students in the

hall. above higher than The plane flew above the clouds.below lower than This lake in 50 metres below sea

level.over above There is a bulb over that table.

more than It costs over five thousand rupees.under beneath There is a bat under the bed.

less than Under 15 students failed the final exam.

across from one side to another A child walked across the road.on the other side of There is a health post across the

street.along in a line Students are walking along the road.between within a group of two H comes between G and I in the

alphabet.among in a group The money was shared among five

people.in front of ahead of There is a dog in front of the gate.around approximately He is around six feet tall.beside next to Our house is beside the supermarket.against supported by He leaned the ladder against the

wall.outside opposite of Can you wait outside the hospital?close to/next to near Our shop is close to/next to the

supermarket.off away from something The cat jumped off the roof.


onto moving to a higher place The dog jumped onto the shelf. opposite on the other side Our house is opposite the

supermarket.into entering something You shouldn't go into the castle. out of from the inside to the

outsideHe went out of the room.

past pass something I walked past the post office.round in a circle We're sitting round the campfire.through from one point to another We walked through the water. up from low to high They went up the hill.down from high to low The ball rolled down the stairs.beyond exceeding That was beyond my expectations.since from a specific time in the

pastI had been waiting since two o'clock.

for period of time They have been staying here for two hours.

except not including I will invite all except her on my birthday.

A. Filleachblankwithacorrectpreposition:1. The account section is ____________ the second floor.2. The plane arrived __________ the airport two hours late.3. Turn right ____________ the next junction.4. Last year the event took place __________ March.5. He came to Nepal _________ May 10, 2009.6. Do you listen __________ the radio?7. She'll be there ___________ you.8. Everybody blamed her ________ the accident.9. I prefer spring _________ summer.10. Could you explain that point ________ me again?11. They never go out ___________ night.12. Don't worry ___________ it. Everything will be OK.13. Don't be late! Be ________ time for the start of the race.

Assignment


14. I'm fed up __________ hiss mess.15. Who looks _________ the children when you are away?16. They accused him __________ murder.17. Exactly __________ midnight we were awakened by the strange noise.18. The criminal was sentenced __________ 10 years for his crime.19. You shouldn't shout __________ children.20. Sudha opened the door ___________ a key.21. The kids were sitting __________ the floor when Mina came home.22. Just wait a second, I'll be there __________ a minute.23. The train passed __________ a tunnel on the way to Kashmir.24. We will have lunch _________ one and the plane will take off __________

1:40.25. His father is _________ the office and his mother is _________ home.

B. There is one word [preposition] missing in each line. Write the correct article in the correct place.

Before Preposition AfterIceland is a small island nation Northern Europe. It is locatedthe Greenland Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. It is northwestthe UK. Reykjavik is the capital city Iceland. Iceland was foundedthe Vikings. Later, Iceland was ruled the Norwegians and theDanes. It became independent the Kingdom of Denmark in 1918and is a republic 1944. Iceland is full glaciers as well as activevolcanoes. Around 11 % of Iceland is covered glacial ice and issurrounded water. Family names of Icelanders is derived theirfather’s first name. This is one wonders I’ve ever heard of.

Northern in nation


C. Fill in the gaps unscrambling the word given in the parenthesis. One example has been done for you. 1. We are looking for a person with the knowledge of English literature

[HTIW] 2. This is a challenging position _________ finance graduates. [ROF]3. You can profit __________ visiting new countries. [MFOR]4. People are not friendly ___________________ you. [TWRADSO]5. These will provide you __________ wonderful memories later. [TWIH]6. This is an important new study _________ teenage attitude. [TONI]7. Your house is ________________ a cinema hall. [EPOPOTSI]8. A college is _____________ my house. They disturb us at daytime. [DIBHEN]9. You should not walk ____________ the forest alone at evening. [HRHTOGU]10. We have been playing the swing ____________ two hours. [CEINS]11. A rat jumped _______ my table. [OOTN]

D. Readthestorybelowandchoosewhichanswer[A,BorC]bestfitseachgap.There is an example at the beginning [0].

GREED FOR MONEY Once three men saw something and shouted out, ‘Hey, chaps, what’s that?’ pointing [0] to a small bag [1] _________ a tree. [2] ________ their amazement, it was a bag full [3] _________ money. They had never seen such wads of money before. They agreed to divide the money equally.

As they had walked long, they were hungry. One of them was sent to buy some food [4] __________ a nearby market. While returning from the market with the food, he thought of getting money [5] ______ himself. So, he poisoned the food. Meanwhile, the other two planned to kill him [6] ________ his return so as to have more share. When the man returned with the food, the other two murdered him and happily ate the poisoned food their friend had brought. [7] _____ some time, they also died. The bagful of money remained [8] _______ the tree unused and unclaimed with their dead bodies. Nothing else, but greed was the cause [9] ______ their death. Moral: If you dig a pit, you yourself will fall [10] ___________ it.


0. A. up B. to C. with1. A. below B. on C. under2. A. Through B. Off C. To3. A. off B. of C. at4. A. along B. from C. in5. A. onto B. at C. by6. A. Since B. For C. On7. A. After B. Since C. For8. A. under B. next to C. on9. A. of B. up C. into10. A. into B. onto C. with

E. Filleachblankwithacorrectpreposition:1. We may use the library ……… 7 a.m. and 9 a.m. on Saturdays.2. Don't forget to turn ………. the TV before going away.3. He works ………. the top floor ………. an office block.4. World War-II lasted ………. 1939 ………… 1945.5. Her gold necklace wasn't …………. her purse; it was ……….. her coat pocket.6. The telephone was invented ………….. the 1870's.7. Teachers usually go ……….. holiday ……….. the winter.8. We saw a detective walking …………… the end of the street ………. a busy

road.9. We gathered at the restaurant ………… 6:30 and stayed ………. 10:30.10. On September 10th they left ………. New Zealand. They took a trip …………

South Korea in 1954.11. Richa's birthday party is …………. Tuesday ………… four ………. the

afternoon.12. An earthquake ………. Nepal ………. May 30, 1998 killed about 5,000 people.13. He worked in this hospital ……….. two years and then went ……….. Japan.14. She always gets up early ………. the morning, so she can make it to class

……….. time.15. I was sick, so I didn't go to work …………. last Thursday, but I did go to work

……….. Friday.16. Mike was sitting ………. his desk ………. his office when I went there.


Adverbs or Prepositions?Several words are used sometimes as Adverbs and sometimes as Prepositions

Go and run about Don’t loiter about the street

I haven’t heard of it before. I came here the day before yesterday.

May I come in? Who is in the hall?

Please go on. Is a book lying on the desk?

A wheel of a bus came off. The driver jumped off the car and ran away

I haven’t heard of him since. I haven’t eaten since yesterday.

F. Rewrite the following sentences changing underlined words into prepositions. One example has been done for you. 1. Do not start till I give the word. Neverputofftilltomorrowwhatyoucandotodayitself.2. Prices of the vegetables are up.3. He came round to their belief. 4. She is a near relation. 5. I shall see you next Saturday. 6. Read the letter over carefully. 7. Children like lollypops very much. 8. Analyse the above poem. 9. Thank Suraj, for he has helped you. 10. I have seen you before somewhere.

NOTESDifference between ‘by’ and ‘on’.We travel by car, by bus, by train, by boat, by air, by sea, etc. They always go to their hometown by air.We walk on foot, we ride on horseback, we go on a bicycle, etc. We always went to school on foot.

Assignment


Nepal : Buddhism teaches that freedom from desires will lead to escape from suffering. India : Jawaharlal Nehru was fond of children. Greece : The ancient Greeks seem to have been much addicted to the bottle. Italy : Naples was then destitute of what are now its chief attractions. Africa : The African elephant is now confined to Central Africa. England : Samuel T. Coleridge’s poetry is remarkable for the perfection of its execution. Macedonia : Alexander was profited by the oppositions of the Punjab Rajas. Certain verbs, nouns, adjectives and participles are always followed by particular prepositions.

He has no desire for name and fame. [He has no desire of name and fame.]Changing a preposition with a word may change its meaning too.

He is tired of teaching. [He doesn’t wish to teach anymore.]He is tired from teaching. [He is still interested but is tired now.]

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES IN

confide in sink in meddle incofirm in include in involve indabble in increase in join inexcel in equal in interfere ininvest in fail in indulge in

Noun + infaith in a graduate in error inconfidence in an interest in improvement ina defect in origin in a delight in a belief in much progress in an expert in

4Prepositions after

Other Words

Lesson


Onagree on step on experiment onconfer on spy on lie onelaborate on depend on lecture onfocus on inflict on rely on

Noun + onlimit on restriction on opinion onview on ideas on tips onraid on attack on discount oninfluence on seminar on mark onstain on remark on information oneffect on article on presentation onlecture on bet on file oncongratulations on programs on test onimprovement on dwell on agreement onsurvey on reflection on knock onbang on tap on hold onprevail on

On+ Nounon request on scale on fireon salary on low income on a committeeon a council on a board on a regular basison good terms on someone’s return on English (subject)

Ofacquit of assure of complain of dispose of approve of clear of consist of tell of beware of brag of

Noun + ofcombination of relative of exhibition ofdescription of result of descendent of


exchange of proof of collection ofignorance of the end of the envy ofsatisfaction of judge of an example of

Intopry into walk into dive intorun into dip into flow intobook into expand into make into

Adjective + at annoyed at surprised at pleased at amazed at shocked at clever atgood at marvelous at disappointed atpoor at angry at terrible atluck at quick at expert atastonished at skillful at efficient at

Fromdismiss from divert from inherit fromdivorce from abstain from free fromdisconnect from shrink from buy fromescape from abstract from prevent fromexclude from refrain from disappear fromgraduate from hide from release from

Adjective + fromsafe from absent from alienated fromdifferent from aloof from free fromseparate from

Againstcompete against bump against revolt againstbrush against fight against appeal againstband against lead against guard against


clash against unite against secure againstlean against voice against

Withacquaint with cover with combine withbalance with equip with occupy withillustrate with meet with pair withcollide with rhyme with deal with

Adjective + withangry with busy with acquainted withdisappointed with clever with ( a brush) tormented withpleased with ill with ( a cold)

Verb + aboutcomplain about rave about consult aboutquarrel about talk about worry aboutdebate about joke about think aboutdream about care about boast about

Adjective + about nervous about upset about ` nervous aboutconfused about worried about careful aboutglad about anxious about annoyed about

Toaddress to confine to confess toadjust to connect to object toamount to cease to pretend toconsent to stoop to resolve tobelong to succumb to promise to

Adjective + totempted to entitled to applicable toprone to subject to fatal to


addicted to accustomed to liable toobliged to superior to impossible toindifferent to equal to difficult to senior to adjacent to common toprefer to beneficial to cruel tokind to useful to rude todetrimental to obedient to unknown to polite to answerable to hostile totrue to contrary to oblivious toalternative to loyal to inferior to

Noun + toaccess to attention to addition toaddiction to admiration to admittance toaffront to allegiance to amendment toengagement to entitlement to improvement tointroduction to journey to visit todedication to supplement to approximation toextension to trip to return to tribute to affinity to complaint tosuccession to reaction to ambassador tosolution to export to import to aversion to trial to ticket tothanks to testimony to exposure toincentive to attraction to graduate toinducement to menace to memorial topriority to preference to envoy toobject to exception to hindrance to


A. Pairoffthesewordswithsuitableprepositions.angry ____________ contrast ____________ tormented ____________description _______ aversion ____________ victory____________agreement ________ object ____________ admiration ____________a chorus __________ hundreds __________ sympathy ____________a bunch __________ resemblance_________ inferiority ____________hindrance ________ appointment _________ service ____________interview ____________ smell ____________ recipe ____________expert ____________ witness ____________ proof ____________competition __________ guarantee ___________ hope____________amazement ___________ behavior ____________ accent____________

Adjective + ofgreedy of afraid of worthy offond of tired of proud ofenvious of scared of suspicious ofweary of sure of rid offull of innocent of negligent ofavoid of terrified of bereft ofdesirous of repentant of oblivious ofcautious of accused of capable ofdeprived of assured of sick ofbeware of ashamed of regardless ofcertain of ignorant of acquitted ofconvicted of aware of irrespective of

Verb + atsnap at knock at rejoice atwave at sneer at peer atpeek at wink at jeer atsmile at laugh at prompt at

Assignment


grab at grasp at yell atbark at throw at guess at work at glance at gape atglare at stream at clutch atshoot at shout at scream atfrown at excel at point atscoff at rush at aim at

B. Use suitable prepositions with these verbs. converse _______________ knock ______________ condemn ___________ gloat __________________ mingle ______________ coincide _____________ flow __________________ glance _______________ compare _____________ reverse _________________ convict ______________ concentrate ___________ quote __________________ abstain _______________ divorce _______________ puzzle _________________ argue ________________ experiment ____________ revolt __________________ accuse _______________ gossip ________________ respond ________________ read _________________ stare _________________ fight ___________________ sue ________________ struggle ______________

On on my right make an attack on the enemy trees on both sides of the roadon my way to college on his arrival on the morning of 10th

on thinking of the idea on foot on horseback on a ship on the 9 o’clock train on fiveon sale on strike on holidayon the run on offer on purposeon a journey a tax on income on crediton good terms interest on the loan

Underunder water under orders under the rulesunder control under the circumstances under the impressionunder the name of under threat under great difficultyunder fifty rupees under repairs under your sweater


C. Use suitable prepositions with these adjectives. ready _____________________ adverse ___________________ closed ____________________ nervous ___________________ attractive __________________ cautious ___________________

present ____________________ afflicted ___________________

junior _____________________ popular ___________________

crazy ______________________ expert ____________________

hopeful ____________________ distracted _________________

absent _____________________ identical __________________

familiar ____________________ busy _____________________

confident __________________ loyal _____________________

interested __________________ delighted __________________

satisfactory _________________ straight ____________________

D. Fillintheblankswithsuitableprepositions.1. The instructor was very specific ________________ the instructions.

2. A boy leaned _______________ the wall and tried to concentrate ________________ the problem.

3. This student is very clever ______________ arithmetic. He has inherited this talent ___________ his father.

4. She is annoyed ___________ me. She says that my failure is a great disappointment __________ her.

5. Sailee was delighted ______________ the present I gave her ___________ birthday last week.

6. Are you guys satisfied ___________ this, or would you like to ask _____________ some more?

7. The misunderstanding ___________ them is getting serious. They are feeling more and more hostile ______________ each other.

8. The convict escaped ______________ prison, but he was captured ______________ the police within a few days.

9. Is she familiar ______________ this type of technology? If she isn’t, we must find something she is more fit.


E. The following passage has not been edited. There is a prepositional error in eachlineagainstwhichablankhasbeengiven.Writetheincorrectwordandthecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainstthecorrectblanknumbersasgivenin the sample. Remember to underline the word to be edited.

Error Correction

A boy was infatuated to a girl. But the girl was ignorant with

the boy. The boy had great affection to her. However, she

didn’t care of it. The boy was really confident with winning

her heart one day. He kept to trying to impress her.

Time went up. He was still fond up her. In other words, he

was obsessed about her. He was crazy with her. But he was

respectful with her. He didn’t use any wrong means. After a

few years, he was ambitious for fame. He went into acting. He

gradually became a public figure. He was endowed by acting

talents. He gave several interviews. One fine evening, in a TV

interview he said that his success was a result to his ego which

he had developed due to a girl’s dislike with him. He wanted to

thank her of her rejection to his love proposal.

to with


F. Find words that are followed by the following prepositions in the word-search grid below and write on the lines provided.

s t i c b m q e o

s e n s i b l e p

a x t e n e i v a

f c l x d z k q r

r e w p e j i v t

a p t e b e n t i

i t u r t y g o a

d c a t e q u a l

v f o n d w i s h

r x x b m j l o p

y u h j k t t y u

1. ____________________ of 2. ____________________ to 3. ____________________ for 4. ____________________ to 5. ____________________ of 6. ____________________ to 7. ____________________ for 8. ____________________ on 9. ____________________ of 10. ___________________ for 11. ___________________ for 12. ___________________ in


Teacher : The weather is fine today, isn’t it? We should go outside the classroom for an activity. Kajal : We are going to revise some lessons today, aren’t we? Prabha : Yes, but if sir wants to take us outside, then why not go? Arman : This idea is not bad. We shall sit a class test next week, shan’t we? Norbu : Now, let’s ask the teacher what his decision is.

