Keira Richardson Senior Seminar Final

7/29/2019 Keira Richardson Senior Seminar Final

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Running Head: RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND HOUSEHOLD ABUSE 1

Relationship between Substance Abuse and Household Abuse

Keira Richardson

Virginia State University


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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SUBSTANCE ABUSE AND HOUSEHOLD ABUSE 2

Table of Contents

Abstract...3

Introduction4

Conceptualizing Household Abuse5

Incidence of Household Abuse7

Psychological Causes of Substance Abuse...9

How Substance Abuse Contributes to Household Violence.11

Methodology. 13

Findings.14

Conclusion1 4

Charts..18 -22

References23 -24


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Abstract

In this paper you will find out how substance abuse and household abuse has a direct

correlation. The research shows how it affects the abuser and the victims psychologically.

Programs and treatment to rehabilitate both parties are discussed. A survey was conducted a

sample population of 30 people that attended Virginia State University to see how many people

were affected by or knew someone that had been abused. The survey attempts to establish a

correlation between substance abuse and household abuse. This information will be essential to

the Department of Social Services to implement more polices to deter both substance and

household abuse.


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Introduction

Household abuse is affected by society in a major way. If the abuser and abused do not

seek help they can become unstable in society. The abuser will continue to abuse people and do

not recognize that they have a problem. The victim can suffer from mentally unstable problems

meaning they have trust issues, become a loner and depressed. This now can create more

tribulations to society. If the issues are not resolved they create bullies, and thugs who become

deviant to society and deter from the social norm. It could lead to the cycle continuing and

household abuse will continue for generations if not treated properly.

The role of Social Services is to identify and monitor households to ensure fit homes.

Society looks at a fit home as being one that is financially stable, psychologically sound, with

physically healthy individuals. Therefore Social Services provide assistance to homes like

employment resources, transportation, healthcare, childcare, and food and housing assistance.

One of the things that Social Services monitor is household abuse. Household abuse can be

considered domestic and child abuse which is most often committed by the father or male

domestic partner.

Studies reveal that household abuse is often aggravated by drug and alcohol abuse among

fathers and husbands. When growing up most males are taught to be tough. They are not

supposed to cry like a female or whine. When a male is an adolescent and begins to go through

puberty they develop testosterone. According to News Medical testosterone is a

steroid hormone from the androgen group. Testosterone plays a key role in the development of

male reproductive tissues, such as the testis and prostate as well as promoting secondary sexual

characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass and hair growth. Being as though
http://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Hormones.aspxhttp://www.news-medical.net/health/What-are-Hormones.aspx


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steroids make you more aggressive it is naturally in a male to be aggressive. Men are usually

bigger than women because of testosterone.

This research is vital to Social Services agencies to deter future household abuse. Not

only does abuse affect the victim but it also affects the abuser, and Social Services agencies help

provide programs to help rehabilitate them. According to child welfare information gateway

domestic violence can interfere with both parents ability to parent to such a degree that the

children may be neglected or abused. The demands of parenting can be overwhelming to an

abused parent suffering from trauma, damaged self-confidence, and other emotional effects of

experiencing domestic violence. Child welfare professionals need to have resources available to

help parents who are victims of domestic violence to protect their children from abuse and

neglect. Resources and information on research, programs initiatives, and parenting strategies

can protect children in families experiencing domestic violence.Child abuse and preventing

spousal abuse knowing how substance abuse contributes to household abuse and affects the

entire family will help Social Services implement effective policies that will prevent or reduce

domestic and child abuse. Some of those policies might include treatment and support for

identified substance abusers and household abusers. Recipients of services could be required to

undergo random drug testing, counseling (both family and individual), and anger management to

stay qualified for services.

Conceptualizing Household Abuse

Household abuse is where abuse is done in the home whether it is domestic or child

abuse.Domestic violence can be defined a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors that

include physical, sexual and psychological attacks as well as economic coercion, that adults or


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adolescents use against their intimate partners (Child Welfare Information Gateway, 2011).

