kelompok 10 Sem V

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WELCOME

GROUP: 10 HASANANWARSAJALI TBN

ANNI MARIANA

ANDIKAPRATAMA

ISROFIL RITONGA


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SEMANTIC

&

PRAGMATIC


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CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION

2. THEORICAL ANALYSIS 2.1 REFERENCE

2.2 SENSE

A. Sight

B. Hearing

C. Taste

D. Smell E. Touch

2.3 SENTENCE

Components of Sentence

Clause

- Classification

a. By Structureb. By Purpose

- Major and Minor Sentences

2.4 UTTERANCE

2.5 PROPOSITION

a. Definition

b. Discussion 3. CONCLUSION


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1. INTRODUCTION

Lexically, semantics is scientific study ofmeaning in language

Semantics as a subfield of linguistics is the

study of meaning in language. Semanticsdeals with the meaning of words, and howthe meaning of sentences is derived fromthem. In order to understand what meaning inlanguage is, it is important to realize that it isa multifaceted phenomenon; differently

aspects of meaning need to be explained indifferent ways, so they are studied differentlyand are governed by difficult theories beforewe can talk about word meanings asdictionary definitions, a clarification about theuse of dictionaries is necessary.


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2. THEORICALANALYSIS

REFERENCE

SENSE

SENTENCE

UTTERANCE

PROPOSITION


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2.1 REFERENCE In semantics, reference is generally construed as the relationships

between nouns or pronouns and objects that are named by them.

Subject object Poss.

Adjective

Poss. Pronoun

I = au Me = au My =...Ku Mine=

punakku

We = hita Us = hita Our =...hita Ours= puna

nita

You =

hamu/ho

You = hamu Your =...mu Yours= puna

mu

They = halai Them = halai Their =...ni

halai

Theirs= puna

ni halai

He = lian Him = Lian His =...ni silian His= puna siLian

She = taing Her = Taing Her =...ni

siTaing

Hers= puna si

Taing

It =anu/aha It = Anu/aha Its =...ni siAnu Its= puna si

anuHasan = Hasan


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Base on semantic, English sign can be considered a subset of a moregeneral concept, the linguistic sign, first elucidated by Ferdinand deSaussure. A sign contains two parts, the signified (a thought whichrepresents an object), and the signifier (the sound or written

word). Both have a referent (the actual physical object).

The sign is a building block for texts that supplies sound andmeaning. The smallest building block is called a morpheme andmay be lexical (or referential, carrying alexical/encyclopedic meaning, i.e. refer to real-life entities). This

kind of extra-linguistic reference is called deixis after a Greek wordmeaning "to point". In contrast, grammatical morphemes expressreference to more abstract categories such as time (tense) orlocation (locative). Certain parts of speech exist only in order toexpress reference, viz. anaphora, i.e. typically pronouns. Thesubset of reflexives reflexive express co-reference ofagent(actor) and patient (acted-upon), as in "The man washed himself".

But in Angkola, there is no exchangs of pronoun in subject, object,and possesive cases in indicating the same references as can beseen on the table above.


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2.2SENSE

SIGHT

HEARING

TASTE

SMELL

TOUCH


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A. SIGHT

sight or vision is the ability of the brain

and eye to detect electromagnetic waves

within the visible range (light) interpreting

the image as "sight."


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B. HEARING

Hearing or audition is the sense ofsound

perception. Since sound is vibrations

propagating through a medium such as air, the

detection of these vibrations, that is the sense

of the hearing, is a mechanical sense akin to a

sense of touch, albeit a very specialized one.


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C. TASTE

Taste or gestation is one of the two main"chemical" senses. There are at least fourtypes of tastes that "buds" (receptors) on the

tongue detect, and hence there areanatomists who argue[citation needed] thatthese constitute five or more different senses,given that each receptor conveys information

to a slightly different region of thebrain[citation needed]. The inability to taste iscalled ageusia.


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D. SMELL

Smell or olfaction is the other "chemical" sense. Unliketaste, there are hundreds of olfactory receptors, eachbinding to a particular molecular feature. Odourmolecules possess a variety of features and thus excite

specific receptors more or less strongly. Thiscombination of excitatory signals from differentreceptors makes up what we perceive as themolecule's smell. In the brain, olfaction is processed bythe olfactory system. Olfactory receptor neurons in the

nose differ from most other neurons in that they dieand regenerate on a regular basis. The inability to smellis called anosmia.