In the conversation above, you see shortest questions like ‘isn’t it?’, ‘aren’t we?’, ‘shan’t we?etc. Such questions are called either question tags or tag questions. [Americans prefer the terms ‘Tag Question’.]

Question tags are the shortest questions that are added to the end of a statement or imperatives as a tag in order to draw attention or make confirmation.

Saralacleans her room, doesn’t she? [statement/declaration] [tag]

It has started to rain. Carry an umbrella, will you? [imperative] [tag]

I am a social worker, aren’t I? You won’t play the piano,will you?

(positive statement) (negative question tag) (negative statement) (positive question tag)

If the statement is positive, we have a negative question tag and must be the contracted form.a Falling tone is used when we are already sure of the answer and just want

confirmation. Linguistically, they are not questions:

5 Question TagsLesson


b. Rising tone is used when we don’t know the answer. They are real questions:

c. Question tags are made of an auxiliary + a pronoun

Ritu was a driver, wasn’t she?You don’t have a home, do you?

Arju didn’t scold us very badly, did she?

(auxiliary verb) + (pronoun)

That isn’t my tablet, is sit? Nothing was there, was it?Flour is white, isn’t it?

She hardly attends my lectures, does she?He has no liking for soccer, does he?Negative sentences generally have negative words like ‘not’, ‘never’, ‘no’, ‘none’, ‘hardly’, ‘barely’, ‘scarcely’, ‘seldom,’ ‘often’, etc.

d. The subject of the sentence is changed into a pronoun. In case of the words ‘this’, ‘that’, ‘uncountable nouns’, ‘singular thing’, ‘animal’, ‘something’, ‘anything’, ‘nothing’, etc. the subject of the question tag is ‘it’:

However, in case of the words ‘these’, ‘those’, ‘plural nouns’, ‘someone’, ‘everyone’, ‘nobody’, ‘everyone’, etc, the subject of the question tag is ‘they’:

These shoes are very old, aren’t they?Teenagers love listening to English music, don’t they?Someone stole my gold ring, didn’t they?

e. If there is a compound subject of a verb in a sentence, replace them with ‘a plural pronoun’:

Luis and I are good friends, aren’t we?

f. Sometimes the statements may look positive but are negative in use:


She might write to us, mightn’t she? Rama and Harish ought to help the poor, oughtn’t they?

g. Always use the first auxiliary verb to form tag questions:

h. If there is no auxiliary or modal verb in a sentence, we can use be verbs (is/ am/are/ was/ were), do verbs (do/ did/ does), and have verbs (has/ have/ had) on the basis of the tense the sentence is in.

i. Sometimes an auxiliary verb might be a main verb in the sentence:

Tek enjoys cooking, doesn’t he?Samridhi drank five bottles of coca cola, didn’t she?

j. Although other auxiliary verbs are possible in imperatives, ‘will you?’ is very common:

Hari had two loaves of bread, didn’t he? [main verb]Jyoti had stolen my gold ring, hadn’t she? [auxiliary verb] I have an eraser, don’t I? [main verb]

k. ‘Let’s…’ and ‘let us……’ ‘you’d better……..’ and ‘you’d …….’ are different:

Take a seat, won’t you?Shut the door, would you?Generally ‘will you?’ is preferred.Don’t forget to ring me, will you?Go to the shop, will you?

Let’s have a party tonight in my house, shall we? [a discussion among themselves]Let us go out to play, will you? [asking for permission]You’d better write a song, hadn’t you? [suggestion]You’d rest today, wouldn’t you?

Someone called my name, didn’t they?No one spoke a single word there, did they?Nothing is possible, is it? [non-human]

l. If indefinite pronouns that refer to humans are subjects of a verb in a sentence, such subjects are changed into ‘they’:


m. If there are two clauses in a sentence, a question tags must be formed from the second clause: I think he will join MBBS, won’t he?

n. Some contractions to be kept in mind:will – won’t shall – shan’t ought to – oughtn’t can – can’t may – mayn’t

A. Give tag questions to the following sentences.1. I am quite happy today, ____________________________________________?

2. They should play outdoor games, ___________________________________?

3. Everything is perishable, __________________________________________?

4. Nobody has been that rude to me, ___________________________________?

5. You’d play the piano, ______________________________________________?

6. We shall solve this problem ourselves, _______________________________?

7. He has a big mansion, _____________________________________________?

8. Open your book and read, _________________________________________?

9. They attend to the old, _____________________________________________?

10. We’d better be united, _____________________________________________?

11. Someone is dancing in the hall, _____________________________________?

12. Everything is all right, _____________________________________________?

13. This is the time we reached Pokhara, ________________________________?

14. I believe Rohini ought to be smart, __________________________________?

15. Let’s not tell her today, _____________________________________________?

B. Read the conversation, and add an appropriate question tag on the lines given. Anjana : The weather is perfect today, ______________?

Subina : Yeah, it sure is. I love sunny, warm weather.

Anjana : Me too. We’re planning for a swim this afternoon, _______________?

Subina : Yes, we are. We should reach the pool by 1 pm, ________________?

Assignment


Anjana : We should. And then we’ll swim till 3pm. I’m so excited.

Subina : So am I. Can we swim for two hours? It’ll be too long, ___________?

Anjana : No, it won’t be. When we get tired, we’ll take a rest.

Subina : Okay. No one is allowed there without a swimming costume. You also have already bought a swimming costume, _______________?Anjana : Yes, I have. You also have a swimming costume, ___________?

Now, study these sentences again.Shital stayed here no longer, did she?

A negative statement has a positive tag.It's unbelievable, isn't it?

We use a comma to separate the tag and the statement.My brother has gone out, hasn't he? Atagquestionalwaysstartswithasmallletter.She'll help them, won't she?

We use contracted forms of negative auxiliary verbs in tags.My parents are tired now, aren't they?

We use the auxiliary verb of the statement to form tags.They work hard, don't they?

If there is no auxiliary verb in the sentence, we use 'don't, didn't, doesn't' to form tags.Rupawillleaveafterlunch,won't she?

We use pronouns as the subject of the tag, not nouns

C. Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct question tag from the parenthesis. 1. These kids need some new clothes,……………………..? [do they / does it/

don’t they]

2. You’d better stop now,………………………..? [wouldn’t you / hadn’t you/ had you]

3. There haven’t been any phone calls,……………….? [have there / has there / is it]


4. You’d like to win a fortune on the lottery, ……………..? [hadn’t you / wouldn’t you / would you]

5. The town fell into enemy’s hands, ………………? [did it / didn’t it/ will it]

6. That’s the shop where you used to work, ……….....? [isn’t it / didn’t you / isn’t that]

7. You’ve hardly touched your food, ……………........? [have you / haven’t you / di you]

8. Your failure is most regrettable,………………….? [is it / isn’t it / is that]

9. The weather’s bad,……………………….? [isn’t it / wasn’t it / is it]

10. She went to the library yesterday,………......…? [did she / didn’t she / didn’t they]

11. You couldn’t help me with my homework,…………........? [could you / can’t you / can you]

12. This will work,……………….....…? [won’t this / won’t it / will it]

13. Don’t worry on my behalf,……………...…….? [do you / will you / won’t you]

14. Puskar should read this book,……………….? [should he / shouldn’t he / will he]

15. Anil won’t object to our plan,…………………….? [will he / won’t he / wouldn’t he]

16. This is really boring,………………........? [isn’t this / isn’t it / are they]

17. Mina doesn’t cook very often,…………………..? [does she / doesn’t she / do they]

18. This isn’t as bad as I thought,…………………….? [is it / is this / isn’t it]

D. Complete each sentence with an appropriate question tag:1. Somebody is there,……………......................................................................……?

2. This button is for adjusting the volume,………….........................................…?

3. You won’t forget to check my emails,…............................................…………..?

4. Don’t burst that balloon,……………......................................................………?

5. The buses run very slowly,…………….......................................................……..?

6. The butcher weighed the piece of meat,…….....................................………....?

7. I don’t think anyone will help me,…………………...........................................?


8. My daughter likes chocolate very much,……………....................................…?

9. Tourists often come home late,………………….................................................?

10. I suspect that he is in love,………………….......................................................?

11. She had had her dinner,…………...................................................................…?

12. They should be here soon,……………................................................................?

13. I’m right,……….....…….........................................................................................?

14. She’s a very good student,…………......…...........................................................?

15. I’m not complaining, ............................................................................................?

16. His brother studies very hard,……….......…......................................................?

17. I’m not very late,…………………........................................................................?

18. It hasn’t rained yet,……………............................................................................?

19. Mr Gupta is the richest person in the town,………..........….............................?

20. Don’t stay late night ,……………….................................................................…?


Tim : Mr Gupta is an honest man.Jim : Is Mr Gupta an honest man?Suraj : Mr Gupta is not a dishonest man.Hima : Why is Mr Gupta a dishonest man?Bimala : What an honest man Mr Gupta is!

The sentence is the basic unit of expression in English because a sentence conveys complete sense. The other important units are: the word and the paragraph. The sentence is regarded as the basic unit in the sense that the particular meaning of any word is defined by the sentence in which it occurs. In the same way, the particular significance of any paragraph is determined by the sentences making it up. The effectiveness of a piece of writing can, therefore be, seen in terms of the quality of its sentences.

Sometimes it is possible to express the same idea in different kinds of sentences. To transform means ‘to change’. Transformation of a sentence means changing the sentence from one grammatical form to another without changing its meaning. The following examples show how to transform sentences.

1 Substitution of One Part of Speech for Another

6Transformation of

Sentences

Lesson

2. Modes of Expressing Conditions

I cannot agree to your plan. [verb]I cannot give my agreement to your plan. [noun]The act made the slaves free. [adjective]The act gave freedom to the slaves. [noun]There is a slight difference between those two explanations. [noun]The two explanations slightly differ. [verb]

If you tell me the real thing, you will be excused.Unless you tell the real thing, you will not be excused.Were I a magician, I would earn lots of money. Should he meet me, he would recognize me.In case he meets me, he will recognize me.But for my help, he would not have attained success. [if he had not got my help]


3. Ways of Expressing a Concession or Contrast:

If you tell me the real thing, you will be excused.Unless you tell the real thing, you will not be excused.Were I a magician, I would earn lots of money. Should he meet me, he would recognize me.In case he meets me, he will recognize me.But for my help, he would not have attained success. [if he had not got my help]

Wealthy as they are, they are miser.He is smart although he is poor.Surendra is his best friend, nevertheless, he does not lend him money.However hard he may try, he will not win the match.Admitting that she is physically challenged, she is happy with her life.Not with standing that they are promoted every year, they are discontented.

A. Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenaftereach.Donotchangethemeaning.Youhavetomakesentencestosaythesamethinginadifferentway.Onehasbeendoneforyou.1. It was not my intention to hurt you. __________________________________________________ intentionally. I didn’t hurt you intentionally. 2. One more try, and you will be perfect. If you ____________________________________________________________3. He is unhappy notwithstanding that he is better privileged than other

colleagues. Although _________________________________________________________4. The new rules made the people happy. ____________________________________________________ to the people.

Assignment


1. Declarative sentences make statement or assertion. It is also called an assertive sentence:Empty vessels make much noise. Ramesh doesn’t show off despite being wealthy.

Assertivesentencescanbeoftwotypes:affirmative(positive)andnegative:You look exhausted. [affirmative]You don’t look fresh. [negative]You forgot to bring the book. [affirmative]You didn’t remember to bring the book. [negative]

2. Interrogative sentences ask a question:What is yourpassion?

Interrogative sentences can be of two types: Wh-questions and Yes/no questions:When is your birthday?Is your birthday on 19th October?

5. My thought is that they are sincere. I _________________________________________________________________6. The news is incredible. The news cannot ___________________________________________________7. My landlord is very kind to villagers. My landlord treats _________________________________________________8. Supposing you are done with class work, you can go home. In case ___________________________________________________________9. He was successful in bagging two trophies. He succeeded _____________________________________________________

There are four types of sentences.

Types of Sentences

ImperativeInterrogativeAssertive Exclamatory


3. Imperative sentences express a command, order, request, advice, threat, permission, etc.

Sit down quietly. [command] You should sit down quietly. [advice]4. Exclamatory sentences express a strong feeling: Ouch! You stepped on my toe. How sweltering it is outside!

Type Starting Ending ExampleAssertive noun/pronoun… full stop(.) She sings a song. She does not sing a song.Interrogative WH/auxiliary… question mark(?) Does she sing a song? Imperative verb/don't/let… full stop(.) Sing a song. Let her sing a song.Optative/ May… exclamation mark(!) May you be a singer!Exclamatory What/How/ What a heart-warming song! Interjections Wow! It sounds good.

B. Write the types of following sentences.a. Did he leave school at 4 p.m.? ______________________________b. Do accept my apologies. _______________________________c. May you have a good job! _____________________________ d. We study in the same grade. ______________________________e. How old is your sister? ______________________________f. Bolt the door. ______________________________g. Bring me a glass of yoghurt. ______________________________h. May you go to hell! ___________________________i. Wow! It’s really marvelous. ______________________________j. How cunning she is! ______________________________k. What a nice dress it is! ______________________________l. Please give me your pencil. _____________________________ m. Bravo! You topped the exam. ______________________________n. May God help us! ______________________________o. Hurray! We reached the finals. _____________________________p. Call the police immediately. ______________________________


q. Kamlesh drives his car so fast. ______________________________r. What a shame! _____________________________s. What is his nickname? ______________________________t. Is tomorrow a holiday? ______________________________u. You should help the needy. _______________________________

C. Rearrangethewordsoneachlinetosothattheymakecompletesense.Eachsentence begins with the highlighted word[s] on each line.

1. national paper put an in the classifieds advertisement in the A businessperson. ………………………………………………………………………………………2. inserted again another He in the classifieds advertisement.

…………………………………………………………………………………………3. next day he The a hundred job applications from received.

…………………………………………………………………………………………4. mainly It was from holders bachelor’s degree.

…………………………………………………………………………………………5. only 10 shortlisted candidates He out a hundred of.

…………………………………………………………………………………………6. started a process selection He along with experts some.

…………………………………………………………………………………………7. he At selected no he one last.

…………………………………………………………………………………………

Interchange/Transformation of Sentences

1.Changingaffirmativesentencesintonegativesentencesusingantonyms:

Only a President can give such orders.

No one but a President can give such orders. [negative]

My aunt was doubtful whether it was going to rain.

My aunt was not certain whether it was going to rain. [negative]

All accepted to take bribe.

No one refused to take bribe. [negative]


Othergeneralrulestomakenegativesentences:

Sentences with auxiliary verbs

• Add 'not' after the auxiliary verb to make negative.

They are tired. They are not tired.

He will write a letter. He will not write a letter.

She has gone out. She has not gone out.

• Keep the auxiliary verb before the subject to make interrogative.

They are tired. Are they tired?

He will write a letter. Will he write a letter?

She has gone out. Has she gone out?

Sentences without auxiliary verbs

• Add 'do not/did not/does not' after the subject to make negative

He runs fast. He does not run fast.

He ran fast. He didn't run fast.

They run fast. They do not run fast.

• Place 'Do/Did/Does' before the subject to make interrogative.

He runs fast. Does he run fast?

He ran fast. Did he run fast?

They run fast. Do they run fast?

Some words change while transforming sentences.Some- any There are some computer games. There aren't any computer games.

Already- yet He has already found the answer. He hasn't found the answer yet.

Too- either He likes apples, too. He does not like apples, either.

And so- and neither She wrote a letter and so did her brother. She didn't write a letter and neither did her brother.


Several- any He has written several books. He has not written any books.

A lot of- much/many She bought a lot of books. She didn't buy many books.

Always- never They always come here.Either…or- neither.. nor Either Mina or Tina will sing a song. Neither Mina or Tina will sing a song.

Some (beginning)- no Somebody wrote it. Nobody wrote it. Some payments were made last year. No payments were made last year.