Some of these behaviors are physical beatings, using berating or belittling language, forcing sex

on a partner, or withholding or controlling a partners income. Intimate partner violence (IPV)

has rose significantly among those children exposed to violence (Salisbury, Henning, Holdford,

2009, p.232). Evidence illustrates detrimental effects of childrens exposure to IPV. The

exposure increases behavioral problems, aggression, and it decreases self-esteem, depression,

and posttraumatic stress (Salisbury et al.,2009, p.232). Witnessing IPV during childhood can

serve as a potent model to use aggression with interpersonal conflicts (Salisbury et al.,2009,

p.233). The overlapping of IPV and physical child abuse within families is prominent with the

risk of experiencing physical abuse, which increases IPV ( Edleson, 1999; Smith, Slep & O

Leary, 2005 as cited in Salisbury et al., 2009, p.233). The mental state of the parent is directly

correlated with the abuse of children (Tajima, 2002, p. 124). The correlation between these is if

the mental state of a parent is not stable it can have an effect on the parent abusing the child.

Family size is also a factor on whether the household has child abuse or not, the bigger the

family size the greater risk that the child will be abused (Bowker et al., 1988; OKeefe, 1995, as

cited in Tajima, 2002, p. 126). With larger familiesthere may be more stress and the partner or

father may lash out at the child or domestic partner. With larger families causing more stress,

the males way of disciplining may be actual child abuse. This then could lead to them abusing

drug which then lead to the domestic violence. This can be identified as a chain of reactions.

Child abuse is the mistreatment of a child whether it be by a parent or guardian that

includes neglecting, beating, and sexual molestation. It is found that more fathers are prone to

committing child abuse.


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A major reason why fathers commit child abuse is explained by strain theory and

differential association theory. The strain theory can be identified as tension or stress. In other

words, due to tension or stress, a person may act aggressively, carelessly, and irrationally. For

example, lack of economic resources can put stress on ones life and leads them to think

irrational decisions which then leads them to commit child abuse. Differential association theory

describes the interactions with others. Theorist Mckay observed that delinquent values are

transmitted from one generation to the next (Lilly, Cullen, & Ball, p. 48). Another known

theorist named Sutherland who closely looked at differential association believed that criminal

behavior is learned through your social interactions (Lilly et al. p. 48). If the parent use to be

abused as a child and this is the only thing they know they may feel this abuse is the only way to

discipline their children not knowing that this is child abuse. Kaufman and Zigler (1989)

estimated that approximately 25% to 35% of parents who had been abused repeat the cycle with

their children (as cited in Tajima, 2002, p.125).

Incidence of Household Abuse

In a review of 42 studies spanning 1967 to 1996, it was concluded that the rate of

concurrence of abuse of mother and her children in the United States to be 6% for any given year

(Oliver, Kuhns,& Pomeranz, 2006, p.113). Due to the low number previously stated it goes to

show that household abuse goes under reported. The cause of the under reported cases the

victims are often afraid of the attacker and are not certain about disclosing information about

their abuse. Domestic violence literature illustrates the social and psychological characteristics of men

who engage in intimate partner violence (Salisbury et al.,2009, p.232). Research has shown that 41% of

families with battered women children were also abused (Salisbury et al.,2009, p.233). In a stratified

group of violent homes, abuse appears to be about 40% (Oliver et al., 2006, p. 113). Edelson


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summarized a different group of studies and came to the same conclusion with comorbidity of

30% to 60% (Edelson, 1999, as cited in Oliver et al., 2006, p.113). This overlap has significant

implications for prospective inquiries in cases of spouse abuse and child abuse (Oliver et al.,

2006, p.113). The higher the spousal abuse the more likely there will be child abuse within the

home (Oliver et al., 2006, p.113).