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E. TOUCH

Touch, also called tactition, mechanoreceptionor somatic sensation, is the sense ofpressureperception, generally in the skin. There are a

variety ofnerve endings that respond tovariations in pressure (e.g., firm, brushing, andsustained). The inability to feel anything oralmost anything is called anesthesia. Paresthesia

is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbnessof a person's skin with no apparent long termphysical effect.


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Touch, also called tactition, mechanoreception or somatic

sensation, is the sense ofpressure perception, generally in the

skin. There are a variety ofnerve endings that respond to

variations in pressure (e.g., firm, brushing, and sustained). The

inability to feel anything or almost anything is called anesthesia.

Paresthesia is a sensation of tingling, pricking, or numbness of a

person's skin with no apparent long term physical effect.


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2.3 SENTENCES

In linguistics, a sentence is a grammatical unit of one or more words,bearing minimal syntactic relation to the words that precede orfollow it, often preceded and followed in speech by pauses, havingone of a small number of characteristic intonation patterns, andtypically expressing an independent statement, question, request,

command, etc.[1] Sentences are generally characterized in mostlanguages by the presence of a finite verb, e.g. "The quick brownfox jumps over the lazy dog".

Components of Sentence

Clause

- Classification

a. By Structureb. By Purpose

- Major and Minor Sentences


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COMPONENTS OFSENTENCE

A simple complete sentence consists of a subjectand apredicate. The subject is typically a noun phrase,though other kinds of phrases (such as gerund phrases)work as well, and some languages allow subjects to be

omitted. The predicate is a finite verb phrase: it's afinite verb together with zero or more objects, zero ormore complements, and zero or more adverbials. Seealso copula for the consequences of this verb on thetheory of sentence structure.

As a grammatical unit, English has formula of times in16 tenses. Other hands, Angkola, shows those times(adverb of times) laxly (without taking care the place,exchanges, and simply).


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CLAUSE

A clause consists of a subject and a verb.

There are two types of clauses: independent

and subordinate (dependent). An independent

clause consists of a subject verb and also

demonstrates a complete thought: for

example, "I am sad." A subordinate clause

consists of a subject and a verb, butdemonstrates an incomplete thought: for

example, "Because I had to move."


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- CLASSIFICATION

a. By Structure

b. By Purpose


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BYSTRUCTURE

One traditional scheme for classifying English sentences is bythe number and types offinite clauses:

A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause withno dependent clauses. I have a boyfriend ( S+P+O ) Saya mempunyai kekasih ( S+P+O ) Adong gandakku ( P+O+S )

A compound sentence consists of multiple independentclauses with no dependent clauses. These clauses are joinedtogether using conjunctions, punctuation, or both. I have a bag, dictionary and book. ( S+P+O ) Saya mempunyai tas, kamus dan buku. ( S+P+O ) Adong tas, kamus dohot bukukku. ( P+O+S )


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A complex sentence consists of one or more independent clauses with atleast one dependent clause.

I have a bag, dictionary and book where I save in my room. ( IND+D )Saya mempunyai tas, kamus dan buku yang Saya simpan di ruanganku.( IND+D )

Adong tas, kamus dohot bukukku na au simpan di ruanganku. ( IND+D )

A complex-compound sentence (or compound-complex sentence) consists ofmultiple independent clauses, at least one of which has at least onedependent clause.

I have a bag, dictionary and book where I save in my room and I am in

with my young brother every night. ( IND+D )Saya mempunyai tas, kamus dan buku yang Saya simpan di ruangankudan saya berada di kamar bersama adikku setiap malam. ( IND+D )Adong tas, kamus dohot bukukku na au simpan di ruanganku, disi doau dohot anggikku satiop borngin. ( IND+D )


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BY PURPOSE

Sentences can also be classified based on their purpose:

A declarative sentence or declaration, the most common type, commonlymakes a statement: I am going home ( S+P+O )

Saya akan pulang ( S+P+O )