2.Weusuallyadd‘don’ttoimperativestomakenegative:

Paint the room. [imperative]

Don’t paint the room. [negative]

Let them paint the room. [imperative]

Don’t let them paint the room/Let them not paint the room. [negative]

3. Changing assertive sentences into interrogative sentences

We cannot succeed in life without luck. [assertive]

Can’t we succeed in life with luck? [interrogative]

She is wise to agree with her seniors. [assertive]

Is she not wise to agree with her seniors? [interrogative]

None believe in his gossips. [assertive]

Who believes in his gossips? [interrogative]


4. Changing sentences containing the adverb ‘too’:

The papayas are too green to be ripe.

The papayas are so green that they cannot be ripe.

My new friend speaks too softly to be heard.

My new friend speaks so softly that he cannot be heard.

5. Changing assertive sentences into exclamatory sentences:

The landscape is very breathtaking. [assertive]

How breathtaking the landscape is! [exclamatory]

It was a horrible scene. [assertive]

What a horrible scene it was! [exclamatory]

We wish that we were together again. [assertive]

That we were together again! [exclamatory]

I really wish that spring were long-lasting. [assertive]

O that spring were long-lasting! [exclamatory]

6. Degree of comparison:

Rajesh Hamal is taller than Saroj Khanal. [comparative]

Saroj Khanal is not as tall as Rajesh Hamal. [positive]

America is the richest country in the world. [superlative]

America is richer than any other country. [comparative]

No other country is as rich as America. [positive]

Alexander was one of the most powerful men. [superlative]

Alexander was more powerful than any other men. [comparative]

Very few men were as powerful as Alexander. [positive]


A.Rewritethefollowingsentencesaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenaftereachwithout changing their meaning.

1. It always pours when it rains.It never rains __________________________________________________________

2. We will never see them again.___________________________________________________________ them again?

3. Her beauty is beyond praise.____________________________________________________________ be praised.

4. No other game is as popular as soccer in Nepal. _____________________________ most popular _____________________________

5. They are too rude to talk to.They are so rude _______________________________________________________

6. It is a horrible night._______________________________________________________ a horrible night!

7. I wish I had the wings to fly over the world. ______________________________________ the wings to fly over the world.

8. The brave alone deserve honour.None _________________________________________________________________

9. As soon as he saw a tiger cub, he left picnic spot.No sooner ____________________________________________________________

10. Only a prince can marry the princess.No one _______________________________________________________________

B. Change the following sentences into negative sentences changing the entire meaning.

1. Kiran has saved many goals.

2. Bharat Khawas has a golden boot.

3. My father has already bought me a pair of sunglasses.

4. I wrote an e-mail and so did my wife.

5. All of them are busy with their home assignments.

Assignment


6. We usually go to supermarket for shopping.

7. Some of us are not submissive.

8. Take off your shoes right away.

9. Let us go on a picnic to Godawari next week.

C. Change the following sentences as indicated in the parenthesis.

1. Does the Internet affect children’s studies? [affirmative sentences]

2. He never reads English magazines. [affirmative]

3. You had a nightmare last night. [Yes/no question]

4. Don’t put any milk in my coffee. [affirmative]

5. Let me sing a song. [general negative]

6. Either Binod or Shyam comes here tonight. [general negative]

7. Write your name in upper case. [Wh-question]

8. She is an arrogant girl. [exclamatory]

9. They are very selfish. [exclamatory]

10. They write books every year. [Yes/no question]

11. Arjun practices Maths a lot to score good marks in the exam. [imperative]

12. Kopila does exercises regularly to keep fit. [imperative]

AGREEING AND DISAGREEING

So

It is used to agree with an affirmative sentence. so + auxiliary + subject

Sarita likes pizza. So do I. So does he.

So do they. So does Riya.

Prem is happy. So am I. So is he.

So is she. So are they.

They have bought a cap. So have I. So has he.

So has she. So have they.

He can swim so can I? So can he.

So can they. So can Anu.


Neither

It is used to agree with a negative sentence. neither+auxiliary+subject

They don't like noodles. Neither do I. Neither does he.

Neither do they. Neither does Riya.

She is not happy. Neither am I. Neither is he.

Neither is she. Neither are they.

They have not bought a cap. Neither have I. Neither has he.

Neither has she. Neither have they.

He cannot swim Neither can I. Neither can he.

Neither can they. Neither can Anu

D.FillintheblankswithcorrectSo/Neither+auxiliaryverbs.

1. Her uncle likes to walk around in bare feet. …….........mine.

2. Angela can play table tennis. ………........................Sudha.

3. Balika has tidied her bedroom. …….......................….Neha.

4. I don’t like loud music. …........................…...........my friend.

5. Anita and Sohan are good student. ………...................Niraj.

6. They should obey the instructions. ..... ……….................we.

7. I will be at the party. .... ……....................................….Hem.

8. Mr. Jha is very cleaver. ... …....................…........his children.

9. You don’t like noodles. ............….........................…..Jeevan.

10. Tea keeps you awake. ......………...............................coffee.

11. Anup isn’t coming to the park. .......... ……..............his wife.


Sentences can be Simple, Compound and Complex

A Simple Sentence has one (or a compound) subject and one (or a compound) verb construction.

Jitu and Bikash win the match.

(subject) (predicate)

Mani and his team work and earn a lot of money.

(compound subject) (compound verb)

A Compound Sentence consists of two or more than two Principal/Main/Independent Clauses. A clause that can stand on its own is called a principal or independent clause.

Children threw stones at me, but it missed me.

clause 1 clause 2

These two clauses do not depend on each other and are joined by the conjunction ‘but’.

Conjunctions are joining words which join words, phrases or clauses.

A Complex Sentence is comprised of one Principal/Main/Independent Clause and at least one Subordinate/Dependent Clauses. Dependent clauses cannot stand alone independently.

Kabita went to Upper Chitwan because she was on holiday.

clause 1 clause 2

Clause 1 is a main (independent) clause, but clause 2 is entirely dependent on the first clause for its existence. If we write only clause 2, it doesn’t make sense. See:

becauseshe was on holiday.

Dependent clauses begin with a conjunction like if, because, when, since, though, unless, while, in case, after, as soon as, so that, etc. Principal clauses are joined by: but, and, so, for, or, nor, etc.

Study the following examples:

Conversion of Simple Sentences into Complex Sentences:

I was delighted to hear of your promotion. [simple]

I was delighted to hear that you had been promoted. [complex]

Ram didn’t go to school because of illness. [simple]

Ram didn’t go to school because he was ill. [complex]


Despite being poor, she sent her children to a private school. [simple]

She was poor, but she sent her children to a private school. [compound]

In the event of his being late, he will be punished. [simple]

He must not be late, or he will be punished. [compound]

Conversion of Simple Sentences into Compound Sentences:

He sensed some danger and he ran away. [compound]

When he sensed some danger, he ran away. [complex]

Help others or you will not be happy in life. [compound]

Unless you help others, you will not be happy in life. [complex]

Conversion of Compound Sentences into Complex Sentences:

Interchange of Principal/Main Clause and Subordinate Clause:

The fort was not surrendered until they were defeated.

They were defeated before the fort was surrendered.

Simriya is not such a gentle lady as she was known to be.

Simriya was known to be a gentler lady than she is.

Unless you return my money, I will drag you to the court.

Return my money so that you will not be dragged to the court.

Each of the sentences above has two clauses: main/principal and subordinate: The subordinate clauses begin with a subordinate conjunction like until, before, because, if, unless, etc. Subordinate clauses are meaningless in the absence of a principal clause.


A. In each of the following items, sentence A is complete but sentence B is incomplete.CompletesentenceBeachtime,makingitassimilarinmeaningaspossibletosentenceA.MakeBonesentence,nevertwo.NochangesofanykindmaybemadetotheprintedpartsoftheBsentences.Thereisoneexamplefor you.

A. Ankit was carrying a big sack.

B. The sack __________________________________________________________ was big.

The sack Ankit was carrying was big.

1. A. Sarita must apologize to me or she will be punished.

B. Sarita must apologize so that __________________________________________

2. A. Despite thorough revision Pramila failed the exam.

B. She worked hard ____________________________________________________

3. A. My trousers were not returned until it had been washed.

B. _______________________________________________ before it was returned.

4. A. This news is too good to be true.

B. This news _____________________________________________ cannot be true.

5. A. Prime Minister was opposed by all the ministers, still he didn’t change his decision.

B. In spite of ___________________________________________________________

6. A. In addition to passing SEE with flying colours, he won the first prize.

B. He not only _________________________________________________________

7. A. When Yogya had finished his project, he went out to play football.

B. Having ______________________________________________ to play football.

8. A. Subodh wished to become a renowned businessperson; therefore he worked very hard.

B. Subodh worked very hard so that ______________________________________

Assignment


B. Convert the following simple sentences into compound ones.

1. It being misty, the flight was delayed.

2. Regardless of being very experienced, she failed as a teacher.

3. You have to apologize to avoid compensation.

4. Being a man of practical wisdom, the king attained success.

5. But for your help, I would not have achieved my goal.

6. In spite of being ill, she is going to school.

7. Apart from being a father, he is a leader.

8. The sun having risen, we resumed our journey.

9. On reaching London, I phoned my relatives.

10. Having been informed, I applied for the job.

C. Convert the following complex sentences into simple ones.

1. Can you please explain to me why I have been accused of this murder?

2. I am absolutely delighted to hear that you have been selected for this contest.

3. The lecturer, who was very experienced, highlighted some contemporary issues.

4. Although she is not very talented, she wins each contest.

5. When I heard that, I was badly shocked.

6. I shall open an old age home if I make a great deal of money.

7. I want to buy this iPhone whatever side effect it has.

8. A moment that is lost is lost forever.

9. Don’t do whatever your friends induce you to do.

10. Although she is smart, she has not won any rewards.


A: WHEN I WAS A CHILD, I WOULD GO TO A NEARBY RIVER AND SWIM WITHOUT ANY SWIMMING COSTUMES. IF I FAILED A TEST, MY PARENTS, ESPECIALLY MUM, WOULD BEAT ME WITH A BROOMSTICK. SHE WAS A STRICT WOMAN. YET, SHE WOULD LOVE ME MORE THAN MY DAD WOULD DO.

B: NOW, I AM A RESPONSIBLE YOUNG MAN. I GO TO A SCHOOL TO TEACH ENGLISH. I PLAN WEEKLY LESSONS. TO EXECUTE LESSON PLANS, I COLLECT TEACHING MATERIALS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES. WHEN I AM FREE, I WRITE SOME ARTICLES FOR ENGLISH NEWSPAPERS. I AM PASSIONATE ABOUT WRITING.

C: I THINK ABOUT MY LIFE AFTER SOME TWENTY YEARS. I WILL GROW OLD AND LOSE ALL ENTHUSIASM. MY STUDENTS WILL NOT SHOW ANY INTEREST IN ME. MY EMPLOYERS WILL FIND A YOUNG SUBSTITUTE FOR ME. MY CHILDREN WILL TREAT ME AS A BURDEN IN THE FAMILY. I WILL REGRET THE LOSS OF MY YOUTHFULNESS.

Tenses are a set of changing forms of a verb that express distinctions of time. There are three types of sentences: Present Tense, Past Tense and Future Tense. Each tense has four forms.

SN TENSE StructuresPRESENT TENSE

1 Simple Present Sub +v1 or v5+ obj/phrase2 Present Continuous Sub +is/am/are+ ving+ obj/phrase3 Present Perfect Subj +has/have + v3 + obj/phrase4 Present Perfect Continuous Sub +has/have been + ving+obj /phrase

7 TensesLesson


PAST TENSE5 Simple Past Sub + v2 + obj/phrase6 Past Continuous Sub +was/were + ving+ obj/phrase7 Past Perfect Sub + had + v3 + obj/phrase8 Past Perfect Continuous Sub + had been + ving+ obj/phrase

FUTUFRE TENSE9 Simple Future Sub + will/shall + v1phrase10 Future Continuous Sub + will/shall be + ving+ obj/phrase11 Future Perfect Sub +will/shall have + v3 + obj/phrase12 Future Perfect Continuous Sub +will/shall have + been + ving+ obj/phrase

The Present Tense has four forms:

1. Simple Present Tense is used to indicate

a. facts and general truths

Ice melts if we heat it.

Hardworking people succeed in life.

The earth revolves round the sun.

b. repeated actions, customs and habits

He goes to the park every Saturday.

Nepalese people greet guests.

I go to bed at 9 pm.

c. abilities/skills

Bimala speaks French fluently.

d. the future

If he studies regularly, he will do good. [may happen in the future]

When it rains, we shall play indoor games. [it is not raining]

e. profession and schedule

Mr Chapagain is a doctor. He treats patients.

SEE commences in Chaitra.


f. permanent situation

We repair mobiles here.

g. likes and dislikes

I like skating.

I dislike dancing.

h. newspaper headlines

Argentina qualifies for the World Cup 2018.

2. Present Continuous

Present Continuous cannot be used in place of above mentioned situations of Simple Present. Present Continuous is used to indicate:

a. what is happening now/at the moment/at the time of speaking

We are watching a cricket match now.

We are celebrating Dipa’s birthday.

b. temporary arrangement

We are offering 15 % discount on the occasion of New Year.

We are practising for upcoming inter-school futsal tournament.

c. future arrangements

The Kafles are going abroad tonight.

When are you moving to a new apartment?

d. long-term changes

The price of land is rising.

More parents are sending their children to Europe for higher studies.

e. repeated happening or coincidence to show dissatisfaction

She is always watching TV. [complaint]

You are always nagging. [complaint]

Note that adverbs of time such as still, at present, at the moment, now, today, this week, tomorrow, next week, look, currently, listen, see, etc. are used with the present continuous tense.


NOTES

There is no case in which the Present Simple is almost interchangeable with the Present Continuous for an event which has been definitely planned for the future.

He goes to Chitwan next week. [scheduled]

He is going to Chitwan next week. [possibility]

She joins school in 2019. [confirmed]

She is joining school in 2019. [intention]

A. Re-write the following with the appropriate forms of the verbs. Use either the simple present or the present continuous tense.

1. Sara is an outstanding student. She (speak) French fluently. She (do) one course in French these days.

2. Menukawas hospitalized a week ago. She (say) that she (feel) better now.3. Robin (buy) some new pictures of footballers. He (collect) such photos, as it

is his hobby. 4. Hari (be) very busy. He (prepare) for the upcoming exam.5. Look! An celebrity (come) this way. Let’s wait. 6. Anil Singh (be) a famous singer. She (sing) pop songs.7. Two friends talk about a new book.

A: How (find) the book I gave you the day before yesterday to read?B: I (enjoy) it. I (read) chapter 4 at the moment.

8. A mother phones and asks her daughter who is leaving for her office:A : Have you locked the main door properly?

B : I just (put on a dress)9. A father does not see his daughter at the dining table and asks his wife:

A : Where is Anisha?B : She still (read) in her room.

10. Trees (grow) more quickly in summer.

Assignment


B. Change the verbs in the parenthesis into the simple present or present continuous.

1. Don’t forget to take your umbrella. It ___________________________ now. [rain]

2. I hate living in Cherrapunjee because it ____________________ a lot there. [rain]

3. I _________ to office every day. [go]

4. Ishan ________________ out of the window constantly. Can’t you see him from here? [look]

5. Listen! Someone ____________________ the maadal. [play]

6. Can you please call me a little later? We __________________ lunch now. [have]

7. I can’t accompany you to the airport. I _____________ for someone. [wait]

8. Are you not serious about your exam? You ________________________ [always watch] TV.

9. Every Saturday MrShahi __________________ his grandparents. [visit]

C. Write at least a couple of paragraphs one each of the following topics using differenttenses.

1. The Sun

2. My School

3. My Best Friend

3. Present Perfect Tense is used to indicate:

a. thatsomethinghashappenedatanindefinitetime

He has been suspended from school.

b. that it began in the past and has continued up to the present or just stopped.

I have lived in Birgunjfor 4 years. [I still live there]

I know a lot about Siliguri. I have lived there for 7 years. [I don’t live there now.]

c. that it has just happened

My friend has just left for her school.


d. thattheactionhappenedatanindefinitetimebutitseffectisstillrealized

These players are exhausted because they have played hockey.

I have painted my house. My clothes are coloured.

e. that we have experienced something

I have travelled by plane. I have been to Pokhara.

f. ‘Ever’and‘never’emphasizesthewholeperiodoftimeuptothepresent.

Have you ever been to Manakamana Temple?

I have never seen anaconda.