Instability of family residence is a notable factor in abusive homes. (Oliver et al., 2006,

p.113). Creighton reported that more than 60% of families with abused children had lived in

their present home less than 2 years (Creighton, 1985 as cited in Oliver et al., 2006, p.113).

Studies report that more abuse was associated with living in the present community less than 5

years (Oliver et al., 2006, p.113). Families being isolated from kin and less interaction with the

community report to have a higher rate of child abuse (Oliver et al., 2006, p.113). Being in an

unstable home can contribute to physical abuse. By being unstable meaning your home life is

not what society looks at as normal. Instability can aggravate household abuse but it is most

often aggravated by substance abuse. In a 2002 study of married couples of the respondents who

used alcohol 46.6% abuse their wives (Tajima, 2002, p.130). Of husbands that used drugs 19.9%

reported that they abused their wives (Tajima, 2002, p.130). In a study about risk factors by

Guterman and Lee they point out that earlier work shows, clear links between fathers substance

abuse (including alcohol) more generally heightened risk for both physical abuse and physical

neglect (Ammerman, Kolko, Kirisci, Blackson, & Dawes, 1990 as cited in Guterman & Lee,

2005, p.140). Guterman and Lee also cite another study that drawing from protective services

records, report that 59% of maltreatment (both abuse and neglect) cases that involved substance

abuse indentified fathers as substance abusers (Murphy et al., 1991 as cited in Guterman & Lee,

2005, p.141). Normally if a parent has a substance abuse disorder it leaves the child at a higher


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risk that they will abuse too. Many abuse a controlled substance as a way to escape lifes

worries. They use it to get away from their problem but once the sober up or come off the high

the problems are still there.

Psychological Causes of Substance Abuse

Substance abuse disorder (SUD) encompasses two different types of problems:

dependence and abuse (Dass-Brailsford et al, 2010, p.203). Dependence includes problems like

tolerance and withdrawal and the lack of control when using substance, where abuse is

impairment-related in several major areas of functioning (Dass-Brailsford et al, 2010, p.203).

Dependence on a substance mean that you cannot function without the substance and withdrawal

would mean you show symptoms of illness without the substance. Abuse is when a person is not

functioning when under the influence of the substance.

Generally speaking the strain theory is not only a cause of household abuse but it can also

be a factor in substance abuse. Dass-Brailsford and Myrickreviewed the direct correlation with

trauma and substance abuse. They discovered that early adverse environmental experiences can

play a major role in arresting the self-regulation pathway (Ford, 2005, as cited in Dass-Brailsford

& Myrick, 2010, p.203). Environmental experiences are adversities in life such as something

traumatic in life that you never get over. Self-regulation can be defined as the integrated

learning processes, consisting of the development of a set of constructive behaviors that affect

ones learning. These processes are planned and adapted to support the pursuit of personal goals

in changing learning environments (Siegle, 2006) Children raised in stressful conditions are often

insecurely attached and emotionally dyregulated ( Dass-Brailsford, et al., 2010, p.203).

Merriam-Webster defines dysregulated as impairment of a physiological regulatory mechanism


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in a mental health community; it explains that emotional response is poor, and it does not fall

within the conventional accepted range of emotive response. Having poor emotive responses is

why you cannot create new responses to the day to day stress and difficult life situations. You

are unable because of the substance abuse. Dysregulation of the stress response system as a

consequence of early traumatization has been found to contribute to earlier onset of alcohol and

drug use and heavier drinking compared to trauma reporting onset at least two years earlier for

consuming alcohol for the first time and approximately 7 years earlier for those who become

heavy drinkers (Fisher, Gunnar, Chamberlain, & Reid, 2000 as cited in Dass-Brailsford et al,

2010, p.203).

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is another cause of substance abuse. It is the

exposure to a traumatic event in which a person experiences or witnesses an event or events that

involve real or threatened bodily harm, resulting in feelings of intense fear, helplessness, or

horror (American Psychiatric Association, 2000, as cited in Dass-Brailsford, 2010, p. 202).