Got mulak au ( P+S ) A negative sentence or negation denies that a statement is true:

I am not going home.( S+not+P+O )

Saya tidak akan pulang ( S+tidak+P+O )

Na got mulak au. ( not+P+S )

An interrogative sentence or question is commonly used to request

information, but sometimes not; see rhetorical question. When are you going to work? ( QW+S+P )

Kapan kamu akan pergi bekerja ? ( QW+S+P )

Andigan do get karejo hamu? ( QW+P+S )


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An exclamatory sentence or exclamation is generally a moreemphatic form of statement:

What a wonderful day is today. ( Prhase+P+S )Betapa indahnya hari ini. ( Prhase+P+S )

Na jogi ma hari sadarion bah. ( Prhase+S+P )An imperative sentence or commandtells someone to dosomething: Go to work at 7:30 tomorrow morning.

Go to work at 7:30 tomorrow ( Verb+adv )Pergi bekerja jam 7:30 besok. ( Verb+adv )

Karejo ho jam 7:30 atcogot. ( Verb+S+Ad


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- MAJORAND MINORSENTENCES

A major sentence is a regularsentence; it has a subjectand a predicate. For example: I have a ball. In thissentence one can change the persons: We have a ball.However, a minor sentence is an irregular type of

sentence. It does not contain a finite verb. Forexample, "Mary!" "Yes." "Coffee." etc. Other examplesof minor sentences are headings (e.g. the heading ofthis entry), stereotyped expressions (Hello!), emotionalexpressions (Wow!), proverbs, etc. This can also

include sentences which do not contain verbs (e.g. Themore, the merrier.) in order to intensify the meaningaround the nouns (normally found in poetry andcatchphrases)[2].


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2.4 UTTERANCE

An utterance is a complete unit ofspeech in spokenlanguage. It is generally but not always bounded bysilence.

It can be representedand delineated in writtenlanguage in many ways. Note that utterances do not

exist in written language, only their representations do.Speech act is a technical term in linguistics and thephilosophy of language. Precise conceptions vary, butvery roughly any meaningful utterance counts as aspeech act.

Direct in speech.He says Ill go to JakartaDia berkata Saya akan pergi ke JakartaIdokon ia got kehe ma au tu Jakarta


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2.5 PROPOSITION

A. DefinitionA proposition is that part of themeaning of a clause or sentence that is constant,despite changes in such things as the voice orillocutionary force of the clause. A propositionmay be related to other units of its kind throughinterpropositional relations, such as temporalrelations and logical relations.

B. Discussion The meaning of the term

proposition is extended by some analysts toinclude the meaning content of units within theclause.


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Example: The tall, stately building fellis said to

express propositions corresponding to the

following:

"The building is tall."

"The building is stately."

"The building fell


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The common content of each of the the following utterances is aproposition: Deyuz ates the banana. Deyuz makan pisang Mangan pisang si Deyuz

The banana was eaten byDeyuz. Pisang dimakan oleh Deyuz Dipangan si Deyuz pisang

DidDeyuz eat the banana? Apakah Deyuz makan pisang ?

Dipangan si Deyuz ma pisang i?

Deyuz, eat the banana ! Deyuz makan pisang ! Deyuz, pangan pisang on !


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All these utterances may be analyzed as

consisting of a predicate naming an event or

state and one or more arguments naming

referents that participate in that event or

state.

The activity is eat.

The agent is Deyuz.

The patient is a banana.


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3. CONCLUSION

(English and Angkola) found. The significant differences are found inreferences and sentences. Especially, in using ofobjects, possessivecases and structure as what elaborated on the analysis above

The difference of nations in English and Angkola (South Tapanuli

language) has significant differences especially in reference andsentence. Farther, the similarities and adopted words or structures alsoare founded in senses, proposition and utterance (in direct speech).

The differences actually are found by observing directly toward Angkola(the people of South Tapanuli) where the writer lives. And also the writeris studying English on applied linguistics.

This paper has been done in a week by using English as the medium inelaborating the gift and understanding of semantics deeply, especiallythe nation in semantic study.

Finally, this paper will complete and be useable to the next observationwho wants to refer Angkola.


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THANKS FOR ETTENTION

wassalam

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kelompok 10 Sem V