‘Has’ and ‘have’ link past and present, often with ‘since’ and ‘for’. ‘Since’ marks starting point; ‘for’ marks a period of time: I have played football since childhood. I have stayed in the US for two years.

There are certain adverbs associated with the Present Perfect. We use words like lately, recently, just, already, yet, so far, to date, etc. to show a connection between the past and the present.

We have not finished our project yet. [yet – negative]

We have been to the White House lately.

4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense, like the Present Perfect, indicates a past event closely connected with the present. It is distinguished from the Present Perfect in that it is used in three specific ways:a. To indicate an activity or state, which started in the past and has gone on

until the present or has stopped it lately.Only in real life situations we know whether the activity has stopped or is still going on:

Wehavebeencuttinggrassforthreehours. Bidurhas been cleaning the house since morning. b. To emphasise that a past activity or state (connected with the present but now

ended) has been continuous or repeated: Theyhavebeenplayingalltheafternoon. I have been taking medicine since last Friday. c. To indicate that a past activity connected with the present, but now ended,

has important result which is now being experienced: We have been driving along muddy roads, and now the car is dirty. She has been studying all night and has fallen asleep in the class.


We usually ask questions with ‘How long………………?’ in the present perfect continuous about an activity in progress.

How long have you been reading this novel?

How long has she been living alone in the apartment?

We may use a since clause to indicate when the activity or situation began

A. Change the words in parenthesis into either the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Continuous.

1. We (be) _____________________ students in this school for the last five years.

2. My sister recently (enter) ________________________________ the university.

3. Vikram (fast) __________________________________________ since sunrise.

4. He (not travel) __________________________________ Denmark since 1990.

5. We (do) _____________________ a pronunciation drill for the last few hours.

6. Our Prime Minister just (announce) ______________________ the good news.

7. He already (lodge) _______________________________________ a complaint.

8. The Professor (talk) __________________ for two hours and soon he will stop.

9. Now that I (finish) _____reading ‘Flowing like the River’, I shall read ‘Oliver Twist’.

10. Have you ever (sing) ______________________ on the stage?

B. Write at least a couple of questions you will ask people in the followingsituations.

Someone has got pain all over his clothes.

Have you been painting a house?

Have you been playing Holi?

1. Someone’s eyes are swollen.

2. Someone’s lying beside the road.

Assignment


3. Someone’s got dust all over his clothes.

4. Someone’s breathless.

5. Someone’s yelling from a river.

6. Someone lying beneath a car.

C. Write at least a couple of questions with ‘How long…………….?’ That you wish toasktoeachofthesepersonalities.

1. Principal 2. Class Teacher 3.Ronaldo 4. Messi

D.Takeacarefullookatthefollowingsituationsandaddasentencetosaywhathas actually happened.

This house looks like a haunted house.

Noonehasbeentothishousesincetheownerleftit.

1. This house looks new now.

2. The T-shirt Rameshwor is wearing looks a bit tight.

3. He looks tired.

4. My backpack feels quite heavy.

5. The swimming pool is dirty.

6. My wallet looks empty.

7. This coffee tastes bland.

8. There are only ten players on the pitch.

E. Decidewhichanswer[A,BorC]bestfitseachgap.Thereisanexampleatthebeginning [0].

We [0] ______________ movies in which the set is crowded with hundreds of people, but [1] ______________ who these people are and how they got eh parts? In fact, many hopeful Hollywood actors [2] ______________ to make a living from working as ‘extras’ while they wait for their movie careers to take off.

Eleanor Walton is just one example. She [3] _____________________ and working in Hollywood for a year, but so far she [4] _______________________ to get any major speaking roles. She [5] _______________ with an agent, and for the last couple of weeks she [6] ____________________ as an extra in a new film due to be released later in the year. Her agent [7] ____________________ to try and her more work.


0. A. have all been B. am seeing C. will see

1. A. wonders B. have ever wondered C. is wondering

2. A. been able B. are able C. are abling

3. A. has been living B. has lived C. is living

4. A. is not managed B. does not manage C. has not managed

5. A. has recently registered B. is recently registered C. is recently registering

6. A. appears B. is appearing C. has appeared

7. A. has promised B. is promising C. promises

The Past Tense has four forms.

1. Simple Past is used to indicate:

a. definitetimeisintended

I withdrew Rs 50,000 from my bank account three days ago.

b. repeated or habitual action

She always read English novels.

They went to temple every Saturday.

c. duration of any completed action

Our friends lived in Chitwan for five years and moved to Pokhara.

d. a series of completed actions in the past

I wrote a letter, put it into the envelope, stamped it and dropped it into the letter box.

e. effectofoneactiononanother

When he heard an eerie sound outside the room, he jumped out of his bed.

2. Past Continuous Tense is used to indicate:

a. interruption of an action in progress

She knocked at the door when I was making bed.

We often use the simple past tense with ‘yesterday’, ‘last week’, ‘last year’, ‘two days ago’, ‘an hour ago’, ‘n 2010’, ‘in January’, ‘in 21st century’, etc.


b. that two actions were taking place at the same time

Mohita was doing the dishes while Priyanka was doing her homework.

Teachers were checking the exercise books while students were fighting in class.

c. that an activity was continuous over a certain period of time

They were working hard last week.

The watchman was crying all night.

d. disapproval using the adverb ‘always’

They were always asking for favours.

He was always borrowing money from me.

e. continuous activity at a particular time in the past

We were jogging in the park this time yesterday.

A. Change the words in the parenthesis into either the Simple Past or the Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

1. He (buy) __________________ a newspaper when I (see) _____________ him.

2. When he first (meet) _____________ him, he (work) ____________ as a waiter.

3. While he (dig) _______________ in the garden, he (find) _________ a skeleton.

4. She (live) ____________ with her relatives when the civil war (break out)______

5. My mum (cook) _________________ meal for our guests all the afternoon.

6. What (do) _________________ you do at ten o’clock yesterday morning?

7. The security guard (sleep) __________ when I (pass) _________ by your house.

8. The police (come) ________________ to launch a raid on my house.

B. Complete each sentence with the correct forms of the verbs in the parenthesis. Use the past simple or past continuous, whichever is appropriate.

1. We (be) in the jungle when it began to rain.

2. When they (arrive) I was having tea.

3. The burglar broke into the house when the guard (not look).

4. While I was (run) in the street, the police called me.

Assignment


5. They arrested him while he (try) to rob the bank.

6. Amrit called me when I (cross) the road.

7. They were playing while I (write) a story in my study room.

8. The driver (drive) at 110 km/hr when the accident (take place).

9. My wife (attend) a meeting while I (see) the doctor.

C. Complete the following sentences using the pairs of verbs given. Use the past simple in one space and the past continuous in the other.

study/befriend turn/steal turn/pickpocket lose/fight visit/take find/search sleep/knock

1. A pickpocket ___________ his pocket as he __________ behind in the market.

2. We ______________ each other when we _____________________ at university.

3. A stray dog __________ a piece of meat when the butcher ________ in the other direction.

4. A Nepali solder _______ in Afghanistan when he ______ his life in an ambush.

5. We _____________ many photos when we ___________________ Pokhara.

6. When I ______________ at the door, the owner was _____________ in her sitting room.

7. When the police ___________ her hand bag, they _______________ a revolver.

D. Formagroupwithfivemembersandsitinacircle.Takeoutapieceofpaperand write the following sentence. I had a strange experience yesterday. Then write two or three additional sentences, and pass your paper to the person sittingnexttoyouleft,whowillcontinuewiththestory.Continuetopassthepaper until everyone in the group has had a chance to write part of the story.

3. The Past Perfect Tense is best described as the ‘before’ tense. When we have to show that an event happened before another event in the past, we use the Past Perfect. Like the Past Continuous,thistenseisusedmorefrequentlybymanystudents.Itisnotoftenthatwewish to convey the idea of one event happening before another, and for this reason we do not use this tense frequently. Sometimes, it is clear that one event occurred before the other without using the Past Perfect.

Study the following sentences:

Answer sheets had already been distributed when we reached the exam centre.


In the sentence above, the Past Perfect is essential to make it clear that the order of the events was:

a. Answer sheets were already distributed.

b. We reached the centre.

We use the past perfect to talk about the completion of an activity or its effects at a past time:

They had killed a tiger. (Effect = We found a dead tiger.)

The past perfect is used with a point of time in the past to show that the event occurred before that point:

In 2017 Christian Ronaldo had been crowned FIFA Ballon d’Or Award 5 times.

By 7 pm he had finished editing the entire newspaper.

We may use a time expression such as after, as soon as, before, after, by the time, when, etc. to show that one event happened before or after another. The event that happened first usually takes the past perfect:

After the plane taken off, we returned home from the airport.

By the time I reached his home, he had already taken his last breath.

4. The Past Perfect Continuous Tense is comparatively the least important tense. It is used when we wish to indicate that an event happened before another event in the past and that theeventwascontinuous(orwasstillcontinuingatacertainpointinthepast).

We had been composing music for an hour when our music teacher arrived.

My Chetri had been working for 5 years when I joined that company.

Mr Dhimal had been working for 4 hours at 9 am yesterday.

NOTES

If we emphasize on how long something went on up to a particular time in the past, we use the past perfect continuous, but if the emphasis is on how many times, we use the past perfect tense.

I had been winning the awards for three years.

I had travelled to Europe four times before going to America.

a. When I got home, gas had been leaking. (It was no longer leaking, but the room was filled with gas and the cylinder was empty)

b. When I got home, gas was leaking. (It was still leaking when I reached there.)


A. ChangethewordsinbracketsintoeitherthePastPerfector thePastPerfectContinuous Tense.

1. Bipin (forgot) ______________________ my name, so I reminded him.

2. After he (finish) __________________ his studies he (live) _____________ in Russia for two years.

3. The artist (finish) ______________ the painting at exactly three o’clock.

4. The fire already (destroy) ______________ much of the building when the firemen (arrive) ____________.

5. She (study) ____________ Nepali for two years when she (go) ________ to Paris.

6. He (take) ___________ two degrees when he (be) ___________ in the UK.

7. She (qualify) ______________ as a nurse and then (get) _______________ married.

8. She (cook) _______________ the meal for over an hour when we (arrive) _________ at the house.

B. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the firstsentence, using the word given and no more than four other words. Do not change the word given.

1. I met Peter ten weeks ago. [known]

I have known Peter for ten weeks.

2. I haven’t seen a film since December. [last]

I ____________________ in December.

3. It has been months since I have read a good novel. [time]

The last __________________________ a good novel.

4. We bought a DVD player when Nicholas got his new job. [until]

We didn’t ____________________________ Nicholas got his new job.

5. This is the first time I have been to the cinema on my own. [never]

I ______________________________ the cinema on my own before.

Assignment


6. I’ve worn my hair like this for as long as I can remember. [started]

I can’t remember _____________________________ wearing any hair like this.

C. Complete these sentences using one of the following. Use the past perfect continuous using negative verbs wherever required.

play there steal car pay bills stay friends

shoplift there pay bills play in mud study physics

1. They had cut off their cable line as they _______________________________.

2. I found my bedroom in a mess. The children______________________________.

3. At last she got a room of her own. She __________________________________

4. The police said he ______________________, but he denied it.

5. The Principal called Sushila to her office because she ____________________.

6. Sarala __________________________ in that college for 4 years in 2009.

7. Two thieves were beaten in public, as they _____________________________ .

8. Arjun’s clothes were dirty because he _________________________________ .

D. Completethestorybyputtingtheverbsinparenthesisintothecorrectformsthe past tense.

I [1] _________________ along the beach talking to my friend when suddenly I [2] ________________ a man in the water who [3] ___________________ frantically. I[4] ______________but [5] _________________ straight into the water to try and save him. Earlier that summer I [6] ____________ a special course to learn how to rescue people and I [7] ______________ keen on using my new skills.

I [8] ______________________ as fast as I could to where I [9] __________________ the man waving but when I [10] _______________ there, he had disappeared completely.

1. A. was walking B. walked C. had walked

2. A. saw B. had seen C. was seeing

3. A. was waving B. had waved C. waved

4. A. hadn’t hesitated B. didn’t hesitate C. wasn’t hesitating

5. A. ran B. had run C. was running

6. A. had done B. was doing C. did


7. A. was B. had been C. was being

8. A. swam B. had swum C. was swimming

9. A. was seeing B. saw C. had seen

10. A. was getting B. got C. had got

The Future Tense has four forms.

1. The Simple Future Tense is used to indicate:

a. time, probability, intention, act of will, determination and promise

I shall go to my grandparents. [future time/intention]

I will go to my grandparents. [determination]

Don’t worry I will return your money. [promise]

b. theideaofintentionorcertaintyinthenearfutureby:goingto+Infinitive

She is going to move to new a house next month.

We are going to have a party at Indreni Banquet.

c. future idea by such words: are to, intending, want, promise, etc.

She intends to buy a shop.

We promise to save money.

Do you want to rent an apartment?

He is to act upon his parents’ instructions.

d. quick decisions at the time of speaking

I think I will buy you a bicycle.

I believe you will not bunk classes.

e. actions which cannot be controlled

The train will leave in 20 minutes.

f. offersandagreement

Shall I bring you coffee?

I shall surely go to market and buy some fruits.

2. The Future Continuous Tense is used to indicate

a. an activity or a state which begins before and continues after a point of future time


She will by flying to Singapore at 7 pm tomorrow.

Here, the Simple Future is not suitable because the flight will obviously last longer than an instant; it will begin before and continue even after 6 pm.

b. an activity or state will be going on over a period of future time

My little brother will be doing her homework tomorrow morning.

My cousin will be doing his bachelor’s degree at a university next year.

c. an event has been definitely planned for the future

They will be joining Tribhuvan University in September this year.

d. polite interrogation about people’s plans

When will you be paying the loan?

It is possible to use ‘shall’ with the first person pronouns ‘I’ and ‘we’. However, ‘will’ is common and preferred in modern English.

A. Completethefollowingsentences,using‘goingto+Infinitivewherepossibleand ‘will’ or ‘shall’ in other cases.

1. They ________________________________________________ (read) a book this evening.

2. The moon ___________________________ (appear) at half past six tomorrow evening.

3. It is cloudy and I am sure it ____________________________ (rain).

4. I __________________________ (stay) in the town for a month.

5. The President ____________________________ (deliver) a speech tonight.

6. The bus _______________________ (arrive) in fifteen minutes.

7. Tomorrow ____________________ (be) the last day of my job.

8. A housemaid of mine _____________________ (water) the flowers tomorrow.

9. Rohini ________________ (clean) her room this evening.

10. She _____________ (help) us if we ask her more politely.

Assignment


B. Fillintheblankswith‘will/shall’orthe‘goingto+infinitive’form.

1. The child is getting out of control day by day. The Principal ____________ write to his family.

2. When the civil war starts, the prices of daily consumed commodities ___________ soar.

3. My health condition is worsening. I ___________________ consult my doctor this evening.

4. The shops ___________________ be closed on Saturdays.

5. If you eat fruits without washing them, you _________________ fall ill.

6. In few months’ time, life in Kathmandu ___________________________ very difficult.

7. That boat is full of water. It ____________________________ sink.

8. Look! That player has been committing fouls in the pitch. The referee ________________ send him off.

C. Match the following situations with appropriate predictions.

A B

John has just stormed out of his room some bandits are going to rob it. carrying a loaded revolver.

Bikash hasn’t paid the telephone bills. a terrorist is hiding there.

There is no speck of dust on the road. a VIP is coming.

The police have surrounded a hotel. his wire is going to be cut off.

A bus is stopped in the middle of the road. he is going to kill someone.

D. Choose a verb that can complete each sentence, using the future continuous tense.

Stay open sleep visit go

1. A new branch of NELTA __________________________its 44th branch in Urlabari next month.

2. I am extremely sorry that I cannot attend your birthday party next week. I _________________ Ilam.

3. I _______________________ my old parents again next week.

4. You ____________________________ at home on Saturday. I hope we will have fun watching movies.


5. I suggest that you not phone them now. They _____________________ You’d better do it tomorrow.

3. The Future Perfect Tense is used to indicate:

a. a point of future time an event will be in the past

Amrit: Can’t we meet each other at a teach shop at 4:30 pm today, Samju?

Samju: I’m afraid not. I will have completed my homework by 5:00 pm only. What about

meeting at 5:30 o’clock?