PTSD diagnoses have been fiercely debate by professionals in both the trauma and substance

abuse fields (Dass-Brailsford et al., 2010, p. 203). Traumatologists have questioned PTSD

diagnostic symptom criteria, while those in the addiction field have questioned the validity of the

substance abuse diagnosis (Dass-Brailsford et al., 2010, p. 203). Often addicted individuals

report one or two symptoms of substance dependence (Dass-Brailsford, 2010, p.203).

Symptoms are indicative of the presence of a problem; the individual does not meet full criteria

for a substance abuse diagnosis unless three or more symptoms are present (Degenhardt,

Lynskey, Coffey, & Patton, 2002, as cited in Dass-Brailsford et al., 2010, p.203). The American

Psychological Association (APA) says that among other symptoms, an abuser cannot control or

curtail use even after trying; that use of the substance takes up a lot of his or her time; or the


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person uses the substance in physically hazardous situations knowing the risks (Dass-Brailsford

et al., 2010, p. 203). There are several reasons why addressing trauma symptoms and substance

abuse problems simultaneously is necessary. There is a strong developmental and neurological

link between PTSD and SUD integrated treatment; for instance, it reduces relapse rates, which is

a major challenge in substance abuse treatment ( Dass-Brailsford et al., 2010, p.203). While

PTSD and strain theory are the most frequent causes of substance abuse, some people turn to

substance abuse due to peer pressure or even after legitimately using a drug and later becoming

addicted.

How Substance Abuse Contributes to Household Violence

Merrill, Hervig, and Milner (1996) found that alcohol use was a significant risk factor for

mens abuse of children (Merrill,Hevig, & Milner, 1996, as cited in Tajima, 2002, p. 124).

Gelles (1993) stressed that substance abuse was a correlate of, but not a cause of, child abuse

(Gelles, 1993, as cited in Tajima, 2002, p. 124). Common sense, clinical experience, and

popular wisdomsuggest that the acute effects of alcohol and other drugs (intoxication) as well as

the effects of chronic alcohol and drug use (substance abuse, addiction, or chemical dependency)

increase the likelihood of intimate partner violence (Bennett & Williams, 2003, p.558).

Research has indicated that IPV is strongly associated with alcohol abuse and dependence

(Kraanen, Scholing, & Emmelkamp, 2009, p. 430). The relationship has been demonstrated in a

large variety of populations (Kraanen et al., 2009, p. 430). Perpetrators of IPV are largely

represented in patients in treatment for alcohol-related disorders (e.g.,Murphy & OFarrell, 1994;

OFarrell, Fals-Stewart ,Murphy &Murphy, 2003; OFarrell & Murphy, 1995; Vedel,

Emmelkamp & Schippoer, submitted). Evidence for the existence of a correlation between IPV


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and drug use (disorders) was recently summarized by Moore et al. (2008) (as cited in Kraanen, et

al., 2010, p.431). A meta-analytic review was conducted to evaluate the empirical evidence on

the relationship between IPV and drug abuse (Krannen et al. 2009, p.431). The study found that

the illicit drug most strongly linked with IPV was cocaine, followed by marijuana (Kaanen et al.,

2010, p.431). Chermack, Fuller & Blow (2000) found that 53% of 126 men in substance abuse

treatment had used moderate to severe partner violence in the year prior to treatment (as cited in

Bennett, 2003, p.558). Over a 3-year period, a large substance abuse treatment program

screened all admissions for domestic violence and the program reported that 70% of the screened

men self-reported as perpetrators of domestic abuse (Bennett et al., 2003, p.558).

A number of theories are used to explain the way alcohol or drug use increases the risk of

domestic violence (Bennett et al., 2003, p.560). The most common explanations are termed

disinhibition, cognitive distortion, learned disinhibition, deviancy disavowal, and power theory

(Bennett et al., 2003, p. 561). Classical disinhibiton is the simplest explanation that alcohol or

drugs disinhibit our human tendency towards aggression (Bennett et al., 2003, p. 561). Drugs

and alcohol are presumed to have direct chemical effects on the brain that inhibits violence

(Bennett et al., 2003, p. 561). As a result substance abusers do not suppress violent acts the way

a sober person might. This may be because of the fact that alcohol and drugs allows you to do

things that you would not do sober. You are not thinking as clearly as a sober person would be.

Deviancy disavowal mythology of substance related aggression incubates an opportunity for men

to disavow their behavior while drunk or stoned (Bennett et al., 2003, p. 562). Thats not me. It

was the Booze! and The booze was talking are the language of deviancy disavowal (Bennett

et al., 2003, p.562). Socially unacceptable behavior such as domestic assault can be attributed to

the substance rather than to the self (Bennett et al., 2003, p.562).


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If a man experiences a need to appear powerful or to dominate others, and if he attributes

this capacity to alcohol (or any other drug), he is far more likely to experience himself as

powerful after drinking or drugging (Bennett et al., 2003, p. 563). A power model of alcohol and

domestic violence views alcohol abuse and woman abuse as rooted in mens drive for power

over others not only including his wife but also his children (Gondolf, 1995, as cited in Bennett

et al., 2003, p.563). The increased unpredictability of a mans behavior while drunk or stoned,

as observed over time, increases the chances that a woman will behave according to a mans

wishes because of fear for her safety (Bennett et al., 2003, p.563). As a result of this fear the

likelihood of his drunkenness will increase the chances that the behavior will be repeated

(Bennett et al., 2003, p. 563).Domestic aggression is more likely at high levels of blood alcohol

because the drinker, due to cognitive diction and to beliefs about womens aggression, is more

likely to misperceive his partners behavior as aggressive, abandoning, or overwhelming

(Barenett & Fagan, 1993, as cited in Bennett et al., 2003, p. 564).

Use and abuse of chemicals are important considerations in preventing violence against

women and children by partners and fathers and they are more important than the personal and

cultural beliefs that support the link between substance abuse and violence (Bennett et al., 2003,

p. 564).

Methodology

In this section I will tell what instrument I have used as well as inform you of the

population I have selected to use to further study my topic. I have implemented my own research

to further analyze my topic. I conducted an anonymous survey on substance abuse and

household violence to show that they correlate and to see how many people have been affected


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by. The population of my sample was students that attend Virginia State University. Many of

the student field of study was a social science not many were of other majors. The participants

were selected by convenient sampling. The method I chose was quantitative method. In the

survey I wanted to know how many people actually knew what household abuse was and their

experience with substance abuse and or household abuse. I attempted to find that when abuse is

being committed is the abuser under the influence and is most of the abuse committed by males.

I expected to find that most people have first or second hand experience with child abuse.

Findings

My survey does show my hypotheses that abuse is largely committed by males under the

influence at the time of the abuse. Many of the participants either were or knew someone who

had experienced child abuse or knew someone that had been abused as a child. 63.3% of

respondents had been affected by child abuse. If the participants had not been abused, 90% of

them knew someone who had been abused and 59.3% said that it was the father who committed

it. They were asked what was applicable to their family as far as substance abuse and 56.7% of

families are affected by abuse of alcohol, 13.3 are affected by abuse of drugs and 30% are

affected by both alcohol and drugs. Majority of the abuse that was committed was by a male.

Although alcohol abuse was a high factor, anger played a major role as well with a percentage of

83.3% of people who were abused said was because the abuser was angry. 53.6% of them had

been affected by domestic violence as well. 66.7% that were abused said it was committed by a

boyfriend or girlfriend, 20% named a husband or wife as the abuser, and 13.3% were abused by a

domestic partner. What prompted the domestic violence was intoxication, anger, or frustration.