Amrit: That’s okay. Be there at 5:30 pm on the dot.

By 9 pm he will have been playing cards for two hours.

You will have submitted your project by 5 October 2017.

We often use ‘in’ and ‘by’ to show the time factor when we talk about things in the future perfect. We use ‘in’ with a period of time, whereas ‘by’ with a point of time. Time factors such as:by then, by that time, by the eleventh of this month, by next Friday etc. are used:

We will have passed our SEE by next year.

They will have arrived here in two hours.

4. The Future Perfect Continuous Tense is to say how long something has been going on at a point of time in the future. For this, we usually mention both the future point of time as well as the period of time (for…) until then.

On Monday, we will have been working in this factory for 3 years.

We will have been studying in this school for ten years next month.

The following conversation will give you a clearer picture of this tense.

Mother: When are you going to stop preparing for your entrance exam?

Daughter: Only last five pages of this practice book are left. I guess it will be over by tomorrow.

Mother: By 6 pm you will have been preparing for your entrance exam for two months.


A. Underline the correct alternatives in these conversations.

A

A: What do you hope to be doing this time next year?

B: I know what I’ll be doing /I’ll be studying. I’ve already been accepted on the course.

A: Will you / Are you going to be able to study that here?

B: No. I’m going to live / I’m living in Madrid, actually, but I will come / I come back here for the summer holidays each year.

B

A: What can we do to reduce the amount of water we use?

B: It’s a very difficult question, but if we don’t / won’t do something soon, there is / will be a real crisis.

A: Yes, apparently by the year 2050, half the world’s population will live / will be living without access to clean water. In my house we are going to / we will start being much more careful about how much water we use.

B: Next month in my town we’ll have / we‘re having a day when we are not supposed to use any water apart from bottled water. It’s so that we can all see what it would be like to have to carry all the water we use.

B. Some of these sentences have missing words. Insert the words in the correct place.

be1. This time next month, I’ll ↑ lying on a beach gazing at the sea. 2. That coffee spill if you’re not careful.3. I am going to apply for a job as a chef. 4. Fires are burning in many parts of the Mediterranean. 5. A coffee for me and my father have an orange juice. 6. By the time you get back, I have finished cleaning the flat. 7. I leave for London next Wednesday morning at 10 am.

C. Supply the tense as indicated in the parenthesis. 1. I (phone) you back in a minute. [simple future]

……………………………………………………………………………………

Assignment


2. I think Liverpool (win). [simple future] ……………………………………………………………………………………3. By the time you get home, I (clean) the house. [future perfect] ……………………………………………………………………………………4. On Sunday, we (live) in the house for a year. [future perfect continuous] ……………………………………………………………………………………5. A: Did you get that novel? B: No, I forget all about it. I (bring) it tomorrow.

[simple future] ……………………………………………………………………………………6. After school on Friday, I (visit) the park with my friend. [future continuous] ……………………………………………………………………………………7. The phone is ringing. It (be) for me. [simple future] ……………………………………………………………………………………8. Most people (forget) about the incident by now. [future perfect] ……………………………………………………………………………………9. What you (do) tomorrow? [simple future] ……………………………………………………………………………………10. Rahul says he (be) a politician when he grows up. [simple future] ……………………………………………………………………………………

D. Write the correct forms of the verbs given in the parenthesis. 1. I promise you that I ………….......…...…… your secret to anybody. (not tell)

2. We ……………................. our holidays by the sea this winter. (spend)

3. Binam ………....…….. never ……..……...… a competition in his life, but he always tries hard. (win)

4. By the next year, they ………………........... with us for two years. (work)

5. Danish is a good friend of mine. I …………...…… him since I was six years old. (know)

6. From time to time my family ………........… for a picnic in the forest. (go)

7. Where ………….....…… (you/sit) when the show ……………....... (begin) ?

8. Where's the magazine I gave you? What …………............. you ……………..... with it? (do)

9. Sulav ………….....................… in the rain for four hours. (walk)

10. Yesterday I ……………............. a terrific talk show from 11:00 pm to 12:00 am. (watch)


11. Where ……………............. you usually ……….................… for your holidays? (go)

12. She …………….................... anything tomorrow. (not do)

13. Please be quiet. I …………………............ to the radio. (listen)

14. Arjun ………………...............…. very fast when the car crashed. (drive)

15. Pollution in the Kathmandu valley ………......................….. day by day. (increase)

16. My friend ………………………........... me tonight. (meet)

17. "Where is Jivan?" "He …………........……….. his car in the garage." (repair)

18. My brother Taxson ………………….........… on an excursion twice before. (go)

E. The following passage has not been edited. There is a tense error in each lineagainstwhichablankhasbeengiven.Writetheincorrectwordandthecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainstthecorrectblanknumbersasgiveninthe sample. Remember to underline the word to be edited.

Error Correction

Long ago there 'lives' three artists who were e.g. lives lived

fully accomplished in art, and their paintings

are equally so good that it was great ___________ ___________

difficult for anyone to judge who is best among ___________ ___________

them. The three artists take part in the contest. ___________ ___________

One painted a flower. It looks so real that a bee ___________ ___________

came and will settle on it. Another painted a ___________ ___________

basket of fruits. It looks so natural that an ox ___________ ___________

tried to seize some of it. The third artist paints ___________ ___________

a curtain that is also so real and beautiful. ___________ ___________

Everyone was excited to know who would be ___________ ___________

the winner among the three. All the three paintings _________ ___________

are presented before the judge. He looked at all ___________ ___________

the paintings. When he looks at the curtain, it ___________ ___________

compels the judge to raise it to know the reality. ___________ ___________


8The Sequence

of Tenses

Lesson

Bina : Our teacher told us that all humansaregreedy.

Nabina : Our substitute teacher treated us as if we had been her relatives.

Basanta : Some students will say that they will not like to learn inside the classroom.

Arsiya : A teacher told me that he would not entertain any disturbance inside the classroom.

Sankalpa : Teachers worry about our future that wemaynotfulfillour parents’ aspirations

The sequence of tenses is the principle according to which the tense of the verb in a subordinate clause follows the tense of the verb in the principal clause.

RULE 1

The past tense in the principal clause must be followed by a tense of the past time in the subordinate clause:

Principal/Main Clause Subordinate Clausea. A reporter was reporting b. Subodhtold me c. Rishi said

that they fought a tiger. that he would go to Iceland soon.that he had been upset.

However, there are some exceptions to this rule:

a. A past tense in the principal clause is followed by a present tense in the subordinate clause when the subordinate clause expresses some habitual or universal fact.

A scholar said that each approach is meant for success.

Our science teacher said that the Sun’s life is limited.

b. When the subordinate clause is introduced by some conjunction of comparison like ’than’ or ‘as well as’ Rule 1 does not apply at all. Any tense in the principal clause can be followed by any tense in the subordinate clause contextually.

Sima respected teachers better than she respects/respected her neighbours.

He respects you better than he respected his uncles.

He will respect you better than he has respected his friends.

They understood me as well as they understood them.


c. When the subordinate clause is an adverb clause denoting place, reason or comparison, it may be in any tense as required by the sense even if there is a past tense in the principal clause.

Shruti failed an exam because she is weak in Mathematics. [she has been weak]

She will think that she worked hard. [thinking about the past experience]

Rule 2

a. A present or future tense in the principal clause may be followed by any tense in the subordinate clause as required by the sense.

They say that they had arrested a criminal in the jungle.

He will surely say that he played a key role.

However, whenever a subordinate clause expresses purpose, its verb is always in the present tense even if the verb in the principal clause is present or future.

He eats nutritious food that he may live a healthy life.

She will go to Kathmandu that she may attend a conference.

He is careful lest he should fall. [He is careful that he may not fall.]

She was careful lest she should fall. [She was careful that might not fall.]

When a subordinate clause is introduced by ‘as though’ or ‘as if’, the past tense is generally used to indicate present time and the past perfect to denote past time.

He speaks as if he were drunk.

He spoke as if he had been drunk.

Conditional Sentences

In Type 1 conditional sentences, the tense of the verb in the principal clause is future and that of the verb in the subordinate clause is present.

Unless there is unity among players, they will not beat a single team.

If it rains, we will postpone our friendly cricket match.


A. Fillintheblankswiththecorrecttensesoftheverbsgiveninbrackets.

1. Umesh came first in the race though he ________________ late. (to begin)

2. My distant relatives believed that God _____________ everywhere. (to be)

3. The garden is now better maintained than it _____________ last year. (to be)

4. I am extremely sorry that you _______________ waiting so long yesterday. (to keep)

5. Amrit told me that he ______________ come to meet me. (will)

6. We all knew that sugar _____________ produced from sugarcane. (to be)

7. They cannot read unless he _______________ his glasses. (to wear)

8. After the rain ______________ over, we departed. (to be)

9. She carried flowers whenever she _____________________ temple. (to visit)

B. Add either a principal clause or subordinate clause.

1. Our Economics teacher said ________________________________________

2. A politician told us ________________________________________________

3. He runs __________________________________________________________

4. She respects us better ______________________________________________

5. She will believe ___________________________________________________

6. __________________ she will also lend you money when you are in need.

7. _________________________________ water freezes at 0 degree Celsius.

8. ___________________________________ she didn’t listen to your advice.

9. She studies seriously ______________________________________________

Assignment


C. The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line against which a blank has been given. Write the incorrect word and thecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainstthecorrectblanknumbersasgiveninthe sample. Remember to underline the word to be edited.

Error CorrectionHe stated that she is sad. is wasShe walked as if she is drunk. _________ _________He could be glad if he win the lottery. _________ _________

She will pass the exam if she worked hard. _________ _________

She will go to the US that she would attend a

workshop. _________ _________

He is careful lest he shall fall over the ground. _________ _________

He wanted to know where I live. _________ _________


Anewbabywasborninahospital.Thebabywasleftbyitsparents.Thechildwasadoptedby childless parents. The child was raised in a good culture. The child was enrolled in a good English medium school. The child was socially, physically and mentally supported. The child was sent to Europe for further studied. The child was entirely changed into a complete human being.

In grammar, the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments [subject, object etc]. When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, the verb is to be in the passive voice.

The man is the doer of the action. The doer is called the Subject.

The man ate biscuits.

[subject]

The receiver of the Action done by the Subject is called the Object.

Biscuits were eaten by the man.

[object]

The action done by the Subject is represented by a Verb.

9Active Voice

Passive Voice

Lesson

Bijendrakilledaleopard.[ACTIVEVOICE]

AleopardwaskilledbyBijendra.[PASSIVEVOICE]


FORMSOF THEPASSIVE VOICE

Passive Voice can be formed in the following ways:

a. A tense of to be + past participle

Active: She eats/has eaten/will eat the fruits.

She is/was eating the fruits.

Passive: The fruits are/have been/will be eaten by her.

The fruits are/were being eaten by her.

b. Modal verbs + be/have been + past participle

Active: She should eat/have eaten the fruits.

Passive: The fruits should be/have been eaten by her.

c. Infinitivetobe/tohavebeen+pastparticiple

Active: She is/was to eat the fruits.

Passive: The fruits are to be /were to have been eaten by her.

d. –ing form: being/having been + past participle

Active: eating/having eaten

Passive: being/having been eaten.

e. The Passive Voice is determined by only verbs used transitively, i.e., verbs that are followed by an object:

Active: The Principal looked into the matter.

Passive: The matter was looked into by the Principal.

Study the following examples for a clearer concept.

Tense Active Passive

Simple present Sub+v1/v5+obj Obj+is/am/are+v3+by+sub

Anup cooks food. Food is cooked by Anup.

Simple past Sub+v2+obj Obj+was/were+v3+by+sub

Anup cooked food. Food was cooked by Anup.

Simple future Sub+shall/will+v1+obj Obj+shall be/will be+v3+by+sub

Anup will cook food. Food will be cooked by Anup.


Present continuous Sub+is/am/are+v4+obj Obj+is/am/are+being+v3+by+sub

Anup is cooking food. Food is being cooked by Anup.

Past continuous Sub+was/were+v4+obj Obj+was/were+being+v3+by+sub

Anup was cooking food. Food was being cooked by Anup.

Present perfect Sub+had+v3+obj Obj+had been+v3+by+sub

Anup had cooked food. Food had been cooked by Anup.

Future perfect Sub+will have/shall have+ Obj+will have been/shall have

been+ v3+obj v3+by+sub

Anup will have cooked food. Food will have been cooked by Anup.

Sentences Active Passive

Assertive Sub+v+obj +… Obj+aux+v3+by+…

Anup closed the door. The door is closed by Anup.

Anup does not close the door. The door is not closed by Anup.

He cannot speak English. English cannot be spoken by him.

Interrogative Aux+sub+v+obj+…? Aux+obj+v3+by+…?

Does Anup close the door? Is the door closed by Anup?

Can he write a letter? Can a letter be written by him?

Wh+aux+sub+v+obj+…? Wh+aux+obj+v3+by+…?

When does Anup close the door? When is the door closed by Anup?

Who closes the door? By whom is the door closed?

(Who is the door closed by?)

Imperative Verb+obj+… Let+obj+be+v3…

Close the door. Let the door be closed.

Do not close the door. Let the door not be closed.

Let+obj1+verb+obj2 +… Let+obj2+be+v3+by+obj1

Let him write a letter. Let a letter be written by him.

Let her close the door. Let the door be closed by her.


Please/kindly+verb+… You are requested to+v1…

Please write a letter. You are requested to write a letter.

Kindly close the door. You are requested to close the door.

Verb+obj…(duty) Obj+should be+v3…

Obey your parents. Your parents should be obeyed.

Help the poor. The poor should be helped.

Optative May+sub+verb+obj…! May+obj+be+v3…!

May you defeat your rivals! May your rivals be defeated!

May God help you! May you be helped!

A. Change the following into passive voice.

1. Raja Ram has bought a pet.

2. She was watching a movie.

3. How did he catch a bird?

4. What did he kill at night?

5. Le us sing a song.

6. Open the window.

7. May God give him strength!

8. May he win the race!

B. Fillintheblankswiththecorrectalternativesfromtheparenthesis.

1. Aashish______________________ all the sugarcane sticks. [broke/was broken]

2. The third terminal exam ______________________ next week. [will hold/ will be held]

3. A new university _______________________ in our hometown. [is building/ is being built]

Assignment


4. You _______________ the old people. [should respect/ should be respected]

5. Mr Gupta ___________________ the students in the classroom. [had been punished/ had punished]

6. A new jeep _________________________________. [is going to buy/ is going to be bought]

7. Omelettes__________________________________________.[are making breakfast/ are being made].

8. Why _________________________ ? [was the house sold/ the house sold]

9. It __________________________ anything to you. [won’t do/ won’t be done]

10. Maithili ____________________________ most of the people in Nepal. [speaks by/ is spoken by]

DIRECT AND INDIRECT OBJECTS

Some verbs have two objects and can have two passive forms.

Active : Subhash lent me a car.

[indirect] [direct]

Passive : I was lent a car by Subhash. [common]

A car was lent to me by Subhash. [rare]

Active : They sold a car to me.

[direct] [indirect]

Passive : A car was sold to me by them.

I was sold a car by them.

When it comes to turning an active verb into a passive verb with two objects, the object to be emphasized is made the subject. It is due to the interest in people or animals than things. So, personal subjects tend to be more common than impersonal ones but not mandatory. Verbs like sell, buy, tell, give, lend, get bring, leave, send, wish, throw, teach, etc. can be used with two objects.

Objects are persons or things that are directly influenced by the effect of a transitive verb.

The objects that refer to living things are said to be indirect objects.

And the objects that refer to non-living things are said to be direct objects.

Indirect objects answer ‘whom/who?’ and direct objects answer ‘what?’


USES OF THEPASSIVE VOICE

a. In fluent English, passive forms occur naturally and spontaneously, without a conscious change fromthe active voice to the passive voice. Active equivalents would be hard to use for sentences like:

Passive: Columbus discovered America.

Active: America was discovered by Columbus.

Passive: The origin of the universe will probably never be explained.

Active: People will probably never explain the origin of the universe.

Passive forms are more common than active forms.

b. The Passive Voice is used specially when speakers do not want to emphasize actions, opinions or statements of fact of which they are not sure:

Passive: Hundreds of evening newspapers are published every day.