33.3% or respondents said that intoxication was the reason, 53.3% said it was anger, and 13.3%

said that it was frustration.


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Conclusion

According to the child welfare information gateway they present different strategies for

working with families that have cases of child abuse and neglect. Department of Social Services

helps families alleviate crises that might lead to out-of-home placements of children because of

abuse, neglect, or parental inability to care for their children. Parents are not only to care for

their children financially but emotionally. If the mother is being abused in a home they neglect

their children by force because they are dealing with the issues of domestic abuse. These services

help maintain the safety of children in their own homes ("Promoting safe and stable families,").

To ensure a healthy family unit for those families who are experiencing substance abuse

you must first identify that you have a problem. The abuser needs to be the one that wants to

seek help. If they dont identify that they have the problem the treatment will be ineffective.

They must then find a program that fits whatever substance that they abuse. It would be

recommended that they follow all the steps of completion of that program. When they are done

they should carry the step with them and utilize it in their everyday life. To make sure that the

once abuser of the substance is adhering to the steps that they learned in the program they should

be made to check in with their family case manager either bi-weekly or once a month depending

on how severe the case was. They should have mandatory drug testing for a minimum of one

year and max of 3 depending on the severity of the abuse. These things should be taking

seriously because if they dont adhere to them it could cause them to lose the benefits of Social

Services and the cycle could repeat itself.

To rehabilitate the abuser they should go to counseling and assessments that identifies

that the anger and frustration. When the problem is identified a treatment plan should be created


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to that specifically goes with that person cause of anger. During the program they should teach

you how to suppress or use your aggression in a positive way. You should learn ways change

your mood when you feel yourself becoming anger and close to committing substance and

household.

Social Services help those who are in need. Due to the bad economy many families

suffer from substance abuse and household abuse. To better deter from these problem they offer

options to help families. One of the options is childcare and childcare voucher. Many families

have one to three children and child care can be very expensive. Trying to pay for it and not

necessarily being able to afford it can cause a lot of stress and built up anger. With this Social

Service allows you to find a childcare provider that accepts a voucher and with the voucher

lessens the price of childcare or even eliminate the cost all together. It is now one less worry

with the help of them. The can also offer career counseling for those who are lashing out

because they are not sure what to do in life. As well as career counseling and childcare, they

also offer the most major stressor in society which is subsidizing housing. Many homes are

going for foreclosure because of the economy. Having a house that you cannot really afford or

struggling to keep up becomes unbearable can result to substance abuse and household abuse.

Social Service provides subsidize living which allows you have a fixed payment. They could

either pay majority of your rent or even pay all of it. This now reliefs stress from your life and

will deter persons from engaging in abuse overall.

As current and past studies show that domestic violence is very prevalent. There has

been a campaign launched called Futures Without Violence. They advocate preventing future

cases of domestic violence. Integration agency which provides a substance abuse treatment

program and a batterer intervention program providing concurrent services, in conjunction with


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the assertive case management of a probation officer, all within a coordinated community

response to noncompliance provides, in opinion of the creators, the safest feasible alternative

(Bennett et al., 2003, p. 586).


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Charts

how do you identify household violence?

Frequency Percent Valid Percent

Cumulative

Percent

Valid parents abusing each other 2 4.3 6.7 6.7

all the above 28 60.9 93.3 100.0

Total 30 65.2 100.0

Missing System 16 34.8

Total 46 100.0

have you ever experienced domestic violence?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid yes 15 32.6 53.6 53.6

no 13 28.3 46.4 100.0

Total 28 60.9 100.0


Total 46 100.0


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what was the relationship of your abuser?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid boyfriend/girlfriend 10 21.7 66.7 66.7

husband/wife 3 6.5 20.0 86.7

domestic partner 2 4.3 13.3 100.0

Total 15 32.6 100.0


Total 46 100.0

what prompted the act?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid intoxication 5 10.9 33.3 33.3