The matter will be handled duly.

c. The Passive Voice often offers a useful way of expressing something impersonally by beginning the sentence with ‘It is……………………………………’.

Active: People hope that ……………………..

Passive: It is hoped that ………………….or something is hoped to be……

Active: People say that …………………….

Passive: It is said that ………………… or something is said to be …………..

d. The Passive forms are often found in reports:

It is hoped that the problems will be solved very soon.

It is believed that the Prime Minister was in Indonesia.

e. We use The Passive Voice when we wish to focus on a happening which is more important to us than who or what causes happening, or when there is simply no need to mention the doer/performer/agent:

Passive: Two villages were destroyed in the storm. [by nature / God]

Passive: The environment is polluted. [by people]


f. The Passive Voice is used when we wish to avoid using a vague word as a subject: (e.g. someone, all, you, people, nobody, everyone, etc.)

Passive: I was interviewed. [by someone]

g. The Passive Voice is used in notices, advertisements, etc.

Passive: Smoking is prohibited. Loans are arranged. [by people]

PHRASAL VERBS AS TRANSITIVE VERBS

In general, transitive verbs are not followed by any prepositions and adverbs. But phrasal verbs are naturally combined with a preposition or an adverb, or sometimes both, to form a new verb with an entirely new meaning.

Anup looked into the case. [phrasal verb]

investigated

h. The prepositions or adverbs with verbs are written with the verbs.

Active: He looks after his little sister.

Passive: His little sister is looked after by him.

i. Generally the object with a/an/any in the negative sentences changes into ‘no’:

Active: She didn’t speak a word there.

Passive: No word was spoken by her.

j. Nouns do not change when we change active voice into the passive voice:

Active: Preety swallowed a big bone.

Passive: A big bone was swallowed by Preety. [by her]

A. Therearemistakeswithpassiveformsinsomeofthesesentences.Findthemistakesandcorrectthem.

Is

1. Has Spanish spoken by more people than Chinese?

2. He was rescue after a terrifying night on the mountain without food or water.

Assignment


3. It seems ridiculous to me that most computers need to been replaced every three or four years.

4. The message with the virus was forwarded automatically to everyone in her address book.

5. This song was wrote by Norah Jones but many people have recorded it.

6. Are you been met at the airport or will you have to get a taxi?

7. Let it be clean and washed.

B. Maketwotypesofimpersonalpassive.Oneexampleisdoneforyou.

Active: People believe that human beings are selfish by nature.

Passive: Itisbelievedthathumanbeingsareselfishbynature.

Humanbeingsarebelievedtobeselfishbynature.

1. People believe that cancer is dangerous.

2. They think that women are kinder than men.

3. A journalist reports that a new government is to be formed soon.

4. They claim that prices of vegetables have risen.

5. People know that private vehicles cause traffic jam.

6. Ancient people thought that the Sun was revolving round the Earth.

7. Doctors consider that blood cancer will have a cure in the next hundred years.

8. They think that the crime rate is high in India.

9. People believed that they had killed a crocodile with a stone.

10. People said that he was an alien.

C. Change the following sentences into the active voice.

1. Let TV be turned off.

2. Mr. Hamal is known to many people in Nepal.

3. He was thought to be intelligent.

4. Dasartah Stadium will be renovated next year.

5. Himal will be pleased with this news.

6. He is said to be a police officer.

7. The notice was stuck on the window.


8. An animal was tortured.

9. The national anthem is being sung by the students now.

10. The frogs were being chased by the snake.

11. We were given some bonus by the company.

12. A parcel was sent to me.

SPECIAL PASSIVEFORMS [Causative Verbs]

Active: They made paint the house.

Passive: We were made to paint the house.

Active: She helped Ram write a proposal.

Passive: Ram was helped by her to write a proposal.

Active: He didn’t let them play in the rain.

Passive: They were not allowed to play in the rain.

Active: She recommended using recycled paper.

Passive: She recommended that recycled paperbe used. [should be used]

Active: He urged the government impose a strict law on alcoholism.

Passive: He urged that a strict law beimposed on alcoholism. [should be imposed]

Active: My friends started to learn Chinese seriously.

Passive: Chinese started being learnt seriously by my friends.

Someinfinitiveandgerundconstructions

Active: A tourist wants someone to take his photos.

Passive: A tourist wants his photos to be taken.

Active: She didn’t expect her friends to visit her.

Passive: She didn’t expect to be visited by her friends.

Active: I hate people giving me missed calls.

Passive: I hate being given missed calls.

Active: It is her duty to type letters.

Passive: She is supposed to type letters.


A. Completethisletterusingtheappropriatepassiveoractiveformsoftheverbsin the parenthesis.

Dear Jamuna,

You’ll never guess what [1] ________________ [happen]. Our lovely new bike [2]___________________[steal]!

Onedaytheweekbeforelast,Maheshwentouttotheriverforaswimandasusualhe[3]______________ [hide] the bike keys in toe of his shoe.When he came out of the water,he [4] ____________ [not notice] anything suspicious. It didn’t look as if his clothes [5]_____________[touch].Whenhestartedtoputonhisshoes,however,herealizedthatthekeys[6]______________[take]andwhenhegottothebikepark,ofcourse,thebikewasgonetoo.

The police say there is a gang of bike thieveswho [7] __________________ [know] to beoperating in the area.They thinkMahesh [8]__________________ [watch] ashe arrivedat the river. The thieves saw where he had parked the bike and then where the keys [9]_______________________[hide].

Itwasalmosttwoweeksagoandalthoughwehopeit[10]________________[find],we’rebeginning to think we might never see it again.

So that’s my news. Write soon and tell me all about your new job.

Love,

Sekhar

B. Change the following imperatives into the passive voice.1. Don’t irritate anyone in life.2. Don’t wear a T-shirt inside out. 3. Engage yourself in the activity.4. Kindly sign the notice. 5. You should cross the road through a zebra crossing. 6. Help the poor. 7. Please give me a missed call. 8. Attend the workshop. 9. Let them iron your uniforms. 10. Let them learn an important lesson of their life.

Assignment


C. Completethefollowingchoosingtheoptionwhichbestfitseachgap.Thereisan example at the beginning.

I [0] was left a little money and a collection of old books by Uncle Robert when he passed away last year. When the books [1] _____________ delivered, I went through them to decide which ones to keep and which ones should [2] _________ given away or sold. Some of them looked almost brand new, [3] ___________ made me wonder if they had ever been read.

Then I came across a book on Greek mythology which had [4] ____________ published in 1922. It looked [5] ____________ a very rare and valuable book, but the problem was that it didn’t seem to [6] __________ belonged to Uncle Robert at all! The book had been stamped with the name of the university but the piece of paper with the date of the loan [7] ___________ been torn out, possibly [8] _________________ Uncle Robert himself.

0. A. am B. was C. will

1. A. were B. are C. should be

2. A. was B. be C. can be

3. A. were B. am C. which

4. A. be B. been C. was

5. A. just B. similar C. like

6. A. has B. have C. had

7. A. had B. will be C. has

8. A. to B. by C. with

D. Change the following optative sentences and interrogative sentences into the passive voice.

1. May you pass your entrance exam!

2. My God give your strength to overcome your grief!

3. May you achieve an A in SEE!

4. Are teachers planning a lesson?

5. Might he challenge us?

6. Who will beat me in English in SEE?

7. Can he score a single goal in the final match?

8. When are you meeting him?

9. Who is paying the compensation?


10. Must we receive training?

11. How did he cook a meal?

12. May God fulfill your wishes soon!

13. How does she pass the test?

E. The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line against whichablankhasbeengiven.Writetheincorrectwordandthecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainstthecorrectblanknumbersasgiveninthesample.Remember to underline the word to be edited.

Error Correction

Once an old book is stolen from my house. is was

The book was auction the very next day. _______ _______

The book will be recognized by me at once. _______ _______

They are asked about the details of the book. _______ _______

No information were given about that book. _______ _______

That book was really stealed from my house. _______ _______

I was really shock when I saw my signature _______ _______

at the bottom of the first page. The price is _______ _______

asked. The original price were doubled. I _______ _______

nearly fainted at the auction. I am taken to a _______ _______

room and is told to calm down by some staff. _______ _______

I was offer a glass of cold water there. In _______ _______

addition to this, the fan was turn on to cool. _______ _______

the temperature. After some time I was call to. _______ _______

the auction hall. The book was already selled _______ _______

to another bidder. That my book was buyed by _______ _______

another bidder. He was ask if he willing to sell _______ _______

the book to me. The price was again multiply. _______ _______

Again, I fell unconscious and was take to hospital. _______ _______

When I regained consciousness, I am surrounded. _______ _______


10 SpeechLesson

A police officer said, ‘I will bring down the crime rate.’ [direct speech]A police officer declared that he would bring down the crime rate. [indirect speech]Sarita : “The sky is overcast. It might rain today.”Anita : A meteorologist assured me that it would rain only after few days. Andrew : “Different television channels telecast different weather forecast”Tania : Some audiences condemned the unreliability of different channels. The act of repeating the words of a speaker is called narration. There are basically two ways in which a speaker can convey the intended message/idea to the listener. a. Direct speech is inside quotation marks. It is used to repeat the exact words that someone said. My uncle told me, ‘You have to be serious about your work.’b. Indirect speech is way of narrating something making changes in the original words of the person. My uncle told me that I had to be serious about my work.

My uncle told me, ‘You have to be serious about your work.’

(introducing verb) (reported speech)

Indirect Speech is used when a person reports direct speech, that is, he or she reports orally or writes down the words in an appropriate tense and refers to the original speakers or writers in the third person (he, she, they, etc.) making necessary changes:

The doctor said that itwasdifficulttosavethelifeofthepatient.

[conjunction] [simple present has been changed into simple past]

Apoliceofficersaid,‘Iwillbringdownthecrimerate.’[directspeech]

Apoliceofficerdeclaredthathewouldbringdownthecrimerate.[indirectspeech]


When we change the direct speech into the indirect speech, we need to change tenses, personal pronouns (I, we, you, etc.), possessive adjectives (my, our, your, etc.) and adverbs denoting nearness of time and place undergo certain changes: Colon (:) can be used instead of inverted commas.

The police officer said to me: I am glad to handcuff the most wanted criminal today

The police officer told me that he was glad to handcuff the most wanted criminal that day.

said to I am today

told he was that day

Consider the following questions while changing the direct speech into the indirect speech.

1. Who is being reported?

2. The time and the place of speaking.

These two points determine the necessary changes in tenses, adverbs and pronouns.

1. Tense Changes

a.Afterareporting/introducingverbinthepresentorthefuturetense,thetenseoftheverbin the reported speech remains unchanged:

Direct : Sandesh says, ‘I amgood-looking.’

Indirect : Sandesh says that he is good-looking.

Direct : The Principal will say, “Foreign language teachers are very creative.”

Indirect : The Principal will say that foreign language teachers are very creative.

b.Afterareportingverbinthepasttense,thetenseoftheactualstatementalsogoesintothepast tense, usually one tense back. The tense changes are as follows:

a. Present Simple becomes Past Simple

Direct : “We want to play,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they wanted to play.

b. Present Continuous becomes Past Continuous

Direct : We are singing now,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they were singing then.

We want → they wanted

We are → they werenow → then


c. Present Perfect becomes Past Perfect

Direct : ‘We have submitted our work,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they had submitted their work.

d. Present Perfect Continuous becomes Past Perfect Continuous

Direct : “We have been writing an email,” they said.

Indirect : They said thatt hey had been writing an email.

e. Other changes with modal verbs

Direct : “We shall give a party,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they would give a party.

Direct : “We can go for a walk, “they said.

Indirect : They said that they could go for a walk.

Direct : “We may go fishing,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they might go fishing.

Direct : “We have to go for a walk,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they had to go for a walk.

f. The following modal verbs remain unchanged.

ought to, must, should, could, would, need might

Direct : “We ought to go shopping,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they ought to go shopping.

Direct : “We might go swimming on Saturday,” they said.

Indirect : They said that they might go swimming on Saturday.

2. Universal Truth

If the Reported Speech/Direct Speech relates to some universal truth, the Present Simple in the reported speech remains unchanged.

Direct : Our Science Teacher said, “Diamond is not a metal.”

Indirect : He said that diamond is not a metal.

3. Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives

Pronouns and Possessive Adjectives of the first and the second person in Direct Speech, change into the third person in Indirect Speech.

We have → they had

We have → they had

We shall → they would

We can → they could

We may → they might

We have to → they had to

We → they

We → they


I, you, my, and you → he, she, his, and her.

We, you, our, and your → they and their.

Direct : He said to me, “I will show my book to my brother myself.”

Indirect : He told me that he would show his book to his brother himself.

4. Adjectives and Adverbs

Adjectives and adverbs indicating nearness in place and in time in Direct Speech are changed in Reported Speech into adjectives and adverbs expressive of a ‘distance’ effect. These adjectives and adverbs go back one step. Study the following examples.

Places here therethis thatthese thosecome go

Time now thentoday that daytonight that nightthis week that weektomorrow the following day/ the day afternext week the following week/ the week afteryesterday the previous day/ the day beforeago beforethis morning/afternoon/evening that morning/ afternoon/ evening

Direct: “I am happy now,” he said.

Indirect: He said that he was happy then.I am now

he was then Direct: She said, “Last night I met a ghost.”

Indirect: She said that she had met a ghost the previous night.

I met last night

she had met the previous night

Direct: He said, “This is a good investment.”

Indirect: He said that that was a good investment.


Adverbsoftimeandplacechangeafterareportingverbinthepasttense.Theyremainthesameafterapresent,perfectorfuturetense,andintheimmediatetimeafterareportingverbin the past tense.

5. Reporting / Introducing Verbs

The common reporting verbs are ‘say’ and ‘tell’.

You say that something has happened.

You tell someone that something has happened.

(‘Tell’ always needs a personal object: You tell something to someone.)

You may use ‘tell’ in the sense of order or command when you tell someone to do something:

Our parents told us to get ready for punishment.

A.Fillintheblankswitheither‘said’or‘told.’1. He ________________ he didn’t speak Chinese.

2. Someone __________ them that Rama was getting married.

3. Harka __________ his friend was rewarded for his hard work.

4. Hitesh __________ me that he would help if needed.

5. What you _________ may not be believable without evidence.

6. What you ___________ them was meaningless.

7. I ___________ that I would be an artist.

B. Re-write the following sentences as indirect speech. 1. Akhil says to Sameer, “We will leave Nepal next month.”

2. He said to us, “Bir Bahadur was fighting with a boy last night.”

3. Hemanta said, ‘We will keep our promise.”

4. Sandip said, ‘People need to help each other to be good neighbours.”

5. Mr Gupta said, ‘I should help the needy.’

6. Arpansaid to our dad, ‘Isha had to keep awake all night.’

Assignment

Hello Grammar Book- 9 107 107 107 107

7. Freidrich said, ‘Friendship has to be long-lasting.’

8. Sujal said: Rupa was annoying me.

9. He said to us, ‘I was delighted with your good news last Saturday.’

10. Mira: You can help me find her home, Binit.

6. Statements

Statements in the Indirect Speech are generally introduced by the conjunction ‘that’.

She said, ‘There was a fete yesterday.”

She said that there was a fete the previous day/the day before

The chairperson said to me, ‘I cannot approve of your leave.’

The chairperson told me that she could not approve of my leave.

7. Questions/Interrogatives

a. To change a question/interrogative sentence from the direct speech into the indirect speech, you have to change the reporting verb such as said, told into ask(ed), enquire(d), demand(ed), want(ed), etc.

Direct : He said to me, “Do you teach Nepali?”

Indirect : He asked me whether I taught Nepali.

said to (,) you teach ?

asked whether I taught.

Direct : She says, ‘What are you watching, Asmita?’

Indirect : She enquires of him what she is watching.

b. To change a question from the direct speech into the indirect speech, change the interrogative structure ‘(Wh-word) + Verb + Subj….?’ into the assertive structure ‘Wh-word+ if/whether + Subj + verb…..’. The question mark is replaced by a full stop.

Direct : She said to me, ‘When will you write a song?’

(wh-word) + (aux verb) + (sub)


Indirect: She asked me when I would write a song.