anger 8 17.4 53.3 86.7

frustration 2 4.3 13.3 100.0

Total 15 32.6 100.0


Total 46 100.0


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have you ever experienced child abuse?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid yes 19 41.3 63.3 63.3

no 11 23.9 36.7 100.0

Total 30 65.2 100.0


Total 46 100.0

if your answer was yes, who was the abuser?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid mom 5 10.9 27.8 27.8

dad 11 23.9 61.1 88.9

other relative 2 4.3 11.1 100.0

Total 18 39.1 100.0


Total 46 100.0


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what prompted the act?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid intoxication 7 15.2 38.9 38.9

anger 8 17.4 44.4 83.3

frustration 3 6.5 16.7 100.0

Total 18 39.1 100.0


Total 46 100.0

has anyone you have known who has experienced child abuse?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid yes 27 58.7 90.0 90.0

no 3 6.5 10.0 100.0

Total 30 65.2 100.0


Total 46 100.0


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who was the abuser?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid mom 4 8.7 14.8 14.8

dad 16 34.8 59.3 74.1

relative 7 15.2 25.9 100.0

Total 27 58.7 100.0


Total 46 100.0

what is appplicable to your family?


Cumulative

Percent

Valid abuse of alcohol 17 37.0 56.7 56.7

abuse of drugs 4 8.7 13.3 70.0

abuse of both alcohol and

drugs

9 19.6 30.0 100.0

Total 30 65.2 100.0


Total 46 100.0


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References

Bennett, L., & Williams, O. (2003). Substance Abuse and Men Who Batter: Issues in Theory and

Practice. Violence Against Women, 9(558). 558-575.

Child Welfare Information Gateway (2011). Definitions of Domestic Violence. Retrieved from

http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/defdomvio.cfm

Child Welfare Information Gateway (2011). Programs for Families Affected by Domestic

Violencehttp://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/programs

Dass-Brailsford, P., & Myrick, A. (2010). Psychological truma and substance abuse: The need

for an integrated approach. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 11(202). 202-213.

Guterman, N., & Lee, Y. (2005). The role of fathers in risk for physical child abuse and neglect:

Possible pathways and unanswered questions. Child Maltreatment, 10(2). 136-149.

Herrenkohl, T., Sousa, C., Tajima, E., Herrenkohl, R., & Moylan, C. (2008). Intersection of

child abuse and children exposure to domestic violence. Trauma, Violence, and

Abuse, 9(84).84-99.

Kraanen, F., Scholing, A., & Emmelkamp, P. (2009). Substance use in perpetrators of intimate

partner violence in a forensic setting.International Journal of Offender Therapy and

Comparative Criminology, 54(430). 430-440.

Lilly, J., Cullen, F., & Ball, R. (2011). Criminological theory conext and consequnes. (5th ed.).

Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publication, Inc.
http://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/defdomvio.cfmhttp://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/programshttp://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/programshttp://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/programshttp://www.childwelfare.gov/preventing/programshttp://www.childwelfare.gov/systemwide/laws_policies/statutes/defdomvio.cfm


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Oliver, W., Kuhns, L., & Pomeranz, E. (2006). Family Structure and Child Abuse. Clinical

Pediatrics, 45(11).111-118.

Promoting safe and stable families. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://www.dss.virginia.gov/family/pssf.cgi

Salisbury, E., Henning, K., & Holdford, R. (2009). Fathering by partner-abusive men: Attitudes

on children's exposure to interparental conflict and risk factors for child abuse. Child

Maltreatment, 14(3). 232242

Siegle, D. (2006, June). In G. Whitehurst (Chair).Increasing academic achievement among

gifted underachievers. Paper presented at Institute of Education Science Research

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http://www.gifted.uconn.edu/siegle/SelfRegulation/section2.html

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Abuse.A Journal Of Interpersonal Violence, 17. 122-148
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Keira Richardson Senior Seminar Final