(conjunction) + (sub) + (verbs

c. A question may begin with a Wh-word like where, when, how, what, etc. They are known to be Wh-question. And some questions begin with a helping verb, such as is, am, are, do, can, has, have, must, should, may, etc. Such questions are known to be Yes/no questions.

If the direct speech is a Wh-question, the same Wh-word is used as a conjunction, whereas if the direct speech is a Yes/no question, ‘if or whether’ is used a conjunction.

Direct : “Are you going swimming?” he said to me.

Indirect : He asked me if/whether I was going swimming.

Direct : Bimala said, ‘How do you get to the bus stop?’

Indirect : Bimala asked me how I got to the bus stop.

said you get ?

asked I got (.)

A.Look at these questions from a market research survey and put them intoindirectspeech.Begin:Sheaskedher................1. Do you enjoy shopping?

She asked her if she enjoyed shopping.

2. How often do you go shopping?

3. When did you last go shopping?

4. Did you go alone or with someone?

5. Is there a shopping centre near where you live?

6. Do you prefer to shop there or in the town centre?

7. Have you ever bought anything on the internet?

8. Can you access the Internet from home?

Assignment


9. Are you confident that Internet shopping is safe?

10. Will you be making your next important purchase in a shop or online?

B. Nowcompletethemarketresearcher’sreport,choosingthebestalternative. She said that shopping [1] ____________ one of her favourite activities and that she

[2] _________ at least once a week. She told me that [3] _______________ shopping with her husband three days earlier. Although she said there [4] ____________ a shopping centre called Botany Bay near where she [5] ___________, she [6] _________________ to shop in the town centre. She said that she [7] __________ books, CDs and clothes online, although she explained that she [8] _____________ the Internet from home and that she usually [9] _______________ to a cyber café nearby. She said that she [10] ______________ a new laptop soon and that she [11] _____________ probably get it from a shop.

1. A. is B. was C. will be

2. A. went shopping B. goes shopping C. will be shopping

3. A. she had B. she had last been C. she will last be

4. A. was B. will be C. would

5. A. living B. will live C. lived

6. A. prefer B. preferred C. will prefer

7. A. bought B. had bought C. could buy

8. A. couldn’t access B. hadn’t accessed C. accesses

9. A. go B. went C. gone

10. A. was going to buy B. will be going C. buys

11. A. will B. willed C. would

C. Narrate the following dialogue between a sales girl and a customer. Salesgirl : Can I help you?Customer : Yes, I’d like to buy a pair of pants and a woolen sweater. Salesgirl : Which colour would you like? Blue or black ones?Customer : I don’t know really which colour suits me.Salesgirl : I think this black coloured sweater suits you better. Customer : All right I’ll try them on. Salesgirl : Here you are sir. Customer : Please let me try on the green sweater once.Salesgirl: O.K. sir we have in pink, too. It’s from Hong Kong.


8. Imperatives

a. In reporting a command, request, order, etc. the introducing verb is changed into order(ed), command(ed), advise(d), warn(ed), agree(ed), promise(d), urge(d), persuade(d), instruct(ed), invite(d), threaten(ed), tell/told, ask(ed), request(ed), beg(ged), implore(d), etc.

b. The verb in the reported speech is put in the infinitive.

Direct : “Arrest the thief,” shouted the Police Inspector.

Indirect : The Police Inspector ordered/commanded them (police personnel) to arrest the thief.

Direct : She said to me, ‘Please consider my weaknesses.’

Indirect : She asked me to consider her weaknesses. [requested me]

Direct : She said, ‘You should be friendly with everyone.’

Indirect : She encouraged me to be friendly with everyone.

Direct : My mum said, “If you come first in the exam, I will buy you a bike.’

Indirect : My mum promised to buy me a bike if I came first in the exam.

My mum promised that he/she would buy me a bike if I came first in the exam.

The verb ‘asked’ is used in the sense of requested, but this word cannot be used here. It does not take indirect objet. It can be instead: She requested forgiveness for her mistake.

9. Exclamations and Wishes

In reporting exclamations and wishes, the reported speech is introduced by verbs such as wish, bless, pray, cry, explain, declare, etc. and followed by such phrases as with regret, with sorry, in agony, with delight, with shock, etc.

The interjections and exclamations such as oh, well, hurrah, alas, bravo, hush, etc. are omitted and their sense is expressed by means of phrases.

Direct: “Goodness me! I am ruined,” said Rohini.

Indirect: Rohit exclaimed in despair that she was ruined.

Direct: “What a peaceful place!” she said.

Indirect: She declared that it was a peaceful place.

Direct: My sister said, ‘May you get an admission to Harvard University!’

Indirect: My sister prayed that I might get an admission to Harvard University.


10. Various Types of Sentences

Direct: Boys said to me, “Let’sspeak English.”

Indirect: Boys suggested/proposed that they (should) speak English.

Direct: A girl said, “Let me say a few things.”

Indirect: A girl asked to let her say a few things.

or

‘A girl asked that she might be allowed to say a few things.

Direct: Bindu said to me, ‘You are flying to Japan, aren’t you?

Indirect: Bindu asked me if/whether I was flying to Japan.

Direct: Tisa said to the Principal, “Madam, can I go out?”

Indirect: Tisa asked the Principal respectfully if she could go out.

Direct: She said to us, ‘Kindly show the pass.’

Indirect: She asked us to show the pass.

A. Report the following imperatives and wishes. 1. Atul said, ‘Don’t iron clothes too often, Ankush.’

2. They said, ‘Bring all the necessary documents for verification.’

3. She said to her husband, ‘Shut all the windows.’

4. ‘Write a story,’ said the English language teacher.

5. We said to the kid, ‘Don’t play with animals.’

6. Shristi said to her students, ‘Work in pair.’

7. Bisika said, ‘Let me open a savings account.’

8. Anupama said, ‘Let us save money.’

9. Devika said, ‘If you don’t pay the loan, the interest will multiply.’

10. Hema said, ‘Kindly take your seat.’

Assignment


B.Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the firstsentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use betweentwoandfivewords,unscramblingandincludingthewordgivenonyour right. There is an example at the beginning [0]. 0. ‘You should get more sleep’, the doctor said to me. [dvisead]

The doctor advised me to getmore sleep.

1. ‘Eating more fruit is good for you too,’ she said. [medreconedm]

She ______________________________ more fruit.

2. ‘Why don’t you come for a coffee?’ Nigel said to me. [tviedin]

Nigel _____________________________ for a coffee.

3. ‘I wasn’t anywhere near the bank that day’, he said. [dedeni]

He _________________________________ anywhere near the bank that day.

4. ‘I won’t be able to finish the assignment, ‘she said. [deplainex]

She _________________________________ be able to finish the assignment.

5. ‘I am not going to let you in, ‘ she told him. [dreusef]

She __________________________________ in.

6. ‘You won the match. Well done! the coach said to them. [aongrculatedt]

The coach ______________________________ the match.

7. ‘If you don’t turn that music down, I’ll call the police, ‘ said the man downstairs. [reatenethd]

The man downstairs ______________________ the police if we didn’t turn the music down.

8. ‘Don’t walk around alone after dark. It’s dangerous,’ the teacher told us. [darnew]

The teacher ____________________________ around alone after dark.

C.Re-writethefollowingaccordingtotheinstructionsgivenaftereach.Changeonlyenoughtodowhatyouareaskedtodoandmakeacorrectsentence.Donotalterthemeaning.Youhavetomakeyoursentencesaythesamethinginadifferentway.1. Anish said, “Let me drink a cup of hot coffee.”

Anish wished _______________________________________________________

2. Bisika asked me if I played the violin.

Bissika said, “________________________________________________________


_________________

3. “How beautiful the mountain looks at morning!” said Amrita.

Amrita exclaimed ____________________________________________________

4. She says, “I am delighted to be here with you gentle people.”

She says she _________________________________________________________

5. Sundar asked them to wait there till the night fell.

“ __________________________________________________ till the night fell.”

6. She said to us, “Are you going toSunsari tonight?”

She enquired of us ___________________________________________________

7. She wished that she might have a house.

She said,” ___________________________________________________________

8. The teacher said to me, “I have never seen such a versatile guy before.”

The teacher told me that ______________________________________________

9. “It may rain heavily tomorrow,” said the meteorologist.

The meteorologist said that ___________________________________________

10. Mr Sunuwar told the children not to play with the thorny plants.

“__________________________________________________,” said Mr Sunuwar.

D. The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line against whichablankhasbeengiven.Writetheincorrectwordandthecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainst thecorrectblanknumbersasgivenin thesample.Remember to underline the word to be edited.

Error Correction

She asked me until I wanted to come

over and watch a movie. until if

She wanted if know about my clothes. _______ _______

He asked me if he could borrowed

my leather jacket. _______ _______

She said that she can get a new laptop the next day. _______ _______

She explained that she wouldn’t be there today. _______ _______

She announced that she is going to buy a handbag. _______ _______


She explained what she had

never been on a plane before. _______ _______

He wanted that know who he had

seen at the party. _______ _______

He asked him what was his name. _______ _______

Tim thanked if us for what we had done for him. _______ _______

He prayed that God for our safety during

the long journey. _______ _______

E. Change the following sentences into indirect speech.

1. He asked Manisha, "What kind of films do you like watching?"

2. He said, "Oh, I missed the flight."

3. Monalisa asked Lucy, "Will you come to my party tomorrow?"

4. Mother asked me, "Do you like cabbage?"

5. "Hurrah!" cried the boy, "I have won two prizes."

6. Rojan said, "I will be here at night."

7. She asked me, "Where do you stay?"

8. The old woman said to the boy, "Please give me your card."

9. I said to him, "Respect and obey your teachers."

10. The teacher said to the students, "Work seriously.”

11. The officer said to the clerk, "Do this work first."

12. I said to the children, "Behave yourself."

13. "I live in an old house in the country," he said to us


Doctor : If your husband gives up alcohol, he can live a long life.

Mrs Singh : I agree with you, sir. But how to prevent him from drinking alcohol? He is addicted!

Doctor : If you take him to a rehab centere, people there will know some way-out.

Mrs Singh : I think if you talk to him about this, he will listen to you. He doesn’t listen to me at all. He is so rude to us.

A condition is something that has to be fulfilled before something else can happen:

If you smoke cigarettes, (then) you can have lung cancer.

Conditional clauses that are introduced by the subordinate conjunctions like if, unless, provided that, on condition that, in case, etc. are not about events that have really occurred, but about events that can or might occur. At times, these events certainly happen.

If the price of gold falls, more women are likely to buy it.

Although this sentence is conditional, it has the sense of certainty not possibility.

Sometimes the events are impossible [they didn’t happen or cannot happen]

If I were a doctor, I would set up free health camps in villages.

TYPES OF CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

Some linguists or grammarians do not consider Zero Conditional as a type of Conditional Sentences.

11 ConditionalsLesson


Type 1: If +Present Tense + will/can/should + V1

If I become a Prime Minister, I will control corruption.

Type 2: If + Simple Past + would/could/should + v1

If I became a Prime Minister, I would control corruption.

Type 3: If + Past Perfect + would/could have + v3

If I had become a Prime Minister, I would have controlled corruption.

Conditional Sentences Type 1

WeuseType1conditionalstodescribeconditionswhichmayormaynotbefulfilled.

Condition to be fulfilled possible outcome

If you ask me, I shall reply.

If you do good you will be liked.

If she goes to the UK, she can earn pounds sterling.

If Messi plays, Barcelona is likely to win the match.

All the forms of the present tense can be used after ‘if clauses’, not just the simple present:

Tense If clause Main clause

Present Tenses will/shall (simple future)

Conditions to be satisfied possible outcome

Simple Present If I join tuition, I will score good marks.

Present Continuous If I am running I will run out of breath.

Present Perfect If the plane had taken off, I will be upset.

Present Perfect Continuous

If I have been watching TV all night, my eyes will be red.

can, must, should If I must save enough money, I will not go to discos.


2. If the reference is made to habitual results, facts, proverbs, general truths, etc., the present tenseisusedintheif-clauseandalsointhemainclause:(ZeroConditional)

If you cut your finger, it bleeds.

If you press that button, the light turns off.

If you freeze water, it becomes a solid.

3. When the main clause gives an order or instruction, the imperative is used instead of the future tense:

If you see Subi, tell her to meet me.

If he needs help, tell him to call me.

4. Use of must, should, could, etc.

If you want to prosper in life, you should be smart.

If you meet my son, could you ask him to go home immediately?

If you want to be rich, you must work hard every minute.

5. Useofmay(permission),can(permissionorability),mayormight(possibility):

If the rain stops, you can leave home for school. [permission]

If the rain stops, you can run play well. [ability]

If it continues to rain, you might go to school. [weak possibility/ may – strong]


If she spent 10 years in China, she would speak Chinese very fluently.

(If) + (Simple Past) sub + (would/should/could/might/may + V1)

(If-clauses are dependent. The give complete thought only in the presence of an appropriate main clause.)

1. Conditionals Type 2 express imaginary situations in the if-clause and speculate about their imaginary consequences in the main clause. Though the simple past tense is used, the reference is not to the past time. So, the past tense after ‘if’ is often called the unreal past.

2. Type 2 Conditionals often state what is impossible:

If I had enough money, I would start my own business.


3. If I were/I I was

‘Were’ is more formal and is preferably used in purely imaginary statements:

If I was rich, I would buy a mansion. (some possibility)

If I were a crocodile, I would enjoy marine life. (impossible)

4. Parts of certain If-sentences have become almost fixed idioms:

If I were you If I were you, I would study in Kathmandu. (advice)

If you ask me If you ask me, self-satisfaction is the greatest wealth. (opinion)

If need be If need be, I will help you giving money. (necessity)

5. Use of could, might and ought to in the main clause shows ability, possibility, duty, etc:

If my mother was there at that moment, she could change my habit. [ability]

If my mother were there at that moment, she may change my habit. [strong possibility]

If my mother were there at that moment, she should or ought to change my habit. [duty]


If Hemlata had listened to my advice, she would not have lost her ti

1. Type 3 Conditional Sentences contain a condition that was not fulfilled in the past. In such clauses, the past perfect form of the verb is used.

2. Type 3 Conditional Sentences are imaginary, even purer than Conditional Sentences Type 2.

3. Type 3 Conditional Sentences refer to consequences which did not and could not (now) happen because they refer to something that did not happen in the past. They are ‘hypothetical conditions.’

4. In Type 3 Conditional Sentences, the verb in the ‘if-clause’ is in the past perfect tense. The verb in the main clause is in the perfect conditional. The time is past and the condition cannot be fulfilled because the action in the ‘if-clause’ did not take place.


Takealookatthefollowingtableforaclearerpicture.

Past Perfect Perfect Conditional

1. If + Sub + had + v3 + would/should/could/might have + v3

If you had phoned me ………, I would have replied to your queries.

(In fact you didn’t phone me. and I did not reply to your query.)

2. If we had taken your advice….., we would have missed the opportunity.

(We didn’t take your advice, so we had to pass up the opportunity.)

A.Make sentencesusing ‘if’, by joining eachpair of clauses like the onedonebelow for you. (Type 1)it rains tomorrow, he stays at home.

If it rains tomorrow, he will stay at home.

1. They not come to a wedding ceremony, we never talk to each other.

2. it is a public holiday tomorrow, where you go?

3. you not take care of health, you spend lots of money on your health.

4. you not offer the highest bid, I sell the car to someone else.

5. he travel by plane, reach his hometown in an hour.

6. she does not have a valid passport, not able to travel abroad.

7. he does not share his problems, it not be solved.

8. you take this bus, you reach your college in time.

B. Makesentencesusing‘if’,byjoiningeachpairofclausesliketheonedoneforyou. (Type 2)I not like it, not eat it.

If I didn’t like it, I would not eat it.

1. I know his password, I unravel his mystery.

2. they enough money, start a new business.

3. we speak politely to them, our relationship is cemented.

Assignment


4. you see her, you not recognize her in an instant.

5. they find your purse, they drop in the lost and found box.

C.Makesentencesusing‘if’,byjoiningeachpairofclausesliketheonedoneforyou. (Type 3)

The Secretary cancel meeting last night, no one blame him.

If the Secretary had cancelled the meeting last night, no one would have blamed him.

1. We know her address yesterday, I meet her personally.

2. the bus late yesterday, I miss my job interview.

3. doctor not act promptly at scene of accident, many passengers die.

4. the burglar not cough, the owner of the house never catch him.

5. I not sure of scoring a goal in the match, not try play a friendly match yesterday.

REPLACING IF

There are other words that can replace the word ‘if’.

1. suppose/supposing(whatif……………?)

If Ram earns plenty of money, what will he do?

Suppose/supposing (that Ram earns plenty of money, what will he do?

2. butfor(ifithadnotbeenfor)

If there had not been quick treatment, he would have died.

But for quick treatment, he would have died.

If there had been no air, we would have died.

But for air, we would have died.

3. provided(that)iswithpermissionorconditions:

If you pass the preliminary test, you can go.

Provided (that) you pass the preliminary test, you can go.

4. If+negative(unless+affirmative)

If he does not take medicine regularly, he cannot recover from his illness.

Unless he takes medicine regularly, he cannot recover from his illness.


5. otherwise(ifitdoesn’thappen/itdidn’thappen/ithadnothappened)

If you don’t love your profession, you would not succeed in life. (Conditional Type 1)

Love your profession; otherwise, you cannot succeed in life.

If you didn’t love your profession, you would not succeed in life. (Conditional Type 2)

You studied hard; otherwise, you would not succeed in life.

If you had not studied hard, you would not have succeeded in life. (Conditional Type 3)

You had studied hard; otherwise, you would not have succeeded in life.

6. Avoid common mistakes. Do not use ‘will/shall’ or ‘be going to’ in the if-clause.

If I go to school regularly, I will do well in studies.

If I will go to school regularly, I will do well in studies.

7. Donotuseacomma[,]afterthemainclause.Useacommaonlyaftertheif-clause.

SHORT INVERTED VARIATIONS

These occur in each of three conditional types. ‘If’ is left out and ‘should’, ‘were’ and ‘had’ are placed before their subjects:

a. Should she recover from her illness, she would take all tests in hospital.

b. Were she to recover from her illness, she would take all tests in hospital.

c. Had he recovered from her illness, she would have taken all tests in hospital.

If you eat too much, you will be fat.

You will be fat, if you eat too much.

A. Join each pair of clauses into a single sentence, using ‘if’.1. You refuse to pay the tax to the government. Then you will be imprisoned.

2. Maybe she will agree. I shall be delighted then.

3. I would email Michael now. But I don’t have his email address.

Assignment


4. They will pay you better. But you must work harder.

5. You must be careful. Otherwise, you will be cheated.

6. She could have fixed everything properly yesterday, she would not have had any worries.

7. They looked around. Otherwise, he would have been knocked down by a bus.

8. You can see the island from here. But the day must be very clear and bright.

B. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the firstsentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use betweentwoandfivewords,includingthewordgiven.Thereisanexampleatthe beginning [0]. 0. If no one else applies, you can have the job. [provided]

You can have the job provided that no-one elseapplies.

1. If it isn’t too hot, we’ll go for a walk in the mountains. [unless]

We’ll go for a walk in the mountains __________________ too hot.

2. I found the film rather frightening but I’m glad I saw it. [even]

I’m glad I saw the film _____________________________ by it.

3. We’ll place an order so long as you give us a discount. [condition]

We’ll place an order ______________________________ you give us a discount.

4. If you don’t put that money in a safe place, you might lose it. [case]

You should put that money in safe place _____________________ it.

5. I’ll buy that jacket if they have it in my size. [long]

I’ll buy that jacket ________________________________it in my size.

C. Write the correct forms of the verbs:1. If the weather ……………….. suddenly, I get a headache. (change)

2. If it ……………….. ,don't open the windows. (rain)

3. If you …………….. any help, meet me tomorrow. (need)

4. If he ……………. me, I would help him. (meet)

5. If I were a bird, I ………………. high in the sky. (fly)

6. Unless he …………….. very ill, he would be at work. (be)

7. If I were you, I …………………. that. (not do)

8. If she …………………. for exams, she would have got better grades. (study)


F. The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line against whichablankhasbeengiven.Writetheincorrectwordandthecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainst thecorrectblanknumbersasgivenin thesample.Remember to underline the word to be edited.

Error Correction

If Ram didn’t bunk classes, he will not be punished. will not would not

Unless you work hard, you will pass a test. ______ ______

Provided you lend me money, I will thank you. ______ ______

In case you missed the bus, you shall contact

the transportation co-coordinator. ______ ______

If students had been to Nagarkot, they would ______ ______

have wrote about the place in the exam. ______ ______

Jiya will die if she jumped from this cliff. ______ ______

Deep can go home if it stopped to rain. ______ ______

Barsha won’t go to school if she was ill. ______ ______

Sandip would have topped his university if he

had study every day seriously. ______ ______

Plants will die if they don’t get enough water. ______ ______


Student A: A doctor and teacher is going to deliver a speech on health.

Student B: Sher Singh as well as his friends was attacked by a lion in the jungle.

Student C: The audience was nearly all men.

Student D: The audience were laughing and shouting.

A verb must agree with its subject in number and person. A singular subject requires a singular form of the verb, while a plural subject requires a plural form of the verb. Such relationship between a subject and a verb in a sentence is called Subject-Verb Agreement [Concord]

1. Two or more singular subjects joined by ‘and’, take a plural verb:

12Subject-Verb Agreement

(Concord)

Lesson

Rama and Bhima are cousins.

Suman and Aastha are classmates.

He and I are siblings.

However, there are two exceptions to this rule:

When two singular subjects refer to the same person or thing, the subject agrees with a singular verb. In this case the article or determiner comes with only one noun.

My uncle and doctor has arrived. (my – determiner)

(Here ‘uncle’ and ‘doctor’ refer to the same person.)

A teacher and poet is dead. (a – article)

When two nouns or subjects represent one idea, the subjects agree with a singular verb

Law and order is the government’s main concern.

Rice and curry is my favourite dish.

Truth and honesty is a good human virtue.


2. If two singular nouns joined by ‘and’ are preceded by distributive adjectives ‘each’ and ‘every’, the verb is in the singular:

Every man and woman works hard here.

Each boy and girl has to make a separate PowerPoint presentation.

3. Whentwoormoresingularsubjectsareconnectedbyor,but,neither_nor,either_or,asingular verb is required:

John or Robert has to be elected President of our club.

Neither Ramila nor Shristy has been short-listed for the scholarship.

Not only his sister but also his brother finds this task challenging.

However, when the subjects are joined by ‘or’, ‘nor’ are of different numbers, the verb should be plural and the plural subject should be placed near the verb:

Neither Chandra nor his students were there.

He or we are to be blamed.

When the subject connected by ‘or’, ‘nor’ are of different persons, the verb agrees with the one nearest to it:

Either you or Mrs Dhimal is correct.

Neither my fiancée nor I am hungry.

4. Mathematical computation may take either a singular or a plural verb:

Two times four is eight.

Two and two make four.

5. A singular subject which is immediately followed by ‘as well as’, ‘in addition to,’ ‘accompanied by’, ‘including’, ‘no less than,’ ‘with’, ‘together with’, or a similar construction requires a singular verb:

Their son as well as his age mates needs some suggestions.

The coach, with his players, was criticized for a loss.

6. Asingularsubjectfollowedbyapluralmodifierrequiresasingularverb:

A boy with his parents is going on a tour to Denmark.


7. Indefinitepronounssuchas‘anybody’,‘somebody’,‘anyone’,‘each’,‘either’,‘nobody’,‘noone’, ‘many a’, etc generally require a singular verb:

Each of our club members is married.

Nobody has to worry.

Either of us is going to be rewarded.

8. When the subject is a relative pronoun, the verb agrees with the antecedent of that pronoun:

I want to meet a business person who is industrious and successful.

However, we may use either a singular or plural verb for the following construction:

He is one of the men who hate cooking. (All men hate cooking including him.)

He is one of the men who hates cooking.

(Like other men, he too hates cooking.)

9. A collective noun takes a singular verb when the class it names is considered as a unit or group: a plural verb, when the members of the class are considered individually:

Some collective nouns are: group, public, family, team, committee, club, generation, crowd, company, audience, association, government, class, choir, etc.

Singular PluralMy team is really disciplined.(The team is whole)

My team are discussing a game strategy.(Individual players in the team)

The association has demanded action.(The association as an entire organization)

The association have voted for tax cut.(The members of the organization)

10. Plural numbers take a singular verb when they are used in a phrase to indicate a sum or a unit:

Twenty dollars is not a big sum.

Ten per cent is very high.

Ten kilometers is not a long distance to cover on a bike.


11. Certain nouns which look countable and plural in form but singular in meaning generally take a singular verb:

economicsdynamicsphysicsmathematicselectronicsethicsnewsstatisticslinguisticswhereaboutsathleticspoliticsmeaslesmumps

Liquids : juice, water, coffee, ..............

Gases : oxygen, air, methane ..........

Foods : cake, bread, mat, fruit, rice ...........

Particles : dust, salt, sugar, flour ...............

Materials : paper, gold, silver, wood, .............

Abstract : education, love, poverty ............

Others : luggage, baggage, furniture,

information, training, scenery, traffic, weather, money, advice, homework, machinery, apparatus .........................

12. Some nuns look like singular in form but plural in meaning:

police people cattle poultry gentry public vermin

13. Some nouns are always plural but they can be used as a singular using the phrase ‘a pair of’:

A pair of trousers costs Rs 2000 these days.

A pair of glasses is missing.

pants shorts scissors tongs forceps goods clothes congratulations intestines earnings

spectacles glasses pliers thanks belongings

surroundings particulars outskirts savings stairs premises


A. Complete the following sentences with the correct alternative from the parenthesis. 1. The police ________ searching for the escaped prisoners. (was/ were)

2. Their family ____________ different opinions on her marriage proposal. (has/ have)

3. The school _____________ been closed for several years. (has/ have)

4. That news _________________ supposed to shock them. (is/ are)

5. The staff _____________ to the meeting venue according to their convenient time. (com/comes)

6. A pair of tongs __________ bought yesterday. (was/ were)

7. The information given by them _________ not believable. (is/ are)

8. Politics favouring people ___________ become a thing of the past. (has/ have)

9. My savings ___________ suffice my lifestyle. (doesn’t/ don’t)

10. Each of them _________ been delighted. (has/ have)

11. Everyone _______________ food for their survival. (need/ needs)

12. Three boys or Roshan __________ to fly to Dubai tonight. (is/ are)

13. Neither the teachers nor the Principal __________ informed me. (has/ have)

14. A horse and carriage _________ ready for the guests. (is/ are)

15. The editor and writer ___________ coming to see me today. (is/ are)

B. Re-write the following sentences correcting the errors. 1. Statistics are now a compulsory subject for students of engineering.

2. The facts made public by the company shows an increase in loss.

3. Rabies have claimed many lives in the remotest part.

4. Diabetes are an illness caused by too much sugar in blood.

5. Most of the people interested in education is from villages.

6. Four per cent are not a good interest rate.

7. Each of them know me personally.

Assignment


14. Errors due to Proximity

There is erroneous tendency among students that they make the verb agree with a noun near it, rather than make it agree with its proper subject.

There + singular verb + singular noun + …. There is a girl in the room.

Was there a dog in the kennel?

There + plural verb + plural noun + … There werefortystudents in my class.

Were there forty students in your class?

Here + singular verb + singular noun + … Here is the money I owe you.

Here comes the chief guest.

Here + plural verb + plural noun + … Here are some pamphlets.

Here are some English textbooks.

The following+ singular verb+ singular noun+… The following is the winner of

the competition.

The following is the case study.

The following+ plural verb+ plural noun+ … The following are winners of the

competition.

The following are the case studies.

The number of+ plural noun+ singular verb+… The number of girls for this course

is eight.

Thenumberofvillagesinthisdistrictisfifty.

A number of+ plural noun+ plural verb+… A number of students have joined

this cooking course.

Many a+ singular noun+ singular verb + … Many a worker has disapproved of

new policy.

Many a boy is interested in soccer.

Many + plural noun + plural verb + … Many workers have rejected the

proposal.

Many boys are interested in basketball.


Pair + singular noun + singular verb + … The pair of glasses is missing.

A pair of shoes belongs to me.

Couple + plural noun + plural verb + … The couple are going out for dinner.

A couple of dresses need to be washed.

No+singular noun/uncountable+singular verb.. No pencil is needed for it.

No student of that name has reported yet.

No+plural noun+plural verb.... No pencils are needed for it.

No students of such names have

reported yet.

Wh +singular verb+singular noun/no noun What has happened to these old

chairs?

Who makes that noise?

Wh +plural verb+plural noun What are these books about?

A. The following letter is not edited. Make any necessary corrections to thefollowingletter.Dear Dr Barnes,

Thank you for letting me knows about the grants for your filmmakers. I is planning to send in my application this week. I has to get someone who have known me for at least two years to write a reference for me. I wondered if you would be willing to do this. You would need to give your opinion about my ability to use the money sensibly and to complete a film project.

If you does not feel that you knows me well enough, I will understand, of course. I would be very grateful if you lets me know, though, as I will need to find another referee.

Please give my best wishes to Mr Barnes and to Eleanor and Usula,.

With kind regards,

Stacy Simmons

Assignment


B.Fillintheblankswiththecorrectformofthewordsgiveninbrackets.

1. There ____________________ two errors in your work. (is/ are)

2. The gangster, with all his henchmen, ____________________ arrested. (were/ was)

3. Everyone of the group ______________ here. (are/ is)

4. Neither of my uncles ________________any children. (have/ has)

5. Time and tide ___________ for no man. (waits/ wait)

6. Five thousand rupees ___________________ a big sum. (are/ is)

7. None but the brave ________________ the fair. (deserves/ deserve)

8. Which of those pens ___________ yours? (are/ is)

9. The great poet and singer _________________ dead. (are/ is)

10. Two and two ____________ four. (make/ makes)

C.Rewriteusingthesimplepresenttenseoftheverbinbrackets.

1. A 5 per cent increase in air fare _________________ a big difference. (make)

2. Everyone __________________ she is qualified for this competitive job. (believe)

3. A number of passengers __________ comfortable travel. (want)

4. As per the survey, twenty per cent of youths ______________ smoking. (hate)

5. Few of students __________________ to sit the test. (not want)

6. All the fruits ___________ to be good for the patients. (seem)

7. Either the employer or his employees ________ guilty. (be)

8. Many a refugee ________________ the country through the northern border. (leave)

9. I don’t think any of them ______________ where the treasure is hidden. (know)

10. Two kilometers __________ not a problem for professional athletes. (be)


D. The following passage has not been edited. There is an error in each line against whichablankhasbeengiven.Writetheincorrectwordandthecorrectioninyouranswersheetagainst thecorrectblanknumbersasgivenin thesample.Remember to underline the word to be edited.

Error Correction

The engineer and painter are with us. are is

Rojina and I am cousins. _____ _____

The family is divided in their opinions. _____ _____

Two thousand rupees are too much for it. _____ _____

Writing novles are a challenging task. _____ _____

Physics are a difficult subject to study. _____ _____

Many a graduate are looking for jobs. _____ _____

Neither Raja nor his friends is on leave. _____ _____

Sunita as well as her colleagues are fired. _____ _____

Everyone have to be attentive at this time. _____ _____

One of the guests are late for the program. _____ _____

Whisky and soda re are only his dinner. _____ _____

The apples in the basket is very ripe. _____ _____

Mumps are a dangerous disease. _____ _____

Neither of them have been suspended. _____ _____

E. Choose the best alternative to complete the following sentences.

1. The majority of students ________________________.

A. has failed English in SEE.

B. were failed in English in SEE.

C. have failed English in SEE.


2. Listen! Someone _________________________.

A. is knocking at the door.

B. are knocking at the door.

C. knocks at the door.

3. Afleetofships__________________________.

A. have been destroyed at sea.

B. has been destroyed at sea.

C. are destroyed at sea.

4. Many a candidate _________________________.

A. is looking for a job.

B. are looking for a job.

C. am looking for a job.

5. He and I ________________________________.

A. am siblings.

B. are siblings.

C. is siblings.

6. Linguistics ______________________________.

A. are my favourite subject.

B. is my favourite subject.

C. am my favourite subject.

7. Mr Sherma is one of the professors who _____________

A. teach postgraduate students.

B. teaches postgraduate students.

C. is teaching postgraduate students.

Documents

KEDC's Hello GrammarHello Grammar